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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_Martian_dust_and_end_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Science background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seismic_vibrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_vibrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Seismic vibrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_vibrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_precession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_precession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Planetary precession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_precession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_groundwater_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_groundwater_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>2024 groundwater discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_groundwater_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overall specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lander_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lander_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lander specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lander_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_Lander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_Lander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Twin Lander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_Lander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Journey to Mars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Journey_to_Mars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Journey to Mars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cruise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry,_descent,_and_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Entry, descent, and landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Landing site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Surface operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surface_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surface operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surface_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MarCO_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MarCO_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>MarCO spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MarCO_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team_and_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team_and_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Team and participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team_and_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_chips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_chips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Name chips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_chips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">InSight</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="إنسايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইনসাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনসাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight" title="Insight – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insight" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="این‌سایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="این‌سایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0)" title="인사이트 (우주선) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인사이트 (우주선)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इनसाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इनसाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇൻസൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻസൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88_(%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="インサイト (探査機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インサイト (探査機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ان سائیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ان سائیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_(%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="ئینسایت (کەشتی ئاسمانی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینسایت (کەشتی ئاسمانی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Инсајт (сонда) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инсајт (сонда)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight" title="Insight – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Insight" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="இன்சைட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன்சைட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="อินไซต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินไซต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ان سائیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ان سائیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight" title="InSight – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="InSight" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F%E5%8F%B7" title="洞察号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洞察号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F%E5%8F%B7%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8" title="洞察号火星探测器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洞察号火星探测器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1660590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Insight (spacecraft)" redirects here. For the Chinese spacecraft also called Insight, see <a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Insight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Insight (disambiguation)">Insight (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/ISight" title="ISight">iSight</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">InSight</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg/330px-PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg/500px-PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg/960px-PIA19664-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <i>InSight</i> lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom during preflight testing</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">InSight<br />GEMS<br />Discovery 12</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> lander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-042A">2018-042A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660590#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">43457</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/insight/">science.nasa.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned: 709 <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sols</a> (2 years)<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Final: 1440 <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sols</a> (4 years, 19 days)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">694 kg (1,530 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">358 kg (789 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 × 1.56 × 1.0 m (19.7 × 5.1 × 3.3 ft) (deployed)<sup id="cite_ref-insight-litho_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-litho-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">600 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 2018, 11:05:01 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 401<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20131219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20131219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />AV-078</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_3" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 3">SLC-3E</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Declared</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 2022 (official)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20221222_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20221222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221220_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 2018, 19:52:59 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />MSD 51511 05:14 <a href="/wiki/Airy_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy Mean Time">AMT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a><sup id="cite_ref-landing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-selection_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-selection-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=InSight&params=4.5024_N_135.6234_E_globe:Mars&title=%27%27InSight%27%27+landing+site"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°30′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">135°37′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.5024°N 135.6234°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.5024; 135.6234</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org"><i>InSight</i> landing site</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Parker_2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 2018, 19:52:59 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500 km (2,200 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SEIS</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HP<sup>3</sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" title="Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package">Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RISE</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_and_Interior_Structure_Experiment" title="Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment">Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">TWINS</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperature_and_Winds_for_InSight" title="Temperature and Winds for InSight">Temperature and Winds for InSight</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_Mission_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/InSight_Mission_Logo.svg/250px-InSight_Mission_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/InSight_Mission_Logo.svg/330px-InSight_Mission_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/InSight_Mission_Logo.svg/500px-InSight_Mission_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><br />InSight mission logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport</b> (<i><b>InSight</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mission was a <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> designed to study the deep interior of the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180430_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180430-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washington1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin Space</a>, was managed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL),<sup id="cite_ref-insight-lockheed_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-lockheed-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two of its three scientific instruments were built by European agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-europlanet_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europlanet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission launched on 5 May 2018 at 11:05:01 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> aboard an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>-401 <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and successfully landed<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181127_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a> on Mars on 26 November 2018 at 19:52:59 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181126_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-launch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>InSight</i> was active on Mars for 1440 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Sols" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a> (1480 <a href="/wiki/Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Days">days</a>; <i>4 years, 19 days</i>). </p><p><i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> objectives were to place a <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure</a> (SEIS), on the surface of Mars to measure seismic activity and provide accurate 3D models of the planet's interior; and measure internal <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> using a heat probe called <a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" title="Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package">HP<sup>3</sup></a> to study Mars' early geological evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-instrum_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-instrum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was intended to provide a new understanding of how the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> – and Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> formed and evolved. </p><p>The lander was originally planned for launch in March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-washington1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciam20171114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam20171114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instrument problem delayed the launch beyond the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Launch_window" title="Launch window">launch window</a>. NASA officials rescheduled the <i>InSight</i> launch to May 2018<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20160309_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20160309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the wait the instrument was repaired. This increased the total cost from US$675 million to US$830 million.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20160902_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20160902-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>InSight</i> successfully landed on Mars on 26 November 2018. Due to excessive dust on its solar panels preventing it from recharging, NASA put <i>InSight</i> in low-power mode for detecting seismic events in July 2022 and continued monitoring the lander through the operational period ending in December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210108_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210108-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 December 2022, NASA announced that the InSight lander had lost communications with Earth on 15 December 2022, with the end of the mission being declared on 21 December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20221222_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20221222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221220_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221221_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221221-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_Program_selection">Discovery Program selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery Program selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg/250px-PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg/330px-PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg/500px-PIA19666-MarsInSightLander-Assembly-20150429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption><i>InSight</i> comes together with the backshell and surface lander being joined, 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>InSight</i> was initially known as <b>GEMS</b> (<b>Geophysical Monitoring Station</b>), but its name was changed in early 2012 following a request by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 28 proposals from 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20120820_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20120820-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was one of the three <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a> finalists receiving $3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept study.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20110505_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20110505-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, <i>InSight</i> was selected for development and launch.<sup id="cite_ref-washington1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) with participation from scientists from several countries, the mission was cost-capped at US$425 million, not including launch vehicle funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By reusing the landing system designed for the Mars <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a>, which successfully landed on Mars in 2008, mission costs and risks were reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_issues">Schedule issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schedule issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lockheed Martin began construction of the lander on 19 May 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20140519_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20140519-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with general testing starting on 27 May 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20150527_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20150527-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A persistent vacuum leak in the <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>-supplied seismometer known as the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure</a> (SEIS) led NASA to postpone the planned launch in March 2016 to May 2018. When <i>InSight</i> was delayed, the rest of the spacecraft was returned to Lockheed Martin's factory in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> for storage, and the Atlas V launch vehicle intended to launch the spacecraft was reassigned to the <i><a href="/wiki/WorldView-4" title="WorldView-4">WorldView-4</a></i> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20160305_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20160305-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 March 2016, NASA officials announced that <i>InSight</i> would be delayed until the 2018 launch window at an estimated cost of US$150 million.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20160309_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20160309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160309_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160309-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft was rescheduled to launch on 5 May 2018 for a Mars landing on 26 November 2018 at 20:00 UTC. The flight plan remained unchanged with launch using an Atlas V launch vehicle from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a> in California.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20160309_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20160309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160309_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160309-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with redesigning and building a new vacuum enclosure for the SEIS instrument, while CNES conducted instrument integration and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-tsr1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20160309_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20160309-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 2017, <i>InSight</i> completed testing in a thermal vacuum, also known as TVAC testing, where the spacecraft is put in simulated space conditions with reduced pressure and various thermal loads.