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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Manufacture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_screws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_screws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types of screws </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_screws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of screws subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_screws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Wood screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-tapping_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-tapping_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Self-tapping screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-tapping_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Machine screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hex_cap_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hex_cap_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Hex cap screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hex_cap_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lag_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lag_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Lag screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lag_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Bone screw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Head </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sizes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sizes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Metric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Inch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screw_threads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screw_threads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Screw threads </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Screw_threads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Screw threads subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Screw_threads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO_metric_screw_thread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_metric_screw_thread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 ISO metric screw thread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_metric_screw_thread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitworth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitworth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Whitworth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitworth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Association_screw_thread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Association_screw_thread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 British Association screw thread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Association_screw_thread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_Thread_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Thread_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Unified Thread Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Thread_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mechanical classifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Screw</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skroef" title="Skroef – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skroef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraube_(Verbindungselement)" title="Schraube (Verbindungselement) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schraube (Verbindungselement)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ብሎን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሎን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A" title="पेच – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पेच" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="برغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torniello" title="Torniello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torniello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torniellu" title="Torniellu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torniellu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint" title="Vint – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vint" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوروم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوروم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="স্ক্রু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ক্রু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-si" title="Lô͘-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Шуруп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шуруп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Шруба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шруба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraubn" title="Schraubn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schraubn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གཅུ་འཛེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཅུ་འཛེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B1s" title="Biñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragol_(enginyeria)" title="Caragol (enginyeria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caragol (enginyeria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrut" title="Vrut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vrut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgriw" title="Sgriw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgriw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ڤيس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraube" title="Schraube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schraube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruvi" title="Kruvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kruvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κοχλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοχλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornillo" title="Tornillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tornillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cra%C5%ADbo" title="Ŝraŭbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝraŭbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torloju" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" title="Screw – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Screw" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_de_fixation" title="Vis de fixation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vis de fixation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafuso" title="Parafuso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parafuso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%BB" title="나사못 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나사못" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պտուտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պտուտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="पेंच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrubo" title="Skrubo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skrubo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornilio" title="Tornilio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tornilio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekrup" title="Sekrup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekrup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibhinyi" title="Isibhinyi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isibhinyi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%BAfa" title="Skrúfa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrúfa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vite_(meccanica)" title="Vite (meccanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vite (meccanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="בורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ತಿರುಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿರುಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჭანჭიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭანჭიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бұранда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұранда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogenter" title="Trogenter – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Trogenter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafujo" title="Parafujo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Parafujo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titickasa_suola" title="Titickasa suola – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Titickasa suola" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis" title="Vis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Буроо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буроо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavus_cochleatus" title="Clavus cochleatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clavus cochleatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C5%ABve" title="Skrūve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skrūve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrauf" title="Schrauf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrauf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%BEtas" title="Varžtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varžtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjroef" title="Sjroef – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjroef" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid_(mecanega)" title="Vid (mecanega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vid (mecanega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csavar" title="Csavar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csavar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Завртка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Завртка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="പിരിയാണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിരിയാണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B8" title="مسمار قلاووظ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسمار قلاووظ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skru" title="Skru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шураг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0" title="ဝက်အူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်အူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroef_(verbinding)" title="Schroef (verbinding) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schroef (verbinding)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82" title="हिँकिं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिँकिं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AD%E3%81%98" title="ねじ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ねじ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitz_(mecanica)" title="Vitz (mecanica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitz (mecanica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A" title="ପେଞ୍ଚ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପେଞ୍ଚ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booltii" title="Booltii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Booltii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint" title="Vint – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vint" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9A" title="ਪੇਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schruuv_(Verbinnelement)" title="Schruuv (Verbinnelement) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schruuv (Verbinnelement)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wkr%C4%99t" title="Wkręt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wkręt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafuso" title="Parafuso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parafuso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98urub" title="Șurub – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șurub" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnillu" title="Turnillu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turnillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Винт (деталь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Винт (деталь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Суруук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суруук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AB" title="ඉස්කුරුප්පු ඇණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්කුරුප්පු ඇණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" title="Screw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Screw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrutka" title="Skrutka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skrutka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%86" title="پێچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Вијак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruuvi" title="Ruuvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruuvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skruv" title="Skruv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skruv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornilyo" title="Tornilyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tornilyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="திருகாணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருகாணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Шөреп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шөреп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0" title="మర – Telugu" lang="te" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fastener. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Screw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Screw (disambiguation)">Screw (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Screws.jpg/220px-Screws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Screws.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>An assortment of screws, and a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">US quarter</a> for size comparison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_screw_with_legend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/170px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/255px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/340px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A wood screw: a) head; b) non-threaded shank; c) threaded shank; d) tip</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Mechanical_Powers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/250px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/375px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/500px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>The six <a href="/wiki/Classical_simple_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical simple machines">classical simple machines</a> </figcaption></figure> A screw is an externally <a href="/wiki/Helical_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical thread">helical threaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fastener</a> capable of being tightened or released by a <a href="/wiki/Twisting_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisting force">twisting force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Screw_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw head">head</a>. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and there are many forms for a variety of materials. Screws might be inserted into holes in assembled parts or a screw may form its own thread.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The <a href="#Differentiation_between_bolt_and_screw">difference between a screw and a bolt</a> is that the latter is designed to be tightened or released by <a href="/wiki/Torquing" class="mw-redirect" title="Torquing">torquing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nut</a>. The screw head on one end has a <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milled</a> slot that commonly requires a tool to transfer the twisting force. Common tools for driving screws include <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdrivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">wrenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hex_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Hex keys">hex keys</a>. The head is usually larger than the body, which provides a <a href="/wiki/Bearing_surface" title="Bearing surface">bearing surface</a> and keeps the screw from being driven deeper than its length; an exception being the set screw (aka <a href="/wiki/Grub_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grub screw">grub screw</a>). The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is called the shank; it may be fully or partially threaded with the distance between each thread called the pitch.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blake_1986_p._9-3">[3]</a> Most screws are tightened by <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a> rotation, which is called a right-hand thread.<a href="#cite_note-McManus_2002_p._46-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1983_p._200-5">[5]</a> Screws with a left-hand thread are used in exceptional cases, such as where the screw will be subject to <a href="/wiki/Clockwise#Terminology" title="Clockwise">counterclockwise</a> <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>, which would tend to loosen a right-hand screw. For this reason, the left-side <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pedal#Attachment" title="Bicycle pedal">pedal of a bicycle</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-hand thread">left-hand thread</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Screw_mechanism" title="Screw mechanism">screw mechanism</a> is one of the six classical <a href="/wiki/Simple_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple machines">simple machines</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1773-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_making_machine,_1871.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/220px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/330px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/440px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">lathe</a> of 1871, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Leadscrew" title="Leadscrew">leadscrew</a> and change gears for single-point screw-cutting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownie-4slide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brownie-4slide.jpg/220px-Brownie-4slide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Brownie-4slide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Brown_%26_Sharpe" title="Brown & Sharpe">Brown & Sharpe</a> single-<a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> screw machine</figcaption></figure> Fasteners had become widespread involving concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> and pins, wedging, <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortises and tenons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nailing</a> (with or without clenching the nail ends), <a href="/wiki/Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">forge welding</a>, and many kinds of binding with cord made of leather or fiber, using many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">knots</a>. The screw was one of the last of the simple machines to be invented.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-10">[10]</a> It first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> period (911-609) BC,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and then later appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunch-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-13">[13]</a> where it was described by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas"> Archytas of Tarentum</a> (428–350 BC). By the 1st century BC, wooden screws were commonly used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> world in <a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">screw presses</a> for pressing <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> from olives and for pressing juice from grapes in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>. The first documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a> is in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Housebook_of_Wolfegg_Castle" title="Housebook of Wolfegg Castle">Housebook of Wolfegg Castle</a>, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp90-94-14">[14]</a> However they probably did not become widespread until after 1800, once threaded fasteners had become commodified.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90-15">[15]</a> Metal screws used as fasteners were rare in Europe before the 15th century, if known at all.<a href="#cite_note-MFA-16">[16]</a> The metal screw did not become a common fastener until <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> developed toward the end of the 18th century. This development blossomed in the 1760s and 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp75-99-17">[17]</a> along two separate paths that soon <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">converged</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p99-18">[18]</a> The first path was pioneered by brothers Job and William Wyatt of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, UK,<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19">[19]</a> who patented in 1760 a machine that one might today best call a <a href="/wiki/Automatic_lathe#Screw_machine" title="Automatic lathe">screw machine</a> of an early and prescient sort. It made use of a leadscrew to guide the cutter to produce the desired pitch,<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19">[19]</a> and the slot was cut with a rotary file while the main spindle held still (presaging live tools on lathes 250 years later). Not until 1776 did the Wyatt brothers have a wood-screw factory up and running.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19">[19]</a> Their enterprise failed, but new owners soon made it prosper, and in the 1780s they were producing 16,000 screws a day with only 30 employees<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p76-20">[20]</a>—the kind of industrial productivity and output volume that would later become characteristic of modern industry but which was revolutionary at the time. Meanwhile, English instrument-maker <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1735–1800) was working on the <a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">toolmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_instrument_makers" title="Category:Scientific instrument makers">instrument-making</a> end of the screw-cutting problem, and in 1777 he invented the first satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Screw-cutting_lathe" title="Screw-cutting lathe">screw-cutting lathe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21">[21]</a> The British engineer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> (1771–1831) gained fame by popularizing such lathes with his screw-cutting lathes of 1797 and 1800, containing the trifecta of leadscrew, slide rest, and change-gear gear train, all in the right proportions for industrial machining. In a sense he unified the paths of the Wyatts and Ramsden and did for machine screws what had already been done for wood screws, i.e., significant easing of production spurring <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a>. His firm remained a leader in machine tools for decades afterward. A misquoting of <a href="/wiki/James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a> popularized the notion that Maudslay had invented the slide rest, but this was incorrect; however, his lathes helped to popularize it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These developments of the 1760–1800 era, with the Wyatts and Maudslay as arguably the most important drivers, caused great increase in the use of threaded fasteners. <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread#History_of_standardization" title="Screw thread">Standardization of threadforms</a> began almost immediately, but it was not quickly completed; it has been an evolving process ever since. Further improvements to the mass production of screws continued to push <a href="/wiki/Unit_price" title="Unit price">unit prices</a> lower and lower for decades to come, throughout the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp76-78-22">[22]</a> The mass production of wood screws (metal screws for fixing wood) in a specialized, single-purpose, high-volume-production machine tool; and the low-count, <a href="/wiki/Toolroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolroom">toolroom</a>-style production of machine screws or bolts (V-thread) with easy selection among various pitches (whatever the machinist happened to need on any given day). In 1821 Hardman Philips built the first screw factory in the United States – on Moshannon Creek, near <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philipsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Philipsburg</a> – for the manufacture of blunt metal screws. An expert in screw manufacture, Thomas Lever, was brought over from England to run the factory. The mill used steam and water power, with hardwood charcoal as fuel. The screws were made from wire prepared by "rolling and wire drawing apparatus" from iron manufactured at a nearby forge. The screw mill was not a commercial success; it eventually failed due to competition from the lower-cost, gimlet-pointed screw, and ceased operations in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2009-23">[23]</a> The American development of the <a href="/wiki/Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">turret lathe</a> (1840s) and of automatic <a href="/wiki/Automatic_lathe#Screw_machine" title="Automatic lathe">screw machines</a> derived from it (1870s) drastically reduced the unit cost of threaded fasteners by increasingly automating the machine-tool control. This <a href="/wiki/Demand_curve" title="Demand curve">cost reduction spurred ever greater use</a> of screws.