Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" > <head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" > <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/css/output.5ecf62baa0fa.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/css/output.b576742ffc3e.css" type="text/css"> <title>Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women - PubMed</title> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">  <meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">  <meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">  <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>  <meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_phid" content="FEAC0001E5FA44B500002D3E0E69D6F2.1.m_7" /> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" /> <meta name="log_category" content="literature" /> <meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />  <meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" /> <meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" /> <meta name="uid" content="22366948" /> <meta name="ncbi_uid" content="22366948" /> <meta name="log_displayeduids" content="22366948" /> <meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed,pmc" /> <meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />  <meta name="description" content="Germline stem cells that produce oocytes in vitro and fertilization-competent eggs in vivo have been identified in and isolated from adult mouse ovaries. Here we describe and validate a fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based protocol that can be used with adult mouse ovaries and human ovarian cor …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:22366948, PMC3296965, doi:10.1038/nm.2669, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Yvonne A R White, Dori C Woods, Jonathan L Tilly, Animals, Biopsy, DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics, DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism, Female, Flow Cytometry / methods, Gene Expression Profiling, Germ Cells / cytology*, Germ Cells / growth & development, Germ Cells / metabolism, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Humans, Mice, Mitosis / genetics*, Oocytes / cytology*, Oocytes / growth & development*, Ovarian Follicle / growth & development, Ovarian Follicle / metabolism, Ovary / cytology, Ovary / growth & development*, Stem Cells / cytology*, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/"><meta property="og:description" content="Germline stem cells that produce oocytes in vitro and fertilization-competent eggs in vivo have been identified in and isolated from adult mouse ovaries. Here we describe and validate a fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based protocol that can be used with adult mouse ovaries and human ovarian cor …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Germline stem cells that produce oocytes in vitro and fertilization-competent eggs in vivo have been identified in and isolated from adult mouse ovaries. Here we describe and validate a fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based protocol that can be used with adult mouse ovaries and human ovarian cor …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="White YA;Woods DC;Takai Y;Ishihara O;Seki H;Tilly JL;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="02/26/2012"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nat Med"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature medicine"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="22366948"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="18"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/nm.2669"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1546-170X"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! </div> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="no-session-banner" id="no-session-banner" hidden> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. </div> <button class="close-banner-button" title="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner" ref="linksrc=close_no_session_banner" aria-controls="no-session-banner" aria-label="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner" aria-expanded="true"> </button> </div> </div> <a class="usa-skipnav" href="#article-details"> Skip to main page content </a>  <section class="usa-banner"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner-header"> <div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner"> <img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" /> <p>An official website of the United States government</p> <button class="usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" > <span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" > <div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half"> <img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" /> <div class="usa-media_block-body"> <p> <strong>The .gov means it’s official.</strong> <br /> Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half"> <img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" /> <div class="usa-media_block-body"> <p> <strong>The site is secure.</strong> <br /> The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-width-one-whole"> <div class="ncbi-header__logo"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo"> <img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="ncbi-header__account"> <a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a> <button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup"> <span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span> <span class="sr-only">Show account info</span> </button> </div> <div class="ncbi-popup-anchor"> <div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="ncbi-popup-head"> <button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu"><span class="fa fa-times"></span><span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4>Account</h4> </div> <div class="account-user-info"> Logged in as:<br/> <b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b> </div> <div class="account-links"> <ul class="usa-unstyled-list"> <li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li> <li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li> <li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys"> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a> </div> <section data-section="Alerts"> <div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div> </section>  <a id="maincontent" aria-label="Main page content below" role="navigation"></a> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo"> <img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo" /> </a> <a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar"> </a> <div role="search" class="search-input"> <div class="form-field "> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label> <input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input" required="required" id="id_term"/><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" disabled data-pinger-ignore><span class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button> </div> </div>   <div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout"> <div class="search-links"> <a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a> <a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard"> Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span> </a> </div> <span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide"> <a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide"> User Guide </a> </span> </div> </div> </form> <div id="article-page-header"> <div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="actions-container"> <div class="return-to-search"> </div> <div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to"> <button id="save-results-panel-trigger" type="button" class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="save-action-panel" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="open"> Save </button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger" type="button" class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="email-action-panel" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="open"> Email </button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger" type="button" class="trigger more-actions-trigger" ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn" aria-label="Send to" aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link " href="#" role="button" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="clipboard" data-ga-label="send"> Clipboard </a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container"> <div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Save citation to file </h2> <form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label> <select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector"> <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option> <option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="csv">CSV</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="email-action-panel" class="email-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback" data-recaptcha-enabled="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Email citation </h2> <form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post" method="post" > <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span> <span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 22366948 - PubMed</span> <input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 22366948"/> <input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="f31f8bf416732732d02f8d3677b330a7e8e72c51e0de941a21ab1de0d20be590"/> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label> <input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label> <input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label> <select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format"> <option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option> <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option> </select> </div> <div class="include-supplemental-container"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental"> <label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label> </div> <div class="form-field recaptcha "> <div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div> </div> <div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" /> </form> </div> </div> <div id="collections-action-panel" class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false" data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to Collections </h3> <form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"> <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="22366948"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2669" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3094&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&nlmid=9502015" title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-label="22366948" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text"> Nature Publishing Group </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/22366948/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&nlmid=9502015" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="22366948" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/22366948/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/22366948/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="22366948" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="social-sharing"> <h3 class="title"> Share </h3> <ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Oocyte%20formation%20by%20mitotically%20active%20germ%20cells%20purified%20from%20ovaries%20of%20reproductive-age%20women%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/" class="share-link share-link-twitter" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup" title="Share article on Twitter" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="social" data-ga-label="twitter"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/" class="share-link share-link-facebook" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup" title="Share article on Facebook" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="social" data-ga-label="fb"></a> </li> <li> <div class="share-permalink"> <button class="trigger" title="Show article permalink" ref="linksrc=show_permalink_btn"> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Permalink </div> <div class="content"> <input type="text" class="permalink-text" value="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/" aria-label="Article permalink"/><button class="permalink-copy-button usa-button-primary" title="Copy article permalink" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="link" data-ga-label="copy_link"><span class="button-title">Copy</span></button> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <nav class="page-navigator" role="navigation" aria-label="Page navigation"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Page navigation </h3> <ul class="items-list"> <li class="heading "> <a href="#heading" aria-label="navigate to Title & authors section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="heading"> Title & authors </a> </li> <li class="abstract "> <a href="#abstract" aria-label="navigate to Abstract section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="abstract"> Abstract </a> </li> <li class="figures "> <a href="#figures" aria-label="navigate to Figures section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="figures"> Figures </a> </li> <li class="linked-commentary current"> <a href="#linked-commentary" aria-label="navigate to Comment in section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="linked-commentary"> Comment in </a> </li> <li class="similar "> <a href="#similar" aria-label="navigate to Similar articles section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="similar"> Similar articles </a> </li> <li class="citedby "> <a href="#citedby" aria-label="navigate to Cited by section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="citedby"> Cited by </a> </li> <li class="references "> <a href="#references" aria-label="navigate to References section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="references"> References </a> </li> <li class="publication-types "> <a href="#publication-types" aria-label="navigate to Publication types section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="publication-types"> Publication types </a> </li> <li class="mesh-terms "> <a href="#mesh-terms" aria-label="navigate to MeSH terms section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="mesh-terms"> MeSH terms </a> </li> <li class="substances "> <a href="#substances" aria-label="navigate to Substances section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="substances"> Substances </a> </li> <li class="grants "> <a href="#grants" aria-label="navigate to Grants and funding section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="grants"> Grants and funding </a> </li> <li class="linkout "> <a href="#linkout" aria-label="navigate to LinkOut - more resources section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="linkout"> LinkOut - more resources </a> </li> </ul> </div> <select class="short-view" autocomplete="off" title="navigate to selected section" aria-label="Navigate to page section"> <option value="heading">Title & authors</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="figures">Figures</option> <option value="linked-commentary">Comment in</option> <option value="similar">Similar articles</option> <option value="citedby">Cited by</option> <option value="references">References</option> <option value="publication-types">Publication types</option> <option value="mesh-terms">MeSH terms</option> <option value="substances">Substances</option> <option value="grants">Grants and funding</option> <option value="linkout">LinkOut - more resources</option> </select> </nav> </div> </aside> <main class="article-details" id="article-details">   <header class="heading" id="heading"> <div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Nature medicine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Nature medicine" data-pinger-ignore> Nat Med </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Nature medicine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Nat Med" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Med"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Med"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Nat Med"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Nat Med"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2012 Feb 26;18(3):413-21.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/nm.2669. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=White+YA&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yvonne A R White">Yvonne A R White</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Woods+DC&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dori C Woods">Dori C Woods</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Takai+Y&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yasushi Takai">Yasushi Takai</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ishihara+O&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Osamu Ishihara">Osamu Ishihara</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Seki+H&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hiroyuki Seki">Hiroyuki Seki</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tilly+JL&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jonathan L Tilly">Jonathan L Tilly</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/22366948/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">22366948</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3296965&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3296965/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3296965 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/nm.2669&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2669" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/nm.2669 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Yvonne A R White</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Nat Med<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2012">2012</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/22366948/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Nature medicine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="short-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Nature medicine" data-pinger-ignore> Nat Med </button><div id="short-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Nature medicine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Nat Med" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Med"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Nat+Med%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Med"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Nat Med"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Nat Med"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2012 Feb 26;18(3):413-21.