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srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-57330-9?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title ">Reflections on Criticality in Educational Philosophy</span> </a> <span class="app-article-masthead__conference-info"></span> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="js-main-column u-serif c-chapter-body" data-track-component="chapter"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <div class="app-overview-section"> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Marc_James-Deegan" data-author-popup="auth-Marc_James-Deegan" data-corresp-id="c1">Marc James Deegan<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul> <div class="app-overview-section__separator app-overview-section__book-series"> <div class="app-book-series-listing"> <div> <svg class="app-book-series-listing__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-eds-i-book-series-medium"></use></svg> </div> <div> <p data-test="series-link"> <span class="app-book-series-listing__description">Part of the book series:</span> <a href="https://www.springer.com/series/16752" data-track="click" data-track-action="open book series" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Studies in Educational Philosophy and Theory</a> ((PSEPT)) </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="app-overview-section__separator" data-test="article-metrics"> <div id="altmetric-container"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset" data-test="article-metrics"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>128 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="chapter body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 id="Abs1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>How do the ideas and methods of Paulo Freire and Ludwig Wittgenstein inform the concept of criticality? Freire shows us how to teach well. Wittgenstein’s remarks are directed at the teaching and learning process itself. I explore their lived experiences as pedagogues. I highlight similarities and differences in their respective methods. I underline how both thinkers approach philosophical problems from a pedagogical perspective. I argue that Freire advocates a utopian dream of a democratic world free of oppression, domination and inequalities, and that his vision is underpinned by a critical pedagogy that involves people naming the world and the word. I also draw on the scholarly literature to restate other important features of his thinking. Regarding Wittgenstein, I argue that his work should be given a pedagogic reading, that such an interpretation is reconcilable with his notion of philosophy as therapy, and that his philosophy as pedagogy is consistent with our obtaining an Übersicht of language.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-57330-9_11%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D1229f72d-f153-4233-97de-3fa270d4d92c" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" 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class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item">Notes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="notes-content"><ol class="c-article-footnote c-article-footnote--listed"><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn1"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">1.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>In addressing the question of what ‘gives educational philosophy the <i>right</i> to be critical?’, and in describing one style of critique as critical dogmatism, Gert Biesta notes that ‘emancipation’ operates as a ‘general criterion for the evaluation of educational theory and practice’ and that this is unobjectionable provided we recognise and accept its dogmatic character (Biesta <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1998" title="Biesta, Gert. (1998) ‘The Right to Philosophy of Education: From Critique to Deconstruction’, Philosophy of Education Archive, 476–484. 
 https://ojs.education.illinois.edu/index.php/pes/article/download/2152/847
 
 " href="#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e588">1998</a>: 476).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn2"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">2.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>I have also conceded that the terms ‘democracy’ and ‘social justice, are not neutral or impartial and that our conceptions of them remain under scrutiny.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn3"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">3.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Bonds that are made through modes of oppression, domination and marginalisation.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn4"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">4.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See also see Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Freire, Paulo. (2000) Cultural Action for Freedom. Monograph Series No. 1, Revised Edition. Harvard: Harvard Educational Review." href="#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e970">2000</a>: 59; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Freire, Paulo. (2017) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Translated by Myra Bergman Ramos. London: Penguin Classics." href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e973">2017</a>: 11 and 60), Horton and Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1990" title="Horton, Myles and Paulo Freire. (1990) We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change. Edited by Brenda Bell, John Gaventa and John Peters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press." href="#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e976">1990</a>: 190–191), and Kirylo (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Kirylo, James D. (2011) Paulo Freire: The Man from Recife. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc." href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e984">2011</a>: 141–142).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn5"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">5.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See also Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005a" title="Freire, Paulo. (2005a) Education for Critical Consciousness. London: Continuum International Publishing Group." href="#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1131">2005a</a>: 132; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Freire, Paulo. (2014) Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Translated by Robert R. Barr. London: Bloomsbury Academic." href="#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1134">2014</a>: 69) and Horton and Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1990" title="Horton, Myles and Paulo Freire. (1990) We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change. Edited by Brenda Bell, John Gaventa and John Peters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press." href="#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1137">1990</a>: 64 and 102–104).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn6"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">6.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Here I read Freire to mean that progressive educators should challenge the conservative nature of our different academic communities and expose, and where necessary rectify, the many mistakes, pretensions and assumptions that hide in the shallows.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn7"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">7.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Likewise, Michael Apple has consistently argued that education is not a neutral enterprise, that educators are involved in political acts, and that we need to make the curriculum problematic and uncover its latent ideological content (Apple <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Apple, Michael W. (2019) Ideology and Curriculum. Fourth Edition. Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1188">2019</a>: 1, 6–8 and 12–13).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn8"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">8.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See, for example, Apple et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Apple, Michael W., Luís Armando Gandin and Álvaro Moreira Hypolito. (2001) Paulo Freire. In Joy A. Palmer. (ed.) Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present (128–133). Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1216">2001</a>: 130–132), Bartlett (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Bartlett, Lesley. (2005) ‘Dialogue, Knowledge, and Teacher-Students Relations: Freirean Pedagogy in Theory and Practice’, Comparative Education Review, 49(3): 344–364. 
 https://doi.org/10.1086/430261
 