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Throughout the 19th century, the most commonly used forms of screw head (that is, <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">drive types</a>) were simple internal-wrenching straight slots and external-wrenching squares and hexagons. These were easy to <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machine</a> and served most applications adequately. Rybczynski describes a flurry of patents for alternative drive types in the 1860s through 1890s,<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24">[24]</a> but explains that these were patented but not manufactured due to the difficulties and expense of doing so at the time. In 1908, Canadian <a href="/wiki/P._L._Robertson" title="P. L. Robertson">P. L. Robertson</a> was the first to make the internal-wrenching square socket drive a practical reality by developing just the right design (slight taper angles and overall proportions) to allow the head to be stamped easily but successfully, with the metal <a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">cold forming</a> as desired rather than being sheared or displaced in unwanted ways.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24">[24]</a> Practical manufacture of the internal-wrenching hexagon drive (<a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">hex socket</a>) shortly followed in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-US_patent_161390-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hallowell1951pp51-59-26">[26]</a> In the early 1930s American <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Phillips" title="Henry F. Phillips">Henry F. Phillips</a> popularized the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips screw">Phillips-head screw</a>, with a cross-shaped internal drive.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Later improved -head screws were developed, more compatible with screwdrivers not of the exactly right head size: <a href="/wiki/Pozidriv" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozidriv">Pozidriv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supadriv" class="mw-redirect" title="Supadriv">Supadriv</a>. Phillips screws and screwdrivers are to some extent compatible with those for the newer types, but with the risk of damaging the heads of tightly fastened screws. Threadform standardization further improved in the late 1940s, when the ISO metric screw thread and the Unified Thread Standard were defined.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Precision screws, for controlling motion rather than fastening, developed around the turn of the 19th century, and represented one of the central technical advances, along with flat surfaces, that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p104-28">[28]</a> They are key components of <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">micrometers</a> and lathes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolt_Forming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/300px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/450px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/600px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_(bolt)_13-n.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/220px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/330px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/440px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading (manufacturing)</a></div> There are three steps in manufacturing a screw: heading, thread rolling, and coating. Screws are normally made from <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>, which is supplied in large coils, or round <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">bar stock</a> for larger screws. The wire or rod is then cut to the proper length for the type of screw being made; this workpiece is known as a blank. It is then <a href="/wiki/Heading_(metalworking)" title="Heading (metalworking)">cold headed</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a> process. Heading produces the head of the screw. The shape of the die in the machine dictates what features are pressed into the screw head; for example a flat head screw uses a flat die. For more complicated shapes two heading processes are required to get all of the features into the screw head. This production method is used because heading has a very high production rate, and produces virtually no waste material. Slotted head screws require an extra step to cut the slot in the head; this is done on a slotting machine. These machines are essentially stripped down milling machines designed to process as many blanks as possible. The blanks are then polished[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] again prior to threading. The threads are usually produced via <a href="/wiki/Thread_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread rolling">thread rolling</a>; however, some are <a href="/wiki/Thread_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread cutting">cut</a>. The workpiece is then <a href="/wiki/Tumble_finishing" title="Tumble finishing">tumble finished</a> with wood and leather media to do final cleaning and polishing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For most screws, a coating, such as <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> with zinc (<a href="/wiki/Galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanizing">galvanizing</a>) or applying <a href="/wiki/Black_oxide" title="Black oxide">black oxide</a>, is applied to prevent corrosion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_screws">Types of screws</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of screws">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_and_bolt_types" title="List of screw and bolt types">List of screw and bolt types</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Body">edit</a>]</div> Threaded fasteners either have a tapered shank or a non-tapered shank. Fasteners with tapered shanks are designed to either be driven into a substrate directly or into a pilot hole in a substrate, and most are classed as screws. Mating threads are formed in the substrate as these fasteners are driven in. Fasteners with a non-tapered shank are generally designed to mate with a nut or to be driven into a tapped hole, and most would be classed as <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(fastener)" title="Bolt (fastener)">bolts</a>, although some are thread-forming (eg. <a href="/wiki/Taptite" class="mw-redirect" title="Taptite">taptite</a>) and some authorities would treat some as screws when they are used with a <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">female threaded fastener</a> other than a nut. Sheet-metal screws do not have the chip-clearing flute of self-tapping screws. However, some wholesale vendors do not distinguish between the two kinds.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood_screw">Wood screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wood screw">edit</a>]</div> A wood screw is a metal screw used to fix wood, with a sharp point and a tapered thread designed to cut its own thread into the wood. Some screws are driven into intact wood; larger screws are usually driven into a hole narrower than the screw thread, and cut the thread in the wood. Early wood screws were made by hand, with a series of files, chisels, and other cutting tools, and these can be spotted easily by noting the irregular spacing and shape of the threads, as well as file marks remaining on the head of the screw and in the area between threads. Many of these screws had a blunt end, completely lacking the sharp tapered point on nearly all modern wood screws.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> Some wood screws were made with cutting dies as early as the late 1700s (possibly even before 1678 when the book content was first published in parts).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Eventually, lathes were used to manufacture wood screws, with the earliest patent being recorded in 1760 in England.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> During the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a> tools were developed to provide a more uniform and consistent thread. Screws made with these tools have rounded valleys with sharp and rough threads.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Once screw turning machines were in common use, most commercially available wood screws were produced with this method. These cut wood screws are almost invariably tapered, and even when the tapered shank is not obvious, they can be discerned because the threads do not extend past the diameter of the shank. Such screws are best installed after drilling a pilot hole with a tapered drill bit. The majority of modern wood screws, except for those made of brass, are formed on thread rolling machines. These screws have a constant diameter and threads with a larger diameter than the shank and are stronger because the rolling process does not cut the grain of the metal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-tapping_screw">Self-tapping screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Self-tapping screw">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-tapping_screw" title="Self-tapping screw">Self-tapping screw</a></div> A self-tapping screw is designed to cut its own thread, usually in a fairly soft metal or plastic, in the same way as a wood screw (wood screws are actually self-tapping, but not referred to as such). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Machine_screw">Machine screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Machine screw">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senkschraube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Senkschraube.jpg/170px-Senkschraube.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Senkschraube.jpg/255px-Senkschraube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Senkschraube.jpg/340px-Senkschraube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>A machine screw</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> standards specify a variety of machine screws (aka stove bolts[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> in diameters ranging up to 0.75 in (19.05 mm). A machine screw or bolt is usually a smaller fastener (less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) in diameter) threaded the entire length of its shank that usually has a recessed drive type (slotted, Phillips, etc.), usually intended to screw into a pre-formed thread, either a nut or a threaded (tapped) hole, unlike a wood or self-tapping screw. Machine screws are also made with socket heads (see above), often referred to as socket-head machine screws. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hex_cap_screw">Hex cap screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hex cap screw">edit</a>]</div> ASME standard B18.2.1-1996 specifies hex cap screws whose size range is 0.25–3 in (6.35–76.20 mm) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>. In 1991, responding to an influx of counterfeit fasteners, Congress passed PL 101-592,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> the "Fastener Quality Act". As a result, the ASME B18 committee re-wrote B18.2.1,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> renaming finished hex bolts to hex cap screw – a term that had existed in common usage long before, but was now also being codified as an official name for the ASME B18 standard. Lug bolt and head bolts are other terms that refer to fasteners that are designed to be threaded into a tapped hole that is in part of the assembly and so based on the Machinery's Handbook distinction they would be screws. Here common terms are at variance with Machinery's Handbook distinction.