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/nm.2669. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=White+YA&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yvonne A R White">Yvonne A R White</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Woods+DC&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dori C Woods">Dori C Woods</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Takai+Y&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yasushi Takai">Yasushi Takai</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ishihara+O&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Osamu Ishihara">Osamu Ishihara</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Seki+H&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hiroyuki Seki">Hiroyuki Seki</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tilly+JL&cauthor_id=22366948" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jonathan L Tilly">Jonathan L Tilly</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">22366948</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3296965&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3296965/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3296965 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/nm.2669&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2669" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/nm.2669 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/22366948/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/22366948/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Germline stem cells that produce oocytes in vitro and fertilization-competent eggs in vivo have been identified in and isolated from adult mouse ovaries. Here we describe and validate a fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based protocol that can be used with adult mouse ovaries and human ovarian cortical tissue to purify rare mitotically active cells that have a gene expression profile that is consistent with primitive germ cells. Once established in vitro, these cells can be expanded for months and can spontaneously generate 35- to 50-μm oocytes, as determined by morphology, gene expression and haploid (1n) status. Injection of the human germline cells, engineered to stably express GFP, into human ovarian cortical biopsies leads to formation of follicles containing GFP-positive oocytes 1-2 weeks after xenotransplantation into immunodeficient female mice. Thus, ovaries of reproductive-age women, similar to adult mice, possess rare mitotically active germ cells that can be propagated in vitro as well as generate oocytes in vitro and in vivo. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/00e493dcbdef/nihms349611f1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="988" data-image-height="1050" data-image-alt="Fig. 1" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/395ce70dc2b9/nihms349611f1.gif" alt="Fig. 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="988"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> FACS-based protocol for OSC isolation.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> FACS-based protocol for OSC isolation. <b> a, </b> Immunofluorescence analysis of Ddx4 expression (green; blue… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">FACS-based protocol for OSC isolation. <b>a,</b> Immunofluorescence analysis of Ddx4 expression (green; blue DAPI counterstain) in adult mouse ovaries using antibodies against the NH<sub>2</sub> or COOH terminus (scale bars, 50-µm). <b>b,</b> Immunomagnetic sorting of dispersed mouse ovaries or isolated oocytes using antibodies against the NH<sub>2</sub> or COOH terminus of Ddx4. Fraction 1, cells plus beads before separation; Fraction 2, wash fraction (non-immunoreactive); Fraction 3, bead fraction (Ddx4-positive cells, highlighted by white arrows). <b>c,</b> FACS analysis of live or permeabilized cells from dispersed mouse ovaries using antibodies against the NH<sub>2</sub> or COOH terminus of Ddx4. Viable Ddx4-positive cells are only detected with the COOH antibody (red dashed box) whereas permeabilization enables isolation of Ddx4-positive cells using the NH<sub>2</sub> antibody (blue dashed box). <b>d,</b> Permeabilization of viable Ddx4-positive cells obtained with the COOH antibody (red dashed box) enables re-isolation of the same cells by FACS using the NH<sub>2</sub> antibody (blue dashed box), as shown by shift in fluorescence (red to blue indicates shift from APC-positive live cells to 488-positive fixed and permeabilized cells). <b>e,</b> Schematic of FACS protocols employed to validate use of the Ddx4-COOH antibody for isolation of viable OSCs. <b>f,</b> Expression analysis of germline markers (<i>Prdm1, Dppa3, Ifitm3, Tert, Ddx4, Dazl</i>) and oocyte markers (<i>Nobox, Zp3, Gdf9</i>) in each cell fraction produced during the ovarian dispersion process to obtain cells for FACS-based isolation of OSCs (+ve, Ddx4-positive viable cell fraction after FACS; −ve, Ddx4-negative viable cell fraction after FACS; No RT, PCR of RNA sample without reverse transcription; <i>β-actin</i>, sample loading control).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/df31ac620ae3/nihms349611f2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="1050" data-image-height="697" data-image-alt="Fig. 2" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/178d51b3edfb/nihms349611f2.gif" alt="Fig. 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="697"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Isolation of OSCs from adult… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Isolation of OSCs from adult mouse and human ovaries. <b> a, b, </b> Representative histological… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Isolation of OSCs from adult mouse and human ovaries. <b>a, b,</b> Representative histological appearance of adult ovarian tissue used for human (<b>a</b>) and mouse (<b>b</b>) OSC isolation. Scale bars, 100-µm. <b>c, d,</b> Morphology of viable cells isolated by FACS based on cell-surface expression of Ddx4/DDX4. Scale bars, 10-µm. <b>e,</b> Gene expression profile of starting ovarian material and freshly-isolated OSCs, showing assessment of three different subjects as examples for human ovarian tissue analysis (No RT: PCR of RNA sample without reverse transcription; <i>β-actin</i>, sample loading control). <b>f, g,</b> Teratoma formation assay showing an absence of tumors in NOD-SCID mice 24 weeks after receiving injections of freshly-isolated mouse OSCs (<b>f</b>) compared with development of tumors in mice 3 weeks after injection of an equivalent number of mouse ESCs (<b>g</b>; tumor highlighted by black-dashed oval). <b>h,</b> Examples of cells from all three germ layers in a representative ESC-derived teratoma are shown, with neural rosette highlighted in inset of left panel (scale bars, 100-µm).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/8fc0fce2d9ca/nihms349611f3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="1050" data-image-height="711" data-image-alt="Fig. 3" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/277889f38965/nihms349611f3.gif" alt="Fig. 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="711"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Mouse OSCs generate functional eggs… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Mouse OSCs generate functional eggs after intraovarian transplantation. <b> a, </b> Examples of growing follicles… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Mouse OSCs generate functional eggs after intraovarian transplantation. <b>a,</b> Examples of growing follicles containing GFP-negative and GFP-positive (brown; blue hematoxylin counterstain) oocytes in ovaries of wild-type mice injected with GFP-expressing OSCs 5–6 months earlier. <b>b,</b> Examples of ovulated GFP-negative eggs (in cumulus-oocyte complexes), and resultant embryos [2-cell, 4-cell, compact morula (CM) and early blastocyst (EB) stage embryos are shown as examples] generated by IVF, following induced ovulation of wild-type female mice that received intraovarian transplantation of GFP-expressing OSCs 5–6 months earlier. <b>c, d,</b> Examples of GFP-positive eggs (in cumulus-oocyte complexes) obtained from the oviducts following induced ovulation of wild-type female mice that received intraovarian transplantation of GFP-expressing OSCs 5–6 months earlier. These eggs were <i>in-vitro</i> fertilized using wild-type sperm, resulting in 2-cell embryos that progressed through preimplantation development [examples of GFP-positive embryos at the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, compacted morula (CM), expanded morula (EM), blastocyst (B) and hatching blastocyst (HB) stage are shown] to form hatching blastocysts 5–6 days after fertilization. Scale bars, 30-µm.