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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a>, the family name is <a href="/wiki/An_(Korean_surname)" title="An (Korean surname)">An</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>An Jung-geun (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 안중근; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Korean pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ɐndʑuŋɡɯn]</a>; 2 September 1879 – 26 March 1910), sometimes spelled Ahn Joong-keun, was a <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence activist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> His baptismal name was Thomas (도마).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">An Jung-geun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jung-geun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/An_Jung-geun.JPG/220px-An_Jung-geun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/An_Jung-geun.JPG/330px-An_Jung-geun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/An_Jung-geun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="500"></a><div class="infobox-caption">An <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1879-09-02)2 September 1879 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1910(1910-03-26) (aged 30) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Ryojun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (now Lüshunkou, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Assassinating <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> in 1909</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>An Tae-hun (father)</li><li>Jo Maria (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_National_Foundation" title="Order of Merit for National Foundation">Order of Merit for National Foundation</a> (Posthumously)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: transparent;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">안중근</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">安重根</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">An Junggeun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">An Chunggŭn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> He is remembered as a martyr in both South and North Korea for his 1909 assassination of the Japanese politician <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, who had previously served as the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Resident-General_of_Korea" title="Japanese Resident-General of Korea">Resident-General of Korea</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>. An was imprisoned and later executed by Japanese authorities on 26 March 1910. He was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_National_Foundation" title="Order of Merit for National Foundation">Order of Merit for National Foundation</a> in 1962 by the South Korean government, the most prestigious civil decoration in the Republic of Korea, for his efforts for Korean independence.<a href="#cite_note-Doosan_Encyclopedia-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_accounts">1.1 Early accounts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Assassination_of_It%C5%8D_Hirobumi">1.2 Assassination of Itō Hirobumi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Imprisonment_and_death">1.3 Imprisonment and death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Views">2 Views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pan-Asianism">2.1 Pan-Asianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy">3 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ancestry">3.1 Ancestry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Calligraphic_works">3.2 Calligraphic works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Memorial_Halls">3.3 Memorial Halls</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Controversies">4 Controversies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_popular_culture">5 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_accounts">Early accounts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early accounts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An's parents</figcaption></figure> An was born on 2 September 1879, in <a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>. He was the first son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Taehun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Taehun (page does not exist)">An Taehun</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%83%9C%ED%9B%88_(1862%EB%85%84)" class="extiw" title="ko:안태훈 (1862년)">ko</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo_Maria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jo Maria (page does not exist)">Jo Maria</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" class="extiw" title="ko:조마리아">ko</a>], of the <a href="/wiki/Sunheung_An_clan" title="Sunheung An clan">Sunheung An clan</a> (순흥 안씨; 順興安氏). Ahn is the 26th great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/An_Hyang" title="An Hyang">Ahn Hyang</a>. His childhood name was An Eungchil (안응칠; 安應七; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ɐn ɯŋtɕʰiɭ]</a>). The name originated from seven dots on the chest and stomach, meaning that it was born in accordance with the energy of the Big Dipper.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As a boy, he learned Chinese literature and Western sciences, but was more interested in martial arts and marksmanship. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a>, a future leader of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Korean independence movement</a> who had taken refuge in An Tae-hun's house at the time, wrote that young An Jung-geun was an excellent marksman, liked to read books, and had strong charisma.