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<li id="toc-Phasing_out_of_CFCs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phasing_out_of_CFCs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phasing out of CFCs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phasing_out_of_CFCs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addressing_greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressing_greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Addressing greenhouse gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressing_greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_and_desirable_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_and_desirable_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Requirements and desirable properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_and_desirable_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_refrigerants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_refrigerants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Common refrigerants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_refrigerants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common refrigerants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_refrigerants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refrigerants_with_very_low_climate_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigerants_with_very_low_climate_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Refrigerants with very low climate impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigerants_with_very_low_climate_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Most used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banned_/_Phased_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banned_/_Phased_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Banned / Phased out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banned_/_Phased_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrigerant_reclamation_and_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigerant_reclamation_and_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Refrigerant reclamation and disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigerant_reclamation_and_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_refrigerants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_refrigerants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification of refrigerants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_of_refrigerants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of refrigerants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_refrigerants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-R_numbering_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R_numbering_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>R numbering system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R_numbering_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethane_Derived_Chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethane_Derived_Chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Ethane Derived Chains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethane_Derived_Chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propane_Derived_Chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propane_Derived_Chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Propane Derived Chains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propane_Derived_Chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propene_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propene_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Propene derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propene_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Blends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrigerant_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigerant_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Refrigerant safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigerant_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IPCC_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPCC_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>IPCC reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPCC_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Refrigerant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="وسيط تبريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسيط تبريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="শীতলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শীতলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хладилен агент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хладилен агент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_refrigerant" title="Fluid refrigerant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fluid refrigerant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladivo" title="Chladivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chladivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8lemiddel" title="Kølemiddel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kølemiddel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ltemittel" title="Kältemittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kältemittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClmutusagens" title="Külmutusagens – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Külmutusagens" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ψυκτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυκτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerante_(refrigeraci%C3%B3n)" title="Refrigerante (refrigeración) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refrigerante (refrigeración)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozgarri" title="Hozgarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hozgarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مبرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluide_frigorig%C3%A8ne" title="Fluide frigorigène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fluide frigorigène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrixerante" title="Refrixerante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refrixerante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%83%89%EB%A7%A4" title="냉매 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="냉매" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Սառնարանային ագենտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սառնարանային ագենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="प्रशीतक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रशीतक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeran" title="Refrigeran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Refrigeran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_refrigerante" title="Fluido refrigerante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluido refrigerante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაცივარ აგენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაცივარ აგენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хладагент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хладагент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aukstumnes%C4%93js" title="Aukstumnesējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aukstumnesējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%B1t%C5%91k%C3%B6zeg" title="Hűtőközeg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hűtőközeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хөлдөөгч шингэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөлдөөгч шингэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koudemiddel" title="Koudemiddel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koudemiddel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="रेफ्रिजेरेन्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेफ्रिजेरेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%AA%92" title="冷媒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷媒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldemedium" title="Kuldemedium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuldemedium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czynnik_ch%C5%82odniczy" title="Czynnik chłodniczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czynnik chłodniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_refrigerante" title="Fluido refrigerante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluido refrigerante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_frigorific" title="Agent frigorific – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agent frigorific" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Холодильный агент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холодильный агент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A" title="ශීතකාරක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශීතකාරක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Refrigerant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladivo" title="Chladivo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chladivo" 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data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="குளிர் பதனூட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளிர் பதனூட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Futucu_ak%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan" title="Soğutucu akışkan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğutucu akışkan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance in a refrigeration cycle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Can_of_DuPont_R-134a_refrigerant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Can_of_DuPont_R-134a_refrigerant.jpg/220px-Can_of_DuPont_R-134a_refrigerant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Can_of_DuPont_R-134a_refrigerant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> <a href="/wiki/R-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-134a">R-134a</a> refrigerant</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>refrigerant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">cooling, heating or reverse cooling and heating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a> where they undergo a repeated <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of HFC refrigerants to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX- Direct Expansion) system (circulating system)to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an air conditioner cooling only or cooling & heating reverse DX system or heat pump a heating only DX cycle. Refrigerants can carry 10 times more energy per kg than water, and 50 times more than air. </p><p>Refrigerants are controlled substances and classified by International safety regulations ISO 817/5149, AHRAE 34/15 & BS EN 378 due to high pressures (700–1,000 kPa (100–150 psi)), extreme temperatures (−50 °C [−58 °F] to over 100 °C [212 °F]), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity (B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high). The regulations relate to situations when these refrigerants are released into the atmosphere in the event of an accidental leak not while circulated. </p><p>Refrigerants (controlled substances) must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers for the relevant classes (in the UK, C&G 2079 for A1-class and C&G 6187-2 for A2/A2L & A3-class refrigerants). </p><p>Refrigerants (A1 class only) Due to their non-flammability, A1 class non-flammability, non-explosivity, and non-toxicity, non-explosivity they have been used in open systems (consumed when used) like fire extinguishers, inhalers, computer rooms fire extinguishing and insulation, etc.) since 1928. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png/330px-HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png/495px-HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png/660px-HCFC_and_HFC_atmospheric_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>The observed stabilization of HCFC concentrations (left graphs) and the growth of HFCs (right graphs) in earth's atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first air conditioners and <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a> employed toxic or flammable gases, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl chloride">methyl chloride</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.<sup id="cite_ref-r7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr.">Thomas Midgley Jr.</a> created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, <i><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></i> (R-12). The name is a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> name owned by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a>) for any <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> (CFC), <a href="/wiki/HCFC" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC">hydrochlorofluorocarbon</a> (HCFC), or <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbon</a> (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as <a href="/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane" title="Trichlorofluoromethane">R-11</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cool_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cool-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">R-12</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-123<sup id="cite_ref-cool_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cool-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R-502<sup id="cite_ref-achr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dominated the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phasing_out_of_CFCs">Phasing out of CFCs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phasing out of CFCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a></div> <p>In the mid-1970s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone hole">ozone holes</a> over polar regions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane" title="Chlorodifluoromethane">R-22</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R-123<sup id="cite_ref-cool_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cool-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">Hydrofluorocarbons</a> (HFCs) such as <a href="/wiki/R-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-134a">R-134a</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-407A" title="R-407A">R-407A</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-407C" title="R-407C">R-407C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-404A" class="mw-redirect" title="R-404A">R-404A</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-achr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-410A" title="R-410A">R-410A</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a 