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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Scientific American</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_American-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Scientific American</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruler_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ruler incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruler_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investigations</span> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mina Crandon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Medium_Mina_Crandon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medium_Mina_Crandon.png/220px-Medium_Mina_Crandon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medium_Mina_Crandon.png/330px-Medium_Mina_Crandon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medium_Mina_Crandon.png/440px-Medium_Mina_Crandon.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1888<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1888</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1, 1941<span style="display:none">(1941-11-01)</span> (aged 52–53)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill, Boston</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Spiritualist medium</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mina 'Margery' Crandon</b> (1888–November 1, 1941) was an American psychic <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> who performed under the stage name 'Margery' and claimed to channel her dead brother, Walter Stinson. Investigators who studied Crandon concluded that she had no such <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> ability, and others detected her in outright deception.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became known as her alleged paranormal skills were touted by Sherlock Holmes author <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and were disproved by magician <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>. Crandon was investigated by members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a> and employees of the <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. </p><p>Crandon was the wife of a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> surgeon and socialite, Dr. Le Roi Goddard Crandon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her life has been extensively documented in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> literature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born Mina Marguerite Stinson,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mina grew up on a farm near <a href="/wiki/Picton,_Ontario" title="Picton, Ontario">Picton, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. She moved to Boston as a young woman. While working as a secretary of a local church in Boston, she met and married Earl Rand, a grocer. They had one son.<sup id="cite_ref-Houdini_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houdini-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later met Dr. Le Roi Goddard Crandon when she entered a <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorchester, Massachusetts">Dorchester, Massachusetts</a> hospital for an unspecified operation,<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crandon was her surgeon. The two crossed paths again later that year when Crandon served as a lieutenant commander and head of surgical staff in a New England Naval hospital during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and she was a civilian volunteer ambulance driver who transported casualties to the hospital. Mina sued for divorce from Earl P. Rand in January 1918 and became Crandon's third wife a few months later. She moved to Crandon's house at 10 Lime Street with her son.<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crandon later adopted her son and changed the boy's name to John Crandon.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_American"><i>Scientific American</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mina began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a> as a hobby, possibly to distract her older husband from a morbid obsession with mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Houdini_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houdini-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 23, 1924, her name was submitted by her husband as a candidate for a prize offered by <i>Scientific American</i> magazine to any medium who could demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Telekinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekinetic">telekinetic</a> ability under <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">scientific controls</a>. With a doctor as husband, Margery was well prepared for the challenge, and her charm and lack of interest in personal monetary reward made her seem honest to the public eye. Her séance circles included members of the middle class as well as luminary members of the Boston upper class and Ivy League elite. Famous supporters such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle gave her significant credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became so popular that her prayers were read by the U.S. Army. The <i>Scientific American</i> prize committee consisted of <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)" title="William McDougall (psychologist)">William McDougall</a>, professor of psychology at Harvard; Harry Houdini, the famous professional magician and escape artist; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a>, American psychical researcher; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Frost_Comstock" title="Daniel Frost Comstock">Daniel Frost Comstock</a>, who introduced <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> to film; and <a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a>, amateur magician, psychical researcher, author, and manager for the Italian medium <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png/220px-Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png/330px-Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png/440px-Walter_Franklin_Prince_with_Mina_Crandon_and_Houdini.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>From left to right. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Frost_Comstock" title="Daniel Frost Comstock">Daniel Frost Comstock</a>, Mina Crandon, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Desaix_Munn" title="Orson Desaix Munn">O. D. Munn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/J._Malcolm_Bird" title="J. Malcolm Bird">J. Malcolm Bird</a>, an employee of <i>Scientific American</i> (not on the Prize Committee) notified Houdini of the possibility that "Margery" might win the prize. Houdini and other prize committee members attended two séances in Boston at Margery (and her husband's) home on July 23 and 24, 1924, and claimed to have observed Margery's tricks. According to Houdini, Margery had escaped control and stretched her foot to ring a bell in the séance room.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houdini told the committee about the fraud and gave a practical demonstration; however, Bird in an article for <i>Scientific American</i> praised Margery's abilities and newspapers supported Bird's declarations.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They visited again on August 23, 1924, for a few days. On the August visit, Houdini exposed the mechanics used during the séance, along with other people involved in creating the noises during the séance. Houdini asked her to wear an apparatus which prevented her from using her legs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparatus was a large cabinet-box leaving only her head and hands sticking out. On August 25 with Comstock and Houdini in a séance Margery was placed in the cabinet. A box with a bell was placed on a table in front of the cabinet. During the séance the bell made a noise but when the lights were turned on it was revealed the lid of the cabinet-box had been forced open. Houdini claimed Crandon had cheated and had rung the bell herself.