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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_ff77d0f0508c7e0bad470e7d6b7f28fa/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_ff77d0f0508c7e0bad470e7d6b7f28fa__et.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Christian_Though.html?hl=et&id=ognCKztR8a4C"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Christian_Though.html?hl=et&id=ognCKztR8a4C"/><meta name="title" content="The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought"/><meta name="description" content="Embracing the viewpoints of Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox thinkers, of conservatives, liberals, radicals, and agnostics, Christianity today is anything but monolithic or univocal. In The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, general editor Adrian Hastings has tried to capture a sense of the great diversity of opinion that swirls about under the heading of Christian thought. Indeed, the 260 contributors, who hail from twenty countries, represent as wide a range of perspectives as possible.Here is a comprehensive and authoritative (though not dogmatic) overview of the full spectrum of Christian thinking. Within its 600 alphabetically arranged entries, readers will find lengthy survey articles on the history of Christian thought, on national and regional traditions, and on various denominations, from Anglican to Unitarian. There is ample coverage of Eastern thought as well, examining the Christian tradition in China, Japan, India, and Africa. The contributors examine major theological topics such as resurrection, the Eucharist, and grace as well as controversial issues such as homosexuality and abortion. In addition, short entries illuminate symbols such as water and wine, and there are many profiles of leading theologians, of non-Christians who have deeply influenced Christian thinking, including Aristotle and Plato, and of literary figures such as Dante, Milton, and Tolstoy. Most articles end with a list of suggested readings and the book features a large number of cross-references.The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought is an indispensable guide to one of the central strands of Western culture. 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To remedy this \u0026#39; predica- ment of dependence \u0026#39; the African church needed to build its bridges to the \u0026#39; revelation \u0026#39; given in the pre - Christian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e embroiled the whole of the church in the east . Even after the matter was allegedly settled by the Council of Nicaea\u0026#39;s dogmat- ic decree , tension remained . When Alexander died in 328 , having refused to receive Arius back\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , but hardly appears in recent thought . Anthropomorphic as it is , it represents God\u0026#39;s abhorrence of wickedness . * Israel is the object of God\u0026#39;s anger throughout the OT for violating the * covenant , turning to strange gods\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . A critical edition of his works appeared in 1836 , edited by John Keble , a leader of the * Oxford Movement . It is at this point that the term \u0026#39; Anglicanism \u0026#39; appears to have been coined . The Oxford Movement looked back to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of Christian patriarchy , deeply embedded within the Anglican \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , was first experienced in relation to * contraception . Artificial means were stubbornly resist- ed until opposition finally collapsed at the Lambeth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e was the idea that cruelty inflicted on animals could lead to cruel dispositions among the perpetrators . The humanitarianism of the 19th century de- velops this idea and posits cruelty as undesirable in itself . \u0026#39; A cruel\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of venerating relics as panaceas . The efficacy of intercessory prayer through * Mary in particular is another manifestation of Christian devotion . This practice is reflect- ed in stories found in the Arabic infancy gospel\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . The contents of the Septuagint seem to reflect the wider range of books in use among the Jewish community in * Alexandria in the 2nd century BC at a time when the boundaries of the canon had not been finally determined . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; . It does so undoubtedly through a succession of ministers seen as originally appointed by them . The Letter of Clement written at Rome c.95 is already emphatic that Christ was sent by * God , the apostles by Christ , and a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , Stanley Hauerwas ( 1933- ) . For all that he is referred to by philosophers , however , MacIntyre\u0026#39;s sociological , historical , and religious interests make him something of an outsider so far as mainstream English language\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . The breach that came to separate the churches who adhered to the Council of Chalcedon and those who did not ( Syrians , Egyptian Copts , and Armenians ) did not entirely cut off the Armenian Church from the mainstream of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e , 2nd edn . ( 1975 ) . Hanson , R. P. C. , The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God ( 1988 ) . Kannengiesser , C. , Arius and Alexander : Two Alexandrian Theologians ( 1991 ) . \u0026#39; Athanasius of Alexandria and the Ascetic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA61","page_number":"61","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e orthodoxe et ses implications œcuméniques ( 1994 ) . Searle , M. , Christening ( 1977 ) . Schlink , E. , The Doctrine of Baptism ( 1972 ) . Schmemann , A. , Of Water and the Spirit ( 1974 ) . Whitaker , E. C. , Documents of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA70","page_number":"70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e handed down in subsequent centuries . But more than that , as the deposit of the original teaching of the church and hence of Christ\u0026#39;s first * apostles the bible also has a regulative aspect : subsequent teaching must conform\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e : the * ascetic or * monastic \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , the developing dog- matic \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e ( * Trinitarian theology and , especially , * christology ) , and a continuing philosophical \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , mainly * Platonic and Neoplatonic in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of the Byzantine Ecu- menical Councils , including the Sixth ( Constantinople III , 681 ) which had endorsed Maximos \u0026#39; christology . Deprived of imperial support , Byzantine Christians in Palestine had to defend their pos\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e : An Eastern Orthodox View ( 1972 ) , 37–55 . Lossky , Vladimir , In the Image and Likeness of God ( 1974 ) . human sexuality and celibacy . He acknowledges a celibate process distinguishing between continence , restraint from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTraditional\u003c/b\u003e * christologies fail to bridge the enormous gulf between the Judaeo - Christian \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e and Chinese culture , and similarly between an institutional church and the revolutionary movements in society . An understanding of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e became one of the main concerns of christology in the 19th and 20th centuries . Correlational theologians have engaged in many other dialogues too : with natural scientists about * miracles and resurrection ; with philosophers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , but most Christians would agree that the Spirit of God is abroad in the * world and its presence is not always heralded by spectacular events . This does not mean that science fiction has nothing to offer . Such films as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e reverse these decisions , arriving at the same total . The biblical \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e itself shows changing attitudes to the com- mandments . They are not specifically alluded to in the OT outside the Pentateuch . In the NT , * Paul\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eTraditions\u003c/b\u003e ( 1960–3 ; ET 1966 ) his attention began to shift from a * christologically ordered picture of the church to one which , though by no means neglecting dominical determin- ation , gave greater weight to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA141","page_number":"141","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e . In the Mt. Sinai \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e ( Exod . 24 : 1-8 ) it emphasizes the obligation of * Israel to an exclusive loyalty to the Lord whose saving act at the * Exodus was the foundation of the community\u0026#39;s existence ; an ex- clusive\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , notably * Augustine , Boethius , Bernard of Clairvaux , * Anselm , and Aquinas . The two authors who most nourished his thought , however ( leaving aside the special case of the bible ) , were * Aristotle and Virgil . His\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Apollonian ideals of beauty and athleticism into the Christian mainstream . The character of David still holds its fascination , as the steady supply of novels , plays , and films based on the biblical account attests\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , which may also be described as \u0026#39; personalisť \u0026#39; . The third trajectory is the * covenantal . This derives from the * Reformed or * Calvinist \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e and stresses the need for human responsibility before God and towards\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of the people of God . Expressions of this vision can be found in the work of the popular 14th - century Italian preachers Venturino of Bergamo and John Dominici who founded the reformed convent at Fiesole out- side Florence\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditional\u003c/b\u003e philosophy of * Common Sense Realism , and perhaps its almost total immunity to * antino- mianism . Some modern theology is in the Enlightenment \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . * Til- lich\u0026#39;s lucid fair - mindedness and openness to modern\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA214","page_number":"214","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of Christianity in which * Marian devotion , choral music , and a dominating sense of a providential national identity as the New * Israel were the most striking charac- teristics . The link , often tenuous , with Alexandria\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA218","page_number":"218","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e tend to make use of the label more often , while some in the pietistic and Wesleyan \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e feel misunderstood by it . But despite such reservations , all bear a sufficient family resemblance to be called \u0026#39; evangelical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA219","page_number":"219","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . One particularly egregious example of this is a Reformed theologian\u0026#39;s dismissal of 19th - century evan- gelist Charles Finney as a foe of evangelicalism . Both doctrine and Christian living remain essential for the whole of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA233","page_number":"233","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e , and \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; at Montreal in 1963 and substantially underlay the work of the next two decades that prepared the text on Baptism , Eucharist and Ministry unanimously approved by the Faith and Order Commission at Lima in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA236","page_number":"236","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e more than in the Roman Catholic and conservative Protestant \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e , there is more flexibility in marriage discip- lines , and greater tolerance of cohabitation and same - sex relation- ships . This is due in part to a re\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA238","page_number":"238","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e must inevitably yield a patriarchal Christianity in which women are held in low esteem . Does \u0026#39; fatherhood \u0026#39; always imply dominance and oppression ? While every human being has a biological father , what \u0026#39; fatherhood \u0026#39; means\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA239","page_number":"239","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of misogyny central to Christian * his- tory . Feminist theologians insist that this radical anti - woman strain in the sacred texts and \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e of Christianity must be acknow- ledged and that its continued impact needs to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA244","page_number":"244","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e that is also popular . Just as we have learnt to look at the great \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e of world * religions without prejudging them as \u0026#39; idolatry \u0026#39; , so this approach lets us con- sider the \u0026#39; little \u0026#39; , or more popular , \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA266","page_number":"266","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e of Christian Europe that the internationalist \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e itself arose . In so far as the latter approach has subsequent ly become resistant to the idea of positive obligations between states and peoples , many Christians would\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA281","page_number":"281","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e was at home in the literature of the Greeks , though it was never to lose its sensitivity to the local \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e and traits that had made Syrian thought distinctive . At this period it produced a great school of exegesis , in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA287","page_number":"287","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e that may be termed \u0026#39; visionary \u0026#39; and ** eschatological \u0026#39; . The visionary \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e is about the experience of some people who report their being admitted to heaven in * dreams , * visions , or rituals . The eschatological\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA288","page_number":"288","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e with its emphasis on the beatific vision came to be characteristic of medieval scholasti- cism and * Reformation theology . The resurrection - related anthro- pocentric \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e with its emphasis on meeting again flourished\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA303","page_number":"303","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e in the articula- tion of Anglican \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e ( see Caroline DivineS ) . Jeremy Taylor\u0026#39;s classic Holy Living ( 1650 ) , followed a year later by his Holy Dying , reflected his Anglican concern with an ordered piety , stressing\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA309","page_number":"309","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . The realms of nature and of grace are integrated in Hooker\u0026#39;s thought and here he stands in the trad- ition of Aquinas . For Hooker the church is not purely the creation of * revelation — it is not merely supernatural , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA315","page_number":"315","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of the carnivalesque which has been brought to modern critical attention through the work of Mikhail Bakhtin . Practices such as the election of boy bishops and the long \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of risus paschali , \u0026#39; Easter laughter\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA319","page_number":"319","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e and Life in the Church ( 1968 ) . Grabar , A. , L\u0026#39;Iconoclasme byzantin : Dossier archéologique ( 1957 ) , 2nd edn . ( 1984 ) . Ouspensky , L. , The Theology of the Icon , 2nd edn . ( 2 vols .; 1992 ) . iconography , the art of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA325","page_number":"325","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of Tukaram and others , wrote : Tenderest Mother - Guru mine , Saviour , where is love like Thine ? Krishnapillai similarly employed the imagery of God as * mother . Another example of what appears to western theology as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA352","page_number":"352","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e is to remind the believer of the inadequacy of even the most righteous human aspiration confronted with Jesus . The Baptist\u0026#39;s words \u0026#39; He must increase , but I must decrease \u0026#39; ( John 3 : 30 ) form a fittingly humble motto for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA355","page_number":"355","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e , previously preserved and transmitted by the Phari- sees , which was undertaken by the rabbis of ... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e that Judas , one of Jesus \u0026#39; own choos- ing , betrayed his master reveals that the possibility of failure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA361","page_number":"361","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . On this basis \u0026#39; mirrors for princes \u0026#39; and manuals for their confessors were developed , and sophisticated and influential theor- ies of justice in relation to economic life ( just price and just wage ) and warfare and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA384","page_number":"384","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e re - emphasized the Pauline hostility to the law , law , natural , see NATURAL LAW . the Reformed \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e rehabilitated it to a degree hitherto unpar- alleled , aided by rigid theories of the verbal inspiration of the bible\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA397","page_number":"397","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e identified the author with Luke \u0026#39; the beloved phys- ician \u0026#39; , * Paul\u0026#39;s co - worker ( Col. 4 : 14 ; Philem . 