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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Madheshi people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মধেশী জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধেশী জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesi" title="Madhesi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madhesi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="मधेसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधेसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesi" title="Madhesi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madhesi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मधेशी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मधेशी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="شعب مادهيسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب مادهيسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मधेशी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मधेशी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7" title="マデシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マデシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesi" title="Madhesi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madhesi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Мадхеси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадхеси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மதேசி மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதேசி மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="马德西人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马德西人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1601861#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the Native American people, see <a href="/wiki/Madesi_tribe" title="Madesi tribe">Madesi tribe</a>.</span> <span>For other uses of "Madhesi", see <a href="/wiki/Madhesi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madhesi (disambiguation)">Madhesi (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Madheshi people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Madheshi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madheshi.jpg/220px-Madheshi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madheshi.jpg/330px-Madheshi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madheshi.jpg/440px-Madheshi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">13,318,705</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly southeastern Nepal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bajjika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajjika language">Bajjika</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <b>·</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/30px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <b>·</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/10px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Madheshi people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">मधेशी</span>) is a term used for several <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">ethnic groups in Nepal</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It has also been used as a political pejorative term by the <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Pahari people of Nepal</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepalis</a> with a non-<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>, regardless of their place of birth or residence.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The term <i>Madheshi</i> became a widely recognised name for Nepali citizens with an Indian cultural background only after 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madheshi people comprise various cultural groups such as <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste">Hindu caste</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> like <a href="/wiki/Maithil" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithil">Maithils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_people" title="Awadhi people">Awadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a> speaking people and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> of the Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-Savada1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savada1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whelpton1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelpton1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gellner2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellner2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these groups share cultural traditions, educational and family ties with people living south of the international border in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gellner2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellner2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahal2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu people</a> and Pahari people living in the Terai do not consider themselves as Madheshi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir201310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir201310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>madhesh</i> is thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>madhya desh</i> (मध्य देश), literally the middle country, which refers to "the central region, the country lying between the Himalaya and the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya mountains</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir201311_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir201311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the context of Nepal, <i>Madhesh</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh Province</a> in the Nepal Terai located south of the <a href="/wiki/Siwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik Hills">Siwalik Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICG2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terai_nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/220px-Terai_nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/330px-Terai_nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/440px-Terai_nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An agricultural field in Terai</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah rulers</a> of Nepal promoted conversion of forests in the Terai to agricultural land and encouraged people from northern India to settle in this region through a series of subsidies granted to new settlers. In the 1770s to 1780s, famine-stricken <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihari</a> farmers migrated to the Nepal Terai following a severe flood of the <a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi River</a> and subsequent drought.