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/264cdf340572/nihms349611f4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="848" data-image-height="1050" data-image-alt="Fig. 4" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/33fcdfd81db2/nihms349611f4.gif" alt="Fig. 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="848"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Evaluation of mouse and human… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Evaluation of mouse and human ovary-derived OSCs in defined cultures. <b> a–d, </b> Assessment of… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Evaluation of mouse and human ovary-derived OSCs in defined cultures. <b>a–d,</b> Assessment of OSC proliferation by dual detection of Ddx4/DDX4 expression (green) and BrdU incorporation (red) in mouse (<b>a, b</b>) and human (<b>c, d</b>) OSCs maintained in MEF-free cultures. Scale bars, 30-µm. <b>e,</b> Typical growth curve for MEF-free cultures of mouse OSCs after passage and seeding 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells in each well of 24-well culture plates. <b>f,</b> FACS analysis using the COOH antibody to detect cell-surface expression of Ddx4 in mouse OSCs after months of propagation (example shown, passage 45). <b>g,</b> Gene expression profile of starting ovarian material and cultured mouse and human OSCs after four or more months of propagation <i>in vitro</i> (No RT, PCR of RNA sample without reverse transcription; <i>β-actin</i>, sample loading control). Two different human OSC lines (OSC1 and OSC2) established from ovaries of two different subjects are shown as examples. <b>h, i,</b> Immunofluorescence analysis of Prdm1/PDRM1, Dppa3/DPPA3 and Ifitm3/IFITM3 expression (green) in mouse (<b>h</b>) and human (<b>i</b>) OSCs in MEF-free cultures. Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue) and rhodamine-phalloidin (red) to visualize nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic F-actin, respectively. Scale bars, 50-µm.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/d1b3521a226e/nihms349611f5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="811" data-image-height="1050" data-image-alt="Fig. 5" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/c64900b5b514/nihms349611f5.gif" alt="Fig. 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="811"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Spontaneous oocyte generation by cultured… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Spontaneous oocyte generation by cultured mouse and human OSCs. <b> a–c, </b> Oocytes formed by… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Spontaneous oocyte generation by cultured mouse and human OSCs. <b>a–c,</b> Oocytes formed by mouse OSCs in culture, as assessed by morphology (<b>a</b>), expression of oocyte marker proteins Ddx4 and Kit (<b>b</b>; note cytoplasmic localization of Ddx4 in oocytes), and presence of mRNAs encoding oocyte marker genes <i>Ddx4, Kit, Ybx2, Nobox, Lhx8, Gdf9, Zp1, Zp2</i> and <i>Zp3</i> (<b>c</b>; No RT: PCR of RNA sample without reverse transcription; <i>β-actin</i>, sample loading control). Scale bars, 25-µm. <b>d,</b> Number of oocytes formed by mouse OSCs after passage and seeding 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells in each culture well analyzed (values represent numbers generated over each 24-h block, not cumulative numbers; mean ± s.e.m., <i>n</i> = 3 independent cultures; *, <i>P</i> = 0.002 versus other groups). <b>e–g,</b> <i>In-vitro</i> oogenesis from human OSCs, with examples of oocytes formed by human OSCs in culture (<b>f</b>, morphology; <b>g</b>, expression of oocyte marker proteins DDX4, KIT, YBX2 and LHX8) and numbers formed following passage and seeding of 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells in each culture well analyzed (<b>e</b>; mean ± s.e.m., <i>n</i> = 3 independent cultures; *, <i>P</i> = 0.002 versus other groups) shown. Expression of oocyte marker genes (<i>DDX4, KIT, YBX2, NOBOX, LHX8, GDF9, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3</i>) in human OSC-derived oocytes is shown in <b>c</b>, along with results for mouse OSC-derived oocytes. Scale bars, 25-µm. <b>h,</b> Immunofluorescence detection of the meiotic recombination markers, DMC1 and SYCP3 (red; blue DAPI counterstain), in nuclei of cultured human OSCs; human ovarian stromal cells served as a negative control. Scale bars, 15-µm. <b>i,</b> FACS-based ploidy analysis of cultured human OSCs 72 h after passage (see also Supplementary Fig. S4).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/c4a601841af1/nihms349611f6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="796" data-image-height="1050" data-image-alt="Fig. 6" data-pmc-id="PMC3296965" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9259/3296965/8b7457981758/nihms349611f6.gif" alt="Fig. 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="796"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1050"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Human OSCs generate oocytes in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Human OSCs generate oocytes in human ovary tissue. <b> a–c, </b> Direct (live-cell) GFP fluorescence… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Human OSCs generate oocytes in human ovary tissue. <b>a–c,</b> Direct (live-cell) GFP fluorescence analysis of human ovarian cortical tissue following dispersion, re-aggregation with GFP-hOSCs (<b>a</b>) and <i>in-vitro</i> culture for 24–72 h (<b>b, c</b>), showing formation of large single GFP-positive cells surrounded by smaller GFP-negative cells in compact structures resembling follicles (<b>b, c</b>; scale bars, 50-µm). <b>d–g,</b> Immature follicles containing GFP-positive oocytes (brown, highlighted by black arrowheads, against a blue hematoxylin counterstain) in adult human ovarian cortical tissue injected with GFP-hOSCs and xenografted into NOD-SCID female mice (<b>d</b>, 1 week post-transplant; <b>f</b>, 2 weeks post-transplant). Note comparable follicles with GFP-negative oocytes in the same grafts. As negative controls, all immature follicles in human ovarian cortical tissue prior to GFP-hOSC injection and xenografting (<b>e</b>) or that received vehicle injection (no GFP-hOSCs) prior to xenografting (<b>g</b>) contained GFP-negative oocytes after processing for GFP detection in parallel with the samples shown. Scale bars, 25-µm. <b>h,</b> Dual immunofluorescence analysis of GFP expression (green) and either the diplotene stage oocyte-specific marker YBX2 (red) or the oocyte transcription factor LHX8 (red) in xenografts receiving GFP-hOSC injections. Note that GFP was not detected in grafts prior to GFP-hOSC injection, whereas YBX2 and LHX8 were detected in all oocytes. Sections were counterstained with DAPI (blue) for visualization of nuclei. Scale bars, 25-µm.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-commentary"> <h2 class="title"> Comment in </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/22395699/" ref="article_id=22395699&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> The quest for human ovarian stem cells. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Telfer EE, Albertini DF.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Telfer EE, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2012 Mar 6;18(3):353-4. doi: 10.1038/nm.2699.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2012.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">22395699</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26444631/" ref="article_id=26444631&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> Adult human and mouse ovaries lack DDX4-expressing functional oogonial stem cells. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zhang H, Panula S, Petropoulos S, Edsgärd D, Busayavalasa K, Liu L, Li X, Risal S, Shen Y, Shao J, Liu M, Li S, Zhang D, Zhang X, Gerner RR, Sheikhi M, Damdimopoulou P, Sandberg R, Douagi I, Gustafsson JÅ, Liu L, Lanner F, Hovatta O, Liu K.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zhang H, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015 Oct;21(10):1116-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.3775.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">26444631</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26444632/" ref="article_id=26444632&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> Woods and Tilly reply. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Woods DC, Tilly JL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Woods DC, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015 Oct;21(10):1118-21. doi: 10.1038/nm.3964.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">26444632</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/25147160/" ref="article_id=25147160&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="25147160" data-ga-label=""> Use of DEAD-box polypeptide-4 (Ddx4) gene promoter-driven fluorescent reporter mice to identify mitotically active germ cells in post-natal mouse ovaries. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Park ES, Tilly JL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Park ES, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Mol Hum Reprod. 2015 Jan;21(1):58-65. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gau071. Epub 2014 Aug 21.