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf-20171122_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf-20171122-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 January 2018, after a long storage, its solar panels were once again deployed and tested, and a second silicon chip containing 1.6 million names from the public was added to the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180123_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180123-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_Martian_dust_and_end_of_operations">Effects of Martian dust and end of operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of Martian dust and end of operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The InSight lander, powered by solar panels and batteries, relies on periodic wind gusts called "<a href="/wiki/Cleaning_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleaning events">cleaning events</a>" to reduce dust accumulation on the panels. Elysium Planitia, the landing site of InSight, has experienced fewer cleaning events than needed to keep the science operations powered. In February 2021, at the start of the Martian winter, InSight's solar cells were producing 27% of capacity due to a thick covering of dust on the panels. At that time NASA began the process of putting the lander into hibernation mode, shutting down data-gathering instruments on a schedule to conserve enough power to keep the lander electronics warm through the Martian winter. NASA had hoped that weather conditions would improve and allow InSight to store enough energy to come out of hibernation in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfall2021_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfall2021-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2021, some generation capacity was restored by using the arm to position sand so it could blow onto the solar panels and scour them clean.<sup id="cite_ref-bgr1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgr1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA determined in May 2022 that there was too much dust on the panels to continue the mission. InSight was generating only one-tenth of the power from the sunlight than it did upon arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They put the lander in a low-power mode in July 2022 to continue monitoring for seismic events. NASA continued to monitor <i>InSight</i> until the end of 2022, when the spacecraft missed two consecutive communication attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221221_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221221-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_background">Science background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-PSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo-PSE.jpg/170px-Apollo-PSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo-PSE.jpg/255px-Apollo-PSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo-PSE.jpg/340px-Apollo-PSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo 11 seismometer, 1969</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_vibrations">Seismic vibrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seismic vibrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25282-MarsInSightLander-InsideMars-20220517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PIA25282-MarsInSightLander-InsideMars-20220517.jpg/250px-PIA25282-MarsInSightLander-InsideMars-20220517.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PIA25282-MarsInSightLander-InsideMars-20220517.jpg/500px-PIA25282-MarsInSightLander-InsideMars-20220517.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption><div align="center">Inside Mars InfoGraphic<br />Mars InSight Lander (17 May 2022)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program"><i>Viking</i></a> spacecraft carried seismometers mounted on their landers, and in 1976 vibrations were picked up from various lander operations and from the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1977_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1977-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> lander's seismometer did not deploy properly and did not unlock; the locked seismometer could not operate. </p><p>The <i>Viking 2</i> seismometer unlocked; it operated and returned data to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-viking_25th_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viking_25th-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpi.usra.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One problem was accounting for other data. On Sol 80, the <i>Viking 2</i> seismometer detected an event.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi.usra.edu_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No wind data were recorded at the same time, so it was not possible to determine whether the data indicated a seismic event or wind gust. Other lacking data would have been useful to rule out other sources of vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi.usra.edu_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other problems were the location of the lander and that a certain level of wind on Mars caused a loss of sensitivity for the <i>Viking 2</i> seismometer.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi.usra.edu_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To overcome these and other issues, InSight had many other sensors, was placed directly on the surface, and also had a windshield. </p><p>Despite the difficulties, the <i>Viking 2</i> seismometer readings were used to estimate a Martian geological <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> thickness between 14 and 18 km (8.7 and 11.2 mi) at the <i>Viking 2</i> lander site.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Viking 2</i> seismometer did detect vibrations from Mars winds complementing the meteorology results.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura_1979_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura_1979-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was the aforementioned candidate for a possible <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquake</a>, but it was not particularly definitive. The wind data did prove useful in its own right, and despite the limitations of the data, widespread and large marsquakes were not detected.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seismometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismometers">Seismometers</a> were also left on the Moon, starting with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> in 1969, and also by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a> missions and provided many insights into <a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">lunar seismology</a>, including the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Moonquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquake">moonquakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goins_1981_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goins_1981-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com8_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo seismic network, which was operated until 1977, detected at least 28 moonquakes up to 5.5 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20060315_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20060315-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> One of the aspects of the InSight mission was to compare the Earth, Moon, and Mars seismic data.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180503_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180503-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, seismic investigation is really the heart of this mission. Seismology is the method that we've used to gain almost everything we know, all the basic information about the interior of the Earth, and we also used it back during the Apollo era to understand and to measure sort of the properties of the inside of the moon. And so, we want to apply the same techniques but use the waves that are generated by Mars quakes, by meteorite impacts to probe deep into the interior of Mars all the way down to its core.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Gravity Assist: Mars and InSight</i> with Bruce Banerdt (3 May 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180503_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180503-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 4 May 2022, a large <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquake</a>, estimated at magnitude 5, was detected by the <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a> on the InSight lander.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20220509_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20220509-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:777px;max-width:777px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mars quake detected (4 May 2022)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:327px;max-width:327px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg/330px-PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg/500px-PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg/960px-PIA25044-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-20220504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25180-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-Graph-20220504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA25180-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-Graph-20220504.jpg/250px-PIA25180-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-Graph-20220504.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA25180-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-Graph-20220504.jpg/500px-PIA25180-MarsInSightLander-BigQuake-Graph-20220504.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/190px--PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="190" height="190" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm/PIA25281-MarsInSightLander-MarsQuake-20220504.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 25 October 2023, scientists, helped by information from InSight, reported that the planet Mars has a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma ocean</a> under its crust.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20231025_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231025-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_precession">Planetary precession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Planetary precession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Doppler measurements were taken with <i>Viking</i> and twenty years later with <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i>, and in each case the <a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">axis of rotation</a> of Mars was estimated. By combining this data, the core size was constrained, because the change in axis of rotation over 20 years allowed a <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> rate and from that the planet's <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a> to be estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Banerdt20130307_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerdt20130307-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> measurements of crust thickness, mantle viscosity, core radius and density, and seismic activity were planned to result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy compared to previous data.<sup id="cite_ref-bb13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>InSight</i> mission placed a single stationary lander on Mars to study its deep interior and address a fundamental issue of planetary and Solar System science: understanding the processes that shaped the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">rocky planets</a> of the inner Solar System (including Earth) more than four billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_(Earth,_Mars_and_Moon)_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/250px-Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/330px-Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/500px-Terrestrial_Planet_Interiors_%28Earth%2C_Mars_and_Moon%29_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14855" data-file-height="5400" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the interiors of Earth, Mars and the Moon (artist concept)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> primary objective was to study the earliest evolutionary processes that shaped Mars. By studying the size, thickness, density and overall structure of Mars' <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, as well as the rate at which heat escapes from the planet's interior, <i>InSight</i> will provide a glimpse into the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">evolutionary processes</a> of all of the rocky planets in the inner Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-Panning_2017_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panning_2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocky inner planets share a common ancestry that begins with <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>. As the body increases in size, its interior heats up and evolves to become a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a>, containing a core, mantle and crust.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this common ancestry, each of the terrestrial planets is later shaped and molded through the poorly understood process of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiation</a>. <i>InSight</i> mission's goal was to improve the understanding of this process and, by extension, terrestrial evolution, by measuring the planetary building blocks shaped by this differentiation: a terrestrial planet's core, mantle and crust.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg/250px-PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg/330px-PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg/500px-PIA22745-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><i>InSight</i> lander on Mars (artist concept)</figcaption></figure> <p>The mission will determine if there is any <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic activity</a>, measure the rate of heat flow from the interior, estimate the size of Mars' <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> and whether the core is liquid or solid.<sup id="cite_ref-universetoday1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data would be the first of its kind for Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-bb13_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also expected that frequent <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">meteor airbursts</a> (10–200 detectable events per year for <i>InSight</i>) will provide additional seismo-acoustic signals to probe the interior of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-stevanovic_2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevanovic_2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission's secondary objective was to conduct an in-depth study of <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic activity</a> and the effect of <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">on Mars</a>, which could provide knowledge about such processes on Earth. Measurements of crust thickness, mantle viscosity, core radius and density, and seismic activity should result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy compared to current data.<sup id="cite_ref-bb13_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time a robotic lander dug this deep into the martian crust. </p><p>In terms of fundamental processes shaping planetary formation, it is thought that Mars contains the most in-depth and accurate historical record, because it is big enough to have undergone the earliest <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> and internal heating processes that shaped the terrestrial planets, but is small enough to have retained signs of those processes. The science phase is expected to last for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, NASA reported, based on measurements of over 500 <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquakes</a> by the <i>InSight</i> lander on the planet Mars, that the core of Mars is between 1,810 and 1,860 km (1,120 and 1,160 mi), about half the size of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">core</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and significantly smaller than thought earlier, suggesting a core of lighter <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHYS-20210319_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20210319-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2024_groundwater_discovery">2024 groundwater discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2024 groundwater discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater on Mars</a></div> <p>In August 2024, a reservoir of liquid water was discovered on Mars - deep in the rocky outer crust of the planet. The findings came from a new analysis of data from Nasa’s Mars Insight Lander, which recorded four years' of vibrations - Mars quakes - from deep inside the Red Planet. The analysis revealed reservoirs of water at depths of about six to 12 miles (10 to 20km) in the Martian crust.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per estimates, there may be enough water, trapped in tiny cracks and pores of rock in the middle of the Martian crust, to fill oceans on the planet’s surface. The groundwater would likely cover the entirety of Mars to a depth of 1 mile (1.6 kilometers), the study found.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/InSight_spacecraft_model.png/220px-InSight_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/InSight_spacecraft_model.png/330px-InSight_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/InSight_spacecraft_model.png/440px-InSight_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Artist's rendering of the <i>InSight</i> lander</figcaption></figure> <p>The mission further develops a design based on the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a> Mars lander.<sup id="cite_ref-nasapr20120820_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr20120820-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>InSight</i> is powered by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a>, it landed near the equator to enable maximum power for a projected lifetime of two years (1 <a href="/wiki/Martian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian year">Martian year</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission includes two relay microsatellites called <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO) that launched with <i>InSight</i> but were flying in formation with <i>InSight</i> to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-MarCO_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarCO-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three major aspects to the InSight spacecraft are the <i>cruise stage</i>, the <i>entry, descent, and landing system</i>, and the <i>lander</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall_specifications">Overall specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overall specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Mass</dt></dl> <ul><li>Total mass during cruise: 694 kg (1,530 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Lander: 358 kg (789 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aeroshell: 189 kg (417 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeroshell Diameter (backshell and heat shield) : 2.64 meters (8.67 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cruise stage: 79 kg (174 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Propellant and pressurant: 67 kg (148 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Relay probes flew separately but they weighed 13.5 kg (30 lb) each (there were 2)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lander_specifications">Lander specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lander specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lander mass: 358 kg (789 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including about 50 kg of science payload. <ul><li>Mars weight (0.376 of Earth's):<sup id="cite_ref-universetoday2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,320 N (300 lbf)</li></ul></li> <li>About 6.0 m (19.7 ft) wide with solar panels deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The science deck is about 1.56 m (5.1 ft) wide and between 0.83 and 1.08 m (2.7 and 3.5 ft) high (depending on leg compression after landing).