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote the economic development of the Nepal Terai, people from the hills were invited to settle, but only a few moved to the Terai. Between the 1860s and 1951, people from India immigrated and settled in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaige1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaige1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> of Indian farmers and labourers was particularly high during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> between 1846 and 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled foremost in the Terai together with already present native Terai peoples like <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhimal" title="Dhimal">Dhimals</a>. This increased immigration facilitated the expansion of cultivated land, which provided revenue for the state in the form of taxes by farmers, duties for felling and export of timber, and fees for the grazing of cattle on pastures during dry seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid 19th century, Muslim people from the <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> region were invited to settle in the far-western Nepal Terai, where they received large forested areas for conversion to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dastider2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dastider2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of at least 21 Indian ethnic groups immigrated between 1933 and 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, a <a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal Citizenship Act</a> was passed that entitled all those immigrants to obtain Nepali <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> who had stayed in the Madhesh for at least five years or married to native Madhesis. The Citizenship Act of 1963 entitled immigrants to receive Nepali citizenship if they were able to read and write <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and engaged in business.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that about 3.2 million people of Indian origin lived in Nepal, of which about 2.4 million had received Nepali citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the Nepal Citizenship Act was amended to the effect that people born before 1990 and residing permanently in the country obtained the right to Nepali citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir201214_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir201214-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2.3 million people received citizenship certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-Pathak2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pathak2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Nepal 2015">Constitution of Nepal 2015</a> contains provisions for a <a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law#Citizenship_by_naturalisation" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepali citizenship by naturalisation</a>, which can be acquired by:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>foreign women who are married to a Nepali man.</li> <li>children of a Nepali woman and a foreign man.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_of_the_Nepal_Terai">Demographics of the Nepal Terai</h3></div> <p>With 33,998.8 km<sup>2</sup> (13,127.0 sq mi), the Nepal Terai constitutes 23.1% of Nepal's land area. As of 2001, about 48.5% of Nepal's population lived in the Terai, which had a population density of 330.78/km<sup>2</sup> (856.7/sq mi), the highest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2011, the Nepal Terai's human population totaled 13,318,705 people comprising more than 120 different ethnic groups and castes.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Madheshi people constituted 32% of Nepal's population by the 1991 census. Of these, 16% belonged to various Hindu castes, 9% belonged to other ethnic groups, including 6.5% Tharu people.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelpton1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelpton1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kankali_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kankali_Temple.jpg/220px-Kankali_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kankali_Temple.jpg/330px-Kankali_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kankali_Temple.jpg/440px-Kankali_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A temple in Simraungadh</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Madeshi people is complex and diverse. The Muslim and indigenous peoples speak their own languages and have distinct cultural traditions that differ from the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> groups. Latter comprise at least 43 distinct groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> Caste groups include <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahman (caste)">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kewat" title="Kewat">Kewat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushwaha" title="Kushwaha">Kushwaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelpton2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelpton2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Muslim people in the Terai constitute about 96% of all Muslims in the country. Their cultural traditions are interlinked with those of Muslim people in northern India; popular destinations for their <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">ziyarat</a> pilgrimage are the shrines of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajmer Sharif Dargah">Ajmer Sharif Dargah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Saiyyad_Salar_Masud" title="Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud">Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and Uttar Pradesh, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are influenced by the hierarchy of the Hindu caste system, with the difference that it is not based on the principle of pollution and purity, but on occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Muslim and Hindu Madheshi parents place more emphasis on the education of boys than of girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal2008_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Despite an increase of schools and <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> being compulsory and free of cost, more boys than girls are enrolled. Girls are expected to look after younger siblings and do household chores. Many rural Madheshi girls are <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">married</a> at an age of 14 to 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <p>Madheshi people speak <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelpton2005_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelpton2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mishra2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Population and Housing Census of 2011 knows of 123 languages spoken in all of Nepal and lists:<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>3,092,530 Maithili speaking people (11.7% of Nepal's total population), of which 3,004,245 lived in the Terai;</li> <li>1,584,958 Bhojpuri speaking people (5.98%), of which 1,542,333 lived in the Terai;</li> <li>793,418 Bajjika speaking people (2.99%), including 791,737 in the Terai;</li> <li>691,546 <a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a> (2.61%), including 671,851 in the Terai.