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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Work in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Mises_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Mises_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Creation of the Mises Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Mises_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_and_influence_in_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_and_influence_in_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contributions and influence in economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_and_influence_in_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_aspects_of_Mises's_defense_of_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_aspects_of_Mises's_defense_of_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Key aspects of Mises's defense of liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_aspects_of_Mises's_defense_of_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_about_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_about_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Comments about fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_about_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debates_about_Mises's_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_about_Mises's_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Debates about Mises's arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_about_Mises's_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig von Mises</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="لودفيج فون ميزس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لودفيج فون ميزس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdviq_fon_Mizes" title="Lüdviq fon Mizes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüdviq fon Mizes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="لودویق فن میزس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لودویق فن میزس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="লুডভিগ ভন মিসেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুডভিগ ভন মিসেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Людвіг фон Мізес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людвіг фон Мізес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лудвиг фон Мизес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лудвиг фон Мизес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%87_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Λούντβιχ φον Μίζες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λούντβιχ φον Μίζες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="لودویگ فون میزس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لودویگ فون میزس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%AF%B8%EC%A0%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="루트비히 폰 미제스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루트비히 폰 미제스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A3_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Լյուդվիգ ֆոն Միզես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուդվիգ ֆոն Միզես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A1" title="לודוויג פון מיזס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לודוויג פון מיזס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლუდვიგ ფონ მიზესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდვიგ ფონ მიზესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Людвиг фон Мизес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Людвиг фон Мизес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_de_Mises" title="Ludovicus de Mises – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus de Mises" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvigs_fon_M%C4%ABzess" title="Ludvigs fon Mīzess – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ludvigs fon Mīzess" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ല്യുഡ്വിഗ് ഫോൻ മീസസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ല്യുഡ്വിഗ് ഫോൻ മീസസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="لودفيج فون ميزس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لودفيج فون ميزس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ルートヴィヒ・フォン・ミーゼス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルートヴィヒ・フォン・ミーゼス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%DA%AB_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B2%D8%B3" title="لوډیګ وون مېزس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوډیګ وون مېزس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мизес, Людвиг фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мизес, Людвиг фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лудвиг фон Мизес – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лудвиг фон Мизес" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="லுட்விக் வான் மீசசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லுட்விக் வான் மீசசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Людвіг фон Мізес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людвіг фон Мізес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ludwig von Mises" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A1%9E%E6%96%AF" title="路德维希·冯·米塞斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路德维希·冯·米塞斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A1%9E%E6%96%AF" title="路德維希·馮·米塞斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路德維希·馮·米塞斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ludwig von Mises</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg/220px-Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg/330px-Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg/440px-Ludwig_von_Mises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2979" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-09-29</span>)</span>29 September 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Lemberg, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-10-10)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartsdale">Hartsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester County">Westchester County</a>, New York, U.S</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Margit von Mises</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Mises" title="Richard von Mises">Richard von Mises</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Gitta Sereny</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (1919–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Institut Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales</a> (1934–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (1945–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Oskar Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Tintner" title="Gerhard Tintner">Gerhard Tintner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Heydel" title="Adam Heydel">Heydel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Liggio" title="Leonard Liggio">Liggio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sennholz" title="Hans Sennholz">Sennholz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Raico" title="Ralph Raico">Raico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">Reisman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk">Böhm-Bawerk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Wieser</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Fetter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_dualism" title="Methodological dualism">Methodological dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a></li></ul> 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈluːtvɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmiːzəs]</a></span>; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, logician, sociologist and philosopher of economics of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school</a>. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> and the power of <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a>, particularly for studies comparing communism and capitalism, as well as for being a defender of classical liberalism<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the face of rising illiberalism and authoritarianism throughout much of Europe during the 20th century. </p><p>Mises emigrated from Austria to the United States in 1940, fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> who on the first day the German Army entered Vienna rushed into the von Mises apartment in Vienna, apparently looking for him, and confiscated his library and papers. Mises was in Geneva, Switzerland at the time, but when the German invasion of France was about to leave Switzerland completely surrounded by Fascist and Nazi controlled territory, von Mises and his wife found it necessary to flee through France dodging German troops, to get to the US via Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-My_Years_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-My_Years-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-20th century, both libertarian movements and the field of economics as a whole, have been strongly influenced by Mises's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises's student <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> viewed Mises as one of the major figures in the revival of classical liberalism in the post-war era. Hayek's work <i>The Transmission of the Ideals of Freedom</i> (1951) pays high tribute to the influence of Mises in the 20th-century libertarian movement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> lists his writings as "the most important works of the 20th century" and as "among the most important economics articles, ever".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises's Private Seminar created a leading group of economists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its alumni, including Friedrich Hayek and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Oskar Morgenstern</a>, emigrated from Austria to the United States and Great Britain. Mises has been described as having approximately seventy close students in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises received many honors throughout the course of his lifetime—honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City College</a> (1957), <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (1963), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> (1964) in Germany. His accomplishments were recognized in 1956 by his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, when his doctorate was memorialized on its 50th anniversary and "renewed," a European tradition, and in 1962 by the Austrian government.  He was also cited in 1969 as "Distinguished Fellow" by the American Economic Association.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_School" title="Category:Austrian School">a series on</a> the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" title="Austrian school"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/100px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/150px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/200px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy,_and_State" title="Man, Economy, and State">Man, Economy, and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)">Principles of Economics</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school#Inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">View of inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinvestment" title="Malinvestment">Malinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology#Austrian_economics" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">Roundaboutness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_preference#Austrian_economics" title="Time preference">Theory of interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations, universities, and think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Haberler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Heydel" title="Adam Heydel">Heydel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jesús Huerta de Soto">Huerta de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Lachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Lavoie" title="Don Lavoie">Lavoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Strigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Wieser</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Template:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Template talk:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" 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fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_von_Mises.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_von_Mises.