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B4%AA%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%E6%B4%AA%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 178px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%E6%B4%AA%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B6.jpg" data-width="178" data-height="263" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French priest Wilhelm</figcaption></figure> At the age of 16, An entered the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Church with his father, where he received his baptismal name "Thomas" (토마스), and learned French. While fleeing from the Japanese, An took refuge with a French priest of the Catholic Church in Korea named Wilhelm (Korean name, Hong Seok-gu; 홍석구; 洪錫九) who baptized and hid him in his church for several months. The priest encouraged An to read the Bible and had a series of discussions with him. He maintained his belief in Catholicism until his death, going to the point of even asking his son to become a priest in his last letter to his wife.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> At the age of 25, he started a coal business, but devoted himself to the education of Korean people after the <a href="/wiki/Eulsa_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulsa Treaty">Eulsa Treaty</a> by establishing private schools in northwestern regions of Korea. He also participated in the <a href="/wiki/National_Debt_Repayment_Movement" title="National Debt Repayment Movement">National Debt Repayment Movement</a>. In 1907 he exiled himself to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> to join in with the armed resistance against the Japanese colonial rulers, where he learned fluent Russian. He was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Righteous_army#During_the_Japanese_occupation_(1910%E2%80%93194" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous army">armed Korean resistance group</a> and led several attacks against Japanese forces before his eventual defeat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Itō_Hirobumi">Assassination of Itō Hirobumi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assassination of Itō Hirobumi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg/170px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="613"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg/170px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg/255px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg/340px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An in 1906</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ito_before_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ito_before_death.jpg/220px-Ito_before_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="305"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ito_before_death.jpg/220px-Ito_before_death.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ito_before_death.jpg/330px-Ito_before_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ito_before_death.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Itō Hirobumi (second on the left) before being gunned down by An</figcaption></figure> In October 1909, An passed the Imperial Japanese guards at the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Railway Station">Harbin Railway Station</a>. Itō Hirobumi had come back from negotiating with the Russian representative on the train. An shot him three times with an <a href="/wiki/FN_M1900" title="FN M1900">FN M1900</a> pistol on the railway platform. He also shot Kawagami Toshihiko (川上俊彦), the Japanese Consul General,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Morita Jirō (森泰二郞), a Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a>, and Tanaka Seitarō (田中淸太郞), an executive of <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria Railway</a>, who were seriously injured. After the shooting, An yelled out for Korean independence in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, stating "Корея! Ура!" (Korea! Hurrah!), and waving the Korean flag.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Afterwards, An was arrested by Russian guards who held him for two days before turning him over to Japanese colonial authorities. When he heard the news that Itō had died, he made the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> in gratitude. An was quoted as saying, "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> Wilhelm gave <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> to An, ignoring the bishop of Korea's order not to. An insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In court, An claimed to be a lieutenant general of the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_army#During_the_Japanese_occupation_(1910%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous army">Korean resistance army</a> and demanded to be treated as a prisoner of war and not a suspected criminal. He insisted he did nothing wrong, reciting a list of 15 execution-worthy offenses he believed Itō had committed.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> An mistakenly believed Itō had ordered the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a>, an order which is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Miura_Gor%C5%8D" title="Miura Gorō">Miura Gorō</a>, although Miura Gorō did send a report to Itō after the execution.<a href="#cite_note-HarbinAnStatueControversy-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"15 reasons why <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> should be killed. <ol><li>Assassinating the Korean <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a></li> <li>Dethroning the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gojong" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gojong">Emperor Gojong</a></li> <li>Forcing 14 unequal treaties on Korea</li> <li>Massacring innocent Koreans</li> <li>Usurping the authority of the Korean government by force</li> <li>Plundering Korean railroads, mines, forests, and rivers</li> <li>Forcing the use of Japanese banknotes</li> <li>Disbanding the Korean armed forces</li> <li>Obstructing the education of Koreans</li> <li>Banning Koreans from studying abroad</li> <li>Confiscating and burning Korean textbooks</li> <li>Spreading a rumor around the world that Koreans wanted Japanese protection</li> <li>Deceiving the Japanese Emperor by saying that the relationship between Korea and Japan was peaceful when in truth it was full of hostility and conflicts</li> <li>Breaking the peace of Asia</li> <li>Assassinating the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarbinAnStatueControversy-10">[10]</a></li></ol> I, as a lieutenant general of the Korean resistance army, killed the criminal Itō Hirobumi because he disturbed the peace of the Orient and estranged the relationship between Korea and Japan. I hoped that if Korea and Japan be friendlier and are ruled peacefully, they would be a model all throughout the five continents. I did not kill Itō misunderstanding his intentions."