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searchaux" style="display:none">German actuarial and insurance mathematician in the 19th century</div> <p> <b>Johannes Anton Marquart</b> (born 27 September 1909 in <a href="/wiki/Erolzheim" title="Erolzheim">Erolzheim</a> in Germany)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Marquart was employed into the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Germany Army</a> Inspectorate 7/VI, in 1940, which later became the <a href="/wiki/General_der_Nachrichtenaufkl%C3%A4rung" title="General der Nachrichtenaufklärung">General der Nachrichtenaufklärung</a>. He eventually became head of Referat Ia of Group IV of the organization in November 1944<sup id="cite_ref-oneone35_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneone35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engaged in research into German Army hand cryptographic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-I-204_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that period Marquart had been chief cryptanalysis in <a href="/wiki/Signal_Intelligence_Regiment_(KONA)#Kona_5" title="Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)">KONA 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oneone35_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneone35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marquart was educated in the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberrealschule" class="extiw" title="de:Oberrealschule">Oberrealschule</a> in Erolzheim. He then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>. From Frankfurt University in 1932, he received his degree (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">diplomierter Mathematiker</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-I-204_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was employed as Actuarial Mathematician (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Versicherungsmathematik</i>) until 1940, when he was employed into the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_of_the_Wehrmacht_and_Waffen_SS" title="Signal Corps of the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS">Signal Corps of the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nachrichtentruppe des Heeres</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-I-204_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 Marquart was posted to OKH/In 7/VI as an employee (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Angestellter</i>) and for the first year carried out research on German hand ciphers. From 1940 to 1941, Marquart assisted Hans Pietsch, who was director of the mathematical cryptography department at In 7/VI, on hand ciphers, while working as a civilian.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, he was drafted to In 7/VI with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Sonderf%C3%BChrer" title="Sonderführer">Sonderführer</a>, equivalent to the military rank of Major, and was put in charge of a series of courses in elementary <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>, which work he continued until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then promoted to Government technical expert (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Regierungsbaurat</i>) and was given command over Referat Ia for special research. Marquart's speciality at OKH had been research on the possibility of solution of hand ciphers, and after that with the hand cyphers of foreign countries which were passed to Section Ia from the various (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Laender</i>) sections of Referat IV.<sup id="cite_ref-I-204_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Marquart worked in the German insurance firm, Allianz Lebensversicherung in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, as a field insurance agent for the territory around <a href="/wiki/Mittelbiberach" title="Mittelbiberach">Mittelbiberach</a>, that at the time was part of the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#French_zone" title="Allied-occupied Germany">French zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-I-204_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryptanalytic_experience">Cryptanalytic experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cryptanalytic experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As head of special research section for hand ciphers, Marquart's work was of a varied nature. Marquart worked on the following hand ciphers: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josip_Broz_Tito_System">Josip Broz Tito System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Josip Broz Tito System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> cipher consisted of the alphabet substituted into figures in such a way that the commonest letters were allotted one figure equivalents while the rarer letters were expressed as figure digraphs. The resulting figures were then reciphered (<a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">recencrypted</a>) by a periodic additive, the length of which varied from time to time. At first, the period was very short (5,7 or 9); later it rose to 35 or 45 and at the end, Marquart thought that it was used on a one-time basis, since no further successes could be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draža_Mihailović_System"><span id="Dra.C5.BEa_Mihailovi.C4.87_System"></span>Draža Mihailović System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Draža Mihailović System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Draža Mihailović hand cipher was a <a href="/wiki/Transposition_cipher#Double_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Double Transposition</a> cipher, using the same key for both cages, the keys being derived from a novel. Marquarts section achieved a fair measure of success with this system, owing to errors in encipherment, stereotyped signatures and also the fact that the cages were often filled up to rectangles with rare letters. Under such circumstances, it was often possible to recover the key from a single message. In some cases, by working out the basic text from which the keys had been derived, they were able to recognize and obtain the novel and hence to read all message traffic currently. All <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalytic</a> work on the double transposition systems was carried out entirely by hand by Marquart, and no attempt was made to develop any statistical machine methods for solution.