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of Ludwig von Mises's great-grandfather, Mayer Rachmiel Mises, awarded upon his 1881 ennoblement by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ludwig von Mises was born on 29 September 1881 to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Jewish</a> parents in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lemberg</a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, and now in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. His great-grandfather Meyer Rachmiel Mises had been ennobled a few months before Ludwig's birth, receiving the honorific <i><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></i> (indicating a non-landed noble family)<i>,</i> and the right to add the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle#Germany_and_Austria" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle <i>von</i></a> to his name; his family had been involved in financing and constructing railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother Adele (née Landau) was a niece of Joachim Landau, a Liberal Party deputy to the Austrian Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–9">: 3–9 </span></sup> His father Arthur von Mises was stationed in Lemberg as a construction engineer with the Czernowitz railway company. </p><p>By the age of 12, Mises spoke fluent German, Russian, Polish and French, read Latin and could understand Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuehnelt-Leddihn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuehnelt-Leddihn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises had a younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Mises" title="Richard von Mises">Richard von Mises</a>, who became a mathematician and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a>, and a probability theorist.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Akademisches_Gymnasium_(Vienna)" title="Akademisches Gymnasium (Vienna)">Akademisches Gymnasium</a> in Vienna from 1892 to 1900, before entering the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, where he studied law and the social sciences, initially in preparation for a career as a civil servant.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he first encountered the works of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, whose book <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger_book)" title="Principles of Economics (Menger book)">Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre</a></i> came to influence him significantly. Mises's father died in 1903. Three years later, Mises was awarded his doctorate from the school of law in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-law_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1913 to 1938, Mises was a professor at the university, during which he mentored <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Europe">Life in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years from 1904 to 1914, Mises attended lectures given by Austrian economist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in February 1906 (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>) and started a career as a civil servant in Austria's financial administration. </p><p>After a few months, he left to take a trainee position in a Vienna law firm. During that time, Mises began lecturing on economics and in early 1909 joined the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Chamber of Commerce">Austrian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a>, serving as economic advisor to the Austrian government until he left Austria in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I, Mises served as a front officer in the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> artillery and as an economic advisor to the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises was chief economist for the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Chamber of Commerce">Austrian Chamber of Commerce</a> and was an economic advisor of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrofascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascist">austrofascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Chancellor">Austrian Chancellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Mises was economic advisor to <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> politician and claimant to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">throne of Austria</a> (which had been legally abolished in 1918 following the Great War).<sup id="cite_ref-My_Years_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-My_Years-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, Mises left Austria for Geneva, Switzerland, where he was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Institute of International Studies">Graduate Institute of International Studies</a> until 1940. Mises was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Colloque_Walter_Lippmann" title="Colloque Walter Lippmann">Colloque Walter Lippmann</a>, organized in Paris in 1938, and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Switzerland, Mises married Margit Herzfeld Serény, a former actress and widow of Ferdinand Serény. She was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Gitta Sereny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War I, Ludwig von Mises was drafted by the Austrian government, despite being ideologically and morally opposed to the war. Like many who served in the front lines,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he rarely spoke about his personal experiences, and even his <i>Memoirs</i> (1940) omits a detailed account of his time in the military. However, he briefly alluded to the harsh realities of war in his seminal work, <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i> (1949): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing is fair in war. It is not just that God is for the big battalions and that those who are better equipped defeat poorly equipped adversaries. It is not just that those in the front line shed their life-blood in obscurity, while the commanders, comfortably located in headquarters hundreds of miles behind the trenches, gain glory and fame. It is not just that John is killed and Mark crippled for the rest of his life, while Paul returns home safe and sound and enjoys all the privileges accorded to veterans. It may be admitted that it is not "fair" that war enhances the profits of those entrepreneurs who contribute best to the equipment of the fighting forces. But it would be foolish to deny that the profit system produces the best weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Memoirs</i> (1940), the only thing he had to say about the war was how it affected his work: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the end of 1917, I was no longer at the front, but worked in Vienna in the economics division of the Department of War. I wrote only two small essays during those years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The same chapter concludes with how he coped with his <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a> fighting as the aggressor in a war he wanted nothing to do with, and includes a quote from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> that would go on to become the slogan of the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How one carries on in the face of unavoidable catastrophe is a matter of temperament. In high school, as was custom, I had chosen a verse by Virgil to be my motto: <i>Tu ne cede malis sed contra audentior ito</i> ("Do not give in to evil, but proceed ever more boldly against it"). I recalled these words during the darkest hours of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_the_United_States">Work in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Xsx84k4iSg">Bettina Greaves on Ludwig von Mises's Life (1994)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1940, Mises and his wife left Austria, by then a territory of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and emigrated to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xi">: xi </span></sup> He had come to the United States under a <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grant</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>. Like many other classical liberal scholars who fled to the United States, he received support from the <a href="/wiki/William_Volker_Fund" title="William Volker Fund">William Volker Fund</a> to obtain a position in American universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises became a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and held this position from 1945 until his retirement in 1969, though he was not salaried by the university.<sup id="cite_ref-law_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Businessman and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fertig" title="Lawrence Fertig">Lawrence Fertig</a>, a member of the New York University Board of Trustees, funded Mises and his work.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For part of this period, Mises studied <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> issues for the <a href="/wiki/International_Paneuropean_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Paneuropean Union">Pan-Europa movement</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, a fellow New York University faculty member and Austrian exile.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Mises became one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>. </p><p>In 1962, Mises received the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a> for political economy<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Austria,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Austria, Washington, D.C.">Austrian Embassy in Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1034">: 1034 </span></sup> </p><p>Mises retired from teaching at the age of 87<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died on October 10, 1973, at age 92. He is buried at <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York" title="Hartsdale, New York">Hartsdale, New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City College</a> houses the 20,000-page archive of Mises papers and unpublished works.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personal library of Mises was given to <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> as bequeathed in his will.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, Mises praised the work of writer <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, and she generally looked on his work with favor, but the two had a volatile relationship, with strong disagreements for example over the moral basis of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two thinkers' disagreement reached a critical point during a dinner conversation where Mises reportedly lost his temper and called Rand a "silly little Jewish girl" after a heated argument, despite himself being Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_Mises_Institute">Creation of the Mises Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Creation of the Mises Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the economic works of Ludwig Von Mises, the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> was founded in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burton_Blumert" title="Burton Blumert">Burton Blumert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, following a split between the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> and Rothbard, who had been one of the founders of the Cato Institute.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was funded by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mises Institute offers thousands of free books written by Ludwig Von Mises, Murray Rothbard, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a>, and other prominent economists in e-book and audiobook format.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mises Institute also offers a series of summer seminars.