</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_and_death">Imprisonment and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%84.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The place where An was executed, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshun_Russo-Japanese_Prison" title="Lüshun Russo-Japanese Prison">Lüshun Russo-Japanese Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, China</figcaption></figure> An's Japanese captors showed sympathy to him. He recorded in his autobiography that the public prosecutor, Mizobuchi Takao, exclaimed "From what you have told me, it is clear that you are a righteous man of East Asia. I can't believe a sentence of death will be imposed on a righteous man. There's nothing to worry about." He was also given <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year's</a> delicacies and his <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> was highly admired and requested,<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> later stored in Japan. After six trials, An was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death</a> by the Japanese colonial court in Ryojun (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a>). An was angered at the sentence, though he expected this outcome.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> He had hoped to be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> instead of an <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> On the same day of sentencing at two o'clock in the afternoon, his two brothers Jeong-geun and Gong-geun met with him to deliver their mother's message, "Your death is for the sake of your country, and don't ask for your life in a cowardly manner. Your brave death for justice is final filial regard to your mother."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Judge Hirashi, who presided over An's trial, had promised An that a stay of execution for at least a few months would be granted, but <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> ordered prompt action. Before his execution, An made a final request: that the wardens help him finish his essay, "On Peace in East Asia". Also he received <a href="/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea" title="White clothing in Korea">Korean white clothes</a> from his mother to die in during his execution. An requested to be executed as a prisoner of war, by firing squad. But instead, it was ordered that he should be hanged as a common criminal. An was executed in <a href="/wiki/Ryojun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryojun">Ryojun</a>, on 26 March 1910. His grave in Lu Shun has not been found.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During his imprisonment, An was excommunicated by the Catholic church for Ito's assassination, viewed negatively by the church. This excommunication was lifted posthumously in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> An dictated in his will that his body be buried in Harbin Park in China and then relocated to his homeland if Korea achieved independence but his request was not honoured.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to records, he was buried near the prison; the Korean government has not received cooperation from the Japanese government regarding the location of his burial.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyochang_Park" title="Hyochang Park">Hyochang Park</a> in Seoul contains a grassy mound that serves as an honorary grave for An.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Some historians hold that Itō's death resulted in the acceleration of the final stage of the colonization process,<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> but the claim has been disputed by some.<a href="#cite_note-2010_Nocut_News_article-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pan-Asianism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An strongly believed in the union of the three great countries in East Asia, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> in order to counter and fight off <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism</a>, namely, Western countries that controlled parts of Asia, and restore East Asian independence. He followed the progress of Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and claimed that he and his compatriots were delighted at hearing of the defeat of one of the agents of western imperialism, but were disappointed that the war ended before <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> was totally subjugated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Donald Keene</a>, author of Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912, An Jung-Geun was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> of Imperial Japan.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> One of the 15 charges An leveled against Itō was that he had deceived the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>, whom An felt desired peace in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and Korean independence. An requested that Meiji be informed of his reasons for his execution of Itō in the hopes that if Meiji understood his reasons, the emperor would realize how mistaken Itō's policies were and would rejoice. An also felt sure that most Japanese felt similar hatred for Itō, an opinion he formed from talking with Japanese prisoners in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a> During An's prison sentence and trial, many Japanese prison guards, lawyers, and even prosecutors were inspired by him.