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Army_Double_Transposition">British Army Double Transposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British Army Double Transposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This code used two different keys, which were taken from a large group. Marquart was unable to guess at the size of the book that had never been captured. His work was looking for errors in encipherment which happened rarely and for messages in depth, which practically never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Blocknots">Russian Blocknots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Blocknots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marquart conducted research in the Soviet Union Blocknot traffic. <a href="/wiki/Blocknot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocknot">Blocknots</a> were random sequences of numbers contained in a book and organized by numbered rows and columns and were used as additives in reciphering. Marquart and his unit conducted extensive research in an attempt to discover the method by which they were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the counts which they made, however, failed to reveal any non-random characteristics in the design of the tables, and while they thought the Blocknots must have been generated by machine, they were never able to draw any concrete deductions as a result of their research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_Lublin_System">Polish Lublin System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polish Lublin System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lastly, Marquart worked on a system used by the military forces of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Lublin Government</a> just before the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-I-205_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Marquart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TICOM: <i>Preliminary Interrogation Report on former Regierungsbaurat Johannes Marquart of OKH/Gen d NA.</i> Report I-204 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ticom">PDF; 2,8 MB</a>, 22. May 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneone35-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oneone35_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oneone35_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5">"Interrogation of Major Dr. Rudolf Hentze Head of Group IV"</a>. <i>Google drive</i>. TICOM. 18 September 1945. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+drive&rft.atitle=Interrogation+of+Major+Dr.+Rudolf+Hentze+Head+of+Group+IV&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1945-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fdrive%2Ffolders%2F0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Marquart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I-204-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I-204_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-204_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-204_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-204_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-204_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5">"I-204 - Preliminary Interrogation Report on former Regierungsbaurat Johannes Marquart of OKH/Gen. d. NA"</a>. <i>Google drive</i>. TICOM. 22 May 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+drive&rft.atitle=I-204+-+Preliminary+Interrogation+Report+on+former+Regierungsbaurat+Johannes+Marquart+of+OKH%2FGen.+d.+NA.&rft.date=1947-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fdrive%2Ffolders%2F0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Marquart" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I-205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I-205_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5">"I-205 - Detailed Interrogation Report of former Regierungsbaurat Johannes Anton Marquart of OKH/Gen d. NA"</a>. <i>Google drive</i>. TICOM. 20 June 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+drive&rft.atitle=I-205+-+Detailed+Interrogation+Report+of+former+Regierungsbaurat+Johannes+Anton+Marquart+of+OKH%2FGen+d.+NA.&rft.date=1947-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fdrive%2Ffolders%2F0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Marquart" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This 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center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Military <abbr title="A German military organisation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cipher_Department_of_the_High_Command_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht High Command Cipher Bureau</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fellgiebel" title="Erich Fellgiebel">Erich Fellgiebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Praun" title="Albert Praun">Albert Praun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Kettler" title="Hugo Kettler">Hugo Kettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fenner" title="Wilhelm Fenner">Wilhelm Fenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_H%C3%BCttenhain" title="Erich Hüttenhain">Erich Hüttenhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Novopashenny" title="Peter Novopashenny">Peter Novopashenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fricke" title="Walter Fricke">Walter Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Stein_(mathematician)" title="Karl Stein (mathematician)">Karl Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Franz_(mathematician)" title="Wolfgang Franz (mathematician)">Wolfgang Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisbert_Hasenjaeger" title="Gisbert Hasenjaeger">Gisbert Hasenjaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Scholz" title="Heinrich Scholz">Heinrich Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Liebknecht" title="Werner Liebknecht">Werner Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_K%C3%B6the" title="Gottfried Köthe">Gottfried Köthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Witt" title="Ernst Witt">Ernst Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Grunsky" title="Helmut Grunsky">Helmut Grunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Hamel" title="Georg Hamel">Georg Hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Aumann" title="Georg Aumann">Georg Aumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Teichm%C3%BCller" title="Oswald