 " href="#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1219">2005</a>: 345–348), Bellett (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1988" title="Bellett, Eileen. (1988) ‘Religious Education for Liberation: A Perspective from Paulo Freire’, British Journal of Religious Education, 20(3): 133–143. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/0141620980200302
 
 " href="#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1222">1988</a>: 134–135), Chambers (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Chambers, Drew W. (2019) ‘Is Freire Incoherent? Reconciling Directiveness and Dialogue in Freirean Pedagogy’, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 53(1): 21–47. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12340
 
 " href="#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1225">2019</a>: 24–26), Darder (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Darder, Antonia. (2015) Freire and Education. Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1232">2015</a>: 94–96 and 100–103), Gill (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Gill, Jerry H. (1993) Learning to Learn: Toward a Philosophy of Education. New Jersey: Humanities Press International, Inc." href="#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1235">1993</a>: 26–28), Kirylo (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Kirylo, James D. (2011) Paulo Freire: The Man from Recife. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc." href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1241">2011</a>: 155–157), and Peterson (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Peterson, Robert E. (2017) Teaching How to Read the World and Change It: Critical Pedagogy in the Intermediate Grades. In Antonia Darder, Rodolfo D. Torres and Marta P. Baltodano. (eds.) The Critical Pedagogy Reader. Third Edition (382–399). Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1244">2017</a>: 383 and 389–390).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn9"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">9.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>This is reminiscent of Wittgenstein’s last words to Maurice Drury, ‘Drury, whatever becomes of you, don’t stop thinking’ (Quinn <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Quinn, Patrick. (2000) ‘Teaching as Critical Communication: Some Philosophical Views’, Sats – Nordic Journal of Philosophy, 1(1): 27–36." href="#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1304">2000</a>: 29).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn10"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">10.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p><i>Cf</i>. Aronowitz (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Aronowitz, Stanley. (1993) Paulo Freire’s Radical Democratic Humanism. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (8–24). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1325">1993</a>: 8–9 and 19), Darder (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Darder, Antonia. (2015) Freire and Education. Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1332">2015</a>: 115), Giroux (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Giroux, Henry A. (1993) Paulo Freire and the Politics of Postcolonialism. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (177–188). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1339">1993</a>: 177–178), Kirylo (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Kirylo, James D. (2011) Paulo Freire: The Man from Recife. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc." href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1347">2011</a>: 120–121), Loughead (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Loughead, Tanya. (2015) Critical University: Moving Higher Education Forward. Lanham: Lexington Books." href="#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1350">2015</a>: 69–71), McLaren and Leonard (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="McLaren, Peter and Peter Leonard. (eds.) (1993) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter. London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1356">1993</a>: 3), and McLaren and da Silva (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="McLaren, Peter and Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. (1993) Decentering Pedagogy: Critical Literacy, Resistance and the Politics of Memory. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (47–89). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1359">1993</a>: 51 and 84–85).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn11"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">11.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Freire, Paulo. (2016) Pedagogy of the Heart. Translated by Donaldo Macedo and Alexandre Oliveira. London: Bloomsbury Academic." href="#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1406">2016</a>: 43–45 and 57; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005b" title="Freire, Paulo. (2005b) Teachers as Cultural Workers: Letters to Those Who Dare Teach. Translated by Donaldo Macedo, Dale Koike and Alexandre Oliveira. Boulder: Westview Press." href="#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1409">2005b</a>: 76–78 and 116–117).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn12"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">12.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See, for example, hooks (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="hooks, bell. (1993) Bell Hooks Speaking about Paulo Freire—The Man, His Work. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (146–154). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1451">1993</a>: 148–153) and McLaren (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="McLaren, Peter. (2000) Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc." href="#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1458">2000</a>: 165–166).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn13"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">13.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Ellsworth (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1989" title="Ellsworth, Elizabeth. (1989) ‘Why Doesn’t This Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy’, Harvard Educational Review, 59(3): 297–324. 
 https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.59.3.058342114k266250
 