<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The length of the robotic arm is 1.8 m (5.9 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tilt of lander at landing on Mars: 4°<sup id="cite_ref-france24a_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24a-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power">Power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png/250px-PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png/330px-PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png/500px-PIA22835-MarsProbes-SingleSolGeneratedEnergy-20181130-corrected.png 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of single-sol energy generated by various probes on Mars. (30 November 2018)</figcaption></figure> <p>Power is generated by two round <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a>, each 2.15 m (7.1 ft) in diameter when unfurled, and consisting of SolAero <a href="/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell" title="Multi-junction solar cell">ZTJ triple-junction solar cells</a> made of <a href="/wiki/InGaP" class="mw-redirect" title="InGaP">InGaP</a>/<a href="/wiki/InGaAs" class="mw-redirect" title="InGaAs">InGaAs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> arranged on <a href="/wiki/Orbital_ATK" title="Orbital ATK">Orbital ATK</a> UltraFlex arrays. After touchdown on the Martian surface, the arrays are deployed by opening like a <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">folding fan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solaero1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solaero1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atk1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atk1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rechargeable batteries<sup id="cite_ref-futurism1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurism1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Solar panels yielded 4.6 kilowatt-hours on Sol 1<sup id="cite_ref-space.com3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payload">Payload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg/250px-PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg/330px-PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg/500px-PIA17358-MarsInSightLander-20140326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5004" data-file-height="5397" /></a><figcaption>The <i>InSight</i> lander with labeled instruments</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif/220px-HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif/330px-HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif/440px-HP3_burrowing_mechanism.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>An animation of HP<sup>3</sup> mole burrowing into Mars</figcaption></figure> <p><i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lander <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload</a> had a total mass of 50 kg (110 lb), including science instruments and support systems such as the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite, cameras, the instrument deployment system, and a <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">laser retroreflector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>InSight</i> performed three major experiments using SEIS, HP<sup>3</sup> and RISE.<sup id="cite_ref-Naone_2018_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naone_2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEIS is a very sensitive seismometer, measuring vibrations; HP<sup>3</sup> involves a burrowing probe to measure the thermal properties of the subsurface.<sup id="cite_ref-Naone_2018_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naone_2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RISE uses the radio communication equipment on the lander and on Earth to measure the overall movement of planet Mars that could reveal the size and density of its core. </p> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure</a></b> (SEIS) measured <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquakes</a> and other internal activity on Mars, and the response to meteorite impacts, to better understand the planet's history and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20140210_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20140210-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsci2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsci2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunil_2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunil_2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEIS was provided by the French Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>), with the participation of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (<a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">IPGP</a>), the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (<a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH</a>), the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (<a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">MPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a>, Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (<a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">ISAE</a>) and JPL.<sup id="cite_ref-arstech1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstech1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lognonne_2011_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lognonne_2011-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seismometer can also detect sources including atmospheric waves and tidal forces from Mars' moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Panning_2017_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panning_2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leak in SEIS in 2016 had forced a two-year mission postponement.<sup id="cite_ref-tsr1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEIS instrument is supported by meteorological tools including a <a href="/wiki/Vector_magnetometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector magnetometer">vector magnetometer</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> that measures magnetic disturbances, air temperature, wind speed and wind direction sensors based on the Spanish/Finnish <a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">Rover Environmental Monitoring Station</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com12_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banerdt20130307_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerdt20130307-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" title="Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package">Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package</a></b> (HP<sup>3</sup>), provided by the <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) included a radiometer and a heat flow probe.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasapr20120820_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr20120820-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flow_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flow-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtm_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtm-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probe, referred to as a "self-hammering nail" and nicknamed "<b>the mole</b>", was designed to burrow 5 m (16 ft) below the Martian surface while trailing a tether, with embedded heat sensors to study the thermal properties of Mars' interior, and thus reveal unique information about the planet's geologic history.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasapr20120820_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr20120820-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flow_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flow-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtm_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtm-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hammering mechanism inside the mole was designed by the Polish company Astronika and the Space Research Centre of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> under contract and in cooperation with DLR.<sup id="cite_ref-polishkret_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polishkret-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tether contains precise temperature sensors every 10 cm (3.9 in) to measure the temperature profile of the subsurface.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-hp3_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-hp3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Rotation_and_Interior_Structure_Experiment" title="Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment">Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment</a></b> (RISE) led by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), was a radio science experiment that uses the lander's <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> radio to provide precise measurements of planetary rotation to better understand the interior of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Dehant2011_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehant2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> X band radio tracking, capable of an accuracy under 2 cm (0.79 in), builds on previous <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i> data.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous data allowed the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> size to be estimated, but with more data from <i>InSight</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Nutation" title="Nutation">nutation</a> amplitude can be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once spin axis direction, precession, and nutation amplitudes are better understood, it should be possible to calculate the size and density of the Martian core and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should increase the understanding of the formation of terrestrial planets (e.g. Earth) and rocky <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-octoberpres_77-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octoberpres-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Temperature_and_Winds_for_InSight" title="Temperature and Winds for InSight">Temperature and Winds for InSight</a></b> (TWINS), fabricated by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center</a>, monitors <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">weather</a> at the landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-bb13_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com12_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Laser RetroReflector for InSight</b> (LaRRI) is a <a href="/wiki/Corner_cube" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner cube">corner cube</a> <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> and mounted on <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> top deck.<sup id="cite_ref-Dell'Agnello2017_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dell'Agnello2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banerdt2016_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerdt2016-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enables passive <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser range-finding</a> by orbiters after the lander is retired,<sup id="cite_ref-schiap-sci_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiap-sci-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will function as a node in a proposed Mars geophysical network.<sup id="cite_ref-Dell'Agnello2016_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dell'Agnello2016-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This device previously flew on the <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander"><i>Schiaparelli</i> lander</a> as the Instrument for Landing-Roving Laser Retroreflector Investigations (INRRI), and is an aluminum dome 54 mm (2.1 in) in diameter and 25 g (0.9 oz) in mass featuring eight <a href="/wiki/Fused_silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused silica">fused silica</a> reflectors.<sup id="cite_ref-schiap-sci_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiap-sci-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Instrument Deployment Arm</b> (IDA) is a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) robotic arm that deployed the SEIS, wind and thermal shield, and HP<sup>3</sup> instruments to Mars' surface.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a 4 <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)" title="Degrees of freedom (mechanics)">DOF</a> motorized manipulator, constructed from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber reinforced polymer">carbon-fiber composite</a> tubes. Originally intended for the canceled <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor</a> mission, the IDA features a scoop, <a href="/wiki/Wax_motor" title="Wax motor">wax actuated</a> grappling claw, and the IDC camera.<sup id="cite_ref-IDA_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDA-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Instrument Deployment Camera</b> (IDC) is a color camera based on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">navcam</a> design. It is mounted on the Instrument Deployment Arm and images the instruments on the lander's deck and provides <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> views of the terrain surrounding the landing site. It features a 45° field of view and uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> detector.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-cameras_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-cameras-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IDC sensor was originally black and white for best resolution; a program was enacted that tested with a standard Hazcam and, since development deadlines and budgets were met, it was replaced with a color sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-Golombek_2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golombek_2014-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Instrument Context Camera</b> (ICC) is a color camera based on the MER/MSL <a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcam</a> design. It is mounted below the lander's deck, and with its <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a> 120° panoramic field of view provides a complementary view of the instrument deployment area. Like the IDC, it uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> detector.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-cameras_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-cameras-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19144-MarsMission-InSight-Testing-20150304.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PIA19144-MarsMission-InSight-Testing-20150304.jpg/120px-PIA19144-MarsMission-InSight-Testing-20150304.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PIA19144-MarsMission-InSight-Testing-20150304.jpg/250px-PIA19144-MarsMission-InSight-Testing-20150304.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2292" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A test of the 2.4 meter long Instrument Deployment Arm, seen deploying <a href="/wiki/Seismic_Experiment_for_Interior_Structure" title="Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure">SEIS</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hp3sol10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hp3sol10.jpg/120px-Hp3sol10.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hp3sol10.jpg/250px-Hp3sol10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">HP<sup>3</sup> on the lander deck on Sol 10</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png/250px-InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png/330px-InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png/500px-InSight%27s_HP3_instrument_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">HP<sup>3</sup> diagram</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twinsboom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Twinsboom.jpg/250px-Twinsboom.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Temperature_and_Winds_for_InSight" title="Temperature and Winds for InSight">TWINS</a> meteorological sensor</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_(PIA22206).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png/250px-LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png/374px-LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">LaRRI, the laser retroreflector</a> on <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> deck</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The two relay 6U cubesats were part of the overall InSight program, and were launched at the same time as the lander but they were attached to the centaur upper stage (InSight's second stage in the launch). They were ejected from the stage after launch and coasted to Mars independent of the main InSight cruise stage with the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180505_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180505-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_Lander">Twin Lander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Twin Lander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JPL also built a full-scale engineering model, named <b>ForeSight</b>. This was used to practice instrument deployment, trial new ways to deploy the HP<sup>3</sup> instrument, and test methods to reduce seismometer noise.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221101_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221101-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the mission now ended, the testbed is being scrapped and its parts will be offered to other teams such as the <a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">Mars Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL)</a> for the Mars Sample Return campaign at JPL to be repurposed for their own needs. Anything that is not needed will go into storage. As of now, no attempt is planned to be undertaken to restore ForeSight or to send it to a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journey_to_Mars">Journey to Mars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Journey to Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 February 2018, <i>InSight</i> was shipped via <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 cargo aircraft</a> from the Lockheed Martin Space building in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in order to be integrated to the launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180228_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180228-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander was launched on 5 May 2018 and arrived on Mars at approximately 19:54 UTC on 26 November 2018. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Despegue_de_InSight_(VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg/250px-Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg/330px-Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg/500px-Despegue_de_InSight_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_JBS01_0012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption>The launch of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rocket carrying <i>InSight</i> and <i>MarCO</i> from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3">Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 3-E</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft was launched on 5 May 2018 at 11:05 UTC on an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle (AV-078) from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3">Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3-East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first American <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary mission">interplanetary mission</a> to launch from California.