50/50 blend of <a href="/wiki/R-125" class="mw-redirect" title="R-125">R-125</a>/<a href="/wiki/Difluoromethane" title="Difluoromethane">R-32</a>) and R-507<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potentials</a> (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO<sub>2</sub> with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (<a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoroolefin" title="Hydrofluoroolefin">hydrofluoroolefin</a>) refrigerants R-32,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-290,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-600a,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-454B" title="R-454B">R-454B</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="R-1234yf">R-1234yf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-514A,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-744 (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R-1234ze(E)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-1234ze(E)">R-1234ze(E)</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R-1233zd(E),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature. </p><p>The environmental organization <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> provided funding to a former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed a hydrocarbon mixture of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a>, or pure isobutane,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to widespread adoption by other firms.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ozone.unep.org_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ozone.unep.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing the flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning on 14 November 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-ecomall.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecomall.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996 <a href="/wiki/Eurammon" title="Eurammon">Eurammon</a>, a European non-profit initiative for <a href="/wiki/Natural_refrigerant" title="Natural refrigerant">natural refrigerants</a>, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.<sup id="cite_ref-about_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. </p><p>In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressing_greenhouse_gases">Addressing greenhouse gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Addressing greenhouse gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With growing interest in <a href="/wiki/Natural_refrigerant" title="Natural refrigerant">natural refrigerants</a> as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">Pepsico</a> and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!.<sup id="cite_ref-ecomall.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecomall.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on <a href="/wiki/Fluorinated_gases" title="Fluorinated gases">fluorinated greenhouse gases</a> (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a>, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Inhalant_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalant abuse">inhalant abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO<sub>2</sub>) such as the refrigerant <a href="/wiki/HFC-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-134a">HFC-134a</a> (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-ar6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa.gov_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "<a href="/wiki/Drawdown_(climate)" title="Drawdown (climate)">Drawdown</a>" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same year the <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> published new voluntary guidelines,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however many countries have not yet ratified the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Amendment" title="Kigali Amendment">Kigali Amendment</a>. </p><p>From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using <a href="/wiki/Difluoromethane" title="Difluoromethane">R-32</a>. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or <a href="/wiki/R-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="R-1234yf">R-1234yf</a> (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> (R-744) can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_and_desirable_properties">Requirements and desirable properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Requirements and desirable properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A refrigerant needs to have: a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> appropriately), a high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a>, a moderate <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical temperature</a>. Working pressures should ideally be containable by <a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">copper tubing</a>, a commonly available material. Extremely high pressures should be avoided.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ideal refrigerant would be: <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">non-corrosive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">non-toxic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">non-flammable</a>, with no <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming</a> potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability.<sup id="cite_ref-increase_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-increase-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_refrigerants">Common refrigerants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common refrigerants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigerants_with_very_low_climate_impact">Refrigerants with very low climate impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Refrigerants with very low climate impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-BSRIA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSRIA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Chemical</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">GWP</a> 20yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>GWP 100yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Status</th> <th>Commentary </th></tr> <tr> <td>R-290 </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.3<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Increasing use </td> <td>Low cost, widely available and efficient. They also have zero <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion_potential" title="Ozone depletion potential">ozone depletion potential</a>. Despite their flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and heat pumps. In 2010, about one-third of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increase to 75% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-40CFR82_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40CFR82-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-600a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-600a">R-600a</a></td> <td>HC(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">Isobutane</a></td> <td></td> <td>3.3</td> <td>Widely used</td> <td>See R-290. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-717" class="mw-redirect" title="R-717">R-717</a></td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Widely used</td> <td>Commonly used before the popularisation of CFCs, it is again being considered but does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and it requires corrosion-resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> and low cost. </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-1234yf <a href="/wiki/HFO-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="HFO-1234yf">HFO-1234yf</a></td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene" title="2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene">2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene</a></td> <td></td> <td><1</td> <td></td> <td>Less performance but also less flammable than R-290.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GM announced that it would start using "hydro-fluoro olefin", <a href="/wiki/HFO-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="HFO-1234yf">HFO-1234yf</a>, in all of its brands by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-744" class="mw-redirect" title="R-744">R-744</a></td> <td>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>In use</td> <td>Was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane)<sup id="cite_ref-r7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now having a renaissance due to it being non-ozone depleting, non-toxic and non-flammable. It may become the working fluid of choice to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> has fielded CO<sub>2</sub>-based beverage coolers and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> is considering CO<sub>2</sub> refrigeration.<sup id="cite_ref-ccref1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccref1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usforces_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usforces-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO<sub>2</sub> systems require highly resistant components, however these have already been developed for mass production in many sectors. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_used">Most used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Most used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Chemical</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a> 20yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>GWP 100yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Status</th> <th>Commentary </th></tr> <tr> <td>R-32 HFC-32</td> <td>CH<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Difluoromethane" title="Difluoromethane">Difluoromethane</a></td> <td>2430</td> <td>677</td> <td>Widely used</td> <td>Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410A, but still with high climate impact. Has excellent heat transfer and pressure drop performance, both in condensation and vaporisation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Atmospheric_lifetime" title="Greenhouse gas">atmospheric lifetime</a> of nearly 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently used in residential and commercial <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air-conditioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-134a">R-134a</a> HFC-134a </td> <td>CH<sub>2</sub>FCF<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane" title="1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane">1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane</a> </td> <td>3790 </td> <td>1550 </td> <td>Widely used </td> <td>Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europe and the United States in spite of high GWP.<sup id="cite_ref-BSRIA_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSRIA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly used in automotive air conditioners prior to phase out which began in 2012. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-410A" title="R-410A">R-410A</a></td> <td></td> <td>50% R-32 / 50% R-125 (<a href="/wiki/Pentafluoroethane" title="Pentafluoroethane">pentafluoroethane</a>)</td> <td>Between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125)</td> <td>> 677</td> <td>Widely Used</td> <td>Most used in split heat pumps / AC by 2018. Almost 100% share in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-BSRIA_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSRIA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being phased out in the US starting in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banned_/_Phased_out"><span id="Banned_.2F_Phased_out"></span>Banned / Phased out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Banned / Phased out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Chemical</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a> 20yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>GWP 100yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Status</th> <th>Commentary </th></tr> <tr> <td>R-11 CFC-11</td> <td>CCl<sub>3</sub>F</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane" title="Trichlorofluoromethane">Trichlorofluoromethane</a></td> <td>6900</td> <td>4660</td> <td>Banned</td> <td>Production was banned in developed countries by <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-12 CFC-12</td> <td>CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">Dichlorodifluoromethane</a></td> <td>10800</td> <td>10200</td> <td>Banned</td> <td>Also known as Freon, a widely used <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Halomethane" title="Halomethane">halomethane</a> (CFC). Production was banned in developed countries by <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1996, and in developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-OzoneAssessment_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OzoneAssessment-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-22 HCFC-22</td> <td>CHClF<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane" title="Chlorodifluoromethane">Chlorodifluoromethane</a></td> <td>5280</td> <td>1760</td> <td>Being phased out</td> <td>A widely used <a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorofluorocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrochlorofluorocarbon">hydrochlorofluorocarbon</a> (HCFC) and powerful <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gg per year, up from about 450<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gg per year in 1998. R-438A (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-123 HCFC-123 </td> <td>CHCl<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane" title="2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane">2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane</a> </td> <td>292 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>US phase-out </td> <td>Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.S. production and import of virgin HCFCs will be phased out by 2030, with limited exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-11 refrigerant <a href="/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane" title="Trichlorofluoromethane">Trichlorofluoromethane</a>. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Chemical</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a> 20yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>GWP 100yr<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Commentary </th></tr> <tr> <td>R-152a HFC-152a </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,1-Difluoroethane" title="1,1-Difluoroethane">1,1-Difluoroethane</a> </td> <td>506 </td> <td>138 </td> <td>As a compressed air duster </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-407C" title="R-407C">R-407C</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mixture of difluoromethane and <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoroethane" title="Pentafluoroethane">pentafluoroethane</a> and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>A mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-454B" title="R-454B">R-454B</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane (<a href="/wiki/Difluoromethane" title="Difluoromethane">R-32</a>) and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (<a href="/wiki/R-1234yf" class="mw-redirect" title="R-1234yf">R-1234yf</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-513A</td> <td></td> <td>An HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>May replace R-134a as an interim alternative<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-514A </td> <td> </td> <td>HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (t-DCE) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>An hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refrigerant_reclamation_and_disposal">Refrigerant reclamation and disposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Refrigerant reclamation and disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></div> <p>Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there is a risk that refrigerant gas will be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441A and R290), ammonia and CO<sub>2</sub> under <a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608</a> of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a> is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">refrigeration loop</a> such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_refrigerants">Classification of refrigerants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification of refrigerants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R407C_eng.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/R407C_eng.PNG/220px-R407C_eng.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/R407C_eng.PNG/330px-R407C_eng.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/R407C_eng.PNG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>R407C <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>-<a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> diagram, isotherms between the two saturation lines</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">List of refrigerants</a></div> <p>Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a>.</li> <li>Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or '<a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">sensible heat</a>', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.</li> <li>Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be classified into many categories.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R_numbering_system">R numbering system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: R numbering system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The R- numbering system was developed by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> (which owned the <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a> trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. ASHRAE has since set guidelines for the numbering system as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><big><b>R-X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>2</sub>X<sub>3</sub>X<sub>4</sub></b></big> </p> <ul><li><b>X<sub>1</sub></b> = Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (omit if zero)</li> <li><b>X<sub>2</sub></b> = Number of carbon atoms minus 1 (omit if zero)</li> <li><b>X<sub>3</sub></b> = Number of hydrogen atoms plus 1</li> <li><b>X<sub>4</sub></b> = Number of fluorine atoms</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series">Series</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>R-xx</b> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> Series</li> <li><b>R-1xx</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</a> Series</li> <li><b>R-2xx</b> <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a> Series</li> <li><b>R-4xx</b> <a href="/wiki/Zeotropic_mixture" title="Zeotropic mixture">Zeotropic blend</a></li> <li><b>R-5xx</b> <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotropic blend</a></li> <li><b>R-6xx</b> Saturated hydrocarbons (except for propane which is R-290)</li> <li><b>R-7xx</b> Inorganic Compounds with a <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> < 100</li> <li><b>R-7xxx</b> Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass ≥ 100</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethane_Derived_Chains">Ethane Derived Chains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethane Derived Chains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Number Only</b> Most symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomer</a></li> <li><b>Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.)</b> indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propane_Derived_Chains">Propane Derived Chains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Propane Derived Chains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Number Only</b> If only one isomer exists; otherwise:</li> <li><b>First lower case suffix (a-f):</b> <ul><li><b>a Suffix</b> Cl<sub>2</sub> central carbon substitution</li> <li><b>b Suffix</b> Cl, F central carbon substitution</li> <li><b>c Suffix</b> F<sub>2</sub> central carbon substitution</li> <li><b>d Suffix</b> Cl, H central carbon substitution</li> <li><b>e Suffix</b> F, H central carbon substitution</li> <li><b>f Suffix</b> H<sub>2</sub> central carbon substitution</li></ul></li> <li><b>2nd Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.)</b> Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propene_derivatives">Propene derivatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Propene derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>First lower case suffix (x, y, z)</b>: <ul><li><b>x Suffix</b> Cl substitution on central atom</li> <li><b>y Suffix</b> F substitution on central atom</li> <li><b>z Suffix</b> H substitution on central atom</li></ul></li> <li><b>Second lower case suffix (a-f)</b>: <ul><li><b>a Suffix</b> =CCl<sub>2</sub> <a href="/wiki/Methylene_group" title="Methylene group">methylene</a> substitution</li> <li><b>b Suffix</b> =CClF methylene substitution</li> <li><b>c Suffix</b> =CF<sub>2</sub> methylene substitution</li> <li><b>d Suffix</b> =CHCl methylene substitution</li> <li><b>e Suffix</b> =CHF methylene substitution</li> <li><b>f Suffix</b> =CH<sub>2</sub> methylene substitution</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blends">Blends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Blends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.)