 " href="#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1478">1989</a>: 312–313). Her retort is reproduced in Chapter <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57330-9_4">4</a>.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn14"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">14.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Freire (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Freire, Paulo. (1993) Forward. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (ix–xii). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1497">1993</a>: x; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Freire, Paulo. (2014) Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Translated by Robert R. Barr. London: Bloomsbury Academic." href="#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1500">2014</a>: 55–58) and Freire and Macedo (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Freire, Paulo and Donaldo Macedo. (1993) A Dialogue with Paulo Freire. In Peter McLaren and Peter Leonard. (eds.) Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (169–176). London: Routledge." href="#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1503">1993</a>: 172–173 and 176).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn15"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">15.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Monk explains how in a state of sheer frustration Wittgenstein struck the sickly 11-year-old boy on the head several times causing him to collapse. Wittgenstein resigned forthwith and was later cleared of misconduct. See Monk (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1991" title="Monk, Ray. (1991) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. London: Vintage." href="#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1588">1991</a>: 232–233).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn16"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">16.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>The infamous ‘Wittgenstein’s Poker!’ is a suitable illustration of the anxiety and tension often attributed to Wittgenstein (Monk <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1991" title="Monk, Ray. (1991) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. London: Vintage." href="#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1600">1991</a>: 494–495). For a detailed account of the alleged incident see Edmonds and Eidinow (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Edmonds, David and John Eidinow. (2001) Wittgenstein’s Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers. London: Faber and Faber Limited." href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1603">2001</a>).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn17"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">17.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Following convention, titles for Wittgenstein’s works are abbreviated (BB = <i>The Blue and Brown Books</i>, BT = <i>The ‘Big Typescript’ (TS 213)</i>, CV = <i>Culture and Value</i>, GB = Remarks on Frazer’s <i>Golden Bough</i>, LC = <i>Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief</i>, LWL = <i>Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge, 1930–1932</i>, OC = <i>On Certainty</i>, PG = <i>Philosophical Grammar</i>, PI = <i>Philosophical Investigations</i>, PR = <i>Philosophical Remarks</i>, RFM = <i>Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics</i>, TLP = <i>Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</i>, WV = Preface to the <i>Dictionary for Elementary Schools</i>, and Z = <i>Zettel</i>), with section (§) or page number, and with the full citation and initials given in the References.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn18"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">18.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>On Wittgenstein’s choice of reading see also Stickney (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Stickney, Jeff. (2008) ‘Training and Mastery of Techniques in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy: A Response to Michael Luntley’, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40(5): 678–694. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00418.x
 