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20131219_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20131219-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch was managed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a>. <i>InSight</i> was originally scheduled for launch on 4 March 2016 on an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 401 (4 meter fairing/zero (0) <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a>/single (1) engine <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> in California, U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20131219_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20131219-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was called off in December 2015 due to a vacuum leak on the SEIS instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151222_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151222-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20151222_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151222-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20151222_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20151222-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rescheduled launch window ran from 5 May to 8 June 2018. </p><p>Major components of the launch vehicle include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Core_Booster" title="Common Core Booster">Common Core Booster</a></li> <li>This launch did not use additional solid rocket boosters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> with Relay CubeSats</li> <li>InSight in a Payload fairing</li></ul> <p>The journey to Mars took 6.5 months across 484 million km (301 million mi) for a touchdown on 26 November.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-launch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a successful landing, a three-month-long deployment phase commenced as part of its two-year (a little more than one <a href="/wiki/Martian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian year">Martian year</a>) prime mission.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-surface_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-surface-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181121_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181121-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg/330px-SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg/500px-SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg/960px-SLC-3_Service_Tower_Rolls_Back_for_InSight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Service tower rolls back.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_Prelaunch_(NHQ201805050009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg/161px-InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg/242px-InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg/322px-InSight_Prelaunch_%28NHQ201805050009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="4378" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pre-launch</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_rises_above_the_fog_(VAFB-20180505-PH_CSH01_0001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/InSight_rises_above_the_fog_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_CSH01_0001%29.jpg/500px-InSight_rises_above_the_fog_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_CSH01_0001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="352" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/InSight_rises_above_the_fog_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_CSH01_0001%29.jpg/960px-InSight_rises_above_the_fog_%28VAFB-20180505-PH_CSH01_0001%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">InSight heading to space</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>InSight</i> on way to Mars</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg/330px-PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg/500px-PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg/960px-PIA22547-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20180820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Exterior (artist concept)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg/250px-PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg/330px-PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg/500px-PIA22647-Mars-InSightLander-InteriorDuringSpaceFlight-20180820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Interior</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise">Cruise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cruise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif/250px-Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif/500px-Animation_of_InSight_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>An animation of <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from 5 May 2018 to 26 November 2018:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>InSight</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>After its launch from Earth on 5 May in 2018, it coasted through interplanetary space for 6.5 months traveling across 484 million km (301 million mi) for a touchdown on 26 November in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-launch_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>InSight cruise stage departed Earth at a speed of 10,000 kilometres per hour (6,200 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MarCo probes were ejected from the 2nd stage Centaur booster and traveled to Mars independent of the InSight cruise stage, but they were all launched together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the cruise to Mars, the InSight cruise stage made several course adjustments, and the first of these (TCM-1) took place on 22 May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cruise stage that carries the lander includes solar panels, antenna, star trackers, <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement unit</a> among its technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thrusters are actually on the <i>InSight</i> lander itself, but there are cutouts in the shell so the relevant rockets can vent into space.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final course correction was 25 November 2018, the day before its touch down.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20181126_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20181126-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hours before making contact with the Martian atmosphere, the cruise stage was jettisoned, on 26 November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20181126_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20181126-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry,_descent,_and_landing"><span id="Entry.2C_descent.2C_and_landing"></span>Entry, descent, and landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Entry, descent, and landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 November 2018, at approximately 19:53 UTC, mission controllers received a signal via the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO) satellites that the spacecraft had successfully touched down<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181127_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180505_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181126_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-launch_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-launch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After landing, the mission took three months to deploy and commission the geophysical science instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-surface_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-surface-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181121_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181121-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then began its mission of observing Mars, which was planned to last for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-facts_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft's mass that entered the atmosphere of Mars was 1,340 lb (608 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-insight-landing_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-landing-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were three major stages to InSight's landing:<sup id="cite_ref-insight-landing_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-landing-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Entry: after separating from the cruise stage the <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a> enters the atmosphere and is subject to air and dust in the Martian atmosphere.</li> <li>Parachute descent: at a certain speed and altitude a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> is deployed to slow the lander further.</li> <li>Rocket descent: closer to the ground the parachute is ejected and the lander uses rocket engines to slow the lander before touchdown.</li></ul> <p>Landing sequence:<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20181126_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20181126-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>25 November 2018, final course correction before EDL.</li> <li>26 November 2018, Cruise stage jettisoned before entering the atmosphere.</li> <li>Several minutes later, the aeroshell containing the lander makes contact with the upper Martian atmosphere at 12,300 mph (19,800 km/h). <ul><li>At this point it is 80 miles (130 km) above Mars and in the next few minutes it lands, but undergoes many stages.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-landing_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-landing-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Aeroshell is heated to 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) during descent.</li> <li>At 385 m/s (1,260 ft/s) and ~11,100 m (36,400 ft) above the surface, the parachute is deployed.</li> <li>Several seconds later, the heat shield is jettisoned from the lander.</li> <li>The landing legs extended.</li> <li>Landing radar activated.</li> <li>Backshell jettisoned at a speed of about 60 m/s (200 ft/s) and at 1,100 m (3,600 ft) altitude.</li> <li>Landing rockets turned on.</li> <li>Roughly 50 m (160 ft) from the ground constant velocity mode is entered.</li> <li>Approaches ground at about 5 mph (8.0 km/h).</li> <li>Touchdown—each of the three lander legs have a sensor to detect ground contact.</li> <li>Descent rockets are turned off at touchdown.</li> <li>Begin surface operations.</li></ul> <p>The lander's mass is about 358 kg (789 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on Mars, which has 0.376 of Earth's<sup id="cite_ref-universetoday2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gravity, it only weighs the equivalent of a 135 kg (298 lb) object on Earth. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Mars atmospheric entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:992px;max-width:992px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:386px;max-width:386px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_lander_separating_from_its_cruise_stage_PIA22828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/InSight_lander_separating_from_its_cruise_stage_PIA22828.jpg/500px-InSight_lander_separating_from_its_cruise_stage_PIA22828.jpg" decoding="async" width="384" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/InSight_lander_separating_from_its_cruise_stage_PIA22828.jpg/960px-InSight_lander_separating_from_its_cruise_stage_PIA22828.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of the InSight cruise stage and lander separating prior to landing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:395px;max-width:395px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insight_landing-640x350.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Insight_landing-640x350.gif/393px-Insight_landing-640x350.gif" decoding="async" width="393" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Insight_landing-640x350.gif/590px-Insight_landing-640x350.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Insight_landing-640x350.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Touchdown on Elysium Planitia (animation)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg/250px-PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg/330px-PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg/500px-PIA22812-Mars-InSightLander-Landing-20181010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A simulated view of NASA's InSight lander about to land on the surface of Mars</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:808px;max-width:808px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars,_Annotated_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg/500px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg/960px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg/400px-PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg/600px-PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg/800px-PIA22575_IDC_Camera_First_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">First light</a> on the surface of Mars from the Instrument Context Camera (ICC, left) and the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC, right)<br />26 November 2018 (Touch down-day // Sol 0)</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:808px;max-width:808px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">After InSight landing (14 December 2018)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg/400px-PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg/600px-PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg/800px-PIA23301-MarsInSightLander-PitsMadeByThrusters-20181214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The pits made by thrusters (contrast-enhanced without color-correction)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23250-MarsinSightLander-SoilChurnedByThrusters-20181214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PIA23250-MarsinSightLander-SoilChurnedByThrusters-20181214.jpg/500px-PIA23250-MarsinSightLander-SoilChurnedByThrusters-20181214.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PIA23250-MarsinSightLander-SoilChurnedByThrusters-20181214.jpg/960px-PIA23250-MarsinSightLander-SoilChurnedByThrusters-20181214.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The soil churned by thrusters</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 26 November 2018, InSight successfully touched down in Elysium Planitia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181127_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few hours after landing, NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i> orbiter relayed signals indicating that <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> had successfully unfurled and are generating enough electrical power to recharge its batteries daily. <i>Odyssey</i> also relayed a pair of images showing <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181126_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181126-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More images were acquired in <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy#Space_exploration" title="Stereoscopy">stereo</a> pairs to create 3D images, allowing <i>InSight</i> to find the best locations on the surface to place the heat probe and seismometer. Over the next few weeks, <i>InSight</i> checked health indicators and monitor both weather and temperature conditions at the landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-surface_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-surface-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_site">Landing site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Landing site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_gallery plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve the section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">removing excessive or indiscriminate images</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE">moving relevant images</a> beside adjacent text, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. <span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>(August 2024)</i></span></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg/750px-PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg/1125px-PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg/1500px-PIA23376-Mars-InSightLander-MRO-View-20190923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">The InSight Lander as viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a> (23 September 2019)</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg/960px-PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg/1125px-PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg/1500px-PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6223" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">InSight Lander – panorama (9 December 2018)</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:749px;max-width:749px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Views from the Mars InSight lander (animated)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:261px;max-width:261px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif/330px-PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif" decoding="async" width="259" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif/500px-PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif/518px-PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunrise-20220410.gif 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sunrise (April 2022)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23180_cc-Mars-InSightLander-Clouds-Animated-20190425.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PIA23180_cc-Mars-InSightLander-Clouds-Animated-20190425.gif/250px-PIA23180_cc-Mars-InSightLander-Clouds-Animated-20190425.gif" decoding="async" width="239" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PIA23180_cc-Mars-InSightLander-Clouds-Animated-20190425.gif/500px-PIA23180_cc-Mars-InSightLander-Clouds-Animated-20190425.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Clouds (April 2019)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunset-20220410.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunset-20220410.gif/250px-PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunset-20220410.gif" decoding="async" width="239" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunset-20220410.gif/500px-PIA25178-Mars-InSightLander-Sunset-20220410.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sunset (April 2022)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png/330px-USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png" decoding="async" width="254" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png/500px-USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png/960px-USGS-Mars-MC-15-ElysiumRegion-mola.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>InSight</i> landing zone is in the south and west of this grid, near 4.5° North and 136° East, this is south and to the west of <a href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" title="Elysium Mons">Elysium Mons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie crater">Eddie crater</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg/330px-PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg/500px-PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg/960px-PIA21489_-_Advance_Inspection_of_NASA%27s_Next_Mars_Landing_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The image footprints by HiRise on <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> for studying the planned <i>Insight</i> landing ellipse. From east to west the scale is about 160 km (100 mi).