<a href="#cite_note-bunkyo.ac.jp-20">[20]</a> An felt that with the death of Itō, Japan and Korea could become friends because of the many traditions that they shared. He hoped that this friendship, along with China, would become a model for the world to follow. His thoughts on Pan-Asianism were stated in his essay, "On Peace in East Asia" (東洋平和論; 동양평화론) that he worked on and left unfinished before his execution.<a href="#cite_note-keene-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In this work, An recommends the organization of combined armed forces and the issue of joint banknotes among Korea, Japan, and China. Sasagawa Norikatsu (笹川紀勝), a Professor of Law at <a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji University</a>, highly praises An's idea as an equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and a concept that preceded the concept of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> by 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png/220px-Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png/220px-Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png/330px-Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Ahn%27s_Taegukgi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Taegukgi by An Jung-geun longing for the Independence of Korea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajg_calligraphy_ilil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ajg_calligraphy_ilil.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="800" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 183px;height: 800px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ajg_calligraphy_ilil.jpg" data-width="183" data-height="800" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"一日不讀書口中生荊棘" means "Unless you read every day, thorns grow in the mouth."</figcaption></figure> The assassination of Itō by An was praised by Koreans and many Chinese as well, who were struggling against Japanese invasion at the time. Well-known Chinese political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> wrote poems acclaiming An.<a href="#cite_note-2009_Joongang_Ilbo_article-23">[23]</a> In the 2010 An Jung-Geun Symposium in Korea, Wada Haruki (和田春樹), an activist who once worked at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo University">Tokyo University</a>, evaluated An by quoting Itō Yukio (伊藤之雄), a fellow history scholar in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2010_Kyunghyang_News_Article-24">[24]</a> In his text published in 2009, Itō Yukio claims that the reign by Itō Hirobumi resulted in strong resistance from Koreans as it was considered the first step for the annexation of Korea due to the cultural differences, and that An is not to be blamed even if he assassinated Itō without understanding Itō's ideology (2009, Itō).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] On 26 March 2010, a nationwide centenary tribute to An was held in South Korea, including a ceremony led by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chung_Un-Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chung Un-Chan">Chung Un-Chan</a> and tribute concerts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An's family produced many other Korean independence activists. An's cousin An Myeong-Geun (안명근; 安明根) attempted to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a>, the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of Korea (조선총독; 朝鮮總督) who executed the <a href="/wiki/Japan-Korea_Annexation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty">Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty</a> in 1910. He failed, however, and was imprisoned for 15 years; he died in 1926.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An's brothers An Jeong-Geun (안정근; 安定根) and An Gong-Geun (안공근; 安恭根), as well as An's cousin An Gyeong-Geun (안경근; 安敬根) and nephew An Woo-Saeng (안우생; 安偶生), joined the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a>, and fought against Japan. An Chun-Saeng (안춘생; 安春生), another nephew of An's, joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> of China, participated in battles against Japanese forces at Shanghai, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a> in 1940. Later, he became a lieutenant general of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Republic of Korea Army</a> and a member of the National Assembly of South Korea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, An Jung-Geun's youngest son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahn_Jun-saeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahn Jun-saeng (page does not exist)">Ahn Jun-saeng</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%A4%80%EC%83%9D" class="extiw" title="ko:안준생">ko</a>] became a prominent businessman and <a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Korea">Japanese occupation of Korea</a>. He died in 1952 from tuberculosis, with his children immigrating to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> after the war.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/An_Jung-geun" title="Special:EditPage/An Jung-geun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Grandfather <ul><li>An In-su (안인수; 安仁壽)</li></ul></li> <li>Father <ul><li>An Tae-hun (안태훈; 安泰勳)</li></ul></li> <li>Mother <ul><li>Jo Maria (趙瑪利亞, 조마리아) of the Baecheon Jo clan (배천 조씨; 6 May 1862 – 25 July 1927)</li></ul></li> <li>Sister[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Younger sister: An Seong-nyeo (안성녀; 1881–1954)</li></ul></li> <li>Brother <ul><li>Younger brother: An Jeong-geun (안정근; 安定根; 17 January 1887 – 17 March 1949) <ul><li>Sister-in-law: Yi Jeong-seo (이정서) <ul><li>Nephew: An Won-saeng (안원생)</li> <li>Niece: An Mi-saeng (안미생)</li> <li>Nephew: An Jin-saeng (안진생; 28 January 1916 – 24 December 1988) <ul><li>Niece-in-law: Park Tae-jeong (박태정) <ul><li>Grandniece: An Gi-su (안기수)</li> <li>Grandniece: An Gi-ryeo (안기려)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Younger brother: An Gong-geun (안공근; 安恭根; 11 July 1889 – 30 May 1939) <ul><li>Nephew: An Woo-saeng (안우생; 安偶生; 1907–1997)</li> <li>Nephew: An Nak-saeng (안낙생; 安樂生; 22 June 1913 – 1950)</li> <li>Niece: Lady An <ul><li>Nephew-in-law: Han Ji-seong (한지성; 韓志成)</li></ul></li> <li>Niece: Lady An</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Wife <ul><li>Kim Ah-ryeo (김아려; 金亞麗)</li></ul></li> <li>Children <ul><li>Son: An Mun-saeng (안문생; 