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Mol Hum Reprod. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25147160</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/19363485/" ref="article_id=19363485&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="19363485" data-ga-label=""> Production of offspring from a germline stem cell line derived from neonatal ovaries. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zou K, Yuan Z, Yang Z, Luo H, Sun K, Zhou L, Xiang J, Shi L, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Hou R, Wu J.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zou K, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Cell Biol. 2009 May;11(5):631-6. doi: 10.1038/ncb1869. Epub 2009 Apr 12.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Cell Biol. 2009.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">19363485</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26444631/" ref="article_id=26444631&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="26444631" data-ga-label=""> Adult human and mouse ovaries lack DDX4-expressing functional oogonial stem cells. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Zhang H, Panula S, Petropoulos S, Edsgärd D, Busayavalasa K, Liu L, Li X, Risal S, Shen Y, Shao J, Liu M, Li S, Zhang D, Zhang X, Gerner RR, Sheikhi M, Damdimopoulou P, Sandberg R, Douagi I, Gustafsson JÅ, Liu L, Lanner F, Hovatta O, Liu K.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Zhang H, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015 Oct;21(10):1116-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.3775.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Med. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">26444631</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/16034186/" ref="article_id=16034186&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=4" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="16034186" data-ga-label=""> Oogenesis in adult mammals, including humans: a review. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Bukovsky A, Caudle MR, Svetlikova M, Wimalasena J, Ayala ME, Dominguez R.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Bukovsky A, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Endocrine. 2005 Apr;26(3):301-16. doi: 10.1385/ENDO:26:3:301.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Endocrine. 2005.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">16034186</span></span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23266977/" ref="article_id=23266977&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=5" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="23266977" data-ga-label=""> [Current progress and future direction in the biology of ovarian germ stem cells in mammals]. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Li CH, Guo K, Zheng P.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Li CH, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Dongwuxue Yanjiu. 2012 Dec;33(6):586-90. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1141.2012.06586.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Dongwuxue Yanjiu. 2012.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23266977</span></span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> <span class="language spaced-citation-item citation-part">Chinese.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22366948" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all similar articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby"> <h2 class="title"> Cited by </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23536570/" ref="article_id=23536570&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="23536570" data-ga-label=""> Embryonic stem cell-derived granulosa cells participate in ovarian follicle formation in vitro and in vivo. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Woods DC, White YA, Niikura Y, Kiatpongsan S, Lee HJ, Tilly JL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Woods DC, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Reprod Sci. 2013 May;20(5):524-35. doi: 10.1177/1933719113483017. Epub 2013 Mar 27.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Reprod Sci. 2013.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23536570</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23125014/" ref="article_id=23125014&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="23125014" data-ga-label=""> Primordial germ cells in mice. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Saitou M, Yamaji M.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Saitou M, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012 Nov 1;4(11):a008375. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008375.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23125014</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23245287/" ref="article_id=23245287&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="23245287" data-ga-label=""> Germline cells in ovarian surface epithelium of mammalians: a promising notion. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Celik O, Celik E, Turkcuoglu I, Yilmaz E, Simsek Y, Tiras B.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Celik O, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2012 Dec 17;10:112. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-112.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2012.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23245287</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23463338/" ref="article_id=23463338&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=4" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="23463338" data-ga-label=""> Intraovarian transplantation of primordial follicles fails to rescue chemotherapy injured ovaries. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Park MR, Choi YJ, Kwon DN, Park C, Bui HT, Gurunathan S, Cho SG, Song H, Seo HG, Min G, Kim JH.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Park MR, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Sci Rep. 2013;3:1384. doi: 10.1038/srep01384.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Sci Rep. 2013.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23463338</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/23575763/" ref="article_id=23575763&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=5" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="23575763" data-ga-label=""> Molecular characteristics of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors and comparison with testicular counterparts: implications for pathogenesis. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Kraggerud SM, Hoei-Hansen CE, Alagaratnam S, Skotheim RI, Abeler VM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Lothe RA.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Kraggerud SM, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Endocr Rev. 2013 Jun;34(3):339-76. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1045. Epub 2013 Apr 10.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Endocr Rev. 2013.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">23575763</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=22366948" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all "Cited by" articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="references" id="references"> <h2 class="title"> References </h2> <div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container"> <div class="refs-list"> <ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list"> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Zuckerman S. The number of oocytes in the mature ovary. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 1951;6:63–108. </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL. Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary. Nature. 2004;428:145–150. - <a class="reference-link" href="/15014492/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="15014492" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Brinster RL. Male germline stem cells: from mice to men. Science. 2007;316:404–405. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4889115/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC4889115" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/17446391/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="17446391" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Tilly JL, Niikura Y, Rueda BR. The current status of evidence for and against postnatal oogenesis in mammals: a case of ovarian optimism versus pessimism? Biol. Reprod. 2009;80:2–12. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2804806/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC2804806" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/18753611/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="18753611" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Zou K, et al. Production of offspring from a germline stem cell line derived from neonatal ovaries. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009;11:631–636. - <a class="reference-link" href="/19363485/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="19363485" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/22366948/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 50 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> MeSH terms </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Animals </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Biopsy" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Biopsy </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Biopsy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Biopsy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Biopsy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Biopsy"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Biopsy"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Biopsy" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Biopsy"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Biopsy"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Biopsy"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases / genetics"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Female </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Flow Cytometry / methods" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Flow Cytometry / methods </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Flow Cytometry / methods"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Flow+Cytometry%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Flow+Cytometry%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Flow Cytometry/methods"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Flow Cytometry / methods"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Flow+Cytometry" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Flow Cytometry / methods"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Flow Cytometry/methods"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Flow Cytometry/methods"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gene Expression Profiling" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Gene Expression Profiling </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gene Expression Profiling"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Gene+Expression+Profiling%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Gene+Expression+Profiling%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Gene Expression Profiling"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Gene Expression Profiling"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Gene+Expression+Profiling" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Gene Expression Profiling"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Gene Expression Profiling"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Gene Expression Profiling"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / cytology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Germ Cells / cytology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / cytology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Germ Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / cytology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Germ+Cells" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / cytology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Germ Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Germ Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / growth & development" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Germ Cells / growth & development </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / growth & development"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Germ Cells/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / growth & development"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Germ+Cells" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / growth & development"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Germ Cells/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Germ Cells/growth and development"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Germ Cells / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Germ Cells / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Germ+Cells%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Germ Cells/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Germ+Cells" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Germ Cells / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Germ Cells/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Germ Cells/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Green Fluorescent Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Green Fluorescent Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Green Fluorescent Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Green Fluorescent Proteins"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Green Fluorescent Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Green+Fluorescent+Proteins" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Green Fluorescent Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Green Fluorescent Proteins"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Green Fluorescent Proteins"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mice </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mice"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mitosis / genetics*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mitosis / genetics* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mitosis / genetics*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mitosis%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mitosis%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mitosis/genetics"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mitosis / genetics*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mitosis" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mitosis / genetics*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mitosis/genetics"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mitosis/genetics"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oocytes / cytology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Oocytes / cytology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oocytes / cytology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Oocytes%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Oocytes%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oocytes/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Oocytes / cytology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Oocytes" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Oocytes / cytology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Oocytes/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Oocytes/cytology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oocytes / growth & development*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Oocytes / growth & development* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oocytes / growth & development*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Oocytes%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Oocytes%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oocytes/growth and development"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Oocytes / growth & development*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Oocytes" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Oocytes / growth & development*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Oocytes/growth and development"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Oocytes/growth and development"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ovarian Follicle / growth & development" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ovarian Follicle / growth & development </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ovarian Follicle / growth & development"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ovarian+Follicle%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ovarian+Follicle%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ovarian Follicle/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Ovarian Follicle / growth & development"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ovarian+Follicle" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Ovarian Follicle / growth & development"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ovarian Follicle/growth and development"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ovarian Follicle/growth and development"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ovarian Follicle / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ovarian Follicle / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ovarian Follicle / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ovarian+Follicle%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ovarian+Follicle%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ovarian Follicle/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Ovarian Follicle / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ovarian+Follicle" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Ovarian Follicle / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ovarian Follicle/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ovarian Follicle/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ovary / cytology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ovary / cytology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ovary / cytology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ovary%2Fcytology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ovary%2Fcytology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ovary/cytology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Ovary / cytology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ovary" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Ovary / cytology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ovary/cytology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ovary/cytology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ovary / growth & development*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ovary / growth & development* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ovary / growth & development*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ovary%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ovary%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ovary/growth and development"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Ovary / growth & development*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ovary" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Ovary / growth & development*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ovary/growth and development"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ovary/growth and development"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Stem Cells / cytology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-20" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Stem Cells / cytology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-20" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Stem Cells / cytology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Stem+Cells%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Stem+Cells%2Fcytology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Stem Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Stem Cells / cytology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Stem+Cells" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Stem Cells / cytology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Stem Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Stem Cells/cytology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Green Fluorescent Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Green Fluorescent Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Green Fluorescent Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Green Fluorescent Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Green Fluorescent Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Green Fluorescent Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Green Fluorescent Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Green Fluorescent Proteins"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DDX4 protein, human" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DDX4 protein, human </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DDX4 protein, human"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DDX4+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DDX4+protein%2C+human%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="DDX4 protein, human"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="DDX4 protein, human"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22DDX4+protein%2C+human%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="DDX4 protein, human"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DDX4 protein, human"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DDX4 protein, human"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ddx4 protein, mouse" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Ddx4 protein, mouse </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ddx4 protein, mouse"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Ddx4+protein%2C+mouse%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Ddx4+protein%2C+mouse%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Ddx4 protein, mouse"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Ddx4 protein, mouse"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Ddx4+protein%2C+mouse%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Ddx4 protein, mouse"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Ddx4 protein, mouse"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Ddx4 protein, mouse"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DEAD-box RNA Helicases </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DEAD-box RNA Helicases"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="DEAD-box RNA Helicases"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22DEAD-box+RNA+Helicases%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="DEAD-box RNA Helicases"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DEAD-box RNA Helicases"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="grants" class="grants"> <h2 class="title"> Grants and funding </h2> <div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant F32 AG034809/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=F32+AG034809%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="F32 AG034809" > F32 AG034809/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R37 AG012279-17/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R37+AG012279-17%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R37 AG012279-17" > R37 AG012279-17/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant F32-AG034809/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=F32-AG034809%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="F32-AG034809" > F32-AG034809/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R37 AG012279/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R37+AG012279%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R37 AG012279" > R37 AG012279/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R37-AG012279/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R37-AG012279%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R37-AG012279" > R37-AG012279/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li></ul></div> </div> <div id="linkout" class="linkout"> <h2 class="title"> LinkOut - more resources </h2> <ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22366948" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central" > Europe PubMed Central </a></li><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2669" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3094&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="Nature Publishing Group" > Nature Publishing Group </a></li><li><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/22366948/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3494&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="PubMed Central" > PubMed Central </a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://facultyopinions.com/pubmed/22366948" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3533&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources" data-ga-label="H1 Connect" > H1 Connect </a></li><li><a href="https://www.lens.org/lens/search/patent/list?q=reference_cited.npl.ids.pmid:22366948" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=8681&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources" data-ga-label="The Lens - Patent Citations Database" > The Lens - Patent Citations Database </a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Medical</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3162&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Medical" data-ga-label="MedlinePlus Health Information" > MedlinePlus Health Information </a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Research Materials</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://addgene.org/browse/pubmed/22366948" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=5304&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9502015" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Research Materials" data-ga-label="Addgene Non-profit plasmid repository" > Addgene Non-profit plasmid repository </a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </main> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Full Text Links Dialog"> <div id="full-text-links-dialog" class="dialog full-text-links-dialog"> <strong class="title">Full text links</strong> <button class="close-overlay" tabindex="3">[x]</button> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2669" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3094&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&nlmid=9502015" title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group" tabindex="1" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-label="22366948" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text"> Nature Publishing Group </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/22366948/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=22366948&db=pubmed&nlmid=9502015" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" tabindex="2" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="22366948" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Citation Dialog"> <div class="dialog