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg/330px-PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg/500px-PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg/960px-PIA22878-Mars-InSightLander-FinalLocation-20181213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i>InSight</i> final landing location (red dot)<br />(13 December 2018)</div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:991px;max-width:991px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:261px;max-width:261px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg/330px-PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg/500px-PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg/960px-PIA22743-Mars-InSightLander-ArtistConcept-20181024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5113" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An artist's concept depicts NASA's InSight lander after it has deployed its instruments on the Martian surface</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif/250px-PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif" decoding="async" width="216" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif/330px-PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif/500px-PIA22892_Unlatching_InSight%27s_Arm.gif 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The NASA's InSight spacecraft unlatched its robotic arm on 27 November 2018, the day after it landed on Mars.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg/250px-PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">InSight on Mars − clear view (open lens cover) of landing area (<a href="#Payload">ICC</a>; 30 November 2018)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg/250px-PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg/330px-PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg/500px-PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">InSight parachute, lander, shield (11 December 2018)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181126.jpg/250px-PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181126.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181126.jpg/330px-PIA22875-InSightOnMarsSurface-ParachuteLanderHeatshield-20181126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">InSight parachute, lander, shield (26 November 2018)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> science goals are not related to any particular surface feature of Mars, potential landing sites were chosen on the basis of practicality. Candidate sites needed to be near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> of Mars to provide sufficient sunlight for the solar panels year round, have a low elevation to allow for sufficient atmospheric braking during <a href="/wiki/Entry,_descent_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry, descent and landing">EDL</a>, be flat and relatively rock-free to reduce the probability of complications during landing, and have soft enough terrain to allow the heat flow probe to penetrate well into the ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An optimal area that meets all these requirements is <a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a>, so all 22 initial potential landing sites were located in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only two other areas on the equator and at low elevation, <a href="/wiki/Isidis_Planitia" title="Isidis Planitia">Isidis Planitia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a>, are too rocky. In addition, Valles Marineris has too steep a gradient to allow safe landing.<sup id="cite_ref-landing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, the initial 22 potential landing sites were narrowed down to four, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> was then used to gain more information on each of the four potential sites before a final decision was made.<sup id="cite_ref-landing_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each site consists of a <a href="/wiki/Landing_footprint" title="Landing footprint">landing ellipse</a> that measures about 130 by 27 km (81 by 17 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-space.com11_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com11-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2017, scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> announced that the landing site had been selected. It is located in western Elysium Planitia at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=InSight&params=4.5_N_135.9_E_globe:mars_type:landmark&title=%27%27InSight%27%27+landing+site"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">135°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.5°N 135.9°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.5; 135.9</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org"><i>InSight</i> landing site</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golombek_2017_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golombek_2017-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landing site is about 600 km (370 mi) north from where the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> is operating in <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180125_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180125-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 2018, the spacecraft successfully touched down at its landing site,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181127_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in early December 2018 <i>InSight</i> lander and EDL components were imaged from space on the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181213_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181213-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images provided precise position of the lander: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=InSight&params=4.5024_N_135.6234_E_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°30′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">135°37′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.5024°N 135.6234°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.5024; 135.6234</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:796px;max-width:796px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mars InSight Lander – Self-portraits</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/250px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/330px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/500px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4391" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">First (11 December 2018)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg/250px-PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg/330px-PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg/500px-PIA23203-Mars-InSightLander-2ndSelfie-20190411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8757" data-file-height="4999" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Second (11 April 2019)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg/250px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg/330px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg/500px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-DustySelfie-20220424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4391" data-file-height="2635" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Third (24 April 2022)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/250px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif" decoding="async" width="190" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/330px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/500px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Before/After 1223 days of dust</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_operations">Surface operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Surface operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 November 2018, NASA reported that the <i>InSight</i> lander had landed successfully on Mars. The meteorological suite (<a href="/wiki/Temperature_and_Winds_for_InSight" title="Temperature and Winds for InSight">TWINS</a>) and magnetometer were operational, and the mission took approximately three months to deploy and commission the geophysical science instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-surface_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-surface-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181121_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181121-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After landing, the dust was allowed to settle for a few hours, during which time the solar array motors were warmed up and then the solar panels were unfurled.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-solar_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-solar-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com3_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insight-surface_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-surface-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander then reported its systems' status, acquired some images, and it powered down to <a href="/wiki/Sleep_mode" title="Sleep mode">sleep mode</a> for its first night on Mars. On its first sol on Mars it set a new solar power record of 4.6 kilowatt-hours generated for a single Martian day (known as a <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">"sol"</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-space.com3_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amount is enough to support operations and deploy the sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com13_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com13-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>InSight</i> on the surface of Mars (6 December 2018)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg/128px-PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg/192px-PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg/256px-PIA22871_Full_View_of_InSight%27s_Deck_and_Two_Science_Instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> Deck and science instruments</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg/128px-PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg/192px-PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg/256px-PIA22872_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_Over_Martian_Soil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> Robotic arm over Martian soil</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22873_Partial_View_of_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_and_Deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PIA22873_Partial_View_of_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_and_Deck.jpg/250px-PIA22873_Partial_View_of_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_and_Deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PIA22873_Partial_View_of_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_and_Deck.jpg/330px-PIA22873_Partial_View_of_Insight%27s_Robotic_Arm_and_Deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> Robotic arm and deck</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg/128px-PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg/192px-PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg/256px-PIA22736_InSight_Images_a_Solar_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> One of its two solar panels</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg/128px-PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg/192px-PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg/256px-PIA22959-Mars-InSightLander-DeploysWind%26ThermalShield-20190202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> Deployment of wind and thermal shield</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg/128px-PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg/192px-PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg/256px-PIA23046-Mars-InSightLander-HeatProbeDeployment-20190212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"> Deployment of heat probe (HP³)</div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:791px;max-width:791px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>InSight</i> – <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a> deployed, first time onto the surface of another planet (19 December 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181219_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181219-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22978-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-20181219.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PIA22978-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-20181219.gif/250px-PIA22978-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-20181219.gif" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PIA22978-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-20181219.gif/330px-PIA22978-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-20181219.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The seismometer deployment animation from Instrument Context Camera</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22977-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-IDC-20181219.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA22977-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-IDC-20181219.gif/250px-PIA22977-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-IDC-20181219.gif" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA22977-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-IDC-20181219.gif/330px-PIA22977-Mars-InSight-Lander-DeployingSeismometer-IDC-20181219.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The seismometer deployment animation from Instrument Deployment Camera</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22956-Mars-InSight-SeismometerDeployed-20181219.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PIA22956-Mars-InSight-SeismometerDeployed-20181219.png/250px-PIA22956-Mars-InSight-SeismometerDeployed-20181219.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PIA22956-Mars-InSight-SeismometerDeployed-20181219.png/330px-PIA22956-Mars-InSight-SeismometerDeployed-20181219.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The seismometer deployed.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23177-Mars-InSightLander-Seismometer-20190423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PIA23177-Mars-InSightLander-Seismometer-20190423.jpg/250px-PIA23177-Mars-InSightLander-Seismometer-20190423.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PIA23177-Mars-InSightLander-Seismometer-20190423.jpg/330px-PIA23177-Mars-InSightLander-Seismometer-20190423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The wind and thermal shield deployed over seismometer (Sol 110)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg/250px-PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg/330px-PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg/500px-PIA23043-Mars-InSightLander-Shield-FromSpace-20190204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The lander (green) and shield (white dot) – viewed from space (4 February 2019)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 7 December 2018, <i>InSight</i> recorded the sounds of Martian winds with SEIS, which is able to record vibrations within human hearing range, although rather low (aka subwoofer-type sounds), and these were sent back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181207_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181207-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time the sound of Mars wind was heard<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181207_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181207-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after two previous attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-tps1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tps1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 December 2018, the SEIS instrument was deployed onto the surface of Mars next to the lander by its robotic arm,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181219_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181219-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was commissioned on 4 February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20190204_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20190204-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the seismometer became fully operational, the heat probe instrument was deployed on 12 February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20190213_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20190213-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eetasia1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetasia1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, NASA reported that the Mars <i>InSight</i> lander detected its first <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20190423_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20190423-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com4_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com4-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/600px--NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="600" height="338" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm/NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><div class="center">Mars – InSight Lander – Seismic Event (<a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm" title="File:NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm">AudioVideoFile</a>; Sol 128; 6 April 2019)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2019, researchers reported that <i>InSight</i> uncovered unexplained <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly" title="Magnetic anomaly">magnetic pulses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schumann_resonances" title="Schumann resonances">magnetic oscillations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20190920_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20190920-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February 2020, a summary of studies over the past year from InSight was presented which indicated that the planet Mars has active quakes, dust devils and magnetic pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20200224_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20200224-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EA-20200224_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20200224-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/220px--PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1024" data-height="1024" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm/PIA24664-MarsInSightLander-CleaningSolarPanel-20210522.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><div align="center"><i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> robotic arm cleans dust from the solar panel.<br />(video; 0:08; 22 May 2021)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2020, according to new data gathered from NASA's InSight lander, it was found that the Martian magnetic field at the landing site is about 10 times stronger than previously thought, and fluctuates rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com5_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com5-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teslarati1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teslarati1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2021, the InSight team announced they would attempt to detect the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> mission using InSight's seismometers. Pre-landing modeling of the signals from Mars 2020's <a href="/wiki/Entry,_descent_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry, descent and landing">entry, descent and landing</a> sequence suggested that the most probable source of any potential signal would be the impact of the spacecraft's cruise mass balance devices with the Martian surface, at speeds of around 4000 m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando_2021_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando_2021-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsci1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsci1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after successfully landing the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance Rover</a>, NASA announced that its landing went undetected by InSight. This helped demonstrate that Mars has a seismic efficiency of less than 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 April 2021, it was reported that Insight went into emergency hibernation because its <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> were filled with <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian dust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 April, the lander began to transmit images after waking from hibernation.