安文生)</li> <li>Daughter: An Hyeon-saeng (안현생; 1902–1959) <ul><li>Son-in-law: Hwang Il-cheong (황일청) <ul><li>Granddaughter: Hwang Eun-ju (황은주)</li> <li>Granddaughter: Hwang Eun-sil (황은실)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Son: An Jun-saeng (안준생; 安俊生; 1907 – November 1951) <ul><li>Daughter-in-law: Jeong Ok-nyeo (정옥녀; 鄭玉女; 1905–?) <ul><li>Grandson: An Ung-ho (안웅호; 雄浩)</li> <li>Granddaughter: An Yeon-ho (안연호; 1938 – 6 February 2011)</li> <li>Granddaughter: An Seon-ho (안선호; ? – 2003)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Cousins[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>An Myeong-geun (안명근,安明根; 1879–1927)</li> <li>An Hong-geun (안홍근)</li> <li>An Bong-geun (안봉근; 安奉根)</li></ul></li> <li>Grandnephew: An Chun-saeng (안춘생; 安椿生; 12 August 1912 – 26 January 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calligraphic_works">Calligraphic works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Calligraphic works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%89%8B%E4%B9%A6%E2%80%9C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%9D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An's calligraphy: Independence (獨立)</figcaption></figure> An is highly renowned for <a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">calligraphy</a> works. While he was in prison, many prison guards such as Chiba Toshichi (千葉十七) who respected him, made requests to An for calligraphy works.<a href="#cite_note-bunkyo.ac.jp-20">[20]</a> He left many calligraphy works which were written in the jail of <a href="/wiki/Lushun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushun">Lushun</a> although he hadn't studied calligraphy formally. He would leave on his calligraphy works a signature of "大韓國人" (Great Korean) and a handprint of his left hand, which was missing the last joint of the ring finger, which he had cut off with his comrades in 1909 as a pledge to kill Itō. Some of the works were designated as Treasure No. 569 of the Republic of Korea in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> One of his famous works is "一日不讀書口中生荊棘" (일일부독서 구중생형극; Unless one reads every day, thorns grow in the mouth), a quote from the <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_Halls">Memorial Halls</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Memorial Halls" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall,_Harbin_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg/200px-An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg/200px-An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg/300px-An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg/400px-An_Jung-geun_Memorial_Hall%2C_Harbin_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Jung-geun Memorial Hall, Harbin</figcaption></figure> Memorial halls for An were erected in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> in 1970 by the South Korean government and in Harbin by the Chinese government in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-2009_Asia_Business_Article-27">[27]</a> South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-Hye" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Geun-Hye">Park Geun-Hye</a> raised the idea of erecting a monument for An while meeting with Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> during a visit to China in June 2013. Thus another memorial hall honoring An Jung-Geun was opened on Sunday, 19 January 2014 in Harbin. The hall, a 200-square meter room, features photos and memorabilia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Annual activities in memorial of An are held in Lüshun, where he was imprisoned and executed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to local sources in China dated on 22 March 2017, the An Jung-geun Memorial Hall located at Harbin Railway Station was recently relocated to a Korean art museum in Harbin City amid China's retaliation over South Korea's deployment of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense" title="Terminal High Altitude Area Defense">THAAD</a> antimissile system.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Memorial Hall has since been reopened in the Harbin Railway Station after renovation work.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Historically, the Japanese government has generally deemed An Jung-geun as a terrorist and criminal, while South Korea has upheld An as a national hero. In January 2014, <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a>, then a Japanese government spokesperson and former Japanese Prime Minister, described the <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> memorial hall honoring An in China as "not conducive to building peace and stability" between East Asian countries. China, on the other hand has declared that An was a "famous anti-Japanese high-minded person" while South Korea's foreign ministry stated An was a "highly respected figure."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In February 2017, South Korean police were criticized for using a picture of An in posters put up in the city of Incheon.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The poster warned of terrorism, and many South Korean citizens online criticized the police, asking "if it was meant to imply if An was a terrorist". A police officer in the <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">Korea Times</a> apologized and clarified that there was no intention to associate An with terrorism, and all posters were taken down.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In 1959, South Korean film King Gojong and martyr An Jung-Geun was the first movie about An Jung-geun, and is a dramatized story about the event.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 1979 North Korean film <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung_Gun_Shoots_It%C5%8D_Hirobumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Jung Gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi (page does not exist)">An Jung Gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi</a> is another dramatized story of the event.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The 2004 South Korean film Thomas An Jung-geun (토마스 안중근) is another dramatized story of the event.