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_and_influence_in_economics">Contributions and influence in economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contributions and influence in economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludwig von Mises made significant contributions to the field of economics<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by seeking to integrate the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economic framework</a> of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recognized the need to reformulate economic <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in response to the challenges introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjective value theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">subjectivity</a> of individual agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Mises introduced the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Calculation_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Calculation Problem">Economic Calculation Problem</a> as a critique of socialist states which are based on <a href="/wiki/Planned_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned economies">planned economies</a> and renunciations of the <a href="/wiki/Price_mechanism" title="Price mechanism">price mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first article "<a href="/wiki/Economic_Calculation_in_the_Socialist_Commonwealth" title="Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth">Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</a>", Mises describes the nature of the price system under capitalism and describes how individual <a href="/wiki/Subjective_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective value theory">subjective values</a> are translated into the objective information necessary for <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational</a> allocation of resources in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises argued the absence of market pricing results in inefficiencies within the economic system because central planners are deprived of the crucial information regarding opportunity costs needed to make informed decisions about resource allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that "rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises developed his critique of socialism more completely in his 1922 book <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism:_An_Economic_and_Sociological_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis">Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</a></i>, arguing that the market price system is an expression of <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a> and cannot be replicated by any form of bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mises_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises argued that only a free market system, where individuals are free to pursue their own interests, can efficiently allocate resources and maximize <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">social welfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> is the only system that allows individuals to express their <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_appraisal" title="Cognitive appraisal">intersubjective appraisals</a> of goods and services in an open market, thereby creating a <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">nexus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Price_signal" title="Price signal">price signals</a> based off of the relative exchange ratios between goods. These price signals are essential for coordinating the inherently incomparable<sup id="cite_ref-:14_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subjective valuations that different individuals place on the same external objects.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a market, these subjective rankings are transformed into numerical values—prices—that can be objectively compared.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism enables the continuous alignment of the open-ended coordination problem posed by millions of disparate individual preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike a centrally planned system, which assumes a final equilibrium which is to be planned towards,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the free market remains in constant flux,<sup id="cite_ref-:15_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuously adjusting to changes in preferences and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises's praxeological approach and reformulation of the economic problem has had a profound impact on the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises was also a forerunner in the movement to unite <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that macroeconomic phenomena have microeconomic foundations<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—nearly 50 years before this perspective was widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i> (1949), Mises established <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a> as the foundational <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering a systematic approach to understanding human behavior and <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. This work laid the groundwork for a comprehensive economic theory<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that accounted for the subjective nature of value and the complexity of individual choices, marking a significant departure<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the objective models of classical economics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises used praxeology to further critique <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, arguing that it is fundamentally flawed because it treats <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> as a solvable, static problem<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> akin to mathematical or engineering challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he argued, economics involves an open-ended coordination process that aims to align the diverse and equally valid<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subjective appraisals of millions of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while praxeology has been influential within the Austrian school of economics, it is not widely adopted in contemporary economic practice,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which predominantly relies on empirical and mathematical methods to analyze and predict economic phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most mainstream economists view praxeology as lacking empirical validation and testability, thereby limiting its acceptance as a scientific approach within the broader discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1956 book <i>The <a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Capitalistic_Mentality" title="The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality">Anti-Capitalistic Mentality</a></i>, Ludwig von Mises explored the roots of intellectual opposition to the free market, particularly in American society.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises argued that some people resent the burden of freedom, preferring the perceived security of a <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>-like system where individual responsibility for one's position in the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labor</a> is minimized. He believed that people who are content in their position, i.e., who have forgone upward social mobility, may yearn for capitalism to be a rigid caste system, allowing them to blame "the system" or "society" for their low wages or unfulfilled ambitions. Mises also contended that throughout most of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, wealth was often accumulated through <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, our <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> have not yet adapted to the modern world of <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and peaceful exchange, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a> suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> as being illegitimately obtained. This suspicion persists even though, in a free market, individuals can accumulate wealth through <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutually beneficial</a> exchange and <a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation" title="Technological innovation">technological innovation</a>. Mises also criticized the romanticization of <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> goods, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>, driven by consumer demand, has democratized access to goods that in previous centuries were available only to a small aristocratic few.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that critics who lament the availability of inexpensive, mass-produced goods fail to appreciate the benefits these goods bring, as they enable a higher standard of living for the general population who may not be able to afford handcrafted goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friends and students of Mises in Europe included <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M%C3%BCller-Armack" title="Alfred Müller-Armack">Alfred Müller-Armack</a> (advisors to German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Jacques Rueff</a> (monetary advisor to <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (later a professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins,_Baron_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Robbins, Baron Robbins">Lionel, Lord Robbins</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>), Italian President <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a>, recipient of the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist and political theorist Friedrich Hayek first came to know Mises while working as his subordinate at a government office dealing with Austria's post-World War I debt. While toasting Mises at a party in 1956, Hayek said: "I came to know him as one of the best educated and informed men I have ever known".<sup id="cite_ref-My_Years_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-My_Years-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 219–220">: 219–220 </span></sup> Mises's seminars in Vienna fostered lively discussion among established economists there. The meetings were also visited by other important economists who happened to be traveling through Vienna. </p><p>At his New York University seminar and at informal meetings at his apartment, Mises attracted college and high school students who had heard of his European reputation. They listened while he gave carefully prepared lectures from notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughn_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludwig von Mises acknowledged that, by the time of his writing, many core concepts from the Austrian school of economics had been integrated into mainstream economic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that the distinctions between the Austrian school and other economic traditions had blurred, making the label "Austrian" more of a historical reference than a marker of a distinct, contemporary doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This integration occurred as concepts like <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>, and the importance of <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjective value</a> became <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">widely accepted</a> among economists.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludwig von Mises was a prominent advocate of <a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">methodological individualism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a principle that asserts all social phenomena result from the actions and decisions of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that only individuals act, and thus, collective entities such as nations, classes, or races do not possess independent agency.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective formed the basis of his economic and social theories, rejecting any form of collectivism that attributed agency to groups rather than to individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His rejection of collectivism led him to be a vocal critic of what he termed "<a href="/wiki/Polylogism" title="Polylogism">polylogism</a>;" the idea that different groups of people have fundamentally different ways of thinking and thus different logics.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected the notion that there could be distinct sciences or truths based on race, class, or nationality, such as "<a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">Jewish science</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">German science</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises believed in the universality of logic and reason, asserting that the principles of economics and science are objective and apply universally, regardless of the cultural or ethnic background of the individuals studying them.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludwig von Mises is credited<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with transforming <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a> into a comprehensive framework for understanding economics and human behavior, making it central to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He provided it with a clear definition and methodology, focusing on the logical structure of human action and choice.