<sup id="cite_ref-insight-images_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insight-images-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 May 2021, InSight used its robotic arm to trickle sand beside a solar panel. The InSight team wanted to let the sand blow away and touch the solar panels, sticking some dust particles to it, before leaving the solar panel. The sand trickle resulted in a boost in power of 30 watt-hours per sol.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210603_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210603-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021 three papers studying Mars' interior structure were published. Seismometer data confirms that the center of Mars is molten. The crust of Mars is thinner than expected and may have two or three sub-layers.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210722_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210722-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2022, InSight went into <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars#Dust_storms" title="Climate of Mars">regional dust storm</a> in the area, which caused a reduction in sunlight. During its time in safe mode, all but essential functions were suspended. It left safe mode on 19 January 2022 and resumed normal operations, however all science instruments were left off in the mean time.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20220111_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20220111-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2022, Insight has recorded 1,313 marsquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20220509_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20220509-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seismometer (SEIS), radio experiment (RISE) and the weather instruments (TWINS) continue to operate as the lander's Mars surface mission was extended by two years, until end of December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210114_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210114-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason the mission was retired was due to insufficient power generation on the solar panels, due to dust accumulation.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20221221_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20221221-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2024, a reservoir of liquid water was discovered on Mars - deep in the rocky outer crust of the planet. The findings came from a new analysis of seismometer data, which recorded four years' of vibrations - Mars quakes - from deep inside the Red Planet.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package">Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_and_Physical_Properties_Package" title="Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package">Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package</a> probe (<b>mole</b>) started digging into the surface of Mars. The probe and its digging mole were intended to reach a maximum depth of 5 m (16 ft) but it only went about 0.35 m (1.1 ft), or three-quarters of the way out of its housing structure. After many attempts, the effort was given up as a failure in January 2021. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1053px;max-width:1053px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>InSight</i> – Heat probe problem (June 2019)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg/112px-PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg/168px-PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg/224px-PIA23249-MarsInSightLander-DeployedHP3-20190212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deploying probe</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg/199px-PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg/299px-PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg/398px-PIA23271-Mars-InSightLander-SignsOfHeatProbeShifting-20190304.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Problem – signs of shifting</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insight%27s_HP3_mole_current_position_5_June_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Insight%27s_HP3_mole_current_position_5_June_2019.png/120px-Insight%27s_HP3_mole_current_position_5_June_2019.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Insight%27s_HP3_mole_current_position_5_June_2019.png/250px-Insight%27s_HP3_mole_current_position_5_June_2019.png 1.5x" data-file-width="7303" data-file-height="7031" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Current position</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg/250px-PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg/330px-PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg/500px-PIA23272-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsOnEarth-20190605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Testing solutions</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg/250px-PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg/330px-PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg/500px-PIA23276-Mars-InSightLander-TestingSolutionsToMoleProblemOnEarth-20190605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Possible solution</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23277-Mars-InSightLander-PreparingForHeatProbeSolution-20190601.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PIA23277-Mars-InSightLander-PreparingForHeatProbeSolution-20190601.gif/120px-PIA23277-Mars-InSightLander-PreparingForHeatProbeSolution-20190601.gif" decoding="async" width="114" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PIA23277-Mars-InSightLander-PreparingForHeatProbeSolution-20190601.gif/250px-PIA23277-Mars-InSightLander-PreparingForHeatProbeSolution-20190601.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prep for solution</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23308-Mars-InSightLander-SavingTheMole-20190628.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PIA23308-Mars-InSightLander-SavingTheMole-20190628.gif/120px-PIA23308-Mars-InSightLander-SavingTheMole-20190628.gif" decoding="async" width="114" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PIA23308-Mars-InSightLander-SavingTheMole-20190628.gif/250px-PIA23308-Mars-InSightLander-SavingTheMole-20190628.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Mole" uncovered</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:826px;max-width:826px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mars InSight Lander - Attempts to solve mole problem</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif/210px-PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif/315px-PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif/420px-PIA23379-MarsLander-InSight-HeatProbe-20191017.gif 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Pinning" helps to bury the mole. (17 October 2019)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif/250px-PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif/330px-PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif/500px-PIA23213-Mars-InSightLander-MoleBacksOutOfHole-20191026.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mole partially backs out of the hole it made. (26 October 2019)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif/250px-PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif/330px-PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif/500px-PIA23512-Mars-InSightLander-MoleProbeTests-20191103.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mole tests (3 November 2019)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png/250px-D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png/330px-D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png/500px-D000M0449_Mars_InSight_Mole_push.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Insight lander using its scoop to push on the back cap of the HP<sup>3</sup> mole</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In October 2019, the researchers at JPL concluded that the soil on Mars does not provide necessary friction for drilling, causing the mole to bounce around and form a wide pit around itself rather than dig deeper. They attempted a maneuver called <em>pinning</em> in which they pressed the side of the scoop against the mole location to pin the side of the wall of the hole and increase friction.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20191003_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20191003-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinning was initially successful,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20191017_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20191017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then the mole backed out of its hole after a few weeks, suggesting the soil is accumulating below the mole.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20191027_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20191027-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNET-20191027_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET-20191027-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2020, the team reevaluated the risks of pushing the scoop directly against the back cap of the mole, and determined the procedure to be acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-twitter1_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twitter1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, the team reported that the mole was finally underground, and was being evaluated to determine if the mole was able to dig as designed.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com9_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com9-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 July 2020, it was revealed that images taken on 20 June 2020 showed the mole bouncing again, indicating that it did not have sufficient friction to dig deeper. One suggested solution was to partially fill the hole with soil to increase friction.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com10_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com10-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif/330px-PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif/500px-PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif/960px-PIA24263-MarsInsightLander-Mole-FinalEfforts-20210109.gif 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption><div align="center">Mars InSight Lander - "Mole" - Final Efforts<br />(9 January 2021)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>By August 2020, the operations team had made some progress using the scoop to assist the mole in digging deeper into its hole, by pressing against the back. The scoop was used to fill the hole of the partially submerged mole, burying it fully for the first time. The team hoped the mole can now dig further into the surface on its own, possibly with the additional assistance of the scoop.<sup id="cite_ref-Spohn_2020_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spohn_2020-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January 2021, the heat probe part of the mission was declared to be over, after the science team had determined that the soil properties at the landing location were incompatible with what the instrument had been designed for. The team attempted many different remedies over nearly two years to get the mole to burrow into the soil, but in the end, the attempts did not succeed. The friction between the soil and the probe was not enough for the mole to hammer itself down through the soil. Another set of attempts to get the probe deeper took place on 9 January 2021. After they proved unsuccessful, the decision was made to leave the probe as is and end attempts to dig deeper. </p><p>The mole did, with all the assisting measures, burrow itself completely underground. The top of the mole is 2 to 3 centimetres below the Martian surface. To be able to produce the intended scientific measurements, the mole needed to have dug itself at least 3 metres deep. Thus the mole was unsuccessful at producing its intended scientific results. </p><p>However the mole's operations did produce useful and interesting results about the soil at the InSight site; about conducting excavation, or drilling, on Mars; and about operating the lander's robotic arm through the mole-rescue efforts that used the arm in ways that were unplanned before the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210114_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210114-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MarCO_spacecraft">MarCO spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: MarCO spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20346marsco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PIA20346marsco.jpg/250px-PIA20346marsco.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PIA20346marsco.jpg/330px-PIA20346marsco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flight hardware of Mars Cube One (MarCO) (folded up)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19388-Mars-InSight-MarCO-CubeSats-20150612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PIA19388-Mars-InSight-MarCO-CubeSats-20150612.jpg/250px-PIA19388-Mars-InSight-MarCO-CubeSats-20150612.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PIA19388-Mars-InSight-MarCO-CubeSats-20150612.jpg/330px-PIA19388-Mars-InSight-MarCO-CubeSats-20150612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">MarCO CubeSats relaying data during <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> landing (artist concept)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO) spacecraft are a pair of 6U <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> that piggybacked with the <i>InSight</i> mission to test CubeSat navigation and endurance in deep space, and to help relay real-time communications (with an eight-minute lightspeed delay)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181121_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181121-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the probe's <a href="/wiki/Entry,_descent_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry, descent and landing">entry, descent and landing</a> (EDL) phase.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dean2015_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2015-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two 6U CubeSats, named MarCO A and B, are identical.<sup id="cite_ref-asm1_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asm1-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were launched along with <i>InSight</i>, but separated soon after reaching space,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they flew as a pair for redundancy while flanking the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-MarCO_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarCO-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not enter orbit, but flew past Mars during the EDL phase of the mission and relayed <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> telemetry in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarCO_JPL_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarCO_JPL-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the MarCO spacecraft proved the viability of the cubesat platform for deep space missions and helped serve as a technical demonstration for potential future missions of a similar nature. On 5 February 2019, NASA reported that the CubeSats went silent, and are unlikely to be heard from again.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20190205_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20190205-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mass: 13.5 kg (30 lb) each.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dimensions: 30 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm (11.8 in × 7.9 in × 3.9 in) each</li> <li>Each has a <a href="/wiki/Reflective_array_antenna" title="Reflective array antenna">reflectarray</a> high gain antenna</li> <li>Miniaturized radio operating in <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> (receive only) and <a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> (receive and transmit).<sup id="cite_ref-MarCO_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarCO-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They carry a miniature wide-angle camera.<sup id="cite_ref-scidaily1_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidaily1-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster" title="Cold gas thruster">Cold gas thrusters</a> for attitude adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-propulsion_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propulsion-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">Star tracker</a> for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-marco_pdf_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco_pdf-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Team_and_participation">Team and participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Team and participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg/250px-NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg/330px-NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg/500px-NASA-TeamCheers-InSight-LandsOnThePlanetMars-20181126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>NASA team cheers as the <i>InSight</i> Lander touches down on Mars. (26 November 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181127_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>InSight</i> science and engineering team includes scientists and engineers from many disciplines, countries and organizations. The science team assigned to <i>InSight</i> includes scientists from institutions in the U.S., France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-People_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> project scientist W. Bruce Banerdt is the <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> for the <i>InSight</i> mission and the lead scientist for the SEIS instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-banerdt_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banerdt-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Smrekar" title="Suzanne Smrekar">Suzanne Smrekar</a>, whose research focuses on the thermal evolution of planets and who has done extensive testing and development on instruments designed to measure the thermal properties and heat flow on other planets,<sup id="cite_ref-smrekar_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smrekar-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the lead for <i>InSight</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> HP<sup>3</sup> instrument. The Principal Investigator for RISE is William Folkner at JPL.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_2018_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEIS Instrument PI is Philippe Lognonné of IPGP, and the HP3 Instrument PI is Tilman Spohn of the DLR Institute of Planetary Research. The <i>InSight</i> mission team also includes project manager Tom Hoffman and deputy project manager Henry Stone.