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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikiquote.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=China" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikiquote.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=China" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv 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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="চীন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikiquote.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/China" title="China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C4%88inio" title="Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/China" title="China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of China</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:China">China</a></b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" class="extiw" title="w:Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 中国; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pinyin" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Zhōngguó</i>), officially the <b>People's Republic of China</b> (<b>PRC</b>), is a country in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:East Asia">East Asia</a>. It is the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" class="extiw" title="w:List of countries by population (United Nations)">second-most populous country</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Demographics of China">a population</a> exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/time_zone" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:time zone">time zones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Borders of China">borders</a> fourteen countries by land, tied with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as having the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders" class="extiw" title="w:List of countries and territories by number of land borders">most of any country</a> in the world. With an area of nearly 9.6 million square kilometres (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="extiw" title="w:List of countries and dependencies by area">third largest country</a> by total land area. The country consists of 22 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Provinces of China">provinces</a>, five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Autonomous regions of China">autonomous regions</a>, four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Direct-administered municipalities of China">municipalities</a>, and two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Macau">Macau</a>). The national capital is <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population" class="extiw" title="w:List of cities in China by population">most populous</a> city and largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/financial_center" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:financial center">financial center</a> is <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. </p><p><br /> </p><p>− </p> <div role="navigation" style="margin-left: 2em;"> <p>Arranged alphabetically by author or source:<br /><a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> · <a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> · <a href="#See_also">See also</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A">A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China, despite many imperfections in its economic and political system, has been the most rapidly growing nation of the past three decades. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/poverty_in_China" class="extiw" title="w:poverty in China">Chinese poverty</a> until <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>’s death had nothing to do with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>; it was due to the disastrous way Mao organized the economy and conducted politics. In the 1950s, he promoted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" class="extiw" title="w:Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, a drastic <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> policy that led to mass starvation and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. In the 1960s, he propagated the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, which led to the mass persecution of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> and educated people—anyone whose party loyalty might be doubted. This again led to terror and a huge waste of the society’s talent and resources. In the same way, current Chinese growth has nothing to do with Chinese values or changes in Chinese culture; it results from a process of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">economic transformation</a> unleashed by the reforms implemented by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and his allies, who, after Mao Zedong’s death, gradually abandoned <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> economic policies and institutions, first in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and then in industry. <ul><li>Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, <i>Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty</i> (2012)</li></ul></li> <li>A neighbor with one billion people equipped with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear bombs</a> and has expanded its military outlays by double digits for 17 years in a row, and it is unclear as to what this is being used for. It is beginning to be a considerable threat. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551642.stm">"Japan alarmed by Chinese 'threat'"</a>, <i>BBC</i> (22 December 2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B">B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China’s everything. Nothing else matters. We don’t get China right, we don’t get anything right. This whole thing is very simple. China is where <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was in 1929 to 1930. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, are the most rational people in the world, until they’re not. And they’re gonna flip like Germany in the '30s. You’re going to have a hypernationalist state, and once that happens, you can’t put the genie back in the bottle. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/01/michael-wolff-fire-and-fury-book-donald-trump.html">"Donald Trump Didn’t Want to Be President"</a> (January 2017), by Michael Wolff, <i>NY Mag</i></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg/220px-Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg/330px-Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg/440px-Yangshuo-Plakate-KangzhanLu-16-SDI2741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>China as a society, a government, an economy and a culture is quite difficult for us to comprehend today. The changes are so rapid in cities like Beijing and Shanghai and the culture remarkably fluid... China is increasingly influential in the world and more and more people have hopes that China will be a leader... China has ended up playing a critical role in geopolitics more quickly than anybody had anticipated.~<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The most striking <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> shifts in China over the last two decades or so has been the revival, both orchestrated and spontaneous, of tradition. The main trope for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Culture of the People's Republic of China">culture</a> in the twentieth century, especially since 1949, has been anti-<a href="/wiki/Traditionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalism">traditionalism</a>. As far back as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4th_movement" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:May 4th movement">May 4th movement</a> in 1919, and before, whether it was the financial <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> they all agreed that China was poor and that one of the causes of that state of affairs was the backward traditional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese culture">culture</a>... <b>We have witnessed a dramatic reevaluation of tradition in China, and also in other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:East Asian">East Asian</a> countries with a <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> heritage such as <a href="/wiki/Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Korea">Korea</a>. This part of the world has witnessed rapid growth over the last three decades that has sharply reduced poverty and the region has remained at peace. So when people look around and ask what do all these countries have in common, one answer is their Confucian heritage. So whereas the previous narrative was that Confucianism undermined modernization and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, now many argue that it actually helps... Chinese thinkers gave much thought to how to select able and virtuous <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders">leaders</a>, which abilities matter and which virtues matter? Chinese pondered about, and experimented with, mechanisms for selecting leaders. And that tradition continues on today. </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Daniel Bell</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/interview-daniel-bell/">"Chinese meritocracy and the limits of democracy"</a> (17 December 2015), by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a>, <i>The Diplomat</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If I were an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Englishman</a>, <b>I should esteem the man who advised a war with China to be the greatest living enemy of my country. You would be beaten in the end</b>, and perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> would follow. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, reported as being from an 1817 conversation in <i>The Mind of Napoleon</i>, ed. and trans. J. Christopher Herold (1955), p. 249. Reported as unverified in <i>Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations</i> (1989)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" class="extiw" title="w:Superpower">superpower</a>' is a country that wields enough military, political and economic might to convince nations in all parts of the world to do things they otherwise wouldn't. <b>Pundits have rushed to label China the next superpower</b>, and so have many ordinary Americans... Little of China's dramatic economic growth is finding its way into the pockets of Chinese consumers; the byproduct of <b>an <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">economy</a> driven by massive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> rather than private</b> industry. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bremmer" title="Ian Bremmer">Ian Bremmer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528161550/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/">"These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower: Why Washington can still claim global primacy in the 21st century"</a> (28 May 2015), <i>Time</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The United States welcomes the emergence of a China that is peaceful and prosperous and that supports international institutions. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, speech at the White House (April 2006), as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?192123-1/chinese-president-arrival-ceremony">"Chinese President Arrival Ceremony"</a> (20 April 2006), <i>C-SPAN</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C">C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There is a tendency in parts of Chinese thinking which says: <i>"We need not only to be an important power in the region, we need to dominate the region!"