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while the term existed before Mises, he is largely responsible for its current understanding and significance in economic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises argued that <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> is a branch of praxeology, which studies the implications of the fact that individuals act purposefully.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises maintained that economic laws are derived from the self-evident <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axiom</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scheall_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheall-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that humans engage in purposeful behavior to achieve desired ends.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach led him to oppose empirical and statistical methods as primary tools in economic theory, arguing that these could not establish economic laws due to the uniqueness of historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In defense of his <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a> understanding of human action, he highlighted the difference in using physics to study inanimate objects, and its application to the study of an introspective being which reflects upon and changes its reactions to receiving the same stimulus twice: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The objects of the natural sciences react to stimuli according to regular patterns. No such regularity, as far as man can see, determines the reaction of man to various stimuli. Ideas are frequently, but not always, the reaction of an individual to a stimulation provided by his natural environment. But even such reactions are not uniform. Different individuals, and the same individual at various periods of his life, react to the same stimulus in a different way. As there is no discernible regularity in the emergence and concatenation of ideas and judgments of value, and therefore also not in the succession and concatenation of human acts, the role that experience plays in the study of human action is radically different from that which it plays in the natural sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He would eventually go into enormous detail defending this distinction in his work <i>Epistemological Problems of Economics</i> (1933), <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_and_History" title="Theory and History">Theory and History</a></i> (1957), and again in <i>The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science</i> (1962) which included further explication such as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Man alone has the faculty to build a purpose and to aim at its realization. Stones are moved by an impulse from outside. Animals, in their behavior, follow the impulses of their senses and appetites. Man is the only being who can control his impulses and passions, who can suppress a natural inclination and act contrary to it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This perspective placed him in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> approach, which emphasizes empirical data and observation as the foundation of scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rift in <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> has led some to argue<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Mises attempted to usher in a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> in the science of economics—but this is not the direction the field as a whole has since gone.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, most academics within the economics community implicitly consider the work which comes out of the Mises Institute and other followers of Mises, to simply not <i>be</i> economics.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises's followers operate under a different <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> and follow an opposed rule set to those operating under positivist economics.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His objections can be seen as an early precursor to more modern critiques such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Lucas_critique" title="Lucas critique">Lucas critique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludwig von Mises was a steadfast advocate of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that while Marx provided a powerful critique of capitalism, he failed to offer a constructive vision<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a socialist society that could be practically implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To learn from this mistake, after publishing his lengthy critique of socialism, <i>Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in his next book, <i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(book)" title="Liberalism (book)">Liberalism</a></i> (1927), Mises articulated a positive vision of free society rooted in individual liberty, private property, free markets, and limited government <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>. He argued that these principles are essential for creating a peaceful and prosperous society.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_aspects_of_Mises's_defense_of_liberalism"><span id="Key_aspects_of_Mises.27s_defense_of_liberalism"></span>Key aspects of Mises's defense of liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Key aspects of Mises's defense of liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mises advocated for economic <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the Great War</a> as a watershed moment in human history, arguing that it marked a significant departure from previous conflicts due to the advanced technology employed. His experience in the first World War led to a lifelong obsession of finding a workable doctrine of peace among nations, which at the same time would not ask any individual nation to give up their own self interest. Regarding the birth of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>, Mises wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>War has become more fearful and destructive than ever before because it is now waged with all the means of the highly developed technique that the free economy has created. Bourgeois civilization has built railroads and electric power plants, has invented explosives and airplanes, in order to create wealth. Imperialism has placed the tools of peace in the service of destruction. With modern means, it would be easy to wipe out humanity at one blow.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_about_fascism">Comments about fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comments about fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marxists <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a> as well as German writer Claus-Dieter Krohn accused Mises of writing approvingly of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>, especially for its suppression of leftist elements, in his 1927 book <i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(book)" title="Liberalism (book)">Liberalism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, economist <a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">J. Bradford DeLong</a> and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Richard Seymour</a> repeated the accusation.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mises, in his 1927 book <i>Liberalism</i>, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It cannot be denied that Fascism and similar movements aiming at the establishment of dictatorships are full of the best intentions and that their intervention has, for the moment, saved European civilization. The merit that Fascism has thereby won for itself will live on eternally in history. But though its policy has brought salvation for the moment, it is not of the kind which could promise continued success. Fascism was an emergency makeshift. To view it as something more would be a fatal error.</p></blockquote> <p>Mises biographer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Jörg Guido Hülsmann</a> says that critics who suggest that Mises supported fascism are "absurd" as he notes that the full quote describes fascism as dangerous. He notes that Mises said it was a "fatal error" to think that it was more than an "emergency makeshift" against up and coming communism and socialism as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in Russia and the surging <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">communists of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a> writes in <i>Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism</i> that Mises had been a card-carrying member of the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a> party and that this was "probably mandatory for all employees of public and semi-public organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this paragraph is also in keeping with a theme that runs through his work: he consistently refrained from imputing bad intentions to those he disagreed with, regardless of how fascistic or <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">homicidal</a> their policy outcomes were. He took pain to more than once explicitly acknowledge the good intentions of totalitarians and socialists of all walks, such as when he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Socialists have full right to be called righteous men. They do not wish to profit personally from their ideology. They seek nothing for themselves. They want to benefit the public. They have nothing but scorn for the riches that the capitalistic order of production offers them. They live for their idea, and if they sacrifice anything it is their own well-being. They are the idealists among our contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mises, in his 1927 book <i>Liberalism</i>, also wrote of fascism:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Repression by brute force is always a confession of the inability to make use of the better weapons of the intellect—better because they alone give promise of final success. This is the fundamental error from which Fascism suffers and which will ultimately cause its downfall. The victory of Fascism in a number of countries is only an episode in the long series of struggles over the problem of property. The next episode will be the victory of Communism. The ultimate outcome of the struggle, however, will not be decided by arms, but by ideas. It is ideas that group men into fighting factions, that press the weapons into their hands, and that determine against whom and for whom the weapons shall be used. It is they alone, and not arms, that, in the last analysis, turn the scales. So much for the domestic policy of Fascism. That its foreign policy, based as it is on the avowed principle of force in international relations, cannot fail to give rise to an endless series of wars that must destroy all of modern civilization requires no further discussion. To maintain and further raise our present level of economic development, peace among nations must be assured. But they cannot live together in peace if the basic tenet of the ideology by which they are governed is the belief that one's own nation can secure its place in the community of nations by force alone.</p></blockquote> <p>In his earlier work, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)"><i>Socialism</i></a> (1922), Mises also made a similar remark with more context, saying that <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> did his best to prop up <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> as a means of protecting Italian speaking minorities, but regardless concludes that he was one the most wretched figures in history: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only those Italians are free to blame Mussolini who begin to understand that the only means of protecting the Italian-speaking minorities in the Littoral districts of Austria against the threatening annihilation by the Slavonic majorities was to preserve the integrity of the Austrian state, whose constitution guaranteed equal rights to all linguistic groups. Mussolini was one of the most wretched figures of history.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In regards to Nazism, Mises called on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in his 1944 book <i><a href="/wiki/Omnipotent_Government" title="Omnipotent Government">Omnipotent Government</a></i> to "smash Nazism" and to "fight desperately until the Nazi power is completely broken".