<sup id="cite_ref-People_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major contributing agencies and institutions are:<sup id="cite_ref-Banerdt2016_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerdt2016-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_National_d%27%C3%89tudes_Spatiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National d'Études Spatiales">Centre National d'Études Spatiales</a> (CNES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> (ASI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (NASA/JPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Paris Institute of Earth Physics</a> (IPGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich</a> (ETHZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (MPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace</a> (ISAE-SUPAERO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center</a> (CAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences</a> (CBK)</li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insight_team_at_jpl-br2_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insight_team_at_jpl-br2_%281%29.jpg/960px-Insight_team_at_jpl-br2_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Insight_team_at_jpl-br2_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>InSight team at JPL</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_chips">Name chips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Name chips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of its public outreach, NASA organized a program where members of the public were able to have their names sent to Mars aboard <i>InSight</i>. Due to its launch delay, two rounds of sign-ups were conducted totaling 2.4 million names:<sup id="cite_ref-atlas20171106_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas20171106-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn20171101_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20171101-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 826,923 names were registered in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20151217a_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20151217a-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a further 1.6 million names were added in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180124_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180124-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_lithography" title="Electron-beam lithography">electron beam</a> was used to <a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etch</a> letters only <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> the width of a human <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20151217b_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20151217b-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> onto 8 mm (0.3 in) <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> wafers.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20151217a_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20151217a-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chip was installed on the lander in November 2015 and the second on 23 January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20151217a_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20151217a-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180124_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180124-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:831px;max-width:831px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Name chips on <i>InSight</i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target,_Laser_Retroreflector,_and_Microchip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg/250px-PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg/330px-PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg/500px-PIA22540_InSight_Camera_Calibration_Target%2C_Laser_Retroreflector%2C_and_Microchip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">One name chip installed</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg/240px-PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg/360px-PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg/480px-PIA20164insightnamechip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first name chip for <i>InSight</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg/200px-PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg/300px-PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg/400px-PIA22236insightsecondchip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The second name chip, inscribed with 1.6 million names, is placed on <i>InSight</i> in January 2018.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsinsightdec72018idc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Marsinsightdec72018idc.png/250px-Marsinsightdec72018idc.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Marsinsightdec72018idc.png/330px-Marsinsightdec72018idc.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Name chips on Mars</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20278insightcausa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="InSight lander loaded on a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III (December 2015)"><img alt="InSight lander loaded on a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III (December 2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PIA20278insightcausa.jpg/120px-PIA20278insightcausa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PIA20278insightcausa.jpg/250px-PIA20278insightcausa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">InSight lander loaded on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster III</a> (December 2015)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22232insightlandingonmars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="InSight landing zone target with other NASA landing zones"><img alt="InSight landing zone target with other NASA landing zones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PIA22232insightlandingonmars.jpg/120px-PIA22232insightlandingonmars.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PIA22232insightlandingonmars.jpg/250px-PIA22232insightlandingonmars.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">InSight landing zone target with other NASA landing zones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Global view of Mars. InSight landed in Elysium Plantia. Curiosity rover is in Gale crater."><img alt="Global view of Mars. InSight landed in Elysium Plantia. Curiosity rover is in Gale crater." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg/90px-Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg/135px-Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg/180px-Elysium_Planitia_labelled_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Global view of Mars. InSight landed in Elysium Plantia. <i>Curiosity</i> rover is in Gale crater.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InSight_Profile_of_InSight_entry,_descent_and_landing_events.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry, Descent, and Landing sequence for InSight"><img alt="Entry, Descent, and Landing sequence for InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/InSight_Profile_of_InSight_entry%2C_descent_and_landing_events.jpg/120px-InSight_Profile_of_InSight_entry%2C_descent_and_landing_events.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/InSight_Profile_of_InSight_entry%2C_descent_and_landing_events.jpg/250px-InSight_Profile_of_InSight_entry%2C_descent_and_landing_events.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry, Descent, and Landing sequence for InSight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23278-Mars-InSightLanderTestSandbox-ActorBradPitt-20190906.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actor Brad Pitt visits the InSight test "sandbox" (September 2019)."><img alt="Actor Brad Pitt visits the InSight test "sandbox" (September 2019)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PIA23278-Mars-InSightLanderTestSandbox-ActorBradPitt-20190906.jpg/120px-PIA23278-Mars-InSightLanderTestSandbox-ActorBradPitt-20190906.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PIA23278-Mars-InSightLanderTestSandbox-ActorBradPitt-20190906.jpg/250px-PIA23278-Mars-InSightLanderTestSandbox-ActorBradPitt-20190906.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actor <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> visits the InSight test "sandbox" (September 2019).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23349-Mars-InSightLander-RollingStonesRock-20181126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rolling Stones Rock" a result from the landing (November 2018)"><img alt=""Rolling Stones Rock" a result from the landing (November 2018)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/PIA23349-Mars-InSightLander-RollingStonesRock-20181126.jpg/120px-PIA23349-Mars-InSightLander-RollingStonesRock-20181126.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/PIA23349-Mars-InSightLander-RollingStonesRock-20181126.jpg/250px-PIA23349-Mars-InSightLander-RollingStonesRock-20181126.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Rolling Stones Rock"<br />a result from the landing<br />(November 2018)</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Instrument Context Camera (ICC), November 2018</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars.png/250px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars.png/330px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">First image from Mars, clear lens cap on</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars,_Annotated_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg/250px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg/330px-PIA22829_InSight%27s_First_Image_from_Mars%2C_Annotated_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">First image with annotations</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg/250px-PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg/330px-PIA22893_InSight%27s_First_View_of_Mars_with_the_Cover_Off.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Without clear lens cover</div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-insight-facts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insight-facts_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/insight/">"InSight Lander - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mars+InSight%3A+NASA%27s+Journey+into+the+Red+Planet%27s+Deepest+Mysteries&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.au=Kenneth+Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F30%2Fscience%2Fmars-insight-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInSight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washington1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washington1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washington1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washington1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Vastag2012" class="citation news cs1">Brian Vastag (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-will-send-robot-drill-to-mars-in-2016/2012/08/20/43bf1980-eaef-11e1-9ddc-340d5efb1e9c_story.html">"NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-will-send-robot-drill-to-mars-in-2016/2012/08/20/43bf1980-eaef-11e1-9ddc-340d5efb1e9c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=NASA+InSight+lander+%27mole%27+suffers+another+Mars+misfortune&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft.au=Amanda+Kooser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fnasa-insight-lander-mole-suffers-another-mars-misfortune%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInSight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twitter1-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twitter1_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNASA_InSight2020" class="citation web cs1">NASA InSight [@NASAInSight] (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/NASAInSight/status/1238497770228420608">"A bit of good news from #Mars: our new approach of using the robotic arm to push the mole appears to be working! The teams @NASAJPL/@DLR_en are excited to see the images and plan to continue this approach over the next few weeks"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+bit+of+good+news+from+%23Mars%3A+our+new+approach+of+using+the+robotic+arm+to+push+the+mole+appears+to+be+working%21+The+teams+%40NASAJPL%2F%40DLR_en+are+excited+to+see+the+images+and+plan+to+continue+this+approach+over+the+next+few+weeks.&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.au=NASA+InSight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FNASAInSight%2Fstatus%2F1238497770228420608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInSight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space.com9-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space.com9_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeghan_Bartels2020" class="citation news cs1">Meghan Bartels (5 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/insight-mars-lander-pushes-mole-into-red-planet.html">"The 'mole' on Mars is finally underground after a push from NASA's InSight lander"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606140333/https://www.space.com/insight-mars-lander-pushes-mole-into-red-planet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Landing site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">Elysium quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Launch related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3">Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3</a> (Launchpad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (Launch Vehicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> (2nd stage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network (DSN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Mars flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_InSight_Roadshow" title="Mars InSight Roadshow">Mars InSight Roadshow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/120px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/250px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template talk:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">NExT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration#Scientific_payload" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/80px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/120px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/160px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 12 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 15 and 16 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">JET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Frontiers_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/120px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/250px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">SAGE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 4 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Solar_System_Exploration_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><u>Underline</u> indicates active current missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope"><i>Hubble</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory"><i>Chandra</i> X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory"><i>SDO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><i>TESS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope"><i>James Webb</i> Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem"><i>PACE</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope"><i>Nancy Grace Roman</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a> <ul><li>Tenacious</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AstroForge#Odin_(Brokkr-2)" title="AstroForge">Brokkr-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2017Orbital_launches_in_20182019_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2018" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2018"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2018" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2018"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2018" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2018"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2017Orbital_launches_in_20182019_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">← 2017</a></div><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2018</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">2019 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuma_(satellite)" title="Zuma (satellite)">USA-280 / Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">Cartosat-2F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceye" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceye">ICEYE-X1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsat_(ISRO)" title="Microsat (ISRO)">Microsat-TD</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Resources#Arkyd-6_Flight_test_system" title="Planetary Resources">Arkyd-6A</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre#Carbonite-2" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Carbonite-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-3p'</a> × 4</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fox-1D" title="Fox-1D">Fox-1D</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Landmapper" title="Landmapper">Landmapper BC 3 v2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 4</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USA satellites">USA-281</a> / <a href="/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture" title="Future Imagery Architecture">Topaz-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Video_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Video-07</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Video_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Video-08</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications#Satellites_launched" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 0 KIPP</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-282" title="USA-282">USA-282</a> / <a href="/wiki/SBIRS" class="mw-redirect" title="SBIRS">SBIRS-GEO-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_Star" title="Humanity Star">Humanity Star</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Dove Pioneer</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 2</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-04</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-14" title="SES-14">SES-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Yah_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Yah 3">Al Yah 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-16" title="SES-16">GovSat-1 / SES-16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanopus-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanopus-V (page does not exist)">Kanopus-V</a> No. 3, No. 4, <a href="/wiki/S-Net" title="S-Net">S-Net</a> × 4 , <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSES_Mission" title="CSES Mission">CSES</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> 4, 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRICOM-1R" title="TRICOM-1R">TRICOM-1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight" title="Falcon Heavy test flight">Falcon Heavy test flight</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Tesla Roadster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M3, M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-08" title="Progress MS-08">Progress MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paz_(satellite)" title="Paz (satellite)">Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintin_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintin (satellite)">Tintin A & B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS</a>-Optical 6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GOES-17" title="GOES-17">GOES-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat_30W-6" title="Hispasat 30W-6">Hispasat 30W-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a> × 4 (FM13 to FM16)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-08" title="Soyuz MS-08">Soyuz MS-08</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">GSAT-6A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EMKA_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMKA (satellite) (page does not exist)">EMKA</a> / Kosmos 2525</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M9, M10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_NEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium NEXT">Iridium NEXT</a> 41–50</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-1-02, 03, 04</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-14" title="SpaceX CRS-14">Dragon