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Released on September 10, 2004, it is directed by Seo Se-won. An Jung-Geun is played by actor <a href="/wiki/Yu_Oh-seong" title="Yu Oh-seong">Yu Oh-seong</a> and Itō Hirobumi is played by <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Joo-sang" title="Yoon Joo-sang">Yoon Joo-sang</a>. A Chinese-South Korean co-production, The Age of Heroes, is being planned as a <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a> for 2019. The Age of Heroes is planned to be 24 episodes long and entirely pre-produced with a budget of 30 billion won. Filming will begin by the end of 2018 with locations in South Korea, China, and North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A fictionalized explanation of the events is presented in an episode of the fifteenth season of <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> murder mystery show. In the episode, entitled Patriot Games, a dead body in a Toronto cellar leads to an explanation of An Jung-geun's assassination plot wherein rogue Russian agents play a part, requiring swift action to prevent the outbreak of a potential world war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hero_(2022_South_Korean_film)" title="Hero (2022 South Korean film)">Hero</a>, a 2022 South Korean musical drama film dramatized story about the event, directed by <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Je-kyoon" title="Yoon Je-kyoon">Yoon Je-kyoon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harbin_(film)" title="Harbin (film)">Harbin</a>, a 2024 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Woo_Min-ho" title="Woo Min-ho">Woo Min-ho</a>, stars <a href="/wiki/Hyun_Bin" title="Hyun Bin">Hyun Bin</a> as An.<a href="#cite_note-rsi-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bong-chang" title="Lee Bong-chang">Lee Bong-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Bong-gil" title="Yun Bong-gil">Yun Bong-gil</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Chung, K. (1910/2004). 대한계년사 9 [History of Korean Empire Vol. 9]. Seoul, South Korea: Somyung. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-5626-094-X" title="Special:BookSources/89-5626-094-X">89-5626-094-X</a></li> <li>Itō, Y. (2009). 伊藤博文近代日本を創った男 [Itō Hirobumi – A man who modernized Japan]. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-215909-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-06-215909-0">4-06-215909-0</a>.</li> <li>Jansen, M. B. (1961). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0785-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0785-5">0-8047-0785-5</a></li> <li>Kang, J. (2007). 한국근대사산책 5 [Modern history of Korea Vol. 5]. Seoul, South Korea: Inmulgwa Sasang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-5906-075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-5906-075-7">978-89-5906-075-7</a></li> <li>Kim, G. (1928/1997). 백범일지 [Baekbeomilji]. Seoul, Korea: Hakminsa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-7193-086-1" title="Special:BookSources/89-7193-086-1">89-7193-086-1</a></li> <li>Nam, K. (1999). 종횡무진 동양사 [History of Eastern Asia] Seoul, South Korea: Greenbee. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-7682-051-7" title="Special:BookSources/89-7682-051-7">89-7682-051-7</a></li> <li>Ravina, M. (2004). The last samurai: The life and battles of Saigo Takamori. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-08970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-08970-2">0-471-08970-2</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213142856/http://ndl.go.jp/site_nippon/kensei/shiryou/limage/Gazou_40_3.html">"'Peace of East Asia' Thesis written by An Jung-geun in 1910"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/site_nippon/kensei/shiryou/limage/Gazou_40_3.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Peace+of+East+Asia%27+Thesis+written+by+An+Jung-geun+in+1910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fsite_nippon%2Fkensei%2Fshiryou%2Flimage%2FGazou_40_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2006" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5408-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5408-X"><bdi>0-8047-5408-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+in+Korea&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5408-X&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Gi-Wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%89%E5%90%8D%E3%83%8B%E5%AF%BE%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA">"安重根外三名ニ対スル判決"</a>. ja.wikisource.org (in Japanese). 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Retrieved 2021-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terms.naver.com&rft.atitle=%EC%95%88%EC%A4%91%EA%B7%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.naver%3Fcid%3D40942%26docId%3D1122561%26categoryId%3D33384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Kim, G. (1928/1997, p. 48) </li> <li id="cite_note-keene-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_7-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen/page/662">Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen/page/662">662–667</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12340-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12340-X"><bdi>0-231-12340-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+His+World%2C+1852%E2%80%931912&rft.pages=662-667&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-12340-X&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorofjapanme00keen%2Fpage%2F662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinichiello1998" class="citation book cs1">Minichiello, Sharon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-I_pId0AuhIC&q=Kawakami+Toshihiko+japan+Consul+General&pg=PA60">Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900–1930</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824820800" title="Special:BookSources/0824820800"><bdi>0824820800</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Competing+Modernities%3A+Issues+in+Culture+and+Democracy%2C+1900%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0824820800&rft.aulast=Minichiello&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-I_pId0AuhIC%26q%3DKawakami%2BToshihiko%2Bjapan%2BConsul%2BGeneral%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Kang.