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Notes and recollections</i>, Mises wrote of his experience being personally persecuted by the Nazis for his attacks on Italian Fascism and the National Socialist party: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Nazis looted my library and collections. The manuscripts I had worked on during my years in Vienna were lost. I was deeply affected by these losses. However, I managed to escape and start anew. The Nazis chased me out of my home country and off the continent. I had to leave everything behind, but I found refuge in the United States, where I could continue my work and fight for the ideas of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_about_Mises's_arguments"><span id="Debates_about_Mises.27s_arguments"></span>Debates about Mises's arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Debates about Mises's arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic historian <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Caldwell_(economic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Caldwell (economic historian)">Bruce Caldwell</a> wrote that in the mid-20th century, with the ascendance of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a>, Mises came to be regarded by many as the "archetypal 'unscientific' economist".<sup id="cite_ref-BC1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1957 review of his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Capitalistic_Mentality" title="The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality">The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> said of Mises: "Professor von Mises has a splendid analytical mind and an admirable passion for liberty; but as a student of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> he is worse than null and as a debater he is of <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Hyde Park</a> standard".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> published a similarly negative review of that book in the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>,</i> stating that Mises's thesis that anti-capitalist sentiment was rooted in "envy" epitomized "<a href="/wiki/Know-nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-nothing">know-nothing</a> conservatism" at its "know-nothingest".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent commenters, such as <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, have listed it alongside <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)"><i>Socialism</i></a> (1922), and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(book)" title="Liberalism (book)"><i>Liberalism</i></a> (1927) as one of the most important books of the 20th century, despite describing <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i> (1949) as "cranky and dogmatic".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same blog post, Cowen states that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Socialism</i> is still the best and also historically most important critique of socialism, ever. His earlier articles about the impossibility of economic calculation under socialism are among the most important economics articles, ever.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Scholar Scott Scheall called economist <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hutchison" class="mw-redirect" title="Terence Hutchison">Terence Hutchison</a> "the most persistent critic of Mises's apriorism",<sup id="cite_ref-Scheall_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheall-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 233">: 233 </span></sup> starting in Hutchison's 1938 book <i>The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory</i> and in later publications such as his 1981 book <i>The Politics and Philosophy of Economics: Marxians, Keynesians, and Austrians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheall_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheall-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 242">: 242 </span></sup> Scheall noted that Friedrich Hayek, later in his life (after Mises died), also expressed reservations about Mises's <a href="/wiki/Apriorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Apriorism">apriorism</a>, such as in a 1978 interview where Hayek said that he "never could accept the... almost eighteenth-century rationalism in his [Mises's] argument".<sup id="cite_ref-Scheall_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheall-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 233–234">: 233–234 </span></sup> </p><p> In a 1978 interview, Hayek said about Mises's book <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)">Socialism</a></i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At first we all felt he was frightfully exaggerating and even offensive in tone. You see, he hurt all our deepest feelings, but gradually he won us around, although for a long time I had to – I just learned he was usually right in his conclusions, but I was not completely satisfied with his argument.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> considered Mises inflexible in his thinking, but added that Mises's difficult life, persecution by Nazis, and lack of acceptance by academia are the likely culprits: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The story I remember best happened at the initial <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin</a> meeting when he got up and said, "You're all a bunch of socialists." We were discussing the distribution of income, and whether you should have <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Income_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Income taxes">income taxes</a>. Some of the people there were expressing the view that there could be a justification for it. Another occasion which is equally telling: Fritz Machlup was a student of Mises's, one of his most faithful disciples. At one of the Mont Pelerin meetings, Machlup gave a talk in which I think he questioned the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>; he came out in favor of <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating exchange rates">floating exchange rates</a>. Mises was so mad he wouldn't speak to Machlup for three years. Some people had to come around and bring them together again. It's hard to understand; you can get some understanding of it by taking into account how people like Mises were persecuted in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who studied under Mises, agreed he was uncompromising, but disputes reports of his abrasiveness. In his words, Mises was "unbelievably sweet, constantly finding research projects for students to do, unfailingly courteous, and never bitter" about the discrimination he received at the hands of the economic establishment of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After Mises died, his widow Margit quoted a passage that he had written about <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Anderson" title="Benjamin Anderson">Benjamin Anderson</a>. She said it best described Mises's own personality: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His most eminent qualities were his inflexible honesty, his unhesitating sincerity. He never yielded. He always freely enunciated what he considered to be true. If he had been prepared to suppress or only to soften his criticisms of popular, but irresponsible, policies, the most influential positions and offices would have been offered him. But he never compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a> addresses the limitations of dominant economic theories, including both <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, which he argues are based on a narrow understanding of human motivation focused on self-interest and material wealth. Gorz critiques the reduction of all human activities and aspirations to economic rationality, highlighting the need to consider a broader range of human needs and values, such as social relationships, community, and personal fulfillment.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics more broadly argue that praxeology's reliance on <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a> reasoning and rejection of empirical methods limit its ability to test and validate economic theories. This critique is grounded in the belief that economic theories should be subject to Popperian falsification, as seen in mainstream economics, which emphasizes data-driven analysis and the use of <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even within the Austrian tradition, there are debates about the extent and application of praxeology.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, while sympathetic to Austrian principles, was more open to incorporating empirical evidence and saw limitations in a strictly a priori approach.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason,</i> Hayek critiques the overconfidence in the application of scientific methods to social sciences, including economics. While he does not explicitly target praxeology, his arguments suggest a more skeptical view of purely deductive methodologies. Hayek emphasizes the complexity of social phenomena and the limitations of any one method, advocating for a more pluralistic approach to economic inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrian School's methodological differences, particularly its reluctance to engage with quantitative methods, have led to its marginalization within the broader economics discipline. This isolation is a result of the school's focus on verbal logic and theoretical purity, which many mainstream economists view as insufficiently rigorous.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commenters such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Weinstein" title="Eric Weinstein">Eric Weinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> have remarked about the broader issue of <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatism</a> within Austrian economics. Weinstein emphasized the importance of being open to new ideas and criticized the tendency within Austrian economics to dismiss other methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Austrian's prosaic approach provides valuable insights into the decision-making process, econometrically-minded critics argue that it lacks the predictive power of other economic models that rely on more objective measures. This subjectivism can make it challenging to formulate generalizable laws or predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Money_and_Credit" title="The Theory of Money and Credit">The Theory of Money and Credit</a></i> (1912, enlarged US edition 1953) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/theory-money-and-credit">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nation, State, and Economy</i> (1919) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/nation-state-and-economy">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Calculation_in_the_Socialist_Commonwealth" title="Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth">Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</a></i> (1920) (long-form essay) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/economic-calculation-socialist-commonwealth">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)">Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</a></i> (1922, 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1951) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/socialism-economic-and-sociological-analysis">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_In_the_Classical_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition">Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition</a></i> (1927, 1962) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/liberalism-classical-tradition">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>A Critique of Interventionism</i> (1929) (collection of essays) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/critique-interventionism">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Epistemological Problems of Economics</i> (1933, 1960) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/epistemological-problems-economics">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Memoirs</i> (1940) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/memoirs">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Interventionism: An Economic Analysis</i> (1941, 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnipotent_Government" title="Omnipotent Government">Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War</a></i> (1944) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/omnipotent-government-rise-total-state-and-total-war">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy_(book)" title="Bureaucracy (book)">Bureaucracy</a></i> (1944, 