</b> Same blend with different compositions of refrigerants</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>R-Cxxx</b> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_compound" title="Cyclic compound">Cyclic compound</a></li> <li><b>R-Exxx</b> <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">Ether group</a> is present</li> <li><b>R-CExxx</b> Cyclic compound with an ether group</li> <li><b>R-4xx/5xx + Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.)</b> Same blend with different composition of refrigerants</li> <li><b>R-6xx + Lower Case Letter</b> Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers</li> <li><b>7xx/7xxx + Upper Case Letter</b> Same molar mass, different compound</li> <li><b>R-xxxxB#</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> is present with the number after B indicating how many bromine atoms</li> <li><b>R-xxxxI#</b> <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> is present with the number after I indicating how many iodine atoms</li> <li><b>R-xxx(E)</b> Trans Molecule</li> <li><b>R-xxx(Z)</b> Cis Molecule</li></ul> <p>For example, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane" title="1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane">R-134a</a> has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving <a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane" title="1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane">1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane</a>. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane. </p><p>The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol spray">aerosol spray</a>, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "<b>Freon</b> 12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbons</a>, CFC- for <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a>, and HCFC- for <a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorofluorocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrochlorofluorocarbon">hydrochlorofluorocarbons</a> has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refrigerant_safety">Refrigerant safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Refrigerant safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASHRAE Standard 34, <i>Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants</i>, assigns safety classifications to refrigerants based upon <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a>. </p><p>Using safety information provided by producers, ASHRAE assigns a capital letter to indicate toxicity and a number to indicate flammability. The letter "A" is the least toxic and the number 1 is the least flammable.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brine#Refrigerating_fluid" title="Brine">Brine (Refrigerant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">List of Refrigerants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme_(UNEP)" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/bookstore/factsheet_ashrae_english_november2022.pdf">"Update on New Refrigerants Designations and Safety Classifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ASHRAE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+New+Refrigerants+Designations+and+Safety+Classifications&rft.pub=ASHRAE&rft.au=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashrae.org%2Ffile%2520library%2Ftechnical%2520resources%2Fbookstore%2Ffactsheet_ashrae_english_november2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ods-phaseout/phaseout-class-ii-ozone-depleting-substances">"Phaseout of Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances"</a>. 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Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171048/http://www.r744.com/files/pdf_597.pdf">"Refrigerants Past, Present and Future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>R744</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r744.com/files/pdf_597.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3AUpdate+on+Ozone-Depleting+Substances+%28ODSs%29+and+Other+Gases+of+Interest+to+the+Montreal+Protocol&rft.btitle=Scientific+assessment+of+ozone+depletion%3A+2018.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=1.10&rft.edition=Global+Ozone+Research+and+Monitoring+Project%E2%80%93Report+No.+58&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7329317-1-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fbde22641-eeb6-4502-9c54-8239c2c64c0f%2Ffiles%2F2018-ozone-summary-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.refrigerantdepot.com/product/chemours-isceon-mo99/">[1]</a> Chemours M099 as R22 Replacement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/documents/us_management_of_hcfc-123.pdf">[2]</a> Management of HCFC-123 through the Phaseout and Beyond | EPA | Published August 2020 | Retrieved Dec. 18, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/63456-properties-of-refrigerant-r11-or-freon-11-and-replacements/">[3]</a> Refrigerant R11 (R-11), Freon 11 (Freon R-11) Properties & Replacement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://refrigeranthq.com/r-454b-xl41-refrigerant-fact-info-sheet/">[4]</a> R-454B XL41 refrigerant fact & info sheet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.achrnews.com/articles/143548-r-454b-emerges-as-a-replacement-for-r-410a">[5]</a> R-454B emerges as a replacement for R-410A | ACHR News (Air Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration News)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/news/news-article/carrier_introduces_puron_advance_the_next_generation_refrigerant.html">[6]</a> Ccarrier introduces [R-454B] Puron Advance™ as the next generation refrigerant for ducted residential, light commercial products in North America | Indianapolis - 19 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://facilityexecutive.com/2021/05/johnson-controls-selects-r-454b-as-future-refrigerant-for-new-hvac-equipment/">[7]</a> Johnson Controls selects R-454B as future refrigerant for new HVAC equipment | 27 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://images.magnetmail.net/images/clients/ASHRAE//attach/AJ_Newsletter/030-037_roundtable_Refrigeration_kujak.pdf">[8]</a> A conversation on refrigerants | ASHRAE Journal, March 2021 | page 30, column 1, paragraph 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.opteon.com/en/products/refrigerants/xp30">[9]</a> Opteon™ XP30 (R-514A) refrigerant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.coolingpost.com/world-news/trane-adopts-new-low-gwp-refrigerant-r514a/">[10]</a> Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A | 15 June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818233746/http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/">"Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - Executive Summary"</a>. 