</i>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/">interview with Charlie Rose</a> (February 2016)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There is a hush over all <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, nay, over all the world, broken only by the dull thud of <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japanese</a> bombs falling on Chinese cities, on Chinese Universities or near British and American ships. But then, China is a long way off, so why worry? The Chinese are fighting for what the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">founders of the American Constitution</a> in their stately language called: “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” And they seem to be fighting very well. Many good judges think they are going to win. Anyhow, let’s wish them luck! Let’s give them a wave of encouragement – as <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">your President</a> did last week, when he gave notice about ending the commercial treaty. After all, the suffering Chinese are fighting our battle, the battle of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. They are defending the soil, the good earth, that has been theirs since the dawn of time against cruel and unprovoked <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>. Give them a cheer across the ocean – no one knows whose turn it may be next. If this habit of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorships" class="extiw" title="w:Military dictatorships">military dictatorships</a>’ breaking into other people’s lands with <a href="/wiki/Bombs" title="Bombs">bomb</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell" class="extiw" title="w:Shell">shell</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet" class="extiw" title="w:Bullet">bullet</a>, stealing the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and killing the proprietors, spreads too widely, we may none of us be able to think of summer holidays for quite a while. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1939-in-the-wings/a-hush-over-europe/">A Hush Over Europe</a>, 8 August 1939</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese said of themselves several thousand years ago: "China is a sea that salts all the waters that flow into it." There's another <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> saying about their country which is much more modern—it dates only from the fourth century. This is the saying: "The tail of China is large and will not be wagged." I like that one. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> democracy approves the principles of movable party heads and unwaggable national tails. It is due to the working of these important forces that I have the honor to be addressing you at this moment. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, address to a joint session of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (17 January 1952); reported in <i>Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, ed. Robert Rhodes James (1974), vol. 8, p. 8,326</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The People's Republic of China is still a <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> nation. So, you know, communism is still involved there. They haven't figured their way out of that particularly ideological box yet and that's their misfortune. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0008/26/lklw.00.html"><i>Larry King Live Weekend</i></a> (27 August 2000)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D">D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The emperor hold upon the Chinamen may be strong, but the Chinaman's hold upon himself is stronger... The Chinaman will not long be willing to wear the cast off shoes of the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">negro</a>, and, if he refuses, there will be trouble again. The negro <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">worked and took his pay in religion and the lash</a>. <b>The Chinaman is a different article and will want the cash. He may, like the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">negro</a>, accept <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, but, unlike the negro, he will not care to pay for it in labor. He had the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> in substance five hundred years before the coming of <a href="/wiki/Christ" title="Christ">Christ</a></b>, and has notions of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> that are not to be confused by any... Chinese children are in American schools in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. None of our children are in Chinese schools, and probably never will be, though in some things they might well teach us valuable lessons. Contact with these yellow children of the Celestial Empire would convince us that the points of human difference, great as they, upon first sight, seem, are as nothing compared with the points of human agreement. Such contact would remove <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" title="Bigotry">mountains of prejudice</a>... The Chinese in themselves have first rate recommendations. They are industrious, docile, cleanly, frugal. They are dexterous of hand, patient in toil, marvelously gifted in the power of imitation, and have but few wants. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/our-composite-nationality/"><i>Our Composite Nationality</i></a> (7 December 1869), Boston, Massachusetts.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is objected to the Chinaman that he is secretive and treacherous, and will not tell the truth when he thinks it for his interest to tell a lie. There may be truth in all this; it sounds very much like the account of man’s heart given in the creeds. If he will not tell the truth, except when it is for his interest to do so, let us make it for his interest to tell the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>. We can do it by applying to him the same principle of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> that we apply to ourselves. But I doubt if the Chinese are more untruthful than other people. At this point I have one certain test. <b>Mankind are not held together by lies. <a href="/wiki/Trust" title="Trust">Trust</a> is the foundation of society. Where there is no truth, there can be no trust, and where there is no trust, there can be no society. Where there is society, there is trust, and where there is trust, there is something upon which it is supported. Now a people who have confided in each other for five thousand years; who have extended their empire in all directions until it embraces one-fifth of the population of the globe; who hold important commercial relations with all nations; who are now entering into treaty stipulations with ourselves, and with all the great European powers, cannot be a nation of cheats and liars</b>, but must have some respect for <a href="/wiki/Veracity" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracity">veracity</a>. The very existence of China for so long a period, and her progress in civilization, are proofs of her truthfulness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/our-composite-nationality/"><i>Our Composite Nationality</i></a> (7 December 1869), Boston, Massachusetts.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No victory of arms, or tyranny of alien finance, can long suppress a nation so rich in resources and vitality. <b>The invader will lose funds or patience before the loins of China will lose virility; within a century China will have absorbed and civilized her <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">conquerors</a>, and will have learned all the technique of what transiently bears the name of modern <a href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Road">roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> will give her unity, economy and thrift will give her funds, and a strong government will give her order and peace. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, Book I, <i>Our Oriental Heritage</i> (1935) p. 823.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is <i>par excellence</i> the land of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, China is by like preeminence the home of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a>, or non-theological, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, Book I, <i>Our Oriental Heritage</i> (1935) 5. The Pre-Confucian Philosophers</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The average Chinese is at once an <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Confucianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianist">Confucianist</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, Book I, <i>Our Oriental Heritage</i> (1935) (IV. RELIGION WITHOUT A CHURCH)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E">E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Even China's population of 1.4 billion would not be enough to fill all the empty apartments littered across the country. <ul><li>He Keng, as quoted in <cite style="font-style:normal" class="news">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/even-chinas-14-bln-population-cant-fill-all-its-vacant-homes-former-official-2023-09-23/">Even China's 1.4 billion population can't fill all its vacant homes, former official says</a>". <i>Reuters</i>. 23 September 2023.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Even+China%27s+1.4+billion+population+can%27t+fill+all+its+vacant+homes%2C+former+official+says&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.date=23+September+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Feven-chinas-14-bln-population-cant-fill-all-its-vacant-homes-former-official-2023-09-23%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:China"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Most people with <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental disorders</a> in China never receive treatment. There is often a stigma attached to such ailments. Some think that people with <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> conditions are possessed by evil spirits. Many see <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> as a sign of <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>, and regard them as socially contagious: a relative of someone with a serious disorder may find it hard to marry. <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a> sometimes have their kin treated far away to hide the “shame” of their condition, or keep them hidden at home. Even many medical students worry that those working with psychiatric patients risk catching their disease, says Xu Ni of “It Gets Brighter”, a mental-health <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2017/01/28/china-wakes-up-to-its-mental-health-problems">“China wakes up to its mental-health problems”</a>, (Jan 28th 2017).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F">F</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>They're not terribly <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imaginative</a>. They’re not <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurs" title="Entrepreneurs">entrepreneurial</a>. They don't <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovate</a>. That's why they're stealing our <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a>, as quoted in "Carly Fiorina Calls The Chinese Unimaginative Idea Thieves", by Lydia O'Connor, <i>The Huffington Post</i> (25 May 2015).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese are less a nation than a fusion of peoples united by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese culture">common culture</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:History of China">history of China</a> is the record of an expanding culture. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Patrick_Fitzgerald" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Charles Patrick Fitzgerald">Charles Patrick Fitzgerald</a>, <i>China: A Short Cultural History</i> (1965).