24 and 2 Tim . 4 : 11 ) . Modern scholarship doubts this , but accepts that the author re- presents a \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e is an important task , not least because recent * feminist interrogations of the \u0026#39; patriarchal \u0026#39; western \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e as a whole become particularly intense when confronted with that \u003cb\u003etradition\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Jewish and Christian roots . There\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA413","page_number":"413","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , allied perhaps to a native distrust of over - systematic thought , has permit- ted a more fruitful relationship between some varieties of religion and politics . With the advent of mass Marxist parties and their accession to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA421","page_number":"421","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e to be enlisted as the legitimating forerunner for an alternative priesthood . Hugh S. Pyper Horton , F. L. , Jr. , The Melchizedek \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e ( 1976 ) . memory . From * Augustine onwards , Christians have been interested in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA430","page_number":"430","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of the church . a Internal to Methodism ( particularly in the United States and the United Methodist Church ) , but with ecumenical implications , re- cent debate has centred on the factors that shape faith , doctrine , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA447","page_number":"447","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . Other ancient churches , such as the * Armenian , also have a very similar \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e from the common root of Cyril\u0026#39;s theology , though they were not so much involved in the refusal of the decrees of Chalcedon , as simply not\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA451","page_number":"451","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of Aquinas , enabling the separated fields of morality and spirituality to be reunited around the concept of virtue and the primacy of love . Comparable developments were taking place in the Protest- ant world , led by authors\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA454","page_number":"454","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e has exalted the obedience of her fiat to the angel — let it be done to me according to your word \u0026#39; — * feminists are cautious of presenting submission as a specifically motherly \u0026#39; virtue \u0026#39; . It has even been suggested that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA460","page_number":"460","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . Consequently , the common core weaving through the culturally manifold phenomena of the great religious \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e — from Catholic Christianity to Tantric Buddhism — must consist in something not in the same way\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA461","page_number":"461","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e it is necessary to go back as far as the earliest attempts to articulate the theological bases of the Christian way of life itself . In western Christianity , two texts from the scriptures seem to be a principal source for the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA462","page_number":"462","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . It is a paradox that just as there seems to be an enormous revival of interest in \u0026#39; the mystic- al \u0026#39; we seem least well equipped conceptually and philosophically to say what \u0026#39; the mystical \u0026#39; is . Denys Turner de Certeau\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA494","page_number":"494","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e that is only partially adopted to be maintained ? The Epistle to the * Hebrews offers one early and majestic reinter- pretation of the scriptural canon in terms of continuity in inspir- ation but a contrast in plenitude . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA564","page_number":"564","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e ( 1978 ) . McGrath , Alister , Reformation Thought ( 1993 ) . Pelikan , Jaroslav , Reformation of Church and Dogma ( 1300–1700 ) ( 1984 ) . Weber , Otto , Foundations of Dogmatics ( 1983 ) , ii . Presbyterian thought . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA567","page_number":"567","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . Alistair Mason Calhoun , David , B. , Princeton Seminary : Faith and Learning 1812–1868 ( 1994 ) . - The Majestic \u003cb\u003eTradition\u003c/b\u003e 1868–1929 ( 1996 ) . Kerr , Hugh T. ( ed . ) , Sons of the Prophets : Leaders in Protestantism from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA575","page_number":"575","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . The search for evidence of the divine in the order of nature goes back to Greek natural theology , regained influence in Thomistic \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e in the Middle Ages , and had its heyday in early modernity ( 1650–1850 ) . Here\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA576","page_number":"576","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e linked to some of the major festivals of the Jewish religious year , for example Psalms 111-18 with Passover , while others accompanied the daily sacrifices in the Temple . This \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e is