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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugeborenensepsis" title="Neugeborenensepsis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neugeborenensepsis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonataalne_sepsis" title="Neonataalne sepsis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neonataalne sepsis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis_neonatal" title="Sepsis neonatal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sepsis neonatal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaioberriaren_sepsi" title="Jaioberriaren sepsi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaioberriaren sepsi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Նեոնատալ սեպսիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոնատալ սեպսիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%85%90%E6%95%97%E8%A1%80%E7%97%87" title="新生児敗血症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新生児敗血症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepse_neonatal" title="Sepse neonatal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sepse neonatal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดในทารกแรกเกิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดในทารกแรกเกิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Neonatal sepsis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6993495?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neonatal sepsis</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">neonatal infection</a> and specifically refers to the presence in a <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">newborn baby</a> of a bacterial <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">blood stream infection</a> (BSI) (such as <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyelonephritis" title="Pyelonephritis">pyelonephritis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>) in the setting of fever. Older textbooks may refer to <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">neonatal</a> sepsis as "sepsis neonatorum". Criteria with regards to hemodynamic compromise or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a> are not useful clinically because these symptoms often do not arise in neonates until death is imminent and unpreventable. Neonatal sepsis is divided into two categories: early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS). EOS refers to sepsis presenting in the first 7 days of life (although some refer to EOS as within the first 72 hours of life), with LOS referring to presentation of sepsis after 7 days (or 72 hours, depending on the system used). Neonatal sepsis is the single most common cause of neonatal death in hospital as well as community in developing country. </p><p>It is difficult to clinically exclude sepsis in newborns less than 90 days old that have fever (defined as a temperature > 38 °C (100.4 °F). Except in the case of obvious acute viral <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">bronchiolitis</a>, the current practice in newborns less than 30 days old is to perform a complete workup including <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a> with differential, blood culture, <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a>, urine culture, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) studies and CSF culture, admit the newborn to the hospital, and treat empirically for serious bacterial infection for at least 48 hours until cultures are demonstrated to show no growth. Attempts have been made to see whether it is possible to risk stratify newborns in order to decide if a newborn can be safely monitored at home without treatment despite having a fever. One such attempt is the Rochester criteria. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signs of sepsis are non-specific and include:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Body temperature changes</li> <li>Breathing problems</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> <li>Low blood sugar (<a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>)</li> <li>Reduced movements</li> <li>Reduced sucking</li> <li>Seizures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a></li> <li>Swollen belly area</li> <li>Vomiting</li> <li>Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice).</li> <li>hemorrhagic rash</li></ul> <p>A heart rate above 160 can also be an indicator of sepsis, this tachycardia can present up to 24 hours before the onset of other signs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study performed at Strong Memorial Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, showed that infants ≤ 60 days old meeting the following criteria were at low-risk for having a serious bacterial illness:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4067741_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4067741-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>generally well-appearing</li> <li>previously healthy <ul><li>full term (at ≥37 weeks gestation)</li> <li>no antibiotics perinatally</li> <li>no unexplained hyperbilirubinemia that required treatment</li> <li>no antibiotics since discharge</li> <li>no hospitalizations</li> <li>no chronic illness</li> <li>discharged at the same time or before the mother</li></ul></li> <li>no evidence of skin, soft tissue, bone, joint, or ear infection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cells</a> (WBCs) count 5,000-15,000/mm<sup>3</sup></li> <li>absolute band count ≤ 1,500/mm<sup>3</sup></li> <li>urine WBC count ≤ 10 per high power field (hpf)</li> <li>stool WBC count ≤ 5 per high power field (hpf) <i>only in infants with diarrhea</i></li></ul> <p>Those meeting these criteria likely do not require a lumbar puncture, and are felt to be safe for discharge home without antibiotic treatment, or with a single dose of intramuscular antibiotics, but will still require close outpatient follow-up.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One risk for <a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a> (GBS) is <a href="/wiki/Preterm_rupture_of_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterm rupture of membranes">preterm rupture of membranes</a>. Screening women for GBS (via vaginal and rectal swabbing) and treating culture positive women with intrapartum chemoprophylaxis is reducing the number of neonatal sepsis caused by GBS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Abnormal heart rate characteristics (HRC) of transient decelerations and reduced baseline variability in heart rate are a risk factor for impending neonatal sepsis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (December 2020)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neonatal sepsis screening:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>DLC (differential leukocyte count) showing increased numbers of <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">polymorphs</a>.</li> <li>DLC: band cells > 20%.</li> <li>increased <a href="/wiki/Haptoglobins" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptoglobins">haptoglobins</a>.</li> <li>micro ESR (<a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a>) titer > 15mm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>gastric aspirate showing > 5 polymorphs per high power field.</li> <li>newborn CSF (<a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>) screen: showing increased cells and proteins.