1962) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/bureaucracy">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Planned Chaos</i> (1947, added to 1951 edition of <i>Socialism</i>) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/planned-chaos-0">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action: A Treatise on Economics</a></i> (1949, 1963, 1966, 1996) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/human-action-0">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Planning for Freedom</i> (1952, enlarged editions in 1962, 1974, and 1980) (Collection of essays and addresses) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/planning-freedom-and-twelve-other-essays-and-addresses">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Capitalistic_Mentality" title="The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality">The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality</a></i> (1956) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/anti-capitalistic-mentality">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_and_History" title="Theory and History">Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution</a></i> (1957) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/theory-and-history-interpretation-social-and-economic-evolution">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science</i> (1962) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/ultimate-foundation-economic-science">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics</i> (1969) (long-form essay) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/historical-setting-austrian-school-economics-0">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Notes and Recollections</i> (1978, written in 1940-41)</li> <li><i>On the Manipulation of Money and Credit</i> (1978) (collection of essays, reissued as <i>The Causes of the Economic Crisis</i>) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/causes-economic-crisis-and-other-essays-and-after-great-depression">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy:_Thoughts_for_Today_and_Tomorrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow">Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow</a> (1979, collection of lectures given in 1959) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/economic-policy-thoughts-today-and-tomorrow">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Money, Method, and the Market Process</i> (1990) (collection of essays) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/money-method-and-market-process">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Economic Freedom and Interventionism</i> (1990) (collection of essays and addresses) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/economic-freedom-and-interventionism">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Free Market and Its Enemies</i> (2004, collection of lectures given in 1951) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/free-market-and-its-enemies-pseudo-science-socialism-and-inflation">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Marxism Unmasked: From Delusion to Destruction</i> (2006, collection of lectures given in 1952) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/marxism-unmasked-delusion-destruction">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ludwig von Mises on Money and Inflation</i> (2010, collection of lectures given in the 1960s) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/ludwig-von-mises-money-and-inflation">Full text available</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Book reviews</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/vonmisesludwig.reviewoftheeconomicmunichbyphilipcortneythefreemanmarch1955pp.6668/von%20Mises%2C%20Ludwig.%20Review%20of%20The%20Economic%20Munich%20by%20Philip%20Cortney%20%28The%20Freeman%2C%20March%201955%29%20pp.%2066-68.pdf">"Review of <i>The Economic Munich</i> by Philip Cortney"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a></i>, March 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/Freeman55-3_4.pdf">Full issue available</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludwig-Edler-von-Mises">"Ludwig von Mises"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ludwig+von+Mises&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLudwig-Edler-von-Mises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayek, Friedrich A. "Introduction." In <i>Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</i>, by Ludwig von Mises. London: Jonathan Cape, 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-My_Years-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-My_Years_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-My_Years_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-My_Years_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Margit von, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/sites/default/files/My%20Years%20with%20Ludwig%20von%20Mises_2.pdf"><i>My Years with Ludwig von Mises</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_House_Publishers" title="Arlington House Publishers">Arlington House Publishers</a>, 1976; 2nd enlarged ed., Cedar Falls, IA: Center for Futures Education, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915513-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915513-00-0">978-0-915513-00-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11668538">11668538</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowen, Tyler. "Review of <i>Human Action</i>." <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> 38, no. 4 (2000): 1127-1132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hayek, Friedrich A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-transmission-of-the-ideals-of-economic-freedom">"The Transmission of the Ideals of Economic Freedom"</a>. <i>Econ Journal Watch</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 163–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econ+Journal+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Transmission+of+the+Ideals+of+Economic+Freedom&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-169&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-transmission-of-the-ideals-of-economic-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen2022" class="citation web cs1">Cowen, Tyler (October 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marginalrevolution.com/?s=cranky">"Overrated or underrated?"</a>. <i>Marginal Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marginal+Revolution&rft.atitle=Overrated+or+underrated%3F&rft.date=2022-10-16&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarginalrevolution.com%2F%3Fs%3Dcranky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises2013" class="citation book cs1">Mises, Ludwig von (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2603/Mises_Recollections_LFeBK.pdf"><i>Notes and Recollections</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86597-853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86597-853-9"><bdi>978-0-86597-853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Recollections&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-86597-853-9&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ftitles%2F2603%2FMises_Recollections_LFeBK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beller, Steven (1989). <i>Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greaves, Bettina Bien. "Preface to the Third Edition." In <i>Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition</i>, by Ludwig von Mises, 3rd ed., Liberty Fund, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHülsmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hülsmann, Jörg (2007). <i>Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism</i>. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-389-7"><bdi>978-1-61016-389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mises%3A+The+Last+Knight+of+Liberalism&rft.place=Auburn%2C+AL&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-389-7&rft.aulast=H%C3%BClsmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHülsmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hülsmann, Jörg Guido (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_it9c6z4bw_8C"><i>Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism</i></a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-18-3"><bdi>978-1-933550-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mises%3A+The+Last+Knight+of+Liberalism&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-18-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%BClsmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_it9c6z4bw_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuehnelt-Leddihn-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuehnelt-Leddihn_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ritter_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/asc/essays/kuehneltLeddihn.pdf">"The Cultural Background of Ludwig von Mises"</a>, <i>The Ludwig von Mises Institute</i>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/385231/Richard-von-Mises">"Richard von Mises"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+von+Mises&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F385231%2FRichard-von-Mises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_MisesGoddard1979" class="citation book cs1">Von Mises, Ludwig; Goddard, Arthur (1979). <i>Liberalism: A Socio-Economic Exposition</i> (2 ed.). Sheed Andrews and McMeel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8362-5106-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8362-5106-7"><bdi>978-0-8362-5106-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+A+Socio-Economic+Exposition&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sheed+Andrews+and+McMeel&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8362-5106-7&rft.aulast=Von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Goddard%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHülsmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hülsmann, Jörg (2007). <i>Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism</i>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 33, 60, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-389-7"><bdi>978-1-61016-389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mises%3A+The+Last+Knight+of+Liberalism&rft.pages=33%2C+60%2C+62&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-389-7&rft.aulast=H%C3%BClsmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/page/1468/Biography-of-Ludwig-von-Mises-18811973">"Biography of Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) ('Chronology')"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Ludwig+von+Mises+%281881%E2%80%931973%29+%28%27Chronology%27%29&rft.pub=Mises.org&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fpage%2F1468%2FBiography-of-Ludwig-von-Mises-18811973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von, <i>The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics</i>, Arlington House, 1969, reprinted by the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 1984, p. 10, Rothbard, Murray, <i>The Essential Ludwig von Mises</i>, 2nd printing, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1983, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothbard, Murray, <i>The Essential Ludwig von Mises</i>, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1988, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/mises-wartime">Mises in Wartime</a>, Mises Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/meaning-mises-papers">"The Free Market: Meaning of the Mises Papers, The"</a>. 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(Auburn, Alabama. Ludwig von Mises Institute), Pp. 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. (2009) <i>Memoirs</i>. Translated by Arlene Oost-Zinner. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, Pp. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. (2009) <i>Memoirs</i>. Translated by Arlene Oost-Zinner. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, Pp. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitch_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitch1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kitch, Edmund W. (April 1983). 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Burns2009" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Burns (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6e9X6JxHpMC&pg=PA106"><i>Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Books+%26+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fbooks-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/events/summer-seminar-series">"Summer Seminar Series"</a>. 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summer+Seminar+Series&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fevents%2Fsummer-seminar-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss, Laurence S., editor. <i>The Economics of Ludwig von Mises: Toward a Critical Reappraisal</i>. 