 " href="#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1693">2008</a>: 690–691).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn19"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">19.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Examples abound in <i>The Big Typescript TS 213</i>, the Preface to the <i>Dictionary for Elementary Schools</i>, <i>Philosophical Remarks</i>, <i>Philosophical Grammar</i>, <i>Wittgenstein</i><i>’s Lectures Cambridge 1930–1932</i>, <i>Lectures on Aesthetics</i>, <i>Remarks on Frazer’s ‘Golden Bough’</i>, <i>The Blue Book</i>, <i>The Brown Book</i>, <i>Philosophical Investigations</i>, <i>Zettel</i>, <i>Culture and Value</i> and <i>On Certainty</i>.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn20"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">20.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>In his <i>Confessions</i> (Augustine <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1992" title="Augustine, Saint. (1992) Confessions. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford: Oxford University Press." href="#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1828">1992</a>: I.vi; and I.viii), Saint Augustine reflects on how he learnt to talk and his account of language purports to demonstrate, according to Wittgenstein, how individual words name objects and sentences are combinations of words. From this picture we get the idea that every word has a meaning; the meaning is correlated with the word; and that the meaning is the object for which the word stands. Wittgenstein is also quick to attack the connected idea that the mind or ‘private sphere’ houses thoughts and wishes yet to be fully articulated in language.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn21"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">21.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>For a textual analysis see Baker and Hacker (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1983" title="Baker, G. P. and P. M. S. Hacker. (1983) An Analytical Commentary on Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. Volume 1. Oxford: Basil Blackwell." href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1841">1983</a>: 21–81) and McGinn (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="McGinn, Marie. (1997) Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations. Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1844">1997</a>: 36–62).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn22"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">22.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Responding to Wittgenstein’s interlocutor, it seems to me that ‘<i>belief</i> in history’, belief in our own culture, connects with our understanding of who we are, how we happened to get here, and, more importantly, where we might try and go to next.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn23"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">23.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Wittgenstein remarks: ‘It would be as if someone were looking for some object in a room; he opens a drawer and doesn’t see it there; then he closes it again, waits, and opens it once more to see if perhaps it isn’t there now, and keeps on like that. He has not learned to look for things’ (OC§315).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn24"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">24.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See, generally, Bakhurst (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Bakhurst, David. (2017) Forward. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (v–xiv). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1953">2017</a>: xi–xii), Bearn (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Bearn, Gordon C. F. (2019) ‘Wittgenstein: Spiritual Practices’, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 53(4): 701–714. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12391
 
 " href="#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1956">2019</a>: 711–713), Burbules and Peters (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Burbules, Nicholas C. and Michael Peters. (2001) Ludwig Wittgenstein. In Joy A. Palmer. (ed.) Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present (15–23). Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1962">2001</a>: 16 and 19–21), Gasking and Jackson (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1967" title="Gasking, D. A. T. and A. C. Jackson. (1967) Wittgenstein as a Teacher. In K. T. Fann. (ed.) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Man and his Philosophy (44–55). New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc." href="#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1965">1967</a>: 49–55), Peters (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017b" title="Peters, Michael A. (2017b) Wittgenstein’s Trials, Teaching and Cavell’s Romantic “Figure of the Child”. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (211–230). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1968">2017b</a>: 212–213), Peters and Marshall (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Peters, Michael and James Marshall. (1999) Wittgenstein: Philosophy, Postmodernism, Pedagogy. Westport: Bergin & Garvey." href="#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1972">1999</a>: 174–175 and 186–189), Savickey (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Savickey, Beth. (2017) Wittgenstein’s Philosophy: Viva Voce. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (63–78). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1975">2017</a>: 68–69 and 75–77), Stickney (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Stickney, Jeff. (2017) Wittgenstein as Educator. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (43–61). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1978">2017</a>: 44 and 53–54), and Yu (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Yu, Timothy. (2013) ‘Wittgenstein, Pedagogy, and Literary Criticism’, New Literary History, 44(3): 361–378. 
 https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2013.0026
 
 " href="#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e1981">2013</a>: 374–376).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn25"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">25.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>And see Monk (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1991" title="Monk, Ray. (1991) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. London: Vintage." href="#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2071">1991</a>: 337–338), Peters (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Peters, Michael A. (2017a) Subjectivity After Descartes: Wittgenstein as a Pedagogical Philosopher. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (29–60). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2074">2017a</a>: 38), and Peters and Marshall (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Peters, Michael and James Marshall. (1999) Wittgenstein: Philosophy, Postmodernism, Pedagogy. Westport: Bergin & Garvey." href="#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2077">1999</a>: 168–169 and 184–186).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn26"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">26.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Wittgenstein’s approach, his methods of inquiry, relate to examples, descriptions and intermediate cases as distinct from the traditional philosophical paths that lean towards explanations, definitions and theories.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn27"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">27.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See Bakhurst (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Bakhurst, David. (2017) Forward. In Michael A. Peters and Jeff Stickney. (eds.) A Companion to Wittgenstein on Education: Pedagogical Investigations (v–xiv). Singapore: Springer." href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2162">2017</a>: vi–xii), Gasking and Jackson (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1967" title="Gasking, D. A. T. and A. C. Jackson. (1967) Wittgenstein as a Teacher. In K. T. Fann. (ed.) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Man and his Philosophy (44–55). New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc." href="#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2165">1967</a>: 49), Green (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1977" title="Green, Joe L. (1977) ‘Wittgenstein’s Influence on Philosophy of Education’, Educational Studies, 8(1): 1–20. 
 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326993es0801_1
 