Teichmüller">Oswald Teichmüller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aigner" title="Alexander Aigner">Alexander Aigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Weber_(mathematician)" title="Werner Weber (mathematician)">Werner Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Leiberich" title="Otto Leiberich">Otto Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Buggisch" title="Otto Buggisch">Otto Buggisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Menzer" title="Fritz Menzer">Fritz Menzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_der_Nachrichtenaufkl%C3%A4rung" title="General der Nachrichtenaufklärung">General der Nachrichtenaufklärung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fellgiebel" title="Erich Fellgiebel">Erich Fellgiebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Thiele" title="Fritz Thiele">Fritz Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gimmler" title="Wilhelm Gimmler">Wilhelm Gimmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Kettler" title="Hugo Kettler">Hugo Kettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Boetzel" title="Friedrich Boetzel">Fritz Boetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Buggisch" title="Otto Buggisch">Otto Buggisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Menzer" title="Fritz Menzer">Fritz Menzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Denffer" title="Herbert von Denffer">Herbert von Denffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_F%C3%B6ppl" title="Ludwig Föppl">Ludwig Föppl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schubert" title="Horst Schubert">Horst Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_B%C3%B6hm" title="Friedrich Böhm">Friedrich Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_von_Freytag-L%C3%B6ringhoff" title="Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff">Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johannes Marquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Rinow" title="Willi Rinow">Willi Rinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kochend%C3%B6rffer" title="Rudolf Kochendörffer">Rudolf Kochendörffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Pietsch_(mathematician)" title="Hans Pietsch (mathematician)">Hans Pietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Hoheisel" title="Guido Hoheisel">Guido Hoheisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Luzius" title="Hans-Peter Luzius">Hans-Peter Luzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Vauck" title="Wilhelm Vauck">Wilhelm Vauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bailovic" title="Rudolf Bailovic">Rudolf Bailovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kneschke" title="Alfred Kneschke">Alfred Kneschke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Luftnachrichten_Abteilung_350" title="Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350">Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Martini" title="Wolfgang Martini">Wolfgang Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Voegele" title="Ferdinand Voegele">Ferdinand Voegele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/B-Dienst" title="B-Dienst">B-Dienst</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Fricke" title="Kurt Fricke">Kurt Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Stummel" title="Ludwig Stummel">Ludwig Stummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bonatz" title="Heinz Bonatz">Heinz Bonatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tranow" title="Wilhelm Tranow">Wilhelm Tranow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Maertens" title="Erhard Maertens">Erhard Maertens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Krauss" title="Fritz Krauss">Fritz Krauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i> <abbr title="The Abwehr didn't have its own cryptanalyts instead relying on the four others agencies for intelligence.">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Civilian <abbr title="A German civilian operation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pers_Z_S" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pers_Z_S" title="Pers Z S">Pers Z S</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Selchow" title="Curt Selchow">Curt Selchow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Hauthal" title="Horst Hauthal">Horst Hauthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schauffler" title="Rudolf Schauffler">Rudolf Schauffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Benzing" title="Johannes Benzing">Johannes Benzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfried_Deubner" title="Otfried Deubner">Otfried Deubner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rohrbach" title="Hans Rohrbach">Hans Rohrbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Grunsky" title="Helmut Grunsky">Helmut Grunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Pannwitz" title="Erika Pannwitz">Erika Pannwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6ter" title="Karl Schröter">Karl Schröter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Research_Office_of_the_Reich_Air_Ministry" title="Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry">Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Schapper" title="Gottfried Schapper">Gottfried Schapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schimpf" title="Hans Schimpf">Hans Schimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Christoph_of_Hesse" title="Prince Christoph of Hesse">Prince Christoph of Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Training <abbr title="Signal intelligence and cipher training organisations">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_der_Nachrichtenaufkl%C3%A4rung_Training_Referat" title="General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat">GdNA Training Referat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i> </i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heer_and_Luftwaffe_Signals_School" title="Heer and Luftwaffe Signals School">Heer and Luftwaffe Signals School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i> </i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/German_Radio_Intelligence_Operations_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German Radio Intelligence Operations during World War II">German Radio Intelligence Operations during World War II</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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