</li></ul> <p>Muslim Madheshis speak Urdu primarily, but also Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bajjika and Maithili, depending on whether they live in the western, central or eastern Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sijapati2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sijapati2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <p>The following religions are practised in the Terai according to the National Population and Housing Census of 2011:<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a> with 11,308,620 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> with 1,105,533 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> with 472,469 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat">Kirat</a> with 190,458 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a> with 137,723 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a> with 63,747 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> with 2,169 followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon religion">Bon</a> with 1,379 followers, less than 900 followers of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and less than 500 <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a>.</li></ul> <p>The religious practices of the majority of Madheshi people are a mixture of orthodox Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim Madheshis practise the traditional <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">nikah</a> marriage, which is recognised by law.<sup id="cite_ref-Dastider2000_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dastider2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest and oldest <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nepal" title="Krishnanagar, Nepal">Krishnanagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sijapati2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sijapati2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawis</a> teaching <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith</a> at madrasas in the Terai are either from India, or were trained in India and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Muslim Madheshis practise <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <p>In 1989, a study on food consumption patterns was conducted with 108 people in a village in <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitwan district">Chitwan district</a>. Results of this study showed that the people consumed seven food items on average. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> constituted almost half of their daily food intake, supplemented by vegetables, potatoes, milk and dairy products. Less frequently they consumed meat, fish, eggs and fruit. About 13.7% of the total food intake of men was alcohol, whereas females consumed far less alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit commonly grown in the Terai include <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <p>Since the late 1940s, the term 'Madhes' was used by politicians in the Nepal Terai to differentiate between the interests of the people of the Terai and of the hills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Indian and Madheshi people needed a passport to travel to <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, a requirement in place until 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra2007_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, the regional political party <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Terai_Congress" title="Nepal Terai Congress">Nepal Terai Congress</a> advocated more autonomy for the Terai, recognition of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> and increasing employment opportunities for Madheshi people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir20127_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1961 to 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> government enforced a policy of assimilating diverse cultural groups into a pan-Nepali identity. Legal directives made it an offense to address inequality and discrimination of ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexities of ethnopolitical conflicts between immigrants, caste groups and indigenous groups living in the Terai were not addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Panchayat regime was abolished following the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_I_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Movement I (1990)">People's Movement</a> in spring 1990, disadvanted groups demanded a more equitable share of political resources such as admittance to civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madheshi people are disadvantaged in regards to access to education; <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate among Madheshi people is lower than among other groups in Nepal,<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra2007_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lowest among Madheshi <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir201313–14_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir201313–14-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also disappointed to have been excluded from participation in bureaucracy, <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Army">Nepal Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Nepal">political parties in Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gellner2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellner2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madheshi identity is largely based on the experience of being discriminated by the country's ruling elites.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jha2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jha2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sadbhawana_Party" title="Nepal Sadbhawana Party">Nepal Sadbhawana Party</a> is the oldest Madheshi party, which started lobbying for socio-cultural, linguistic and political rights of Madheshi people in the 1990s. The discussions on rights and demands of Madheshi people increased after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, in particular among Madheshi intellectuals and political elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir20128_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir20128-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political parties <a href="/wiki/Janatantrik_Terai_Mukti_Morcha" title="Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha">Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_Jana_Adhikar_Forum,_Nepal" title="Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal">Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal</a> advocated the idea of an autonomous Madhes province stretching all over the Terai and organised violent demonstrations in 2007 to enforce their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Madhesi_Front" title="United Democratic Madhesi Front">United Democratic Madhesi Front</a> formed by Madheshi organizations pressured the government to accept this concept of autonomy under the motto "One Madhes One Pradesh".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiklian20093-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ethnic and religious groups in the Terai opposed and resisted this policy under the leadership of Madheshi parties, foremost <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tharu people were initially comfortable with the Madheshi identity in the eastern part of the Terai as of 2007, but in the central part, they claim a distinct Tharu identity.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> In 2009, they disassociated themselves from being identified as Madheshi and demanded their own province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir201220_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir201220-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pandey2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandey2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armed groups like Terai Army, Madhesi National Liberation Front, Terai Cobras and Madhesh Mukti Tigers pursued this aim of autonomy using violent means.