</li> <li>suggestive history of <a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">chorioamnionitis</a>, PROM (<a href="/wiki/Premature_rupture_of_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature rupture of membranes">premature rupture of membranes</a>), etc...</li></ol> <p>Culturing for <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> from a sample of CSF, blood or urine, is the gold standard test for definitive diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. This can give false negatives due to the low sensitivity of culture methods and because of concomitant antibiotic therapy. Lumbar punctures should be done when possible as 10-15% presenting with sepsis also have <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, which warrants an antibiotic with a high CSF penetration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CRP is not very accurate in picking up cases.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molecular assays can give faster result in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis than microbial culture from blood.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that, in neonates, sepsis is difficult to diagnose clinically. They may be relatively asymptomatic until hemodynamic and respiratory collapse is imminent, so, if there is even a remote suspicion of sepsis, they are frequently treated with antibiotics empirically until cultures are sufficiently proven to be negative. In addition to fluid resuscitation and supportive care, a common antibiotic regimen in infants with suspected sepsis is a <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam">beta-lactam</a> antibiotic (usually <a href="/wiki/Ampicillin" title="Ampicillin">ampicillin</a>) in combination with an <a href="/wiki/Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">aminoglycoside</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">gentamicin</a>) or a third-generation <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Cefotaxime" title="Cefotaxime">cefotaxime</a>—<a href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone" title="Ceftriaxone">ceftriaxone</a> is generally avoided in neonates due to the theoretical risk of <a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a>.) The organisms which are targeted are species that predominate in the female genitourinary tract and to which neonates are especially vulnerable to, specifically <a href="/wiki/Group_B_Streptococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Group B Streptococcus">Group B Streptococcus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i> (This is the main rationale for using ampicillin versus other beta-lactams.) Of course, neonates are also vulnerable to other common pathogens that can cause <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">bacteremia</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a></i>. Although uncommon, if anaerobic species are suspected (such as in cases where <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">necrotizing enterocolitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_perforation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal perforation">intestinal perforation</a> is a concern, <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a> is often added.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although many antibiotics are used in neonatal sepsis, it is unknown which antibiotics is better than others for neonatal sepsis management.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte-macrophage_colony_stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor">Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor</a> (GM-CSF) is sometimes used in neonatal sepsis. However, a 2009 study found that GM-CSF corrects neutropenia if present but it has no effect on reducing sepsis or improving survival.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic_Overtreatment">Antibiotic Overtreatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antibiotic Overtreatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cases of suspected Early Onset Sepsis (EOS) one of the treatments is <a href="/wiki/Empiric_therapy" title="Empiric therapy">empirical antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Achten_1032_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achten_1032-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategy of clinicians utilizing antibiotics as a course of treatment for EOS has resulted in the overtreatment of antibiotics to infants suspected of having signs of EOS. There are several consequences to the overtreatment of antibiotics in newborns including "microbiome alterations, which are linked to the development of asthma, food allergies, and childhood obesity".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another risk in the early introduction of antibiotics in infants is the increase in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Puopolo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puopolo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current methods of treatment for EOS are often implemented before a positive sepsis blood culture is found. In the last two decades (2000-2020), the use of intrapartum antibiotics has reduced the incidence of EOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Puopolo_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puopolo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current challenge faced by clinicians is mainly weighing the risk and benefits of the possibility of antibiotic overtreatment vs. the effects of sepsis.<sup id="cite_ref-Achten_1032_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achten_1032-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s early-onset sepsis has declined because of screening of group B streptococcus. The cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis are pathogens that contaminate the placenta, vaginal canal, cervix, or amniotic fluid, and these pathogens can affect the baby either in the womb or during labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early-onset neonatal sepsis is found to be 0.77 to 1 per 100,000 live births in the U.S. In premature babies, the incidence and mortality rates are higher due to the weakness of their immune system. For infants with low birth weight, cases of early-onset sepsis is found to be about 26 per 1,000 and 8 per 1,000 live births. Certain populations of babies are at more risk as well. Mothers who have poor healthcare, low socioeconomic status, substance abuse, or are African American have higher rates of neonatal sepsis. In fact, African American preterm babies have the highest rate of infection and mortality. 5.14 of every 1,000 live births and 24.4% case fatality ratio, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mother is not the only one who can contract the bacteria that contributes to sepsis. The child can contribute to the onset of sepsis through multiple factors. Mothers contribute to the risk through a variety of ways like diets during pregnancy and potential intake of foods that are contaminated, through invasive procedures like <a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">amniocentesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cerclage" title="Cervical cerclage">cervical cerclage</a>, or contamination of bacteria in the vaginal canal. Infants can contribute to early-onset sepsis through prematurity, congenital anomalies, complicated birth or instrument assisted birth, and low APGAR scores.