18 August 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/">the original</a> on 18 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emissions+of+Greenhouse+Gases+in+the+United+States+1998+-+Executive+Summary&rft.date=2000-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Foiaf%2F1605%2Fggrpt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/faq.html#q2">"Frequently Asked Questions on Section 608"</a>. <i>Environment Protection Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+Section+608&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fozone%2Ftitle6%2F608%2Ffaq.html%23q2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydrocarbons21.com/articles/us_epa_lifts_venting_prohibition_for_snap_approved_hydrocarbons">"US hydrocarbons"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+hydrocarbons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhydrocarbons21.com%2Farticles%2Fus_epa_lifts_venting_prohibition_for_snap_approved_hydrocarbons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7671g">"42 U.S. Code § 7671g - National recycling and emission reduction program"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=42+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+7671g+-+National+recycling+and+emission+reduction+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F42%2F7671g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASHRAEUNEP2022" class="citation web cs1">ASHRAE; UNEP (Nov 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/standards%20and%20guidelines/standards%20addenda/34_2004_add-g.pdf">"Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ASHRAE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE&rft.atitle=Designation+and+Safety+Classification+of+Refrigerants&rft.date=2022-11&rft.au=ASHRAE&rft.au=UNEP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashrae.org%2Ffile%2520library%2Ftechnical%2520resources%2Fstandards%2520and%2520guidelines%2Fstandards%2520addenda%2F34_2004_add-g.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213130357/https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/refrigeration/factsheet_ashrae_english_20200424.pdf">"Update on New Refrigerants Designations and Safety Classifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (<a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a>). April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/refrigeration/factsheet_ashrae_english_20200424.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+New+Refrigerants+Designations+and+Safety+Classifications&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Heating%2C+Refrigerating+and+Air-Conditioning+Engineers+%28ASHRAE%29&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashrae.org%2Ffile%2520library%2Ftechnical%2520resources%2Frefrigeration%2Ffactsheet_ashrae_english_20200424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IPCC_reports">IPCC reports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: IPCC reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf"><i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05799-9"><bdi>978-1-107-05799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2013%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+and+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05799-9&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatechange2013.org%2Fimages%2Freport%2FWG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span> (pb: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66182-0">978-1-107-66182-0</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/">Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch82013" class="citation book cs1">Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf">"Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis</i>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 659–740.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Anthropogenic+and+Natural+Radiative+Forcing&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2013%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=659-740&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Myhre&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Shindell%2C+D.&rft.au=Br%C3%A9on%2C+F.-M.&rft.au=Collins%2C+W.&rft.au=Fuglestvedt%2C+J.&rft.au=Huang%2C+J.&rft.au=Koch%2C+D.&rft.au=Lamarque%2C+J.-F.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+B.&rft.au=Nakajima%2C+T.&rft.au=Robock%2C+A.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+G.&rft.au=Takemura%2C+T.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far5%2Fwg1%2FWG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf"><i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28In+Press%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch72021" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Piers; Storelvmo, Trude (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf">"Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021">IPCC AR6 WG1 2021</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Earth%E2%80%99s+Energy+Budget%2C+Climate+Feedbacks%2C+and+Climate+Sensitivity&rft.btitle=IPCC+AR6+WG1+2021&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft.au=Storelvmo%2C+Trude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_2">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARB2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/high-gwp-refrigerants">"High GWP refrigerants"</a>. California Air Resources Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+GWP+refrigerants&rft.pub=California+Air+Resources+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.arb.ca.gov%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fhigh-gwp-refrigerants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBSRIA2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsria.com/us/news/article/bsrias_view_on_refrigerant_trends_in_ac_and_heat_pump_segments/">"BSRIA's view on refrigerant trends in AC and Heat Pump segments"</a>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSRIA%27s+view+on+refrigerant+trends+in+AC+and+Heat+Pump+segments&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsria.com%2Fus%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fbsrias_view_on_refrigerant_trends_in_ac_and_heat_pump_segments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav_et_al2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Saurabh; Liu, Jie; Kim, Sung Chul (2022). "A comprehensive study on 21st-century refrigerants - R290 and R1234yf: A review". <i>International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer</i>. <b>122</b>: 121947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022IJHMT.18221947Y">2022IJHMT.18221947Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947">10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240534198">240534198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Heat+and+Mass+Transfer&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+study+on+21st-century+refrigerants+-+R290+and+R1234yf%3A+A+review&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=121947&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240534198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022IJHMT.18221947Y&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Saurabh&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jie&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sung+Chul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefrigerant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrigerant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041112075806/http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/table.html">US Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/">Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iifiir.org/medias/medias.aspx?instance=EXPLOITATION&setlanguage=EN">International Institute of Refrigeration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925041045/http://www.iifiir.org/medias/medias.aspx?instance=EXPLOITATION&setlanguage=EN">Archived</a> 2018-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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