(2007, p. 131) </li> <li id="cite_note-HarbinAnStatueControversy-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarbinAnStatueControversy_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarbinAnStatueControversy_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Rausch (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2013/11/48/Franklin-Rausch/4040/article.html">"The Harbin An Jung-Geun Statue: A Korea/China-Japan Historical Memory Controversy"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. 11 (48).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Harbin+An+Jung-Geun+Statue%3A+A+Korea%2FChina-Japan+Historical+Memory+Controversy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=48&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Rausch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2013%2F11%2F48%2FFranklin-Rausch%2F4040%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Jin2009" class="citation web cs1">Kim Jin (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2910885">"[Viewpoint] Japan's shameful failure to apologize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=%5BViewpoint%5D+Japan%27s+shameful+failure+to+apologize&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.au=Kim+Jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Farticle.aspx%3Faid%3D2910885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Kōmei, who was strongly opposed to radical political changes, died at the age of 35. The official cause of death was smallpox. But there has been a theory widely believed at the time that the emperor was actually poisoned by the anti-<a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">Bakufu</a> clique. See for example Chung (1910/2004, p. 61), Jansen (1961, p. 282), Nam (1999, p. 111), and Ravina (2004, p. 135). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">An Jung-Geun, The Great Patriot Martyr of Korea, Patriot An Memorial Hall, November 1995, p. 5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Jung-Geun%2C+The+Great+Patriot+Martyr+of+Korea&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Patriot+An+Memorial+Hall&rft.date=1995-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naver007.exblog.jp/i8/">"naver007"</a>. naver007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naver007&rft.atitle=naver007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaver007.exblog.jp%2Fi8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAn+Jung-geun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kgri.keio.ac.jp/en/docs/GWP_17.pdf">Franklin Rausch, Religion, Nationalism, and Historiography: Remembering An Chunggǔn, G-SEC Working Paper, Keio University Global Security Research Institute</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2009/03/25/socialAffairs/Prison-where-Ahn-was-killed-to-open/2902751.html">"Prison where Ahn was killed to open"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>. 25 March 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Int/it1901/it190110.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-06-13. 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Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbck.or.kr/eng/ccik/history_07.htm">the original</a> on March 22, 2005. 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href="http://offbroadway.broadwayworld.com/article/HERO-THE-MUSICAL-Opens-At-Lincoln-Center-823-20110729">Hero: the Musical</a>, Lincoln Center, New York, 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&oldid=1257638600">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&oldid=1257638600</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=An_Jung-geun&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 23:41 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8" title="আন জং গেউন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন জং গেউন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C4%8Cung-gun" title="An Čung-gun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="An Čung-gun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chung-gun" title="An Chung-gun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="An Chung-gun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung_Geun" title="An Jung Geun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="An Jung Geun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%A4%91%EA%B7%BC" title="안중근 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안중근" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-Geun" title="An Jung-Geun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="An Jung-Geun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dzsunggun" title="An Dzsunggun – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="An Dzsunggun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ان جونج جيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ان جونج جيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="安重根 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="安重根" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ан Чунгын – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ан Чунгын" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99" title="อัน จุง-กึน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัน จุง-กึน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ан Чун Гин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ан Чун Гин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="An Jung-geun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="安重根 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="安重根" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="安重根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安重根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="安重根 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安重根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="安重根 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安重根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 23:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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