CRS-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1KUNS-PF" title="1KUNS-PF">1KUNS-PF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraz%C3%BA_(satellite)" title="Irazú (satellite)">Irazú</a>, <a href="/wiki/UBAKUSAT" title="UBAKUSAT">UBAKUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-B3" title="Superbird-B3">Superbird-B3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HYLAS-4" title="HYLAS-4">HYLAS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan</a> 31A, 31B, 31C, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weina (page does not exist)">Weina</a> 1B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">IRNSS-1I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AFSPC-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AFSPC-11 (page does not exist)">AFSPC-11</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=EAGLE_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EAGLE (satellite) (page does not exist)">EAGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest_(satellite)" title="Blagovest (satellite)">Blagovest</a>-12L / Kosmos 2526</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuhai-1 (page does not exist)">Zhuhai-1</a> × 5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apstar_6C" title="Apstar 6C">Apstar 6C</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO A</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO B</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangabandhu-1">Bangabandhu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Chang'e 4 Relay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e4#Longjiang_microsatellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang'e4">Longjiang 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Longjiang_microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-9E">Cygnus CRS OA-9E</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/EnduroSat#Missions" title="EnduroSat">EnduroSat One</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/EQUiSat" title="EQUiSat">EQUiSat</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/RaInCube" title="RaInCube">RaInCube</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_NEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium NEXT">Iridium NEXT</a> 51–55, <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-12" title="SES-12">SES-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun-2H</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09" title="Soyuz MS-09">Soyuz MS-09</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS-Radar 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">756</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2527" title="Kosmos 2527">Kosmos 2527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XJSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XJSS (page does not exist)">XJSS</a> A, B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-15" title="SpaceX CRS-15">Dragon CRS-15</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarri-Squad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarri-Squad (page does not exist)">Biarri-Squad</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/BHUTAN-1" title="BHUTAN-1">BHUTAN-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya-1" title="Maya-1">Maya-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/UiTMSAT-1" title="UiTMSAT-1">UiTMSAT-1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Remote_Sensing_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite">PRSS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PakTES-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="PakTES-1A">PakTES-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">IGSO-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-09" title="Progress MS-09">Progress MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_19V" title="Telstar 19V">Telstar 19V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">FOC 19–22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_NEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium NEXT">Iridium NEXT</a> 56–65</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M5, M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen</a> 11</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telkom-4" title="Telkom-4">Telkom-4 / Merah Putih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M11</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">HY</a>-1C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_18V" title="Telstar 18V">Telstar 18V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICESat-2" title="ICESat-2">ICESat-2</a> — <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology" title="Surrey Satellite Technology">SSTL</a> S1-4, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NovaSAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NovaSAR (page does not exist)">NovaSAR</a>-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M13, M14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_7" title="Kounotori 7">Kounotori 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerspace-2" title="Azerspace-2">Azerspace-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_38" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 38">Intelsat 38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizons-3e" title="Horizons-3e">Horizons-3e</a></li> <li>CentiSpace-1-S1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAOCOM_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="SAOCOM 1A">SAOCOM 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan</a> 32A, 32B</li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">Soyuz MS-10</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M15, M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEHF-4" class="mw-redirect" title="AEHF-4">AEHF-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">HY</a> 2B</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotos_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotos (satellite) (page does not exist)">Lotos</a>-S1 No. 3 / Kosmos 2528</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weilai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weilai-1 (page does not exist)">Weilai-1</a></i></li> <li>CFOSAT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOSAT-2" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSAT-2">GOSAT-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/KhalifaSat" title="KhalifaSat">KhalifaSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwata-2" title="Diwata-2">Diwata-2</a>B, Stars-AO, AUTcube2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G1Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2529</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp-C</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/IRVINE01" class="mw-redirect" title="IRVINE01">IRVINE01</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 2</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-29" title="GSAT-29">GSAT-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Es%27hail_2" title="Es'hail 2">Es'hail 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-10" title="Progress MS-10">Progress MS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-10" title="Cygnus NG-10">Cygnus NG-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M17</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 6-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_(satellites)" title="Mohammed VI (satellites)">Mohammed VI-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Industries#Blacksky" title="Spaceflight Industries">Blacksky Global 1</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/FACSAT-1" title="FACSAT-1">FACSAT-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-3r</a> × 16</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications#Satellites_launched" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 1 <i>CASE</i></a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2530</a> / <a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Strela-3M 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2531</a> / <a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Strela-3M 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2532</a> / <a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Strela-3M 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-11" title="Soyuz MS-11">Soyuz MS-11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHERPA_(space_tug)" title="SHERPA (space tug)">SHERPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Industries#Blacksky" title="Spaceflight Industries">Blacksky Global 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Student_Earth_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="European Student Earth Orbiter">ESEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X2</a>, <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program" title="Space Test Program">STPSat 5</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tavares_Strachan#ENOCH_(2018)" title="Tavares Strachan">ENOCH</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-3s</a> × 3</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/IRVINE02" class="mw-redirect" title="IRVINE02">IRVINE02</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Landmapper" title="Landmapper">Landmapper BC 4</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat#Follow-on_mission_(MinXSS-2)" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reflector" title="Orbital Reflector">Orbital Reflector</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/PW-Sat_2" class="mw-redirect" title="PW-Sat 2">PW-Sat 2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 3</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-11" title="GSAT-11">GSAT-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chollian-2A" title="Chollian-2A">Chollian-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-16" title="SpaceX CRS-16">SpaceX CRS-16</a> (<a href="/wiki/TechEdSat#TechEdSat_8" title="TechEdSat">TechEdSat 8</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/UNITE_(satellite)" title="UNITE (satellite)">UNITE</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a>)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/CubeSail_(UltraSail)" title="CubeSail (UltraSail)">CubeSail</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Repair_Satellite_Prototype" title="Repair Satellite Prototype">RSat-P</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/STF-1" class="mw-redirect" title="STF-1">STF-1</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">GSAT-7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composante_Spatiale_Optique" title="Composante Spatiale Optique">CSO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2533</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blagovest_(satellite)" title="Blagovest (satellite)">Blagovest</a>-13L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-289" title="USA-289">USA-289</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_IIIA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS IIIA">GPS IIIA</a>-01</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanopus-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanopus-V (page does not exist)">Kanopus-V</a> No. 5, No. 6, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-3k</a> × 12</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 8</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lume-1" title="Lume-1">Lume-1</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunhai-2" title="Yunhai-2">Yunhai-2 01</a> (6 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2018_in_space1061" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_in_space" title="Template:2018 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2018_in_space" title="Template talk:2018 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2018_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2018 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2018_in_space1061" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2018 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float:left"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2017_in_space" title="Template:2017 in space">2017</a></div> <div style="float:right"><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space">2019</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">Space probe<br />launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2018" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2018"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (lunar flyby; Apr 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></i> (mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; May 2018)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>; May 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></i> (solar space mission; Aug 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> (mission to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>; Oct 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a> (mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; Dec 2018)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg/250px-NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg/330px-NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/250px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/330px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4391" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bennu_at_300_pixels_(wide).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/150px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/225px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/300px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2018" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2018">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_WC9" title="2010 WC9">2010 WC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">9</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_VR12" title="2017 VR12">2017 VR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_YE5" title="2017 YE5">2017 YE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(585310)_2017_YZ1" title="(585310) 2017 YZ1">(585310) 2017 YZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BD" title="2018 BD">2018 BD</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_BF3" title="2018 BF3">2018 BF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CB" title="2018 CB">2018 CB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CC" title="2018 CC">2018 CC</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(276033)_2002_AJ129" title="(276033) 2002 AJ129">(276033) 2002 AJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">129</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(505657)_2014_SR339" title="(505657) 2014 SR339">(505657) 2014 SR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">339</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CF2" title="2018 CF2">2018 CF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CL" title="2018 CL">2018 CL</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CN2" title="2018 CN2">2018 CN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CY2" title="2018 CY2">2018 CY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_DV1" title="2018 DV1">2018 DV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_GE3" title="2018 GE3">2018 GE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_PD20" title="2018 PD20">2018 PD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">20</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_LF16" title="2018 LF16">2018 LF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">16</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_WV1" title="2018 WV1">2018 WV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163899)_2003_SD220" title="(163899) 2003 SD220">(163899) 2003 SD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">220</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2018"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_1132" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 1132">Gliese 1132 c</a></li> <li>possible <a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">exomoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepler-1625b_I" title="Kepler-1625b I">Kepler-1625b I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-141b" title="K2-141b">K2-141b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-146b" title="K2-146b">K2-146b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-148b" title="K2-148b">K2-148b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-155d" title="K2-155d">K2-155d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-229b" title="K2-229b">K2-229b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-288Bb" title="K2-288Bb">K2-288Bb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_211945201_b" class="mw-redirect" title="EPIC 211945201 b">EPIC 211945201 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_89345_b" title="HD 89345 b">HD 89345 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-21b" title="KELT-21b">KELT-21b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-3Ab" title="NGTS-3Ab">NGTS-3Ab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LSPM_J0207%2B3331" title="LSPM J0207+3331">LSPM J0207+3331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACS_J1149_Lensed_Star_1" title="MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1">MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/541132_Lele%C4%81k%C5%ABhonua" title="541132 Leleākūhonua">541132 Leleākūhonua</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_proto-supercluster" title="Hyperion proto-supercluster">Hyperion proto-supercluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J18082002%E2%88%925104378" title="2MASS J18082002−5104378">2MASS J18082002−5104378</a></li> <li>Farout (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_VG18" title="2018 VG18">2018 VG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">18</span></span></a></span>)</li> <li>FarFarOut (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">37</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">first imaged</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V357_Muscae" title="V357 Muscae">V357 Muscae</a> (Nova Muscae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V906_Carinae" title="V906 Carinae">V906 Carinae</a> (Nova Carinae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V392_Persei" title="V392 Persei">V392 Persei</a> (Nova Persei)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2018" title="Category:Comets in 2018"><img alt="Comets in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_T1_(Heinze)" title="C/2017 T1 (Heinze)">C/2017 T1 (Heinze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_F4_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2018 F4 (PanSTARRS)">C/2018 F4 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_V1_(Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2018 V1 (Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)">C/2018 V1 (Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> (asteroid <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">Ryugu</a> arrival; Jun 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope"><i>Kepler</i> retirement</a> (Oct 2018)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">InSight</a></i> (Mars landing; Oct 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i> retirement</a> (Nov 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a> arrival; Dec 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> (enters interstellar space; Dec 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (encounter with <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/40px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/60px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_outer_space" title="Category:2017 in outer space">2017 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2018_in_outer_space" title="Category:2018 in outer space">2018 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2019_in_outer_space" title="Category:2019 in outer space">2019 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/20px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/40px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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