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Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-17-7">978-1-933550-17-7</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mises-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Mises1990" class="citation book cs1">Von Mises, Ludwig (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216200523/http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Ludwig%20von%20Mises/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth.pdf"><i>Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Ludwig%20von%20Mises/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+calculation+in+the+Socialist+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.freecapitalists.org%2Fbooks%2FLudwig%2520von%2520Mises%2FEconomic%2520Calculation%2520in%2520the%2520Socialist%2520Commonwealth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Bureaucracy</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von (1922) <i>Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</i>. Translated by J. Kahane. New edition, enlarged with an Epilogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951. Pp. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johansson, Per-Olov. <i>An Introduction to Modern Welfare Economics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35536-7">978-0-521-35536-7</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas. <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies</i>. 2nd ed. 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London: Macmillan, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-13416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-13416-5">978-0-333-13416-5</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mankiw, N. Gregory. <i>Principles of Microeconomics</i>. 8th ed. 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New York: Basic Books, 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. C. Harcourt, editor. <i>The Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics</i>. 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University of Chicago Press, 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayek, Friedrich A. <i>Individualism and Economic Order</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorz, André. <i>Critique of Economic Reason</i>. Verso, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Angrist, Joshua D., and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. <i>Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63765-7"><bdi>978-0-521-63765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+Economics+in+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63765-7&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Karen+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQx7fHjtOIUC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reisman, George, <i>Capitalism: a Treatise on Economics</i>, "Introduction", Jameson Books, 1996; and Mises, Margit von, <i>My Years with Ludwig von Mises</i>, 2nd enlarged edit., Center for Future Education, 1984, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von, <i>The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics</i>, Arlington House, 1969, reprinted by the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 1984, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayek, Friedrich A. <i>The Collected Works of F.A. 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Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1092-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1092-1">978-1-5036-1092-1</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, Mancur. <i>The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53751-4">978-0-674-53751-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957, pp. 44-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957, pp. 119-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimbel, Steven. <i>Einstein's Jewish Science: Physics at the Intersection of Politics and Religion</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Human Action: A Treatise on Economics</i>. 3rd rev. ed. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayek, Friedrich A. <i>Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Human Action: A Treatise on Economics</i>. Scholar's Edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998. Pp. 11-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheall-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheall_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheall_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheall_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheall_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheall2017" class="citation journal cs1">Scheall, Scott (July 2017). "What is extreme about Mises's extreme apriorism?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Methodology" title="Journal of Economic Methodology">Journal of Economic Methodology</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): 226–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1350178X.2017.1356439">10.1080/1350178X.2017.1356439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151703666">151703666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Methodology&rft.atitle=What+is+extreme+about+Mises%27s+extreme+apriorism%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-249&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1350178X.2017.1356439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151703666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scheall&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linsbichler, Alexander. <i>Was Ludwig von Mises a Conventionalist? A New Analysis of the Epistemology of the Austrian School of Economics</i>. Vienna: Springer, 2017. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises Institute. "Rothbard's Account of the Action Axiom: A Neo-Aristotelian-Thomistic Defense." <i>The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics</i>. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Facchini, François. "Apriorism, Introspection, and the Axiom of Action: A Realist Solution." <i>The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics</i> 10, no. 3 (2007): 234-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Human Action: A Treatise on Economics</i>. Scholar's Edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998. pp. 30-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Epistemological Problems of Economics</i>. Translated by George Reisman. 3rd ed. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2003. Preface to the English-language edition, p. lxvi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-36-6">0-945466-36-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von (1962). <i>The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science: An Essay on Method</i> (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand), p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothbard, Murray N. (2000), <i>Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays</i>, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berndt, Ernst R. <i>The Practice of Econometrics: Classic and Contemporary</i>. Addison-Wesley, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imbens, Guido W., and Donald B. Rubin. <i>Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mankiw, N. Gregory. <i>Principles of Economics</i>. 8th ed., Cengage Learning, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Bruce, editor. <i>Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, Robert E., Jr. "Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique." In <i>The Phillips Curve and Labor Markets</i>, edited by Karl Brunner and Allan H. Meltzer, 19–46. <i>Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy</i>, Vol. 1. 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Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1587-2">978-0-7425-1587-2</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Águila Marchena, Levy. <i>Communism, Political Power and Personal Freedom in Marx</i>. 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United States: <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. p. 264 (282 for the pdf). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86597-754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86597-754-9"><bdi>978-0-86597-754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omnipotent+Government%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Total+State+and+Total+War&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=264+%28282+for+the+pdf%29&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=978-0-86597-754-9&rft.aulast=von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Foll3%2Fstore%2Ftitles%2F2399%2FMises_OmnipotentGovt1579_LFeBk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises, Ludwig von. <i>Notes and Recollections</i>. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC1-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BC1_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Bruce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zL7SbWziUpgC&pg=PA125"><i>Hayek's Challenge</i></a>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09191-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09191-4"><bdi>978-0-226-09191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%27s+Challenge&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-09191-4&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzL7SbWziUpgC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524084633/https://www.webcitation.org/5fRAcAwrL?url=http://62.190.209.167/exe/wwt.exe/htt%3Ffn=%5C%5CAsteryx%5Cpublic1%5CEconomist%5Cjpg%5CReel1957%5Cecon-1957-0413-0039-0000.jpg&zoom=100&type=j&Quality=100">"Liberalism in Caricature"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Sam Tanenhaus</a>, <i>Whittaker Chambers: A Biography</i>, (Random House, New York, 1997), p. 500. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75145-5">978-0-375-75145-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Oral History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizewinnin00haye">(Interview with Friedrich Hayek)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Libraries" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>, 1978. Retrieved on 4 April 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.mises.org/archives/009657.asp">Blog.Mises.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012718/http://blog.mises.org/archives/009657.asp">Archived</a> 2009-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), source with quotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/29691.html">"Best of Both Worlds (Interview with Milton Friedman)"</a>. <i>Reason</i>. June 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Best+of+Both+Worlds+%28Interview+with+Milton+Friedman%29&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F29691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Rothbard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWdUIuID8ag"><span class="plainlinks">"The Future of Austrian Economics"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, 1990 talk at Mises University at Stanford, at MisesMedia Youtube channel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirzner2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Kirzner, Israel M.</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ludwigvonmises00isra"><i>Ludwig von Mises: The Man and his Economics</i></a></span>. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ludwigvonmises00isra/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882926-68-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882926-68-8"><bdi>978-1-882926-68-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47734733">47734733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludwig+von+Mises%3A+The+Man+and+his+Economics&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=ISI+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47734733&rft.isbn=978-1-882926-68-8&rft.aulast=Kirzner&rft.aufirst=Israel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fludwigvonmises00isra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Subjectivism in the Austrian School of Economics." In <i>Subjectivism and Interpretative Methodology in Theory and Practice</i>, edited by Gary M. Shiu and Fu-Lai Tony Yu, Anthem Press, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirzner, Israel M. <i>The Economic Point of View: An Essay in the History of Economic Thought</i>. D. Van Nostrand Company, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayek, Friedrich A. <i>The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism</i>. Edited by W.W. Bartley III, University of Chicago Press, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Bruce. <i>Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the Twentieth Century</i>. Routledge, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinstein, Eric. "Peter Thiel." <i>The Portal</i>, episode 1, Apple Podcasts, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-portal/id1469999563">Link.