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China#Development" class="extiw" title="w:Economy of China">[Chinese development</a> has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">1949 Chinese Revolution</a>, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, whereby it liberated itself from the <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> system. This allowed it to develop for decades under a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> largely free of constraints from outside forces, establishing a strong <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" class="extiw" title="w:Agriculture in China">agricultural</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Industry of China">industrial</a> economic base. This was followed by a shift in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">post-Maoist reform</a> period to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" class="extiw" title="w:Mixed economy">hybrid system</a> of more limited state planning along with a much greater reliance on market relations (and a vast expansion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:National debt of China">debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculation">speculation</a>) under conditions—the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> of the world market—that were particularly fortuitous to its “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(economics)" class="extiw" title="w:Convergence (economics)">catching up</a>.” Through <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">trade wars</a> and other pressures aimed at destabilizing China’s position in the world market, the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a> is already <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" class="extiw" title="w:China–United States trade war">seeking to challenge</a> the bases of China’s growth in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" class="extiw" title="w:International trade">world trade</a>. China, therefore, stands not so much for the successes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/late_capitalism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:late capitalism">late capitalism</a> but rather for its inherent limitations. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" class="extiw" title="w:Socialist market economy">current Chinese model</a>, moreover, carries within it many of the destructive tendencies of the system of capital accumulation. Ultimately, China’s future too depends on a return to the process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" class="extiw" title="w:Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary</a> transition, spurred by its own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Demographics of China">population</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">John Bellamy Foster</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2019/02/01/capitalism-has-failed-what-next/">Capitalism Has Failed—What Next?</a></i> (February 01, 2019), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The problem for China is political. China is held together by <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. When there is an economic downturn and the money stops rolling in, not only will the <a href="/wiki/Banking" title="Banking">banking system</a> spasm, but the entire fabric of Chinese society will shudder. <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a> in China is either bought or coerced. Without available money, only coercion remains. <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a> slowdowns can generally lead to instability because they lead to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_failure" class="extiw" title="w:Business failure">business failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>. In a country where <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> is endemic and unemployment widespread, the added pressure of an economic downturn will result in political instability. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Friedman" title="George Friedman">George Friedman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20170628085246/http://www.mysearch.org.uk/website1/pdf/715.2.pdf"><i>The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century</i></a> (2009), p. 96, Doubleday</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G">G</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>But <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> also took root because they generally outperformed <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">autocracies</a> in raising living standards. <a href="/wiki/Market" title="Market">Markets</a> do not always require democracy in order to function: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and China all developed successful economies under less than democratic conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> experience showed, though, that it is not easy to keep <a href="/wiki/Market" title="Market">markets</a> open and ideas constrained at the same time. And since markets proved more efficient than <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">command economies</a> in allocating resources and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, the resulting improvement in people s lives, in turn, strengthened democracies. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, <i>The Cold War: A New History,</i> pp. 265 (2006)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China’s capacity to meet new demands for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> products has been assessed by analysts inside and outside China since the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a> have anticipated that market forces would induce China to import <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> and other land-intensive crops, but Chinese officials (motivated by food security and other concerns) have long resisted these forces and sought to maintain <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a>. However, officials are now adjusting their strategies to accommodate their country’s growing reliance on agricultural imports. <ul><li>Fred Gale, James Hansen, and Michael Jewison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1784488/eib136.pdf">"China's Growing Demand for Agricultural Imports"</a> (February 2015), <i>United States Department of Agriculture</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></b>: What happened to you, China? You used to be cool.</dd> <dd><b>Chinese delegate</b>: Hey, China's still cool! <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_to_the_Future" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Bart to the Future">Bart to the Future</a> (19 March 2000), </i>The Simpsons<i>, written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Greaney" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Dan Greaney">Dan Greaney</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://listenonrepeat.com/watch/?v=cSIdB-IYIqk">[1]</a></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Chinese people">Chinese people</a> have no recourse to anything like an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/independent_judiciary" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:independent judiciary">independent judiciary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> decides if you’re guilty or innocent. The conviction rate stands in excess of 98 per cent. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China#Torture" class="extiw" title="w:Human rights in China">Torture</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/forced_confessions" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:forced confessions">forced confessions</a> are commonplace. <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a> has lately embarked on a vicious campaign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" class="extiw" title="w:Human rights in China">harassment and intimidation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/workers%E2%80%99_rights" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:workers’ rights">workers’ rights</a> activists, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" class="extiw" title="w:Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a>. Scores of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_human_rights_organizations" class="extiw" title="w:China human rights organizations">human rights lawyers</a> have been rounded up and jailed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Glavin" title="Terry Glavin">Terry Glavin</a>, speaking about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/judicial_system_of_China" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:judicial system of China">judicial system of China</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/china-is-no-friend-to-canada/">"China is no Friend to Canada"</a> (2017), <i>MacLeans</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese are emphatically not a religious people, though they are very <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitious</a>. Belief in a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">God</a> has come down from the remotest ages, but the old simple creed has been so overlaid by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as not to be discernible at the present day. Buddhism is now the dominant religion of China. It is closely bound up with the lives of the people, and is a never-failing refuge in sickness or worldly trouble. It is no longer the subtle doctrine which was originally presented to the people of India, but something much more clearly defined and appreciable by the plainest <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> is the saviour of the people through righteousness alone, and Buddhist saints are popularly supposed to possess intercessory powers. Yet reverence is always wanting; and crowds will laugh and talk, and buy and sell sweetmeats, in a Buddhist temple, before the very eyes of the most sacred images. So long as divine intervention is not required, an ordinary Chinaman is content to neglect his divinities; but no sooner does sickness or financial trouble come upon the family, than he will hurry off to propitiate the gods. <br /> He accomplishes this through the aid of the priests, who receive his offerings of money, and light candles or incense at the shrine of the deity to be invoked. Buddhist priests are not popular with the Chinese, who make fun of their shaven heads, and doubt the sincerity of their convictions as well as the purity of their lives. "No meat nor wine may enter here" is a legend inscribed at the gate of most Buddhist temples, the ordinary diet as served in the refectory being strictly vegetarian. A tipsy priest, however, is not an altogether unheard-of combination, and has provided more than one eminent artist with a subject of an interesting picture. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Giles" class="extiw" title="w:Herbert Giles">Herbert Allen Giles</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2076/2076-h/2076-h.htm"><i>The Civilization of China</i> (1911)</a>, Chapter III : Religion and Superstition</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Let us now pause to take stock of some of the results which have accrued from the operation and influence of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> during such a long period, and over such swarming myriads of the human race. It is a commonplace in the present day to assert that the Chinese are hardworking, thrifty, and sober—the last-mentioned, by the way, in a land where <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a> is not regarded as a crime. Shallow observers of the globe-trotter type, who have had their pockets picked by professional <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">thieves</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong-Kong</a>, and even resident observers who have not much cultivated their powers of observation and comparison, will assert that honesty is a virtue denied to the Chinese; but those who have lived long in China and have more seriously devoted themselves to discover the truth, may one and all be said to be arrayed upon the other side. The amount of solid honesty to be met with in every class, except the professionally criminal class, is simply astonishing. That the word of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> is as good as his bond has long since become a household word, and so it is in other walks of life. <ul><li>Herbert Allen Giles, in <i>The Civilization of China</i> (1911), Chapter III : Religion and Superstition</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[N]early every political evil can be found on display in China: <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution" class="extiw" title="w:Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, mass-political <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_genocide" class="extiw" title="w:Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>, and so on. And yet, the outcry against these things in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and the West is a tiny fraction of what it was with regard to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a> or <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> today. Why? Some of the political answers are pretty obvious — and have much merit. A few that come to mind: China is non-Western, and many of these sins are supposed to be unique to <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a>; China is a victim (or “victim”) of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and so we shouldn’t judge it harshly; China is very powerful, and <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a> dictates that we be diplomatic; and so on. But there’s another reason. As you may have noticed, I’ve become much more interested in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> of late, particularly the topic of coalitional instincts. The coalition instinct is the programming that helped us form strategic groups that advance our self-interest. We are a social species and cooperation is what helped us skyrocket to the top of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" class="extiw" title="w:Food chain">food chain</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/g-file/coalition-instinct-and-tribal-politics-in-age-of-trump/">"When Evil Becomes Inconvenient"</a> (24 August 2018), <i>National Review Online</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H">H</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>So far, the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, have benefited greatly from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. This is likely to continue to be the case for some time... There is no real alternative to the United States as the global leader. <b>China doesn't want the role. It would only divert its focus from its own development challenges. And to be frank, China would not be trusted by many countries</b>, particularly in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a>, to be the global leader... <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, seen today in China and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. While both countries have introduced elements of a market economy, private companies there operate side-by-side and at a significant disadvantage to state owned entities favored by government regulators. This mixed economy is not paralleled on the political side. What is emerging is an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Government of China">political system</a> with decreasing space for <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>, free media, and <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a>. This model is attractive to authoritarian leaders around the world who see it as way to maintain power while still growing their economies. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/americas-role-world-stephen-j-hadley">"America's Role In The World"</a> (30 October 2014), <i>Lowy Institute</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As a foreign <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> it is studied also by the <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Coreans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annamites</a>; and it may therefore be quite appropriately called the Classic Literature of the Far East. The civilization of all these nations has been affected by its study, perhaps even in a higher degree than that of the nations of Europe has been by the literatures of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>. Millions received from it, in the course of centuries, their mental training. The Chinese who created it have through it perpetuated their national character and imparted some of their idiosyncrasies of thought to their formerly illiterate neighbors. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hirth" class="extiw" title="w:Friedrich Hirth">Friedrich Hirth</a>, Columbia University Professor of Chinese, "Chinese Literature" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lectures_on_Literature_(1911)" class="extiw" title="s:Lectures on Literature (1911)">Lectures on Literature</a> (1911), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Columbia_University_Lectures_on_Literature_(1911).djvu/81" class="extiw" title="s:Page:Columbia University Lectures on Literature (1911).djvu/81">page 67</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I did feel that I was going back to a place that I had never been. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Hong_Kingston" title="Maxine Hong Kingston">Maxine Hong Kingston</a> on visiting China the first time, in <i>Conversations with Maxine Hong Kingston</i> edited by Paul Skenazy and Tera Martin (1998)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese are industrious, courageous, honest, and intelligent. They created the splendid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_China" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient China">ancient Chinese</a> civilization, and today, they're firmly committed to the path of peaceful development and are making continuous progress in the modernization drive by carrying out the reform and opening up program. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Jintao Hu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503110022/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/04/20060420.html">"President Bush and President Hu of People's Republic of China Participate in Arrival Ceremony "</a> (20 April 2006), by J. Hu, Washington, D.C.: White House.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will definitely be accompanied by the thriving of Chinese culture. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Jintao Hu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listenonrepeat.com/watch/?v=7aE66iIUi9U#David_Shambaugh_-_China_Goes_Global%3A_The_Partial_Power">address to the 17th Chinese Communist Party Congress</a> (2008)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When China sends its students to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, especially when it sends <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank" class="extiw" title="w:Central bank">central bankers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planners</a> to the United States to study (and be recruited), they are told by the U.S. “Do as we say, not as we have done.” The United States is not telling China... how to get rich in the way that it did, by protective tariffs, by creating its own money and by making other countries dependent on it. The United States does not want you to be independent and self-reliant. The United States wants China to let itself become dependent on U.S. finance in order to <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">invest</a> in its own industry... The <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> plan is not to make you independent, and not to help you grow except to the extent that your growth will be paid to US investors or used to finance U.S. military spending around the world to encircle you and trying to destabilize you in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" class="extiw" title="w:Sichuan">Sichuan</a> to try to pry China apart. Look at what the United States has done in Russia, and at what the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> has done to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states" class="extiw" title="w:Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. It is a dress rehearsal for what <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. diplomacy</a> would like to do to you, if it can convince you to follow the neoliberal US economic policy of financialization and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>. De-dollarization is the alternative to privatization and financialization. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michael-hudson.com/2020/01/note-to-china/">Michael Hudson, Note to China</a>, (14 January 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">U.S.-China confrontation</a> is not simply a national rivalry, but a conflict of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social systems</a>.... From today’s U.S. vantage point... China and Russia are existential threats to the global expansion of financialized rentier wealth. Today’s <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_II" title="Cold War II">Cold War 2.0</a> aims to deter China and potentially other counties from socializing their financial systems, land and natural resources, and keeping infrastructure utilities public to prevent their being <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolized</a> in private hands to siphon off <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_rent" class="extiw" title="w:Economic rent">economic rents</a> at the expense of productive investment in <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. The United States hoped that China might be as gullible as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and adopt neoliberal policy permitting its wealth to be privatized and turned into rent-extracting privileges, to be sold off to Americans. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michael-hudson.com/2021/04/americas-neoliberal-financialization-policy-vs-chinas-industrial-socialism/">Michael Hudson, America’s Neoliberal Financialization Policy vs. China’s Industrial Socialism,</a> (14 April 2021)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>China, like Russia, has been reducing its dollar holdings as much as possible, just keeping enough to prevent the currency from being destabilized by the dollar inflows. China, Russia are buying <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> instead of U.S. dollars as much as possible.</b> China is trying to escape from buying Treasury securities. Why would any government want to buy Treasury securities yielding 0.1% when the dollars coming into China are trying to make loans or buying countries, making 15% profit or interest a year? Nobody would want that situation to continue. China doesn’t want it to continue. As long as it [China] is part of an international economy that is dollarized, it [China] is forced to take a loss, a sacrifice, year after year, subsidizing the U.S. economy. The only way that it can avoid that is to isolate itself from the U.S. dollar. No country until this time since 1945 has ever had the critical mass to be able to do it. That is the objective, the stated objective of Russia, China and their allies. Of course, they don’t want to buy treasury bills. That doesn’t mean that, yes, they found a wonderful investment making 0.1% a year and subsidizing the United States. That is not what China or any other country wants. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michael-hudson.com/2022/04/china-a-sub-imperial-ally-of-the-west/">Michael Hudson, China – a Sub-Imperial Ally of the West?