CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135be5efa9d4b5c',cH: 'tgR0uUF6eEnNtJX8e9eCmvJhYbHmvuwp_n8EQd9xRLM-1739794954-1.2.1.1-pwaGYqiI.4jzBwydlbiCTGmwXg3LP4OVE6J5R5PZPYCT3pfpAaEv6qmUYKW6lBO8',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=GIScience&__cf_chl_tk=4MMYiGc9XUQchONXYVBZfm8XdNB9C8ZnRK5yXWRKyoM-1739794954-1.0.1.1-bv6ViPh_52YAlMMwsGiNHdJHEw1YcC1S3olWzGqXU2k",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739794954',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=GIScience&__cf_chl_f_tk=4MMYiGc9XUQchONXYVBZfm8XdNB9C8ZnRK5yXWRKyoM-1739794954-1.0.1.1-bv6ViPh_52YAlMMwsGiNHdJHEw1YcC1S3olWzGqXU2k",md: "6pnb.eyqVikar_lp7VnX0F6ieSVi_6lvDup904cEdbs-1739794954-1.2.1.1-ogLBxiMksowkPwjYgD5YiyvPkGh7KvOxeppdLzkQnyvKH1lpFXQFmCLPxiDxwQfoK2LNodXdH2bh8iiW9i7dGOURqvecOme8CRltfJrwBO1yIpQcMvkYk_HWtK21GwUNuURGt8Kef9Z4CtCneH.PdSBSVrWiifjiqUwZa4BqlZ_WaUOXd740zTORfGB0iqLbaBunXFVwWX2raldFQJUlDOIKNE9Mk9bk2BLYFDOf1VGEdTw2AVxfqOXZppECoSrP2KFP9.9TvY4hVqpEfHX534w8SiwMOOckiC7RNtpd6AwpTwebVWHtFE_Ve2Fg2Tsk7AWcO.QvZrug3_LYzs0l5l_gh_XqSG1RXMmK8HMyUh3l2at1vss.a2PfK7V_iz6OJeaDOWZ3wYOfnKH_0Sc6pTRhiUhi0_pEbWhmYi4v_UE50R353q_BoPVIyTIc1loDbfaMURz_u5eqKN3wPkM4NlwgDIyRIl3816Q0d.H3vRDsnNnH2o7wkt4lbHHNaYRZB0_RnjEo2YbM6TOXdCHXNpH_Z_Ohk3u2ciHBu78X2whU30TLGSxV9FMDtTXggTBC8kUhAN_4S0uev1QyD3fT2ZlviEGjrFmzlu1QIjAt9WG19csLsRoDu6yiAMfOyrD6A4WBSM5eaeLPC2gkSStBu8vQwuD2iXnkQmPxaQe42bXHM5BoLdAwC_V5uhJam.HLbbWcq9mTiJTag9sOLrlVYbyzjlm14BjuTQq8J005YBHgaCgEOgUSduAHniJMicYH41ifWyRr.QJAjYs4B1P5sZYbzPIGNWpgq3501gRN9ixMgYYw6FCiMdCvgdwi53a_vTktFot1NVc_NkOpmOxAaukIOPIao4_thtN8QxiQNzceEJuQQ4XTNQJvVOzrxQwa4Y5seT7Hfh.W8Au9wtecitO3EC9gcZ867KHenu3Xxsl3E83ul64PdFB6oMD06_EQWF7GNAa.ErfO1QgJGcBo4BJfV6iCStn6E4I7k4q2jVS.ELkv96zBpn.BCfalYZzyh2mRLe06_0drDx5vlkD3GJJi55iFIwduBmak416Jf.B_QpGyvPXS2Z3IwGN3khX7QYlD.DV8ZeCw0InT9CI9kuNRvtxE42xDzLWc_04MgpjOrUtUv7wLECcqBePdlOvx892T27KUllTGZCkJ4XhggRRhIFxzCQSROJad4KoU0zWO_agjqL4BaAuYY0gtOtKy4wcSzJCJEAq3TrkntLlTzzR2ywha6YzxL5o5erENxDF8e3eVOdT.NVlR_rqAmQoI.m.rO2sqKVbxYaj8jRBCtb.Vr.b3OjD_byFgflqB8v42CC1epFxxzJ2tlrFQQTAcattqPc5C6Qwpn7l3M9tIxJIiDDAwyndxMbbqszwIM.tWeB95qT_baHMMcRhDvpL_zFrOsIDNE3r1jlg2TWZnHHIQmgU72zb37dYj0gy_GaAFJwGMTUFYW17JmjLrAXn0hnFQGN9_Zpuq8.9XH_uXsVBL3KVD0HwMSUTGYJekQ6Rh2icnlgeGsiKJ7LZ00YaC3e90WO7_E0SRNAMBqh5qWXTq0NuvKIPXyl9s4xeonn7XKhlHzJQaBGEQtfur4OIc15h4w64jmvhkw0KtBkKkXbJ69UZDxCd04wv4O7feUOKdKjFsRGlJu3x._D3JmyOGwO4yXGsAkIvkowoXivlcIi7y.H.5KKWwMNs52Cg8S1J4b1AhKMtWOAk.n4UHBSIjRgvm6sMp2wjNa58mhI4k1pT3VUPP46C8aBVbCxSfWj6AiWrabh2KHpJp7ABi4nxNjMf.8GOFtJxpsaPH7RQNtok72xk2K7lP8z9MvIGOmPYPd8xglh3ETU3pMD.fgxnI85OazlBb9QQI.2H.xYkHGx9jMTPiOivka7QdEj0mhKnD0eTcSJrGlJZqZFy8hH6V608wA2noAQ7._CfRC9xQmw",mdrd: "_eJQo0FtO3rGsdlC89D87PmdfYjxe0aM3WpMy28d6ao-1739794954-1.2.1.1-iV.z6.4il92z2cHmEpknecbQiQRa9bahy7on_rVUNQffwvRZhzjjrPqEXu8REeN1t2kiRPQfdyWGUkygAAqNXAuAyDocDj4MM61mL.Pyijharq1ZcfDZN9Aai8hMZPffn1eSa5lk74EnDkm3TgxhFbcRmdbu2gcco2wxuEkPQarLjQiTK1d7ZGDVCvBBwl1rbvUuuuQqjxP.yAXjtiHIapH7ujcI9HBzkY2RFybEt9nOVjofAbvUE6mBZfqFmNBnaa5pDbKi8uFmwpmElsF0aV4e3tDptQ.tuUgmaGLqQxoW6m3NP0XXUhrDbQYU23jdx5WVj__2MfoaJdC4vqDw_49p2Io_hSpUL44fmak48aX9mBSBuLw1x7Ha36ggIh0lm43QC1NaO75VTnxtqBZ3C3AgDWI_ng7t6qqqpZ94DT4l.jGRMHVJIMNW55_Zy01iYZJiyMewC2d5hDCDB825Z_MNCHR62UYUyWRjSiOksNRtgbredn54B_uN0xvT9fcn4UaghYZ8BAsx0JQzGKelN52QiJ2NBNCtcBMdWtRaDAu_effjLasqMsjFAMlAPCAY6GjgBcdUirYZcwkW.wlbMaiECA1PAyrILvA00PLmGL3TSR1Z5o6ak1Q8TLqskPX9ZpvX5B__XPof51QT991tPKe6Mu6gvCIQo7rNVkUcAGVwOI3_ixeo_FcylM0MQe2qaNl9z.0v8K98dxsW8jxVyC6.qKQFiDNsg8hBVahX5iW2lsrINv5TcoGCzkCdFfVsQ0WzjDDYwkPXo3VwODlIbdezHYdeHwKXQieZxM4GizxZq_HeMfQejbhzSPAeHd0zXLLL66CjyII73KRsnkkVNjocqSA6I6z6Q0kG4UmIQYJE_UQ9spVchS8MEdsLWruJkaKtRKXo0iEJN3Liwh3R.meSk62HS_S7uoWfxQgDZjyz44M915PD1pAHeJ4BcSzrI9wToB3Q7lR55BZ1A9wgXUDsmHfHGCW7qWNfagvshWjriFnL4kkdVymU6dvMv2k5i.YPX_32rxKxaG1GQ.IFA7GwvENcfa30Yx85Uvw5vvzM9lvIBSMvAB83HKOxd7GZbIoup4Ip5DcpyYGVKOCmfQzcus2SOjB_Z8vXA0R.3BULh2I6VzNIguRhpovOUCMoHERkGNEfzuFS1A9PaKzdfRux526jgOaoGe8LTwoDCE8zXzSwmTi0d5_BOmSPL5qG9CM0kthZWW_V34BGECEggdpLw3_bh7kQSpU1KpyV4ARaj06tbo_ZAX7EsFy4YKlyiE7T2j412HRNvFp3oAjeyvNXrIBznR7qfcRjAtjoiDvmuiEofpdQzGxZTnpN_dlNtcsvLOckku1rn2g8B.i.7WLXvrIupYz3Grgu3T23QcIOMrSU3lwDLZEsCPdfE0TaywJgUchumrR4xzjEOlvIFgkaGq1EqIA9BByQBlwb_mmG7SDXHwjiTzivhfY9vcBkVB2Iq_LPoeBz2D8gy3BLPR803_D6lKh3PwL3U3SZ_Zf.NHEgcaFiEAE_4hDDvgq7MEL1TK3PHO0Vh6G5Anwq_64nldmSEET7s2mjYPaC_srCNtz94MHTElhjmToe2Z1febEcC_OTuQ_UhjvNZkU34y2C.jc3_NxJAvz0PbFaBAeGOpleHvcEgrEHvnESERZEMC4L4lg4xUpXrE1Ja4UDXWgrNzo8V_.R5f2wz5oAnooJFPZ5N1IeLnWFK5IjowpH8Ktd2dqxjVvb3XTwfLGQ5O9lLlgD35FYKBzP87RVkMopybNWgxG0o27FAmBaPH92h0gq7oN2TWbXAHR7Yf43WONdoc83d8AmP5Wb47GCR_.P9dUxUisGwXys3CADvDeF.jFrn0WsUh.YHJygtHRnxEx0QUUSvT6UNgymx6DJ31FLcg8LBvTkTUTxbdA7eKy0iqM5wSUtKViK7aXQFNmIgCur0vFUUGA4n6SMPWQBST0WPwfuI2n6lW4rqKu9UXJI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135be5efa9d4b5c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=GIScience&__cf_chl_rt_tk=4MMYiGc9XUQchONXYVBZfm8XdNB9C8ZnRK5yXWRKyoM-1739794954-1.0.1.1-bv6ViPh_52YAlMMwsGiNHdJHEw1YcC1S3olWzGqXU2k" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>