citation-dialog"> <button class="close-overlay" tabindex="1">[x]</button> <div class="title">Cite</div> <div class="citation-text-block"> <div class="citation-text"></div> <div class="citation-actions"> <button class="copy-button dialog-focus" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="copy" tabindex="2"> Copy </button> <form method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GdhZ8KcZr5eRIRc8AHUf4EDogylK8IrpSj3USXjIR56d7rOKHtD47k9EI1KyCG7H"> <button type="submit" class="export-button" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="download" title="Download a file for external citation management software" tabindex="3"> <span class="download-title">Download .nbib</span> <span class="download-title-mobile">.nbib</span> </button> </form> <div class="citation-style-selector-wrapper"> <label class="selector-label">Format:</label> <select aria-label="Format" class="citation-style-selector" tabindex="4"> <option data-style-url-name="ama" value="AMA" > AMA </option> <option data-style-url-name="apa" value="APA" > APA </option> <option data-style-url-name="mla" value="MLA" > MLA </option> <option data-style-url-name="nlm" value="NLM" selected="selected"> NLM </option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="More Actions Dialog"> <div id="more-actions-dialog" class="dialog more-actions-dialog"> <strong class="title">Send To</strong> <ul class="more-actions-links"> <li><a id="clipboard-trigger" role="button" class="submit-button clipboard-trigger clipboard-trigger-target dialog-focus link-item " href="#">Clipboard</a></li> <li><a class="email-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Email</a></li> <li><a class="save-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Save</a></li> <li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li> <li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li> <li><a class="citation-manager-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Citation Manager</a></li> </ul> <button class="close-overlay">[x]</button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ncbi-footer"> <div class="literature-footer" role="complementary" title="Links to NCBI Literature Resources"> <div class="usa-grid"> <p class="literature-footer-text">NCBI Literature Resources</p> <p class="literature-footer-text"> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="pmc_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PMC</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="bookshelf_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">Bookshelf</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" href="/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a> </p> <p class="literature-footer-text attribution-statement">The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.</p> </div> </div>  <footer> <section class="icon-section"> <div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div> <div class="grid-container container"> <div class="icon-section_container"> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Twitter</title> <g id="twitterx1008"> <path id="path1008" d="M6.06736 7L16.8778 20.8991L6.00001 32.2H10.2L18.6 23.1L25.668 32.2H34L22.8 17.5L31.9 7H28.4L20.7 15.4L14.401 7H6.06898H6.06736ZM9.66753 8.73423H12.9327L29.7327 30.4658H26.5697L9.66753 8.73423Z" fill="#5B616B"/> </g> </svg> </a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <title>Facebook</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z"> </path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <title>LinkedIn</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z"> </path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <defs> <style> .cls-11, .cls-12 { fill: #737373; } .cls-11 { fill-rule: evenodd; } </style> </defs> <title>GitHub</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path> <path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog"> <svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="container-fluid bg-primary"> <div class="container pt-5"> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12"> <p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p> <ul class="list-inline social_media"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 38 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Twitter</title> <g id="twitterx1009" clip-path="url(#clip0_65276_3946)"> <path id="Vector" d="M17.5006 34.6565C26.9761 34.6565 34.6575 26.9751 34.6575 17.4996C34.6575 8.02416 26.9761 0.342773 17.5006 0.342773C8.02514 0.342773 0.34375 8.02416 0.34375 17.4996C0.34375 26.9751 8.02514 34.6565 17.5006 34.6565Z" fill="#205493" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path> <path id="path1009" d="M8.54811 8.5L16.2698 18.4279L8.50001 26.5H11.5L17.5 20L22.5486 26.5H28.5L20.5 16L27 8.5H24.5L19 14.5L14.5007 8.5H8.54927H8.54811ZM11.1197 9.73873H13.4519L25.4519 25.2613H23.1926L11.1197 9.73873Z" fill="white"></path> </g> <defs> <clipPath id="clip0_65276_3946"> <rect width="38" height="38" fill="white"></rect> </clipPath> </defs> </svg></a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve"> <style type="text/css"> .st10 { fill: #FFFFFF; } .st110 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } </style> <title>SM-Facebook</title> <g> <g> <path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path> </g> </g> <circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle> </svg> </a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve"> <title>SM-Youtube</title> <style type="text/css"> .st4 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } .st5 { fill: #FFFFFF; } </style> <circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle> <g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)"> <path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path> </g> </svg></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12"> <p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br> Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg"> <p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br> <a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br> <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg"> <p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg"> <nav class="bottom-links"> <ul class="mt-3"> <li> <a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer>   <script type="text/javascript"> var nwds_version = "1.2.3"; var meta_nwds_ver = document.createElement('meta'); meta_nwds_ver.name = 'ncbi_nwds_ver'; meta_nwds_ver.content = nwds_version; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds_ver); var meta_nwds = document.createElement('meta'); meta_nwds.name = 'ncbi_nwds'; meta_nwds.content = 'yes'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds); var alertsUrl = "/core/alerts/alerts.js"; if (typeof ncbiBaseUrl !== 'undefined') { alertsUrl = ncbiBaseUrl + alertsUrl; } </script> </div>  <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/js/output.293fbf76aa18.js"></script>  <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/js/output.550e9c8906a2.js"></script> <script> ncbi.awesome.basePage.init({ userInfo: { isLoggedIn: false, username: "", loginUrl: "https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22366948%2F", logoutUrl: "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366948/" }, baseUrl: 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov', noSessionCookieName: "pm-ns", searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid", adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid", searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs", isOnSearchPageCookieName: "pm-iosp", backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl", clinicalSeeAllCookieName: "pm-csa", jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", userShareRequestFailed: "", noSharedSettings: "myncbi_no_shared_settings", noSharedAccount: "myncbi_no_shared_account" }); </script> <script type="module"> import dismissableNCBIAlert from "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/core/dismissable-ncbi-alert.js"; jQuery.getScript("https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/alerts/alerts.js", function () { galert(['body > *:last-child']); dismissableNCBIAlert(); }).fail(function() { }); </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/pinger/pinger.js"> </script> <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/CACHE/js/output.ad3a7174b96f.js"></script> <script> ncbi.awesome.articlePage.init({ baseSuggestionsUrl: "/suggestions/", mathJaxUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/mathjax/unpacked/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML", clipboardAPIRoot: "/ajax/clipboard/", clipboardNextPageUrl: "/clipboard-next-page/", searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid", searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs", backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl", jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", longTermPrefix: "longquery", adjNavURLPath: "/22366948/adj-nav/", adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid", articlePageUrl: "/22366948/", markJSUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14efe001-aebf-4097-9883-28c967333423/mark.js/dist/jquery.mark.js", termHighlightColor: "", highlightedTokens: "", citeFormatPreferenceCookieName: "pm-cf" }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women - PubMed