</a> (3 April 2022)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I">I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China seems to have been very much similar to the West, both in the production of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> and in attracting to them figures from the political left who were officially promoting the struggle against “superstition.” Reconstructions of “Chinese traditional culture” as “non-religious,” and of the rich Chinese religious pluralism as mere “folk religion” should be viewed as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Massimo Introvigne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitterwinter.org/new-religious-movements-in-china/">"New Religious Movements in China: They Were Always There"</a>, <i>Bitter Winter</i> (June 27, 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J">J</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China’s battle against <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> has benefited the largest number of people in human history. To sustain <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a> gains, China will focus more on achieving endogenous development in areas that have been lifted out of poverty and introduce vigorous measures to support rural revitalization. Our goal is to achieve common prosperity and high-quality development including through the rural revitalization strategy with a focus in five key areas: <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" title="Industrialization">industry development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological environment</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government" class="extiw" title="w:Local government">local governance</a>.” <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jiantang" class="extiw" title="w:Ma Jiantang">Ma Jiantang</a> as quoted in [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/04/01/lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-new-report-looks-at-lessons-from-china-s-experience">https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/04/01/lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-new-report-looks-at-lessons-from-china-s-experience</a> World Bank Press Release No. 2022/072/EAP, Lifting 800 Million People Out of Poverty – New Report Looks at Lessons from China’s Experience, April 1, 2022</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K">K</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Chinese have always struck me as pretty cautious, even crafty, in managing their rise. It's true that they’re a lot more aggressive since 2009, but I don't see them suddenly becoming reckless. I always found that factoid that <b>the PRC spends more on internal than external security to be indicative that CCP is, in fact, very insecure at the top. It's got to have an ideology with foreign enemies, otherwise the Chinese people might see the real enemy, the CCP's <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, rejection of democracy</b> and unwillingness to admit the horrors of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Maoism">Maoism</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Kelly" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Robert E. Kelly">Robert E. Kelly</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/12/01/national/does-china-adiz-take-focus-off-real-enemy/#.VWG2IE9VhBe">"Does China ADIZ take focus off 'real enemy'?: To many experts, Beijing's foreign policy is a byproduct of domestic issues"</a> (1 December 2013), by <a href="/wiki/Max_Fisher" title="Max Fisher">Max Fisher</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The collapse of U.S. influence over Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom’s new alliances with China and Iran are painful emblems of the abject failure of the <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neocon</a> strategy of maintaining U.S. global hegemony with aggressive projections of military power. China has displaced the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a> by deftly projecting, instead, economic power. Over the past decade, our country has spent trillions bombing roads, ports, bridges, and airports. China spent the equivalent building the same across the developing world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Kennedy,_Jr." title="Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.">Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/rfkjr/posts/pfbid0U4onsx8ptxFM9Aa5iy2wXTrYswSHCnqbYAh3yy3RuVdRHuUpBRqjvGH1sz2oqNR1l">his post</a> on Facebook (4 April 2023)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Contemporaneous with the age of Greek culture, while <a href="/wiki/Rome_(ancient_city)" title="Rome (ancient city)">Rome</a> was yet an infant city and the rest of Europe in a condition of barbarism, the Chinese were a civilised race. Many years before the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> era they had evolved under the name of Taoism, a set of principles and a mystic teaching based on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laotzu</a>, which formed a not altogether despicable substitute for a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, while in Confucianism they enjoyed a sound <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Under these influences the arts of peace gradually achieved the first place among the national ideas. The application of principles of reason to the relationships of daily life, the adjustment of differences by discussion, and the cultivation of respect for age and learning, became cardinal principles. <ul><li>Percy Howard Kent, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021495258/page/n23/mode/2up">"Chapter 1. The Old Conditions"</a>. <i>The Passing of the Manchus</i>. 1911. p. 2.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1.+The+Old+Conditions&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+the+Manchus&rft.date=1911&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:China"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China believes it is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. Look at its <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">flag</a>; one big <a href="/wiki/Stars" title="Stars">star</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> stars. <b>Arrogant!</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Khanh" title="Nguyen Khanh">Nguyen Khanh</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080921114015/http://65.45.193.26:8026/cms/acct/vietweekly/issues/vw3n18/english/bagOfEarth.html">"A Bag of Earth, A Promise To Keep"</a> (28 April 2005), <i>Viet Weekly</i>, by Mike Nally</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I hear from higher up that China seems to be succeeding on many fronts – <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, hotels, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> - everything. <b>In many ways, don’t we need to take them as a model example for <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">us</a>?</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> as recalled by by household chef Kenji Fujimoto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-kimjongun-insight/the-thinking-behind-kim-jong-uns-madness-idUSKBN1DU15Y">"The thinking behind Kim Jong Un's 'madness'"</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China too faces a <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">world order</a> that is new to it. For 2,000 years, the Chinese Empire had united its world under a single imperial rule. To be sure, that rule had faltered at times. <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Wars</a> occurred in China no less frequently than they did in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. But since they generally took place among contenders for the imperial authority, they were more in the nature of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil</a> rather than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interstate_war" class="extiw" title="w:interstate war">international wars</a>, and, sooner or later, invariably led to the emergence of some new central power. Before the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">nineteenth century</a>, China never had a neighbor capable of contesting its pre-eminence and never imagined that such a state could arise. Conquerors from abroad overthrew Chinese dynasties, only to be absorbed into Chinese culture to such an extent that they continued the traditions of the Middle Kingdom. The notion of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">equality</a> of states did not exist in China; <a href="/wiki/Foreigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreigner">outsiders</a> were considered <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> and were relegated to a tributary relationship—that was how the first <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> envoy to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> was received in the eighteenth century. China disdained sending <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> abroad but was not above using distant barbarians to overcome the ones nearby. Yet this was a strategy for emergencies, not a day-to-day operational system like the European balance of power, and it failed to produce the sort of permanent diplomatic establishment characteristic of Europe. After China became a humiliated subject of <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">European colonialism</a> in the nineteenth century, it re-emerged only recently—since the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>—into a multipolar world unprecedented in its history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, <i>Diplomacy</i> (1994)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Back in about <a href="/wiki/1753" class="mw-disambig" title="1753">1753</a> it took a letter three days to go from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, and today you can go from here to China in less time than that... Man's scientific genius has been amazing. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129133622/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/rediscovering_lost_values/">Rediscovering Lost Values</a></i>, Sermon delivered at <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>'s Second Baptist Church (28 February 1954).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If I lived in China or even <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> country, maybe I could understand the denial of certain basic <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">F</a><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">irst Amendment</a> privileges, because they hadn't committed themselves to that over there. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/ive_been_to_the_mountaintop/">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a></i> (1968).'</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M">M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>To understand the changes which now appear upon the Chinese mainland, one must understand the changes in Chinese character and culture over the past 50 years. China, up to 50 years ago, was completely non-homogenous, being compartmented into groups divided against each other. The war-making tendency was almost non-existent, as they still followed the tenets of the Confucian ideal of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> culture. At the turn of the century, under the regime of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" class="extiw" title="w:Zhang Zuolin">Chang Tso Lin</a>, efforts toward greater homogeneity produced the start of a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> urge. This was further and more successfully developed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-Shek</a>, but has been brought to its greatest fruition under the present regime to the point that it has now taken on the character of a united nationalism of increasingly dominant, aggressive tendencies. Through these past 50 years the Chinese people have thus become militarized in their concepts and in their ideals. They now constitute excellent soldiers, with competent staffs and commanders. This has produced a new and dominant power in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, which, for its own purposes, is allied with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Russia</a> but which in its own concepts and methods has become aggressively imperialistic, with a lust for expansion and increased power normal to this type of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. There is little of the ideological concept either one way or another in the Chinese make-up. The standard of living is so low and the capital accumulation has been so thoroughly dissipated by war that the masses are desperate and eager to follow any leadership which seems to promise the alleviation of local stringencies. I have from the beginning believed that the Chinese Communists' support of the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Koreans</a> was the dominant one. Their interests are, at present, parallel with those of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>. But I believe that the aggressiveness recently displayed not only in <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a> but also in Indo-China and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and pointing potentially toward the South reflects predominantly the same lust for the expansion of power which has animated every would-be conqueror since the beginning of time. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/douglasmacarthurfarewelladdress.htm">1953 Farewell Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>By contrast, classical China produced many great generals, fought many wars and conquered many peoples but did not elevate military values above civilian. (It helped, perhaps, that the scholars rather than the military wrote the histories.) Fighting was not held up as something admirable but rather as the result of a breakdown in order and propriety. There is no equivalent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a> and the heroes held up for the young to emulate were the great <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucrats</a> and wise rulers who maintained the peace. Early on Chinese thinkers such as Confucius and the great strategist <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sunzi</a> (also known in the transliteration Sun Tzu) stressed that the state’s authority rested on its virtue as well as on its ability to use force. And for Sunzi, the greatest general was the one who could win a war, through manoeuvre or trickery, without fighting a battle. Prestige in Chinese society came rather from being a <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poets" title="Poets">poet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a>; and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> onwards the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/imperial_examination" class="extiw" title="w:imperial examination">examination system</a> to enter the imperial civil service was the favoured path for fame and prestige. Successful generals were sometimes awarded a scholar’s rank and gown as a mark of particular favour where many European societies would have given military decorations to meritorious civilians. Societies’ values can change over time, of course. <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a> were once the terror of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> when now we associate <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">international mediation</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a>, <i>War: How Conflict Shaped Us</i> (2020) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Page_number_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Page number needed (page does not exist)">Template:Page number needed</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O">O</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When it comes to every important international issue, people of the world do not look to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to lead. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@WhiteHouse/president-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726#.flsvqkay9">State of the Union address</a> (12 January 2016).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China remains the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a>, with four trillion dollars in foreign-exchange reserves, a sum equivalent to the world’s fourth-largest economy... Last spring, China abolished registered-capital and other requirements for new companies, and in November it allowed foreign investors to trade shares directly on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" class="extiw" title="w:Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai stock market</a> for the first time... The risks to <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China's economy</a> have rarely been more visible. The workforce is aging more quickly than in other countries, because of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy" class="extiw" title="w:One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, and businesses are borrowing money more rapidly than they are earning it... The growth of demand for energy and raw materials has slowed, more houses and malls are empty, and nervous Chinese savers are sending money overseas, to protect it in the event of a crisis... To maintain economic growth, China is straining to promote innovation... After China had spent years investing in science and technology, the share of its economy devoted to research and development surpassed Europe's... The era of <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> has defied the assumption that China's fitful opening to the world is too critical and productive to stall. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Osnos" class="extiw" title="w:Evan Osnos">Evan Osnos</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red">"Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao."</a> (6 April 2015), <i>The New Yorker</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P">P</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China as a society, a government, an economy and a culture is quite difficult for us to comprehend today. The changes are so rapid in cities like <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and the culture remarkably fluid... China is increasingly influential in the world and more and more people have hopes that China will be a leader... China has ended up playing a critical role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" class="extiw" title="w:Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> more quickly than anybody had anticipated. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/interview-daniel-bell/">"Chinese meritocracy and the limits of democracy"</a> (17 December 2015), <i>The Diplomat</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese are rejecting western values and multiparty democracy... It seems very incongruous to be, on the one hand, so committed to fostering more competition and market-driven flexibility in the economy and, on the other hand, to be seeking more control in the political sphere, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a>, <i>Dealing with China</i>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red">"Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao."</a> (6 April 2015), by Evan Osnos, <i>The New Yorker</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R">R</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">We</a> cannot, if we would, play the part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Qing dynasty">China</a>, and be content to rot by inches in ignoble ease within our borders, taking no interest in what goes on beyond them, sunk in a scrambling commercialism; heedless of the higher life, the life of aspiration, of toil and risk, busying ourselves only with the wants of our bodies for the day, until suddenly we should find, beyond a shadow of question, what China has already found, that in this world the nation that has trained itself to a career of un-warlike and isolated ease is bound, in the end, to go down before other nations which have not lost the manly and adventurous qualities. If we are to be a really great people, we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" class="extiw" title="s:The Strenuous Life">The Strenuous Life</a></i> (10 April 1899), Chicago, Illinois</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[W]hat is <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>? And what nationalism is actually Western invention. Imperial China had no nationalism. Where do they get their ideas of nationalism? Well, they got their ideas of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>, which emerged as a national state in <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">the 19</a>. Well, where did the Japanese get their ideas about nationalism, which were then translated into Chinese? They got it from the Germans. So what they imported was a 19th-century version of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism" class="extiw" title="w:Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Race" class="mw-disambig" title="Race">race</a> is of the fundamental basis of nationality and there are very – when you hear Xi Jinping and other Chinese leaders talking about cultural pollution, when you talk about the natural affinity of all Chinese people wherever they are, you begin to worry that there is this submerged, and sometimes not even so, some racialist component. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rosen" class="extiw" title="w:Stephen Peter Rosen">Stephen Rosen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/stephen-rosen/">interview with Bill Kristol</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/stephen-rosen-transcript/">transcript</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If you want to know what people are worried about look at what they spend their money on. If you’re afraid of <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">burglars</a> you buy a burglar alarm. What are the Chinese spending their money on? We’re told from Chinese figures they’re spending on the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People’s Armed Police</a>, the internal security force is about as big as they’re spending on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="extiw" title="w:People's Liberation Army">regular military</a>. This whole great firewall of Chinese, this whole massive effort to control the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, this effort to use modern <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> not to disseminate <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, empowering individuals, but to make people think what you want them to think and to monitor their behavior so that you can isolate and suppress them. That’s because this is a regime which is fundamentally afraid of its own people. And it’s fundamentally hostile to them. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rosen" class="extiw" title="w:Stephen Peter Rosen">Stephen Rosen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/stephen-rosen-ii/">interview with Bill Kristol</a> (30 November 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/stephen-rosen-ii-transcript/">transcript</a></li></ul></li> <li>The typical Westerner wishes to be the cause of as many changes as possible in his environment; the typical Chinaman wishes to enjoy as much and as delicately as possible. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>The Problem of China</i> (1922), Ch. XII: The Chinese Character.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese are a great nation, incapable of permanent suppression by foreigners. They will not consent to adopt our vices in order to acquire military strength; but they are willing to adopt our virtues in order to advance in wisdom. I think they are the only people in the world who quite genuinely believe that wisdom is more precious than rubies. That is why the West regards them as uncivilized. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>The Problem of China</i> (1922), Ch. XIII: Higher education in China.