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lag_screw">Lag screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lag screw">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lag_screw_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/220px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/330px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/440px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4169" data-file-height="5909" /></a><figcaption>Lag screw, also called a lag bolt</figcaption></figure> Lag screws (US) or coach screws (UK, Australia, and New Zealand) (also referred to as lag bolts or coach bolts, although this is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>) or French wood screw (Scandinavia) are large wood screws. Lag screws are used to lag together lumber framing, to lag machinery feet to wood floors, and for other heavy carpentry applications. The attributive modifier lag came from an early principal use of such fasteners: the fastening of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lag#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:lag">lags</a> such as barrel <a href="/wiki/Stave_(wood)" title="Stave (wood)">staves</a> and other similar parts. These fasteners are "screws" according to the Machinery's Handbook criteria, and the obsolescent term "lag bolt" has been replaced by "lag screw" in the Handbook.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> However, based on tradition many tradesmen continue to refer to them as "bolts", because, like head bolts, they are large, with hex or square heads that require a wrench, socket, or specialized bit to turn. The head is typically an external hex. Metric hex-headed lag screws are covered by DIN 571. Inch square-headed and hex-headed lag screws are covered by ASME B18.2.1. A typical lag screw can range in diameter from 4 to 20 mm or #10 to 1.25 in (4.83 to 31.75 mm), and lengths from 16 to 200 mm or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4 to 6 in (6.35 to 152.40 mm) or longer, with the coarse threads of a wood-screw or sheet-metal-screw threadform (but larger). The materials are usually carbon steel substrate with a coating of zinc <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanization</a> (for corrosion resistance). The zinc coating may be bright yellow (electroplated), or dull gray (<a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">hot-dip galvanized</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_screw">Bone screw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bone screw">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/100px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/150px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/200px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Implant that has been used for fixation of a broken wrist</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_fixation" title="Internal fixation">Internal fixation</a></div> Bone screws have the medical use of securing broken bones in living humans and animals. As with aerospace and nuclear power, medical use involves some of the highest technology for fasteners; excellent performance, longevity, and quality are required, and reflected in prices. Bone screws are often made of relatively non-reactive stainless steel or titanium, and they often have advanced features such as conical threads, multistart threads, cannulation (hollow core), and proprietary <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">screw drive</a> types, some not seen outside of these applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Head">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_head_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/400px-Screw_head_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/600px-Screw_head_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/800px-Screw_head_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>a — pan b — dome (button) c — round d — truss (mushroom) e — flat (countersunk) f — oval (raised head)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_slot_screw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/220px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/330px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/440px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Combination flanged-hex/Phillips-head screw used in computers</figcaption></figure> There are a variety of screw head shapes. A few varieties of screw are manufactured with a break-away head, which snaps off when adequate torque is applied, to prevent removal after fitting, often to avoid tampering. <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Pan head (short for "panel")</dt> <dd>A low disc with a rounded, high outer edge with large surface area.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Button or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">dome head (BH)</dt> <dd>Cylindrical with a rounded top.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Round head</dt> <dd>A dome-shaped head used for decoration.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell-40">[40]</a></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Truss head</dt> <dd>Lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Flat head</dt> <dd>A screw with a flat head that requires countersinking so that it can be driven with the head flush with the surface it is screwed into. The angle of the screw is measured as the <a href="/wiki/Cone#Further_terminology" title="Cone">aperture of the cone</a>.</dd> <dt>Oval or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">raised head</dt> <dd>A decorative screw head with a countersunk bottom and rounded top.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell-40">[40]</a> Also known as "raised countersunk" or "instrument head" in the UK.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Bugle head</dt> <dd>Similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shank to the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a <a href="/wiki/Bugle_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugle (instrument)">bugle.</a></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Cheese head</dt> <dd>Cylindrical.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Fillister head</dt> <dd>Cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Flanged head</dt> <dd>A flanged head can be based on any non-countersunk head style, with the addition of an integrated flange at the base of the head that eliminates the need for a <a href="/wiki/Flat_washer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat washer">flat washer</a>.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Hex head</dt> <dd>Hex shaped, similar to the head of a hex bolt. Sometimes flanged.</dd></dl> <table align="right" style="background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combo pan and countersunk"><img alt="Combo pan and countersunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg/176px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg/265px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg/352px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Pan_and_Countersunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Combo pan and countersunk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combo pan and truss"><img alt="Combo pan and truss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg/176px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg/265px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg/352px-Screw_Head_Shapes_-_Combo_Flat_and_Truss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Combo pan and truss</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Countersinking</dt> <dd>Most head types can provide for <a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">countersinking</a> on the underside. This is most relevant to flat heads, which can be driven flush with the surface they are screwed into.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Mixed (combo) head shapes</dt> <dd>pan and truss etc.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes">Sizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sizes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric">Metric</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metric">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">ISO 898</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A325M">ASTM A325M</a></div> The international standards for metric externally threaded fasteners are ISO 898-1 for property classes produced from carbon steels and ISO 3506-1 for property classes produced from corrosion resistant steels. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Head markings and properties for metric hex-head cap screws<a href="#cite_note-metrichandbook-41">[41]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Head marking </th> <th rowspan="2">Grade, material and condition </th> <th rowspan="2">Nominal size range (mm) </th> <th colspan="2">Proof strength </th> <th colspan="2">Yield strength, min. </th> <th colspan="2">Tensile strength, min. </th> <th rowspan="2">Core hardness (<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 3.6<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>1.6–36 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">190 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">330 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td>B52–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 4.6 Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td>5–100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">225 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">240 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td>B67–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 4.8 Low or medium carbon steel; fully or partially annealed </td> <td>1.6–16 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td>B71–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 5.8 Low or medium carbon steel; cold worked </td> <td>5–24 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td>B82–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Class 8.8<a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43">[43]</a> Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td>Under 16 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">640 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">17–72 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">600 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">87 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">660 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">96 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="5">C23–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 8.8 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 8.8.3<a href="#cite_note-F568M-44">[44]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A325M">ASTM A325M</a> - Type 1<a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-astm_a325m-46">[46]</a> Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">12–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>ASTM A325M - Type 3<a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-astm_a325m-46">[46]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 9.8 Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">1.6–16 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">650 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">94 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">720 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">104 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">900 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">130 </td> <td rowspan="2">C27–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 9.8 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 10.9 Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="3">5–100 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">940 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">136 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">1,040 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">151 </td> <td rowspan="5">C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 10.9 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 10.9.3<a href="#cite_note-F568M-44">[44]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A490M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A490M">ASTM A490M</a> - Type 1<a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-astm_a490m-47">[47]</a> Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">12–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>ASTM A490M - Type 3<a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-astm_a490m-47">[47]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>Class 12.9 Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td>1.6–100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">141 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,220 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">177 </td> <td>C38–44 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td>A2<a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43">[43]</a> Stainless steel with 17–19% chromium and 8–13% nickel </td> <td>up to 20 </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> <td align="right">210 minimum 450 typical </td> <td align="right">30 minimum 65 typical </td> <td align="right">500 minimum 700 typical </td> <td align="right">73 minimum 100 typical </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 3506-1 A2-50[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">304 stainless steel</a>-class 50 (annealed) </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">210 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 3506-1 A2-70[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 304 stainless steel-class 70 (cold worked) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">450 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISO 3506-1 A2-80[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 304 stainless steel-class 80 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inch">Inch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inch">edit</a>]</div> There are many standards governing the material and mechanical properties of imperial sized externally threaded fasteners. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from carbon steels are ASTM A193, ASTM A307, ASTM A354, ASTM F3125, and SAE J429. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from corrosion resistant steels are ASTM F593 & ASTM A193. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Head markings and properties for inch-system hex-head cap screws<a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43">[43]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Head marking </th> <th rowspan="2">Grade, material and condition </th> <th rowspan="2">Nominal size range (in) </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Proof strength</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Yield strength, min. </th> <th colspan="2">Tensile strength, min. </th> <th rowspan="2">Core hardness (<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a> </td> <td>SAE Grade 0<a href="#cite_note-siu-48">[48]</a> </td> <td colspan="8">Strength and hardness is not specified </td></tr> <tr> <td>SAE grade 1 ASTM A307<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Low carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">230 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">410 </td> <td>B70–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ASTM A307 - Grade B<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–4 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td align="right">60 minimum 100 maximum </td> <td align="right">410 minimum 690 maximum </td> <td>B69–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">SAE grade 2 Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td>B80–100<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greater than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">410 </td> <td>B70–100<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SAE grade 4<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> Medium carbon steel; cold worked </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">690 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 3<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Medium carbon steel; cold worked</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">690 </td> <td>B70–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2">SAE grade 5 Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–1 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C25–34<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–30<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ASTM A449 - Type 1<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2–3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">620 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell</a> 183–235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 5.1<a href="#cite_note-itp-52">[52]</a> Low or medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>No. 6–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C25–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 5.2<a href="#cite_note-itp-52">[52]</a> Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–1 </td> <td rowspan="2">85 </td> <td rowspan="2">590 </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">120 </td> <td rowspan="2">830 </td> <td>C26–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ASTM A449 - Type 2<a href="#cite_note-itp-52">[52]</a> Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>C25–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a>or <a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325" title="ASTM A325">ASTM A325</a> - Type 1<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2–1 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C24–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">570<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a><a href="#cite_note-crnote-53">[53]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">ASTM A325 - Type 3<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C24–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">570<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A354" title="ASTM A354">ASTM A354</a> - Grade BC<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">750<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">860 </td> <td>C26–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2–4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">680<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td>C22–33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 7 Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">920 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 8 Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C32–38<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td rowspan="2">ASTM A354 - Grade BD<a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54">[54]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900<a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54">[54]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2–4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790<a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54">[54]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">970 </td> <td>C31–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></td> <td>SAE grade 8.2<a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50">[50]</a> Medium carbon boron martensitic steel; fully kilned, fine grain, quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A490" title="ASTM A490">ASTM A490</a> - Type 1<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">130<a href="#cite_note-american-51">[51]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">900 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">150 minimum 170 maximum </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">1,000 minimum 1,200 maximum </td> <td rowspan="2">C33–38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a><a href="#cite_note-crnote-53">[53]</a> </td> <td>ASTM A490 - Type 3<a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49">[49]</a> Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/18/8_stainless_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="18/8 stainless steel">18/8 Stainless</a> Stainless steel with 17–19% chromium and 8–13% nickel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5⁄8 (inc.) </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </td> <td align="right">40 minimum 80–90 typical </td> <td align="right">280 minimum 550–620 typical </td> <td align="right">100–125 typical </td> <td align="right">690–860 typical </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5⁄8–1 (inc.) </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">40 minimum 45–70 typical </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">280 minimum 310–480 typical </td> <td align="right">100 typical </td> <td align="right">690 typical </td></tr> <tr> <td>over 1 </td> <td align="right">80–90 typical </td> <td align="right">550–620 typical </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tools">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">Screw drive</a> types</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Slotted</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Slot" title="List of screw drives">Slot drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Cross" title="List of screw drives">Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cruciform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Frearson" title="List of screw drives">Frearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#French_recess" title="List of screw drives">French recess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#ISO_8764" title="List of screw drives">ISO 8764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#JIS_B_1012" title="List of screw drives">JIS B 1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Mortorq" title="List of screw drives">Mortorq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Phillips" title="List of screw drives">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Pozidriv" title="List of screw drives">Pozidriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Supadriv" title="List of screw drives">Supadriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Torq-set" title="List of screw drives">Torq-set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Combination_drives_(plus-minus)" title="List of screw drives">Phillips/Slotted</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> External polygon</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Square" title="List of screw drives">Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Pentagon" title="List of screw drives">Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Hex" title="List of screw drives">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#12-point" title="List of screw drives">12-point</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Internal polygon</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-angle" title="List of screw drives">Tri-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Robertson" title="List of screw drives">Robertson (square)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">Hex socket (Allen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_key#Variants" title="Hex key">Security hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Double-square" title="List of screw drives">Double-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Triple-square_(XZN)" title="List of screw drives">Triple-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#12-spline_flange" title="List of screw drives">12-spline flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Double_hex" title="List of screw drives">Double hex</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Hexalobular</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">Torx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Polydrive" title="List of screw drives">Polydrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Torx_ttap" title="List of screw drives">Torx ttap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">External Torx</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Three-pointed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-point" title="List of screw drives">Tri-point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-groove" title="List of screw drives">Tri-groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-wing" title="List of screw drives">Tri-wing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Special</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#One-way" title="List of screw drives">One-way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Spline_socket" title="List of screw drives">Spline socket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Phillips/square" title="List of screw drives">Quadrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentalobe_screw" title="Pentalobe screw">Pentalobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Spanner" title="List of screw drives">Spanner head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Line_Head_and_Line_Recess" title="List of screw drives">Line Head</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Screw_drives" title="Template:Screw drives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Screw_drives" title="Template talk:Screw drives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Screw_drives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Screw drives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/180px--Screw-into-wood.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="180" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Screw-into-wood.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Screw-into-wood.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="vorbis, theora"" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>An electric driver screws a self-tapping phillips head screw into wood</figcaption></figure> The hand tool used to drive in most screws is called a <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a>. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver; <a href="/wiki/Power_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Power drill">power drills</a> may also be used with screw-driving attachments. Where the holding power of the screwed joint is critical, torque-measuring and torque-limiting screwdrivers are used to ensure sufficient but not excessive force is developed by the screw. The hand tool for driving hex head threaded fasteners is a spanner (UK usage) or wrench (US usage), while a nut setter is used with a power screw driver. Modern screws employ a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Screw_drive_designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw drive designs">screw drive designs</a>, each requiring a different kind of tool to drive in or extract them. The most common screw drives are the slotted and Phillips in the US; hex, Robertson, and Torx are also common in some applications, and Pozidriv has almost completely replaced Phillips in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some types of drive are intended for automatic assembly in mass-production of such items as automobiles. More exotic screw drive types may be used in situations where tampering is undesirable, such as in electronic appliances that should not be serviced by the home repair person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screw_threads">Screw threads</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Screw threads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">Screw thread</a></div> There are many systems for specifying the dimensions of screws, but in much of the world the <a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">ISO metric screw thread</a> preferred series has displaced the many older systems. Other relatively common systems include the <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth" title="British Standard Whitworth">British Standard Whitworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Association_screw_threads" title="British Association screw threads">BA system (British Association)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">Unified Thread Standard</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_metric_screw_thread">ISO metric screw thread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ISO metric screw thread">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">ISO metric screw thread</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Screw" title="Special:EditPage/Screw">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The basic principles of the ISO metric screw thread are defined in <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_68-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 68-1">ISO 68-1</a> and preferred combinations of diameter and pitch are listed in ISO 261. The smaller subset of diameter and pitch combinations commonly used in screws, nuts and bolts is given in <a href="/wiki/ISO_262" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 262">ISO 262</a>. The most commonly used pitch value for each diameter is the coarse pitch. For some diameters, one or two additional fine pitch variants are also specified, for special applications such as threads in thin-walled pipes. ISO metric screw threads are designated by the letter M followed by the major diameter of the thread in millimetres (e.g. M8). If the thread does not use the normal coarse pitch (e.g. 1.25 mm in the case of M8), then the pitch in millimeters is also appended with a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a> (e.g. "M8×1" if the screw thread has an outer diameter of 8 mm and advances by 1 mm per 360° rotation). The nominal diameter of a metric screw is the outer diameter of the thread. The tapped hole (or nut) into which the screw fits, has an internal diameter which is the size of the screw minus the pitch of the thread. Thus, an M6 screw, which has a pitch of 1 mm, is made by threading a 6 mm shank, and the nut or threaded hole is made by tapping threads into a hole of 5 mm diameter (6 mm − 1 mm). Metric <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a> bolts, screws and nuts are specified, for example, in <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Standards</a> ISO 4014, ISO 4017, and ISO 4032. The following table lists the relationship given in these standards between the thread size and the maximum width across the hexagonal flats (wrench size): <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>ISO metric thread </th> <td>M1.6</td> <td>M2</td> <td>M2.5</td> <td>M3</td> <td>M4</td> <td>M5</td> <td>M6</td> <td>M8</td> <td>M10</td> <td>M12</td> <td>M16</td> <td>M20</td> <td>M24</td> <td>M30</td> <td>M36</td> <td>M42</td> <td>M48</td> <td>M56</td> <td>M64 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wrench size (mm) </th> <td>3.2</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>16 or 17</td> <td>19</td> <td>24</td> <td>30</td> <td>36</td> <td>46</td> <td>55</td> <td>65</td> <td>75</td> <td>85</td> <td>95 </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition, the following non-preferred intermediate sizes are specified: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>ISO metric thread </th> <td>M3.5</td> <td>M14</td> <td>M18</td> <td>M22</td> <td>M27</td> <td>M33</td> <td>M39</td> <td>M45</td> <td>M52</td> <td>M60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wrench size (mm) </th> <td>6</td> <td>21</td> <td>27</td> <td>34</td> <td>41</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> Bear in mind that these are just examples and the width across flats is different for structural bolts, flanged bolts, and also varies by standards organization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitworth">Whitworth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Whitworth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth" title="British Standard Whitworth">British Standard Whitworth</a></div> The first person to create a standard (in about 1841) was the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. Whitworth screw sizes are still used, both for repairing old machinery and where a coarser thread than the metric fastener thread is required. Whitworth became British Standard Whitworth, abbreviated to BSW (BS 84:1956) and the British Standard Fine (BSF) thread was introduced in 1908 because the Whitworth thread was too coarse for some applications. The <a href="/wiki/Thread_angle" title="Thread angle">thread angle</a> was 55°, and the depth and pitch varied with the diameter of the thread (i.e., the bigger the bolt, the coarser the thread). Spanners for Whitworth bolts are marked with the size of the bolt, not the distance across the flats of the screw head. The most common use of a Whitworth pitch nowadays is in all UK <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a>. Additionally, the standard photographic <a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">tripod</a> thread, which for small cameras is 1/4" Whitworth (20 tpi) and for medium/large format cameras is 3/8" Whitworth (16 tpi). It is also used for microphone stands and their appropriate clips, again in both sizes, along with "thread adapters" to allow the smaller size to attach to items requiring the larger thread. Note that while 1/4" <a href="/wiki/Unified_National_Coarse" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified National Coarse">UNC</a> bolts fit 1/4" BSW camera tripod bushes, <a href="/wiki/Yield_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">yield strength</a> is reduced by the different thread angles of 60° and 55° respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Association_screw_thread">British Association screw thread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: British Association screw thread">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Association_screw_threads" title="British Association screw threads">British Association screw threads</a></div> British Association (BA) screw threads, named after the British Association for Advancement of Science, were devised in 1884 and standardised in 1903. Screws were described as "2BA", "4BA" etc., the odd numbers being rarely used, except in equipment made prior to the 1970s for telephone exchanges in the UK. This equipment made extensive use of odd-numbered BA screws, in order—it may be suspected—to reduce theft. BA threads are specified by British Standard BS 93:1951 "Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A." While not related to ISO metric screws, the sizes were actually defined in metric terms, a 0BA thread having a 6 mm diameter and 1 mm pitch. Other threads in the BA series are related to 0BA in a geometric series with the common factors 0.9 and 1.2. For example, a 4BA thread has pitch <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>0.9</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4f657bb0e51ef95533d40c6d9b81d05763027b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.063ex; width:5.102ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}"> mm (0.65 mm) and diameter <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1.2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d59f11c0aecaf6e10d732aab97b454d15c9f03d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.519ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}"> mm (3.62 mm). Although 0BA has the same diameter and pitch as ISO M6, the threads have different forms and are not compatible. BA threads are still common in some niche applications. Certain types of fine machinery, such as moving-coil meters and clocks, tend to have BA threads wherever they are manufactured. BA sizes were also used extensively in aircraft, especially those manufactured in the United Kingdom. BA sizing is still used in railway signalling, mainly for the termination of electrical equipment and cabling. BA threads are extensively used in Model Engineering where the smaller hex head sizes make scale fastenings easier to represent. As a result, many UK Model Engineering suppliers still carry stocks of BA fasteners up to typically 8BA and 10BA. 5BA is also commonly used as it can be threaded onto 1/8 rod.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Thread_Standard">Unified Thread Standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unified Thread Standard">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">Unified Thread Standard</a></div> The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is most commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but is also extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and occasionally in other countries. The size of a UTS screw is described using the following format: X-Y, where X is the nominal size (the hole or slot size in standard manufacturing practice through which the shank of the screw can easily be pushed) and Y is the <a href="/wiki/Threads_per_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Threads per inch">threads per inch</a> (TPI). For sizes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4 inch and larger the size is given as a fraction; for sizes less than this an <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> is used, ranging from 0 to 16. The integer sizes can be converted to the actual diameter by using the formula 0.060 + (0.013 × number). For example, a #4 screw is 0.060 + (0.013 × 4) = 0.060 + 0.052 = 0.112 inches in diameter. There are also screw sizes smaller than "0" (zero or ought). The sizes are 00, 000, 0000 which are usually referred to as two ought, three ought, and four ought. Most eyeglasses have the bows screwed to the frame with 00-72 (pronounced double ought – seventy two) size screws. To calculate the major diameter of "ought" size screws count the number of 0's and multiply this number by 0.013 and subtract from 0.060. For example, the major diameter of a 000-72 screw thread is .060 – (3 x .013) = 0.060 − 0.039 = .021 inches. For most size screws there are multiple TPI available, with the most common being designated a Unified Coarse Thread (UNC or UN) and Unified Fine Thread (UNF or UF). Note: In countries other than the United States and Canada, the ISO Metric Screw Thread System is primarily used today. Unlike most other countries the United States and Canada still use the Unified (Inch) Thread System. However, both are moving over to the ISO Metric System.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is estimated that approximately 60% of screw threads in use in the United States are still inch based.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_classifications">Mechanical classifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mechanical classifications">edit</a>]</div> The numbers stamped on the head of the bolt are referred to the grade of the bolt used in certain application with the strength of a bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> strength rating (called property class) stamped on the head. And the absence of marking/number indicates a lower grade bolt with low strength. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number before the point is the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">ultimate tensile strength</a> in <a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">MPa</a> divided by 100. The number after the point is the multiplier ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt has a nominal (minimum) ultimate tensile strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times ultimate tensile strength or 0.8 (500) = 400 MPa. Ultimate tensile strength is the tensile stress at which the bolt fails. Tensile yield strength is the stress at which the bolt will yield in tension across the entire section of the bolt and receive a permanent set (an elongation from which it will not recover when the force is removed) of 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Yield_strength#Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">offset strain</a>. Proof strength is the usable strength of the fastener. Tension testing of a bolt up to the proof load should not cause permanent set of the bolt and should be conducted on actual fasteners rather than calculated.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> If a bolt is tensioned beyond the proof load, it may behave in plastic manner due to yielding in the threads and the tension preload may be lost due to the permanent plastic deformations. When elongating a fastener prior to reaching the yield point, the fastener is said to be operating in the elastic region; whereas elongation beyond the yield point is referred to as operating in the plastic region of the bolt material. If a bolt is loaded in tension beyond its proof strength, the yielding at the net root section of the bolt will continue until the entire section begins to yield and it has exceeded its yield strength. If tension increases, the bolt fractures at its ultimate strength. Mild steel bolts have property class 4.6, which is 400 MPa ultimate strength and 0.6*400=240 MPa yield strength. High-strength steel bolts have property class 8.8, which is 800 MPa ultimate strength and 0.8*800=640 MPa yield strength or above. The same type of screw or bolt can be made in many different grades of material. For critical high-tensile-strength applications, low-grade bolts may fail, resulting in damage or injury. On SAE-standard bolts, a distinctive pattern of marking is impressed on the heads to allow inspection and validation of the strength of the bolt.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> However, low-cost <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> fasteners may be found with actual strength far less than indicated by the markings. Such inferior fasteners are a danger to life and property when used in aircraft, automobiles, heavy trucks, and similar critical applications.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/220px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/330px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/440px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Differentiation between bolt and screw</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook" title="Machinery's Handbook">Machinery's Handbook</a> describes the distinction between bolts and screws as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A bolt is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or released by torquing a nut. A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing the head. An externally threaded fastener which is prevented from being turned during assembly and which can be tightened or released only by torquing a nut is a bolt. (Example: round head bolts, track bolts, plow bolts.) An externally threaded fastener that has thread form which prohibits assembly with a nut having a straight thread of multiple pitch length is a screw. (Example: wood screws, tapping screws.)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></blockquote> This distinction is consistent with <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> B18.2.1 and some dictionary definitions for screw<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and bolt.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Old <a href="/wiki/United_States_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Standard">USS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">SAE</a> standards defined cap screws as fasteners with shanks that were threaded to the head and bolts as fasteners with shanks that were partially unthreaded.<a href="#cite_note-dyke-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> made an effort to formalize the difference between a bolt and a screw, because different <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> apply to each.<a href="#cite_note-CBP.gov_bolts-vs-screws-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmotic_screw" title="Syndesmotic screw">Syndesmotic screw</a> – Type of screw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a> – Tools to create screw threads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_rod" title="Threaded rod">Threaded rod</a> – Rod with ridges wrapped around it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading (manufacturing)</a> – Process of creating a screw thread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plug" title="Wall plug">Wall plug</a> – Insert for screws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2000">Oberg et al. 2000</a>, p. 1492 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1990">Smith 1990</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_1986_p._9-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Blake_1986_p._9_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlake1986" class="citation book cs1">Blake, A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAWznUs54uwC&pg=PA9">What Every Engineer Should Know about Threaded Fasteners: Materials and Design</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8379-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-8379-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Engineer+Should+Know+about+Threaded+Fasteners%3A+Materials+and+Design&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8379-3&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAWznUs54uwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManus_2002_p._46-4"><a href="#cite_ref-McManus_2002_p._46_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2002" class="citation book cs1">McManus, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C&pg=PA46">Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01613-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Hand%2C+Left+Hand%3A+The+Origins+of+Asymmetry+in+Brains%2C+Bodies%2C+Atoms+and+Cultures&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01613-2&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20oza63ZuG4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1983_p._200-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1983_p._200_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J.G. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BabtEFxgZ2AC&pg=PA200">Technical Shop Mathematics</a>. 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Sheldon Brown. Retrieved 2010-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicycle+Glossary%3A+Pedal&rft.pub=Sheldon+Brown&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheldonbrown.com%2Fgloss_p.html%23pedal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1914" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, William Ballantyne (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pa0IAAAAIAAJ/page/n131">Physics for Technical Students: Mechanics and Heat</a>. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 112. Retrieved 2008-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Technical+Students%3A+Mechanics+and+Heat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William+Ballantyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Pa0IAAAAIAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1773-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1773_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow8UAAAAQAAJ&q=%22simple+machine%22+%22mechanical+powers%22+lever+screw+inclined+plane+wedge+wheel+pulley&pg=PA44">"Mechanics"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3. John Donaldson. 1773. p. 44. 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Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122004001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0122004001"><bdi>978-0122004001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+Press+Dictionary+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=1993&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0122004001&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnauWlPTBcjIC%26q%3D%2522simple%2Bmachine%2522%26pg%3DPA1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsMary_B._Woods2000" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58">Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels</a>. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7"><bdi>0-8225-2994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Machines%3A+From+Wedges+to+Waterwheels&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8225-2994-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mary+B.+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1tzW_aDnxsC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor">Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor/page/n12">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060422"><bdi>9781575060422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060422&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmesopotam00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Bunch_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunchAlexander_Hellemans2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunch, Bryan H.; Alexander Hellemans (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233">The history of science and technology</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9"><bdi>0-618-22123-9</bdi></a>. <q>screw.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+science+and+technology&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-618-22123-9&rft.aulast=Bunch&rft.aufirst=Bryan+H.&rft.au=Alexander+Hellemans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618221233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsCarolyn_A._Krebs2003" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0fjBeseVEC&q=archimedean+simple+machine&pg=PA114">Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world</a>. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31342-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31342-3"><bdi>0-313-31342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+scientific+experiments%2C+inventions%2C+and+discoveries+of+the+ancient+world&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-31342-3&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Carolyn+A.+Krebs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0H0fjBeseVEC%26q%3Darchimedean%2Bsimple%2Bmachine%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp90-94-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp90-94_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 90–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 34, 66, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA-16"><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008221808/http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/wag/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">"Am_Wood_Screws"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/wag/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2010-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am_Wood_Screws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fcoolaic%2Fsg%2Fwag%2FAm_Wood_Screws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp75-99-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp75-99_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 75–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p99-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p99_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p76-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p76_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 97–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp76-78-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp76-78_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2009-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2009_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Thomas_Mitchell2009" class="citation book cs1">J. Thomas Mitchell (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEoAFOP4D-YC&pg=PA39">Centre County: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1915</a>. Penn State Press. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04499-6"><bdi>978-0-271-04499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centre+County%3A+From+Its+Earliest+Settlement+to+the+Year+1915&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04499-6&rft.au=J.+Thomas+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEoAFOP4D-YC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 79–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent_161390-25"><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent_161390_25-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US161390">U.S. patent 161,390</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallowell1951pp51-59-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Hallowell1951pp51-59_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallowell1951">Hallowell 1951</a>, pp. 51–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See: <ul><li>Henry F. Phillips and Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, "Screw," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02046839&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2046839.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2046839%2526RS%3DPN%2F2046839&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">U.S. Patent no. 2,046,839</a> (filed: January 15, 1935; issued: July 7, 1936).</li> <li>Henry F. Phillips and Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, "Screw driver," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02046840&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2,046,840.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2,046,840%2526RS%3DPN%2F2,046,840&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">U.S. Patent no. 2,046,840</a> (filed: January 15, 1935; issued: July 7, 1936).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p104-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p104_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastenersuperstore.com/products/self-tapping-sheet-metal-screws?pid=5992&query=sheet%20metal%20screws">"Faster Superstore catalog of sheet-metal screws and self-tapping screws"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faster+Superstore+catalog+of+sheet-metal+screws+and+self-tapping+screws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastenersuperstore.com%2Fproducts%2Fself-tapping-sheet-metal-screws%3Fpid%3D5992%26query%3Dsheet%2520metal%2520screws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wag-aic.org/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">"Observations on the Development of Wood Screws in North America"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Development+of+Wood+Screws+in+North+America&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wag-aic.org%2FAm_Wood_Screws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoxon1703" class="citation book cs1">Moxon, Joseph (1703). 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Retrieved 2010-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FastenalTechnicalReferenceGuide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastenal.com%2Fcontent%2Fdocuments%2FFastenalTechnicalReferenceGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threadcheck.com/technical-documents/thread-systems.pdf">"Thread Systems"</a> (PDF). Thread Check. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202013825/https://www.threadcheck.com/technical-documents/thread-systems.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on Feb 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thread+Check&rft.atitle=Thread+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.threadcheck.com%2Ftechnical-documents%2Fthread-systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1977" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Harry S. (1977). Parmley, Robert O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhandbook00parm">Standard Handbook of Fastening and Joining</a> (5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. Chapter 1 page 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-048511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-048511-9"><bdi>0-07-048511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Handbook+of+Fastening+and+Joining&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+1+page+10&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-07-048511-9&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandardhandbook00parm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chiltondiy.com/2013/12/how-to-recognize-metric-and-sae-bolts-2/">How to Recognize Metric and SAE Bolts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925140045/http://blog.chiltondiy.com/2013/12/how-to-recognize-metric-and-sae-bolts-2/">Archived</a> 2018-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Chilton DIY, Retrieved April 26, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/site/standards/">"SAE Standards for Mobility Knowledge and Solutions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a>. Retrieved 2023-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAE+International&rft.atitle=SAE+Standards+for+Mobility+Knowledge+and+Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fsite%2Fstandards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2000">Oberg et al. 2000</a>, p. 1492. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206034053/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=screw*1+0&dict=A">"screw"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary of American English. Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=screw*1+0&dict=A">the original</a> on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary+of+American+English&rft.atitle=screw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3Dscrew%2A1%2B0%26dict%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allwords.com/query.php?SearchType=3&Keyword=screw&goquery=Find+it%21&Language=ENG">"screw"</a>. allwords. Retrieved 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allwords&rft.atitle=screw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allwords.com%2Fquery.php%3FSearchType%3D3%26Keyword%3Dscrew%26goquery%3DFind%2Bit%2521%26Language%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bolt">"bolt"</a>. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050106204924/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/bolt_1?view=uk">"bolt"</a>. Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/bolt_1?view=uk">the original</a> on January 6, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fbolt_1%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206034048/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=8680&dict=CALD">"bolt"</a>. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=8680&dict=CALD">the original</a> on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3D8680%26dict%3DCALD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyke-65"><a href="#cite_ref-dyke_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqI7AAAAMAAJ&q=sae+uss+screw+standard&pg=RA1-PA702">"How to use tools and make repairs"</a>. Dyke's Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia. A.L. Dyke. 1919. p. 701. Retrieved 2009-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+use+tools+and+make+repairs&rft.btitle=Dyke%27s+Automobile+and+Gasoline+Engine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=A.L.+Dyke&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqI7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsae%2Buss%2Bscrew%2Bstandard%26pg%3DRA1-PA702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBP.gov_bolts-vs-screws-66"><a href="#cite_ref-CBP.gov_bolts-vs-screws_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbp.gov/document/publications/distinguishing-bolts-screws">"What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know About: Distinguishing Bolts from Screws"</a>. An Informed Compliance Publication (2011-02 ed.). Washington, D.C., USA: U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency (CBP). July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Every+Member+of+the+Trade+Community+Should+Know+About%3A+Distinguishing+Bolts+from+Screws&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+USA&rft.series=An+Informed+Compliance+Publication&rft.edition=2011-02&rft.pub=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection+Agency+%28CBP%29&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fdocument%2Fpublications%2Fdistinguishing-bolts-screws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickfordNassar1998" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, John H.; Nassar, Sayed (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NaZwZK2xm-QC">Handbook of bolts and bolted joints</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9977-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9977-9"><bdi>978-0-8247-9977-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+bolts+and+bolted+joints&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-9977-9&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Nassar%2C+Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNaZwZK2xm-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvinStanley1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. Colvin">Colvin, Fred Herbert</a>; Stanley, Frank Arthur (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q8LAAAAIAAJ">American Machinists' Handbook and Dictionary of Shop Terms</a> (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Machinists%27+Handbook+and+Dictionary+of+Shop+Terms&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Fred+Herbert&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Frank+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Q8LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallowell1951" class="citation book cs1">Hallowell, Howard Thomas Sr (1951). How a Farm Boy Built a Successful Corporation: An Autobiography. Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, USA: Standard Pressed Steel Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52001275">52001275</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/521866">521866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+a+Farm+Boy+Built+a+Successful+Corporation%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=Jenkintown%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+USA&rft.pub=Standard+Pressed+Steel+Company&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F521866&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52001275&rft.aulast=Hallowell&rft.aufirst=Howard+Thomas+Sr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuth2003" class="citation book cs1">Huth, Mark W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPavrOZxCXAC">Basic Principles for Construction</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-3837-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4018-3837-5"><bdi>1-4018-3837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Principles+for+Construction&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4018-3837-5&rft.aulast=Huth&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPavrOZxCXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2000" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2000). Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3"><bdi>0-8311-2635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8311-2635-3&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Jones%2C+Franklin+D.&rft.au=Horton%2C+Holbrook+L.&rft.au=Ryffel%2C+Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybczynski2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Rybczynski, Witold</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/One_Good_Turn_(book)" title="One Good Turn (book)">One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw</a>, Scribner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86729-8"><bdi>978-0-684-86729-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00036988">00036988</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462234518">462234518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Good+Turn%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Screwdriver+and+the+Screw&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462234518&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00036988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86729-8&rft.aulast=Rybczynski&rft.aufirst=Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"> Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyffel1988" class="citation book cs1">Ryffel, Henry H.; et al. (1988). Machinery's Handbook (23rd ed.). New York: Industrial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1200-4"><bdi>978-0-8311-1200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-1200-4&rft.aulast=Ryffel&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Smith" title="Carroll Smith">Smith, Carroll</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A81HmmRCN7YC">Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook</a>. 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