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing for neonatal sepsis is done because of how little it physically presents itself in babies. Infants showing no signs of neonatal sepsis will have a sepsis workup done only if concerning factors are shown. Only a small percentage of infants will have a sepsis workup done. Of this small population only 3% to 8% will show positive cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trials of <a href="/wiki/Probiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Probiotics">probiotics</a> for prevention of neonatal sepsis have generally been too small and statistically underpowered to detect any benefit,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a> that enrolled 4,556 neonates in India reported that probiotics significantly reduced the risk of developing sepsis.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probiotic used in the trial was <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus plantarum">Lactobacillus plantarum</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A very large meta-analysis investigated the effect of probiotics on preventing late-onset sepsis (LOS) in neonates.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probiotics were found to reduce the risk of LOS, but only in babies who were fed <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">human milk</a> exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to distinguish if the prevention was a result of the probiotic supplementation or if it was a result of the properties of human milk.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also still unclear if probiotic administration reduces LOS risk in extremely low birth weight infants due to the limited number of studies that investigated it.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the 37 studies included in this systematic review, none indicated any safety problems related to the probiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be beneficial to clarify the relationship between probiotic supplementation and human milk for future studies in order to prevent late onset sepsis in neonates.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28829405_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28829405-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a randomized controlled trial of 3,003 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, Heart Rate Characteristics (HRC) monitoring reduced all-cause mortality by 22%,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mortality after infection by 40%,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced length of stay in the NICU after controlling for improved survival,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reduced mortality as well as mortality-or-severe-cerebral-palsy at 18–22 months corrected age among the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) patients.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neonatal_Early-Onset_Sepsis_Calculator">Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1993 to 2007, doctors at <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente" title="Kaiser Permanente">Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program</a> hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham Women's Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center</a> conducted a <a href="/wiki/Nested_case_control_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Nested case control study">nested case-control</a> study in an effort to create a better quantitative method for determining <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a> for neonatal early-onset sepsis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study examined over 600,000 live births of infants born less than or equal to 34 weeks <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>. The study used measures of health available at the time of birth such as highest intrapartum maternal temperature, rupture of membranes, whether or not the mother has <a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">group b streptococcus</a>, and if the mother was given any intrapartum antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Achten_1032_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achten_1032-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrapartum prophylaxis is a strategy for "the secondary prevention of early-onset GBS disease in newborns" that could lead to EOS.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sepsis Risk Calculator (SRS) is meant to be another clinical measure that physicians can use in conjunction with physical examination.<sup id="cite_ref-Puopolo_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puopolo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An evaluation of the SRS was done in an independent <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" title="Retrospective cohort study">retrospective cohort study</a> by doctors at a University Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rallis_105331-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study aimed to "compare our clinical practice based on risk-factor guidance with that projected through the application of the SRC".<sup id="cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rallis_105331-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study incorporated 2,084 infants and found that "The adoption of SRC would have significantly reduced antibiotic usage; however, a significant portion of cases with clinical EOS would have been missed".<sup id="cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rallis_105331-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study evaluated the impact of Integrating the SRC into the electronic health record in order to "improve compliance and accuracy through automation".<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_e235_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_e235-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that the integration of the EOS into the electronic health record system "significantly increased calculator accuracy".<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_e235_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_e235-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOhlinBjörkqvistMontgomerySchollin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ohlin A, Björkqvist M, Montgomery SM, Schollin J (November 2010). "Clinical signs and CRP values associated with blood culture results in neonates evaluated for suspected sepsis". <i>Acta Paediatrica</i>. <b>99</b> (11): 1635–1640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.2010.01913.x">10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01913.