preserved in the Jewish community\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA585","page_number":"585","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , however , is at one with Fox\u0026#39;s funda- mental insight which he records as follows : \u0026#39; And when all my hopes in [ priests and preachers ] and in all men were gone , so that I had nothing outwardly to help me , nor could tell\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA588","page_number":"588","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e criticism are closely associated with him : methods that attempt to trace the prehistory of the various units of * gospel \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , categorize them , chart their development , and come to a more sensitive system for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA603","page_number":"603","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e began with * Zwingli and * Calvin , so Lutheranism is the older , often seen by the Reformed as not as thoroughgoing in purging all traces of Rome . The issue that split the two sides at the Colloquy of Marburg was * Luther\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA619","page_number":"619","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e was reaffirmed by the Council of * Trent . The revelation of God is contained both in the written books of scripture and in the unwritten \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e of the church . The authority of the \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e provides a way of con\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA621","page_number":"621","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , though there is also evidence of the application of the text to the present eccle- siastical and political situation . The interpretative approach of Ty- conius ( late 4th century ) , which had a profound influence on the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA641","page_number":"641","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e ( see BLAKE , WILLIAM ) . He rejected such central orthodox doctrines as the Trinity , original sin , and salvation through faith alone . He saw the human task as consisting of open- ness towards God and the transformation of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA651","page_number":"651","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , have tried to recover their * Celtic roots in the church of Columba and Cuthbert . The Iona Community , which mixes Scottish radical politics with innova- tive green liturgy and a Protestant rediscovery of communal life , is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA661","page_number":"661","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , * natural law , or the teach- ing * authority of the church . These \u0026#39; givens \u0026#39; may include the com- plementarity of the sexes ( the belief that men and women are essentially incomplete without each other ) , the heterosexual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA673","page_number":"673","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , a so - called \u0026#39; genuine \u0026#39; or Gnesio - Lutheran party relentlessly harried his followers as traitors , referring to them as Philippists or Crypto - Calvinists . The promulgation of the Formula of Concord ( 1577 ) and the Book\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA678","page_number":"678","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , has regarded capitalism as a faith or ideol- ogy rooted in the mortal sin of avarice , a form of mammon worship . The papal \u0026#39; social encyclicals \u0026#39; since 1891 have included severe critiques of capitalism but they have , until\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA681","page_number":"681","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e to whom accrue all kinds of texts and legends . Solomon\u0026#39;s proverbial judgement ( 1 Kings 3 : 16–28 ) where he pro- poses to halve a disputed child , thereby inducing its real mother to prove her status by renouncing her claim\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA693","page_number":"693","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e is striking for the tireless immersion of its monks and nuns in service to the poor , oppressed , sick , and suffer- ing of their day . As Christ had done , so too the ascetic battled hunger and weariness in the * body through\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA702","page_number":"702","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e ) * celibate , maims it appallingly , though even then something was saved by a division into contrasting \u003cb\u003etraditions\u003c/b\u003e , * Dominican versus * Franciscan , * Ger- man versus * French . Theology is impossible without culture , but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA711","page_number":"711","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e but in different and sometimes contradictory ways . Therefore \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; may be seen to contain a hidden principle of selectivity . Furthermore , the grounds on which the selection is made may be suspected as ideo- logical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA712","page_number":"712","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e . * Protestants tend to be suspicious of \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e , except where it is embodied in scripture , the early councils , or the Reformation con- fessions — which gives ample scope for \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e in Protestantism . Protestants do\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA732","page_number":"732","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etradition\u003c/b\u003e of the united church of the early fathers and ecumenical councils . The heart of unity was to be found in the * Eucharist , celebrated by the bishop , who was in communion with other bishops in all the autocephalous Orthodox\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"tradition"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>