 " href="#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2168">1977</a>: 10–17), Standish (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Standish, Paul. (2018) ‘Wittgenstein’s Impact on the Philosophy of Education’, Philosophical Investigations, 41(2): 223–240. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/phin.12198
 
 " href="#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2171">2018</a>: 224–230), and Thompkins (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1992" title="Thompkins, E. F. (1992) ‘The Money and the Cow’, Philosophy, 67: 51–67. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100039826
 
 " href="#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2174">1992</a>: 60–61 and 66–67).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn28"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">28.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>As Wittgenstein explains, ‘People nowadays think that scientists exist to instruct them, poets, musicians etc. to give them pleasure. The idea <i>that these have something to teach them</i>—that does not occur to them’ (CV 36).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn29"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">29.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Descartes’ mind–body dualism and Plato’s distrust of the passions have been difficult to shake off.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn30"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">30.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Ray Monk argues that ‘political questions’ are, for Wittgenstein, ‘secondary to questions of personal integrity’: being true to one’s self is the paramount duty (Monk <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1991" title="Monk, Ray. (1991) Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. London: Vintage." href="#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2400">1991</a>: 18). This is why, when questioned about improving the world, Wittgenstein retorts, ‘Just improve yourself; that is the only thing you <i>can</i> do to better the world’ (<i>Id</i>. 17–18 and 213).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn31"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">31.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>See Deegan (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Deegan, Marc James. (2023) ‘A Marxist Reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein: Making the Case for Social and Political Change’, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 0(0): 1–21, Ahead-of-Print. First published online 3 May 2023 by Sage Publications Ltd. 
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01914537231170907
 
 " href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2452">2023</a>).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn32"><span class="c-article-footnote--listed__index">32.</span><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Wittgenstein’s philosophy is also criticised for failing to take account of relevant historical and social circumstances (Rossi-Landi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Rossi-Landi, Ferruccio. (2002) Toward a Marxian use of Wittgenstein. In Gavin Kitching and Nigel Pleasants. (eds.) Marx and Wittgenstein: Knowledge, Morality and Politics (185–212). Abingdon: Routledge." href="#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2483">2002</a>). I have argued elsewhere that, by taking Nancy Fraser’s cue, we can extrapolate from things Wittgenstein does say to things he does not and reformulate his conception of ‘praxis in the meaning processes of language’ (De Iaco <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="De Iaco, Moira. (2021) Marx, Wittgenstein, and the Reform of Language. A Complementary View of Wittgenstein and Marx’s Thoughts. In Fabio A. Sulpizio, Moira De Iaco and Gabriele Schimmenti. (eds.) Wittgenstein and Marx. Marx and Wittgenstein (19–29). Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH." href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2494">2021</a>: 26) as if he had considered an historical point of view (Deegan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Deegan, Marc James. (2023) ‘A Marxist Reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein: Making the Case for Social and Political Change’, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 0(0): 1–21, Ahead-of-Print. First published online 3 May 2023 by Sage Publications Ltd. 
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01914537231170907
 
 " href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d79395304e2497">2023</a>: 8).</p></div></li></ol></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextChapterBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 id="Bib1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Anscombe, G. E. M. (1991) Wittgenstein: Whose Philosopher? In Allen Phillips Griffiths. (ed.) <i>Wittgenstein Centenary Essays—The Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series, Philosophy 28 (Supplement)</i> (1–10). 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