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was much disagreement among the committee, and in the end, only Carrington voted in favor of Crandon. However, committee Secretary Malcolm Bird leaked to the press that the committee was leaning toward a positive vote. Incensed, committee member Harry Houdini returned from abroad to submit his dissenting vote. His efforts to discredit Crandon became a part of his stage act, and he reproduced her effects for audiences as well as published a pamphlet that described how she achieved some of her more basic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 27, the investigator Comstock asked her to wear a similar device called, a "median control". The device consisted of a box into which Crandon and an investigator would put their feet. Connecting to the box was a board which was locked on top of the knees, preventing withdrawal of the feet. Crandon's hands were held by the investigator and the box with the bell was placed outside the control-box. Crandon agreed to be tested and, because of the strict control, no paranormal phenomena in the séance were observed. Margery did not win the prize money.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruler_incident">Ruler incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ruler incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a séance with the cabinet-box, Crandon requested that the sides be closed so she could move her hands freely inside the cabinet. A collapsible ruler was later found in the cabinet, Houdini suggested that Crandon had used the ruler with her neck to ring the bell. In response, Crandon accused Houdini and his assistant Jim Collins of placing the ruler inside the cabinet to discredit her.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houdini and Collins were both questioned about the incident and denied placing the ruler in the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, author <a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Gresham" title="William Lindsay Gresham">William Lindsay Gresham</a> accused Collins of placing the ruler and quoted him as saying "I chucked it in the box meself. The Boss told me to do it. He wanted to fix her good".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, doubts have been raised about this statement. Magic historian <a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a> dismissed the alleged statement as "sheer fiction". According to Christopher the source of the quotation was a rival magician to Houdini, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Keating_(magician)" title="Fred Keating (magician)">Fred Keating</a>, and is unreliable. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a> noted that "the incident remains doubtful to this day."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations">Investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1925 due to the investigation of Crandon the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR) had been taken over by a spiritualist faction. The ASPR championed Crandon and suppressed any reports unfavorable to her.<sup id="cite_ref-Chéroux2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chéroux2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Walter Franklin Prince who was the Society's research officer resigned to establish the Boston Society for Psychical Research. Prince was accused by supporters of Crandon of being biased against paranormal phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Chéroux2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chéroux2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crandon's husband was known for displaying nude photographs of her in her mediumship sessions. Mina Crandon was described as a beautiful woman whom men found "too attractive for her own good".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was suggested that the psychical investigator J. Malcolm Bird actively conspired with the Crandons in stage-managing the séances in an attempt to have a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">sexual relationship</a> with Mina. Reports, however, suggest that Mina found Bird repulsive. Instead she had amorous feelings for the psychical researcher Hereward Carrington, with whom she had an affair. Carrington also borrowed money he was unable to repay from Crandon. Critics have written that it is easy to imagine these factors could have biased his judgement regarding her <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png/220px-Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png/330px-Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png/440px-Mina_Crandon_in_1924.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Crandon in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crandon performed many of her séances in the nude, and was reported to throw herself onto the laps of her male sitters. She was also described as an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During séances, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a> told Crandon to take off her clothes and sit in the nude. Crandon would also sometimes sprinkle <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">luminous powder</a> on her breasts and because of such activities William McDougall and other psychical researchers criticized Dingwall for having improper relations with Crandon.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a> has noted that as Bird, Carrington and Dingwall were all personally involved with Crandon, they were biased and unreliable witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magician Fred Keating who had observed Crandon at her house suggested Carrington pretended some of her phenomena baffled him in an attempt to get financial backing for his own psychical laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review by the father of modern parapsychology, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">Joseph Banks Rhine</a>, lent further insight into Crandon's performances. Dr. Rhine was able to observe some of her trickery in the dark when she used luminous objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Margery_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margery-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhine claimed to have observed Crandon committing fraud in a séance in 1926. According to Rhine, during the séance she was free from control and kicked a megaphone to give the impression it was levitating.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhine's report documenting the fraud was refused by the ASPR, so he published it in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Abnormal_Psychology" title="Journal of Abnormal Psychology">Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology</a></i>. In response, defenders of Crandon attacked Rhine. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> wrote a letter to the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i> attacking Rhine's "colossal impertinence...stupidity and malignancy."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crandon continued to conduct séances and the English teacher, Grant Code, became a frequent visitor to the Crandon home and was enthralled by Crandon's later performances. Ultimately, he too was able to duplicate them. Code's exchange of letters with psychic investigator Walter Franklin Prince regarding Margery is currently held in the archives of the ASPR.<sup id="cite_ref-Margery_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margery-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An elaborate investigation was held by a committee of Harvard scholars. Finally, the Harvard committee also pronounced Crandon as fraudulent. On 30 June 1925, one of the Harvard investigators saw Crandon draw three objects from her lap. One object was shaped like a glove or flat hand, one resembled a baby's hand, and the third was described but not identified. </p><p>The American Society for Psychical Research wanted further investigation. In 1926, a committee of three professors (<a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a>) was sent to Boston. Crandon had a luminous star attached to her forehead, identifying the location of her face in the dark. After a few minutes, a narrow dark rod appeared over a luminous checkerboard which had been placed on the table opposite Crandon. It moved from side to side and picked up an object. As it passed in front of Wood he lightly touched it with the tip of his finger and followed it back to a point very near Crandon's mouth. Wood thought it probable she was holding the rod by her teeth. He took hold of the tip and very quietly pinched it. It felt like a knitting needle covered with one or two layers of soft leather. Though the committee had been warned that touching the ectoplasm could result in the illness or death of the medium, neither Crandon nor the "<a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">ectoplasm</a>" rod showed any reaction to Wood's actions. At the end of the sitting, Wood dictated his actions to the stenographer. Upon hearing this, Crandon gave a shriek and fainted. She was carried out of the room and the committee was asked to depart. Wood was never invited again.