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of these organisations were responsible for acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> including bombings and murders.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Independent_Madhesh" title="Alliance for Independent Madhesh">Alliance for Independent Madhesh</a> also demands independence of the Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, more than 24 Madheshi political parties were registered for the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly of Nepal">Constituent Assembly of Nepal</a> election.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandey2017_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandey2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madheshi parties gained 50 of 575 seats in the Constituent Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_influence">Indian influence</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election</a>, Indian politicians kept on trying to secure strategic interests in the Nepal Terai, such as over <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> energy, development projects, business and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been alleged that by supporting the <a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a>, India tried to dominate Nepal's internal politics and foment the conflict in the Nepal Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICG2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/crisisgroup/pdf/ICG_2007_07_09.pdf"><i>Nepal's Troubled Terai Region</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6d9a1f9d-f57a-4dee-bda0-ecd8c81e3384/download_file?safe_filename=New%2Bidentity%2Bpolitics%2Band%2Bthe%2B2012%2Bcollapse%2Bof%2BNepal%2527s%2BConstituent%2BAssembly%253B%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2Bdominant%2Bbecomes%2B%2527other%2527.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">"New Identity Politics and the 2012 Collapse of Nepal's Constituent Assembly: When the dominant becomes 'other'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 2009–2040. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X15000438">10.1017/S0026749X15000438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146986746">146986746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Identity+Politics+and+the+2012+Collapse+of+Nepal%27s+Constituent+Assembly%3A+When+the+dominant+becomes+%27other%27&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2009-2040&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X15000438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146986746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Adhikari%2C+K.+P.&rft.au=Gellner%2C+D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A6d9a1f9d-f57a-4dee-bda0-ecd8c81e3384%2Fdownload_file%3Fsafe_filename%3DNew%252Bidentity%252Bpolitics%252Band%252Bthe%252B2012%252Bcollapse%252Bof%252BNepal%252527s%252BConstituent%252BAssembly%25253B%252Bwhen%252Bthe%252Bdominant%252Bbecomes%252B%252527other%252527.pdf%26file_format%3Dapplication%252Fpdf%26type_of_work%3DJournal%2Barticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellner,_D._N.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gellner, D. 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Kathmandu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nepali+Times&rft.atitle=The+endless+transition&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Mahato%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepalitimes.com%2Fregular-columns%2FThis%2Fendless-transition%2C640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiklian2009" class="citation book cs1">Miklian, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashraya-nepal.com/documents/Nepals_Terai_(South_Asia_Briefing_Paper_1).pdf"><i>Nepal's Terai: Constructing an Ethnic Conflict. South Asia Briefing Paper #1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7288-309-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-7288-309-5"><bdi>978-82-7288-309-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal%27s+Terai%3A+Constructing+an+Ethnic+Conflict.+South+Asia+Briefing+Paper+%231&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-82-7288-309-5&rft.aulast=Miklian&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashraya-nepal.com%2Fdocuments%2FNepals_Terai_%28South_Asia_Briefing_Paper_1%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachhethu2007" class="citation book cs1">Hachhethu, K. (2007). "Madheshi nationalism and restructuring the Nepali state". <i>International Seminar on Constitutionalism and Diversity in Nepal</i>. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.9316">10.1.1.694.9316</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madheshi+nationalism+and+restructuring+the+Nepali+state&rft.btitle=International+Seminar+on+Constitutionalism+and+Diversity+in+Nepal&rft.place=Tribhuvan+University%2C+Kathmandu&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Centre+for+Nepal+and+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.9316%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Hachhethu%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabir2013" class="citation book cs1">Kabir, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304499228"><i>Education, Nationalism, and Conflict in Plural Society in Nepal: Terai Region in the Post-Maoist Context</i></a>. Discussion Paper Series. Vol. 19. Hiroshima: Hiroshima University Partnership Project for Peace Building and Capacity Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Conflict+in+Plural+Society+in+Nepal%3A+Terai+Region+in+the+Post-Maoist+Context&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.series=Discussion+Paper+Series&rft.pub=Hiroshima+University+Partnership+Project+for+Peace+Building+and+Capacity+Development&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kabir%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304499228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabir2012" class="citation book cs1">Kabir, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304500459"><i>The rise of new regional political force in Madhes and its consequence in post-conflict Nepal</i></a>. Discussion Paper Series. Vol. 15. Hiroshima: Hiroshima University Partnership Project for Peace Building and Capacity Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+new+regional+political+force+in+Madhes+and+its+consequence+in+post-conflict+Nepal&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.series=Discussion+Paper+Series&rft.pub=Hiroshima+University+Partnership+Project+for+Peace+Building+and+Capacity+Development&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kabir&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304500459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/21449">"Madhesh: Positive progress for Madesh in Nepal"</a>. <i>Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</i>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=Madhesh%3A+Positive+progress+for+Madesh+in+Nepal&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F21449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadheshi+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252">"UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" 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