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20560896">20560896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7057599">7057599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&rft.atitle=Clinical+signs+and+CRP+values+associated+with+blood+culture+results+in+neonates+evaluated+for+suspected+sepsis&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1635-1640&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7057599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20560896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.2010.01913.x&rft.aulast=Ohlin&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rkqvist%2C+M&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+SM&rft.au=Schollin%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4067741-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4067741_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaganPowellHallMenegus1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dagan R, Powell KR, Hall CB, Menegus MA (December 1985). "Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis". <i>The Journal of Pediatrics</i>. <b>107</b> (6): 855–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2885%2980175-X">10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80175-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4067741">4067741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Identification+of+infants+unlikely+to+have+serious+bacterial+infection+although+hospitalized+for+suspected+sepsis&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=855-860&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2885%2980175-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4067741&rft.aulast=Dagan&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Powell%2C+KR&rft.au=Hall%2C+CB&rft.au=Menegus%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinMoorman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin MP, Moorman JR (January 2001). "Toward the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness using novel heart rate analysis". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>107</b> (1): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.107.1.97">10.1542/peds.107.1.97</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11134441">11134441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Toward+the+early+diagnosis+of+neonatal+sepsis+and+sepsis-like+illness+using+novel+heart+rate+analysis&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.107.1.97&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11134441&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=MP&rft.au=Moorman%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovatchevFarhyCaoGriffin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kovatchev BP, Farhy LS, Cao H, Griffin MP, Lake DE, Moorman JR (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F">"Sample asymmetry analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome"</a>. <i>Pediatric Research</i>. <b>54</b> (6): 892–898. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F">10.1203/01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12930915">12930915</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1778610">1778610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Research&rft.atitle=Sample+asymmetry+analysis+of+heart+rate+characteristics+with+application+to+neonatal+sepsis+and+systemic+inflammatory+response+syndrome&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=892-898&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1778610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12930915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F&rft.aulast=Kovatchev&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Farhy%2C+LS&rft.au=Cao%2C+H&rft.au=Griffin%2C+MP&rft.au=Lake%2C+DE&rft.au=Moorman%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1203%252F01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinO'SheaBissonetteHarrell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin MP, O'Shea TM, Bissonette EA, Harrell FE, Lake DE, Moorman JR (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2">"Abnormal heart rate characteristics preceding neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness"</a>. <i>Pediatric Research</i>. <b>53</b> (6): 920–926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2">10.1203/01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646726">12646726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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(November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208962">"Estimating the probability of neonatal early-onset infection on the basis of maternal risk factors"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>128</b> (5): e1155–e1163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2010-3464">10.1542/peds.2010-3464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208962">3208962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22025590">22025590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+probability+of+neonatal+early-onset+infection+on+the+basis+of+maternal+risk+factors&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1155-e1163&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3208962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22025590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2010-3464&rft.aulast=Puopolo&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Draper%2C+D&rft.au=Wi%2C+S&rft.au=Newman%2C+TB&rft.au=Zupancic%2C+J&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+E&rft.au=Smith%2C+M&rft.au=Escobar%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3208962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Horsley E (2011-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0501/p1106.html">"CDC Updates Guidelines for the Prevention of Perinatal GBS Disease"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>83</b> (9): 1106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-838X">0002-838X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=CDC+Updates+Guidelines+for+the+Prevention+of+Perinatal+GBS+Disease&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1106&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.issn=0002-838X&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F2011%2F0501%2Fp1106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rallis_105331-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rallis_105331_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRallisBalomenouKarantanouKappatou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rallis D, Balomenou F, Karantanou K, Kappatou K, Tzoufi M, Giapros V (April 2021). "A comparison between risk-factor guidance for neonatal early-onset sepsis and Kaiser Permanente sepsis risk calculator in a Greek cohort". <i>Early Human Development</i>. <b>155</b>: 105331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earlhumdev.2021.105331">10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33607601">33607601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231970869">231970869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Human+Development&rft.atitle=A+comparison+between+risk-factor+guidance+for+neonatal+early-onset+sepsis+and+Kaiser+Permanente+sepsis+risk+calculator+in+a+Greek+cohort&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=105331&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231970869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33607601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earlhumdev.2021.105331&rft.aulast=Rallis&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Balomenou%2C+F&rft.au=Karantanou%2C+K&rft.au=Kappatou%2C+K&rft.au=Tzoufi%2C+M&rft.au=Giapros%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_e235-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_e235_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_e235_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerGarciaHankins2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler NT, Garcia M, Hankins C (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946229">"Impact of Integrating a Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Risk Calculator into the Electronic Health Record"</a>. <i>Pediatric Quality & Safety</i>. <b>4</b> (6): e235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fpq9.0000000000000235">10.1097/pq9.0000000000000235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946229">6946229</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32010861">32010861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Quality+%26+Safety&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Integrating+a+Neonatal+Early-Onset+Sepsis+Risk+Calculator+into+the+Electronic+Health+Record&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e235&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6946229%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32010861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fpq9.0000000000000235&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=NT&rft.au=Garcia%2C+M&rft.au=Hankins%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6946229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeonatal+sepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=771.81">771.81</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000071074">D000071074</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007303.htm">007303</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/978352-overview">article/978352</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template talk:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conditions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> period / <a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">fetal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal factors <br /> complicating pregnancy,<br /> labour or delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">Single umbilical artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">presentation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">Small for gestational age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">Large for gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)" title="Birth trauma (physical)">Birth trauma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalohematoma" title="Cephalohematoma">Cephalohematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)" title="Chignon (medical term)">Chignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_succedaneum" title="Caput succedaneum">Caput succedaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage" title="Subgaleal hemorrhage">Subgaleal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">Erb's palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis" title="Klumpke paralysis">Klumpke paralysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affected systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient tachypnea of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Pneumomediastinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome" title="Wilson–Mikity syndrome">Wilson–Mikity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumopericardium" title="Pneumopericardium">Pneumopericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent fetal circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Bleeding</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding" title="Vitamin K deficiency bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">HDN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">ABO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)">Anti-Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)">Rh c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)">Rh E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">Hyperbilirubinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">Kernicterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion" title="Velamentous cord insertion">Velamentous cord insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular hemorrhage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage" title="Germinal matrix hemorrhage">Germinal matrix hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity" title="Anemia of prematurity">Anemia of prematurity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis" title="Meconium peritonitis">Meconium peritonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integument</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum" title="Sclerema neonatorum">Sclerema neonatorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia" title="Periventricular leukomalacia">Periventricular leukomalacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome" title="Gray baby syndrome">Gray baby syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Congenital hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Congenital hypotonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">mycoplasma hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum infection">ureaplasma urealyticum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neonatal sepsis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder">Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vertically_transmitted_infections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Template:Vertically transmitted infection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Template talk:Vertically transmitted infection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vertically transmitted infection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vertically_transmitted_infections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gestational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Viruses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">Congenital rubella syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cytomegalovirus_infection" title="Congenital cytomegalovirus infection">Congenital cytomegalovirus infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">Neonatal herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox#Infection_in_pregnancy_and_neonates" title="Chickenpox">Congenital varicella syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_disease" title="Fifth disease">Fifth disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bacteria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_syphilis" title="Congenital syphilis">Congenital syphilis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_infection#Transplacental" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal infection">transplacental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TORCH_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="TORCH complex">TORCH complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">During birth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_infection#Transcervical" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal infection">transcervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late pregnancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cytomegalovirus_infection" title="Congenital cytomegalovirus infection">Congenital cytomegalovirus infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties#Health_of_the_infant" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&oldid=1221322377">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neonatal_sepsis&oldid=1221322377</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infections_specific_to_the_perinatal_period" title="Category:Infections specific to the perinatal period">Infections specific to the perinatal period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neonatology" title="Category:Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation 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