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises,_Ludwig_von1932" class="citation book cs1">Mises, Ludwig von (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DieGemeinwirtschaft/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Gemeinwirtschaft: Untersuchungen über den Sozialismus</i></a> (2 ed.). Jena: Gustav Fischer – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemeinwirtschaft%3A+Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+den+Sozialismus&rft.place=Jena&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Gustav+Fischer&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Mises%2C+Ludwig+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDieGemeinwirtschaft%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></i></span></i> was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as a <i>noble (one)</i>. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Helmuth James von Moltke</i></span>). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu</i></span>, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</i></span>). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine form is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Edle</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Mises's influence, see Rothbard, Murray, <i>The Essential Ludwig von Mises</i>, 2nd printing, the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1983; on Eastman's conversion "from Marx to Mises", see Diggins, John P., <i>Up From Communism</i> Harper & Row, 1975, pp. 201–233; on Mises's students and seminar attendees, see Mises, Margit von, <i>My Years with Ludwig von Mises</i>, Arlington House, 1976, 2nd enlarged edit., Center for Future Education, 1984.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Butler" title="Eamonn Butler">Butler, Eamonn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook514pdf.pdf"><i>Ludwig von Mises – A Primer</i></a>, Institute of Economic Affairs (2010).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling, Richard M.</a> <i>Political Economy, Public Policy, and Monetary Economics: Ludwig von Mises and the Austrian Tradition</i>, London/New York: Routledge, 2010, 354 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77951-7">978-0-415-77951-7</a>.</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/ludwig-von-mises-the-political-economist-of-liberty-part-1/">"Ludwig von Mises: The Political Economist of Liberty, Part I"</a>, (<i>The Freeman</i>, May 2006).</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/ludwig-von-mises-the-political-economist-of-liberty-part-ii/">"Ludwig von Mises: The Political Economist of Liberty, Part II"</a>, (<i>The Freeman</i>, June 2006).</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416052123/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/ludwig-von-mises-and-the-vienna-of-his-time-part-1/">"Ludwig von Mises and the Vienna of His Time, Part I"</a>, (<i>The Freeman</i>, March 2005).</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415234919/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/ludwig-von-mises-and-the-vienna-of-his-time-part-ii/">"Ludwig von Mises and the Vienna of His Time, Part II"</a>, (<i>The Freeman</i>, April 2005).</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415231036/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/austrian-economics-and-the-political-economy-of-freedom/">"Austrian Economics and the Political Economy of Freedom"</a>, (<i>The Freeman</i>, June 2004).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon, David</a> (2011-02-23) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/5056/Misess-Epistemology">Mises's Epistemology</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Daniel Stedman. <i>Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics</i> (2012), pp. 49–51.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N.</a> "Mises, Ludwig Edler von", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 1987, v. 3, pp. 479–480.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton1994" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Judy (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moneymeltdownres00shel/page/399"><i>Money Meltdown: Restoring Order to the Global Currency System</i></a>. New York: Free Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moneymeltdownres00shel/page/399">399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-929112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-929112-2"><bdi>978-0-02-929112-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797359731">797359731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+Meltdown%3A+Restoring+Order+to+the+Global+Currency+System&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797359731&rft.isbn=978-0-02-929112-2&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoneymeltdownres00shel%2Fpage%2F399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Reviewed in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornbusch1994" class="citation news cs1">Dornbusch, Rudi (July 10, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329065010/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-899835.html">"Money Meltdown"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-899835.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The hero in this book is Ludwig von Mises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Money+Meltdown&rft.date=1994-07-10&rft.aulast=Dornbusch&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-899835.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Mises,_Margit1976" class="citation book cs1">von Mises, Margit (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myyearswithludwi00vonm"><i>My Years with Ludwig von Mises</i></a></span>. Arlington House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-368-4"><bdi>978-0-87000-368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Years+with+Ludwig+von+Mises&rft.pub=Arlington+House+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87000-368-4&rft.au=von+Mises%2C+Margit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyyearswithludwi00vonm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeager2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leland_B._Yeager" title="Leland B. Yeager">Yeager, Leland</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Mises, Ludwig von (1881–1972)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>Mises, Ludwig von (1881–1973)</i>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 334–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n205">10.4135/9781412965811.n205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mises%2C+Ludwig+von+%281881%E2%80%931973%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=334-336&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n205&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ludwig_von_Mises" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergner,_Matthias" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bergner, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63661.html#ndbcontent">"Mises, Ludwig"</a> (in German). Deutsche Biographie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mises%2C+Ludwig&rft.pub=Deutsche+Biographie&rft.au=Bergner%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz63661.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vonmisesinstitute-europe.org/">Ludwig von Mises Institute Europe</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaug,_Mark1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Blaug" title="Mark Blaug">Blaug, Mark</a>, ed. (1986). "MISES, Ludwig Edler Von". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Who's Who in Economics: A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists 1700-1986</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Wheatsheaf Books Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6/page/606/mode/2up?view=theater">606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7450-0230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7450-0230-9"><bdi>978-0-7450-0230-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MISES%2C+Ludwig+Edler+Von&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Economics%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Major+Economists+1700-1986&rft.pages=606&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wheatsheaf+Books+Limited&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7450-0230-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Mises" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.de">Mises.de</a> (books and articles in the original German versions by Mises and other authors of the Austrian School)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25164836">Ludwig von Mises</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WwEfPsgAAAAJ">Ludwig von Mises</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/18316">Works by Ludwig von Mises</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Template:Ludwig von Mises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Template talk:Ludwig von Mises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig von Mises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Ludwig_von_Mises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig von Mises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Money_and_Credit" title="The Theory of Money and Credit">The Theory of Money and Credit</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)">Socialism</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(book)" title="Liberalism (book)">Liberalism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnipotent_Government" title="Omnipotent Government">Omnipotent Government</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy_(book)" title="Bureaucracy (book)">Bureaucracy</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Capitalistic_Mentality" title="The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality">The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_and_History" title="Theory and History">Theory and History</a></i> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_school_economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template talk:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_school_economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a> economics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Roger Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Robert Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Steven Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jesús Huerta de Soto">Jesús Huerta de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">William H. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Prychitko" title="David Prychitko">David Prychitko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Reed" title="Lawrence Reed">Larry Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Richard Ritter von Strigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Mark Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Tintner" title="Gerhard Tintner">Gerhard Tintner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">List of Austrian-school economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121244547">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24609186">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41685/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrryHqhV969GFHd7KcwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582747">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79097308">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=97073">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=133080">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199628957">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftw08w145bc9t6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810553209605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302345805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000151359">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514952306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00366170?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=200008">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:von-mises.ludwig">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WwEfPsgAAAAJ">Google 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027190161">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b85wbt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&oldid=1258479182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises&oldid=1258479182</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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