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S">S</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some observers have already proclaimed that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Century" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese Century">China will rule the world</a>, This prospective is profoundly overstated and incorrect in my view... China has a long way to go before it becomes, if it ever becomes a true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/global_power" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:global power">global power</a>, and it will never rule the world. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shambaugh" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:David Shambaugh">David Shambaugh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182244/http://210.101.116.28/W_files/kiss61/1l201503_pv.pdf"><i>China Goes Global: The Partial Power</i></a> (2013), New York: Oxford University Press</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China is, in essence, a very narrow-minded, self-interested, realist state, seeking only to maximize its own national interests and power. It cares little for global governance and enforcing global standards of <a href="/wiki/Behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, except its much-vaunted doctrine of noninterference in the internal affairs of countries. Its economic policies are <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> and its diplomacy is passive. China is also a lonely strategic power, with no allies and experiencing distrust and strained relationships with much of the world. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shambaugh" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:David Shambaugh">David Shambaugh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182244/http://210.101.116.28/W_files/kiss61/1l201503_pv.pdf"><i>China Goes Global: The Partial Power</i></a> (2013), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 310</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China is a very contradictory country... China punches way below its weight, it is not, it <i>is</i> free-riding... It is not contributing... China is a lonely power... Who wants to seek political asylum in China? Nobody. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shambaugh" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:David Shambaugh">David Shambaugh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listenonrepeat.com/watch/?v=7aE66iIUi9U#David_Shambaugh_-_China_Goes_Global%3A_The_Partial_Power">"David Shambaugh - China Goes Global: The Partial Power"</a> (April 2013), <i>USC U.S.-China Institute</i>, YouTube</li></ul></li> <li>The subsequent evolution of the Chinese state is one where <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> recruitment and rule became ever more routinized, and this occurred at the expense of hereditary lineages. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="w:fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> rulers pursued a policy of giving grants of <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> service. These grants tended to be one-way transactions. Over time this led to the creation of a category of members of society with substantial autonomy. The presence of this group would play a prominent role in the early development of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> assemblies. In China things pushed in the opposite direction. With the perfection of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_imperial_examination" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese imperial examination">imperial examination system</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Song dynasty">Song dynasties</a>, Chinese rulers had at their disposal a means of bureaucratic recruitment that did not depend on societal networks outside of their control. Being a member of the elite now meant being part of the state itself. <ul><li>David Stasavage, <i>The Decline and Rise of Democracy: A Global History from Antiquity to Today</i> (2020), pp. 14-15</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Chinese people have only family and clan solidarity; they do not have national spirit...they are just a heap of loose sand...Other men are the carving knife and serving dish; we are the fish and the meat. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, <i>China as a Heap of Loose Sand</i> (1924)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>China is now suffering from poverty, not from <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">unequal distribution of wealth</a>. Where there are inequalities of wealth, the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">methods of Marx</a> can, of course, be used; a <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class war</a> can be advocated to destroy the inequalities. But in China, where industry is not yet developed, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>'s class war and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> are impracticable. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, <i>Capital and the State</i> (1924)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>This is a fight with a really different civilization and a different ideology, and the United States hasn’t had that before, it’s also striking that this is the first time that <b>we will have a great power competitor that is not <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Caucasian</a></b>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiron_Skinner" title="Kiron Skinner">Kiron Skinner</a>, speaking about China, as quoted in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/05/02/worst-justification-trumps-battle-with-china-clash-civilizations/">The worst justification for Trump’s battle with China? The ‘clash of civilizations’</a>" (29 April 2019) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/05/02/worst-justification-trumps-battle-with-china-clash-civilizations">Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T">T</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>One of the greatest untold secrets of history is that the 'modern world' in which we live is a unique synthesis of Chinese and Western ingredients. Possibly more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the 'modern world' rests come from China. And yet few people know this. Why? The Chinese themselves are as ignorant of this fact as Westerners. From the seventeenth century onwards, the Chinese became increasingly dazzled by European technological expertise, having experienced a period of <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a> regarding their own achievements. When the Chinese were shown a mechanical clock by Jesuit missionaries, they were awestruck. <b>They had forgotten that it was they who had invented mechanical clocks in the first place!</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._G._Temple" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Robert K. G. Temple">Robert K. G. Temple</a> - <i>The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention</i> (1986).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Arise! All those who don't want to be <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>! Let our flesh and blood forge our new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="w:Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>! As the Chinese nation has arrived at its most perilous time, every person is forced to expel their very last roar. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Han" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Tian Han">Tian Han</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a></i> (1934).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[A]t a time when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_crisis" class="extiw" title="w:Health crisis">crisis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">Coronavirus pandemic</a> is developing rapidly. [...] The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Chinese government">Chinese government</a> currently appears “successful” in its response, but in the first weeks that the new <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">coronavirus</a> appeared, the government offered the denialism typical of restorationist <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">capitalist bureaucracy</a>, ignoring the warnings that could have reduced the number of deaths (including that of <a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a>, a doctor who warned about the epidemic and was consequently accused by the authorities of “spreading rumors” before he died from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>). <b>China is the most extreme example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism#China" class="extiw" title="w:Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarianism</a> around the world, with its tight <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" class="extiw" title="w:Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic</a> control <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic_in_mainland_China#Censorship_and_police_responses" class="extiw" title="w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in mainland China">that prevents vital news</a> from leaving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Wuhan">Wuhan</a> and other affected areas.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyist_Fraction_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International">Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leftvoice.org/coronavirus-and-the-healthcare-crisis-our-lives-are-worth-more-than-their-profits">Coronavirus and the Healthcare Crisis: Our Lives Are Worth More than Their Profits!</a></i> (March 14, 2020), <i>Left Voice</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I know the Chinese. I've made a lot of money with the Chinese. I understand the Chinese mind. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2015/08/24/playing-the-chinese-trump-card/">"Playing the Chinese Trump Card"</a> (24 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2015/08/24/playing-the-chinese-trump-card/"><i>Forbes</i></a> (August 2015).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">global warming was created</a> by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> non-competitive. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=pt">Twitter</a> (6 November 2012)</li></ul></li> <li>We have a 500 billion dollar deficit, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="extiw" title="w:Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> with China. We're going to turn it around and we have the cards, don't forget, we're like the piggy bank that's being robbed. We have the cards, we have a lot of power with China. When China doesn't want to fix the problem in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> we say "Sorry folks, you've got to fix the problem." <b>Because we can't continue to allow China to <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">our country</a>, and that's what they're doing. It's the greatest theft in the history of the world.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, as quoted in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-36185275/china-accused-of-trade-rape-by-donald-trump">China accused of trade 'rape' by Donald Trump</a>" (2 May 2016) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-36185275/china-accused-of-trade-rape-by-donald-trump">BBC</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> gentleman or lady ever abuses or oppresses a Chinaman, under any circumstances, an explanation that seems to be much needed in the east. Only the scum of the population do it; they and their children. They, and, naturally and consistently, the policemen and politicians, likewise, for these are the dust-licking pimps and slaves of the scum, there as well as elsewhere in America. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/quotes.htm"><i>Roughing It</i></a> (1872).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A disorderly Chinaman is rare, and a lazy one does not exist. So long as a Chinaman has strength to use his hands he needs no support from anybody; white men often complain of want of work, but a Chinaman offers no such complaint; he always manages to find something to do. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gjUOvGeK51MC&pg=PA169&dq=%22Chinaman%22%7C%22Chinamen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H-rpUv3zHoSCkQWs3oGIBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Chinaman%22%7C%22Chinamen%22&f=false"><i>Roughing It</i></a> (1872), p. 169.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I have seen Chinamen abused and maltreated in all the mean, cowardly ways possible to the invention of a degraded nature... I never saw a Chinaman righted in a court of justice for wrongs thus done to him. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, as quoted in <i>Mark Twain and the Three Rs: Race, Religion, Revolution and Related Matters</i> (1973), by Maxwell Geismar, Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, p. 98.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V">V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Chinese have a foreign policy of building roads and bridges and feeding poor people. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">J.D. Vance</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-169/issue-65/senate-section/article/S1238-1">FIRE GRANTS AND SAFETY ACT--Continued</a> (April 19, 2023)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W">W</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The United States and other <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> nations do so much business with China that there is a tendency to turn a blind eye towards the Communist Party's abysmal human rights record. The Chinese Communist Party's strategy of liberalizing its national economy while harshly rejecting democracy has become the model for modern <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> and his party control all media in China, between 250,000 and 300,000 Chinese citizens, including <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">political dissidents</a>, are incarcerated in "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" class="extiw" title="w:Re-education through labor">reeducation-through-labor</a>" camps and the conviction rate in normal criminal trials in 99.7 percent. Less than 5 percent of trials include witnesses. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has reported that children have been bussed to public <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executions</a> as field trips. <ul><li>David Wallechinsky, <i>Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators</i> (2006), p. 2</li></ul></li> <li>The world must understand that millions of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uighurs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> minorities in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="w:Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> are being sent to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and forced into <a href="/wiki/Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor">labor</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Waltz" class="extiw" title="w:Michael Waltz">Michael Waltz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waltz.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=459">Statement Regarding U.S. Declaration of China's Actions Against Uyghurs As Genocide</a> January 19, 2021</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There is a strange symmetry to China’s <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">twentieth century</a>, and much of it is linked to the ideological Cold War. At the beginning of the century, China’s republican revolution was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and conflict. And at the end of the century, Communism was overtaken by money and markets. In between lay a terrible time of <a href="/wiki/Destruction" title="Destruction">destruction</a> and reconstruction, of <a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiasm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynicism" title="Cynicism">cynicism</a>, and of almost never-ending rivers of blood. What marks these Chinese revolutions most of all is their bloodthirst: according to a recent estimate, seventy-seven million Chinese died unnatural deaths as a result of warfare or political mass-murder between the 1920s and the <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a>, and the vast majority of them were killed by other Chinese. <ul><li>Odd Arne Westad, <i>The Cold War: A Global History</i> (2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> is the easiest language when it is learned at ease, dwelling on its spirit rather than on the individual expression. But for inquisitive questioners, this language provides vain pitfalls. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilhelm" title="Richard Wilhelm">Richard Wilhelm</a>, <i>Die Seele Chinas</i>. Berlin, Hobbing, 1926</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Over the past 40 years, the number of people in China with incomes below $1.90 per day – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Poverty_Line" class="extiw" title="w:International Poverty Line">International Poverty Line</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> to track global extreme poverty– has fallen by close to 800 million. With this, China has contributed close to three-quarters of the global reduction in the number of people living in extreme poverty. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a> Press Release No. 2022/072/EAP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/04/01/lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-new-report-looks-at-lessons-from-china-s-experience">Lifting 800 Million People Out of Poverty – New Report Looks at Lessons from China’s Experience, April 1, 2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>One of the things we're trying to do is view the China threat <b>as not just a whole-of-government threat, but a whole-of-society threat</b> on their end, and I think it's going to take a whole-of-society response by us. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher A. Wray</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1802/13/cnr.04.html">February 13, 2018</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1802/13/cnr.04.html">CNN</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If anything changes China, it’ll be a mass movement caused by something other than <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, or at least it won’t be political at the beginning. <ul><li>Wu Renhua, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/china/2024/11/14/china-student-night-cycle-rides-analysis/">"Night bike rides ‘chance to make memories’ for young, poor Chinese"</a>, <i>Radio Free Asia</i> (November 14, 2024)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X">X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When our thousands of Chinese students abroad return home, you will see how China will transform itself. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, as quoted in <i>Forbes</i>, Vol. 176, Editions 7-13 (2005), p. 79</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z">Z</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>People who try to commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> — don't attempt to save them! . . . <b>China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people.</b> <ul><li>Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" class="extiw" title="w:Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a>, “历史将宣告我无罪” (History Will Pronounce Me Innocent), manuscript, Beijing, 1993, p. 7. This source is a privately printed collection of letters and documents concerning Wang Li's expulsion from the CCP. Cited in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao%27s_Last_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Mao's Last Revolution">Mao's Last Revolution</a></i> (2006) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Roderick MacFarquhar">Roderick MacFarquhar</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schoenhals" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Michael Schoenhals">Michael Schoenhals</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>This experience and the historical experiences gained by the Party since its founding can be summarized as follows: Our Party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. These are the inexorable requirements for maintaining and developing socialism, and the logical conclusion our Party has reached through hard exploration and great praxis. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, work report at the Communist Party of China Congress (8 November 2002), as quoted in <i>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</i>, Eng. ed., FLP, Beijing, 2013, Vol. III, p. 519.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A review of our party's seventy-plus-year history elicits an important conclusion. Our party earned the people's support during the historical periods of revolution, construction and reform because it always represented the requirements for developing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="w:China">China</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" class="extiw" title="w:Theory of the productive forces">advanced productive forces</a>, the orientation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="w:China">China</a>'s advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>. The party also earned popular support because it fought tirelessly to realize the fundamental interests of the country and the people by formulating a correct line, principles and policies. Today, humanity once again stands at the beginning of a new century and a new millennium. How our party can better effectuate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents" class="extiw" title="w:Three Represents">Three Represents</a> under the new historical conditions is a major issue all Party comrades, especially high-ranking party cadres, must consider deeply... The Communist Party of China should represent the development trends of advanced productive forces, the orientations of an advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people of China. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents" class="extiw" title="w:Three Represents">The Three Represents</a>" (25 February 2000).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We want to learn from the west about <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and how to manage the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">economy</a>, but this must be combined with specific conditions here. That's how we have made great progress in the last twenty years. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306052558/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jiang-zemin-talks-with-wallace/">"Jiang Zemin Talks With Wallace"</a> <i>CBS news</i> (August 2000)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In front of a lot of princeling friends, I've said that, if the Communist Party can't take sufficient political reform in five or ten years, it could miss the chance entirely. As scholars, we always say it's better to have <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reform</a> than <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, but in Chinese history this cycle repeats itself. Mao said we have to get rid of the cycle, but right now we’re still in it. This is very worrying. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifan_Zhang" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Lifan Zhang">Lifan Zhang</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red">"Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao."</a> (6 April 2015), by Evan Osnos, <i>The New Yorker</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:China">China</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #F1F8F1; width: 275px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <table> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;"><b>China</b> at Wikiquote's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" class="extiw" title="w:Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister 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