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee that consisted of Dunlap, McComas and Wood considered the phenomena to be fraudulent. They concluded that the rod was an animal intestine that had been "stuffed with cotton and stiffened with wire".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Crandon's husband died and Crandon, an alcoholic, went into a deep <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. At one of her last séances she attempted to jump off the roof of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraud">Fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg/220px-Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg/330px-Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Mina_Crandon_Fake_Ectoplasm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Mina Crandon with her "spirit hand" which was discovered to be made from a piece of carved <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crandon's "teleplasmic hand" that allegedly appeared in photographs was said to resemble animal tissue and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>, cut and sewn together.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegations were made by some conjuring historians of Houdini and mediumship that her surgeon husband had altered her genitalia and this was where she concealed her teleplasmic hand. The "hand" did not move after its appearance on the table before her. It lay still as if it were dead and then supposedly vanished. She refused to wear tights, or to be internally searched, but no proof that Crandon had been surgically altered has ever been published. The "hand" appeared only when Crandon sat next to her husband, who held or controlled her right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon_188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are photos of the alleged teleplasmic hand and its position.<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appeared to be coming from Crandon's groin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various members of the audience in the séances touched the hand and described it as dead. It was also suggested that Crandon's husband may have sneaked it into the séance room.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "teleplasmic hand" was later exposed as a trick when biologists examined the hand and found it to be made of a piece of carved animal liver.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Righi's anecdote is vague and unsourced, possible citogenesis (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Crandon used a trick in an attempt to fool psychical researchers that the "spirit" voices in her séances did not come from her own mouth. According to magician <a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(magician)" title="John Booth (magician)">John Booth</a> this was performed by Crandon filling her mouth with water before the séance had started and when the lights were turned off, swallowing the water. Before the end of the séance she would refill her mouth with water from a corked test tube.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crandon's reputation was also damaged when a fingerprint left on wax ostensibly by her channeled spirit, her deceased brother, Walter, was discovered to belong to her dentist Frederick Caldwell by a member of the Boston Society for Psychical Research. Her dentist divulged that he had taught her how to make these prints.<sup id="cite_ref-mediums_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margery_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margery-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Walter Franklin Prince described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crandon continued to perform until her death in 1941, at about the age of 53.<sup id="cite_ref-Margery_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margery-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian skeptic investigator Massimo Polidoro has written an entire history of Crandon's mediumship and documented her tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secret_accomplice">Secret accomplice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secret accomplice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, Walter Franklin Prince wrote an article for the <i>Scientific American</i> that claimed J. Malcolm Bird intended to publish a confession in the ASPR in 1930 admitting that an act of fraud had taken place to trick Houdini in 1924. According to Prince the report "has not been printed and very few of the believers in Europe or America know of its existence."<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of Bird's (rejected) report to the ASPR read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The occasion was one of Houdini's visits to Boston for the purpose of the sitting... She [Crandon] sought a private interview with me and tried to get me to agree, in the event the phenomena did not occur, that I would ring the bell-box myself, or produce something else that might pass as activity by Walter... It seems to me of paramount importance, in that it shows her, fully conscious and fully normal, in a situation where she thought she might have to choose between fraud and a blank séance; and she was willing to choose fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Houdini had suspected Bird as an accomplice for Crandon in the <i>Scientific American</i> investigation in 1924. Bird resigned from the investigation after Houdini announced on a radio program: "I publicly denounce here Malcolm Bird as being an accomplice of Margery!".<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph Banks Rhine, who caught Crandon free from control and kicking a megaphone during a séance, wondered why Bird, with three years of experience, did not expose any of her tricks. Rhine suspected that Bird was a confederate of the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychical researcher William Henry Salter speculated that Crandon's husband may have been an accomplice and that blackmail may have been involved, he also noted that Hereward Carrington admitted to having a several months long affair with Crandon and, although she found Malcolm Bird "disgusting looking", he also claimed to have had a romance with her.<sup id="cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruth Brandon also suspected Crandon's husband and wrote that he was "colluding with his wife in her frauds".<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_188_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon_188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Crandon with alleged ectoplasm on her face"><img alt="Crandon with alleged ectoplasm on her face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png/120px-Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png/180px-Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png/240px-Mina_Crandon_ectoplasm_face.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="646" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crandon with alleged <a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">ectoplasm</a> on her face</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Crandon in box device with Harry Houdini"><img alt="Crandon in box device with Harry Houdini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png/109px-Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png/164px-Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png/218px-Mina_Crandon_with_Harry_Houdini.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crandon in box device with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of Crandon's automatic writing"><img alt="Example of Crandon's automatic writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png/89px-Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png/134px-Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png/179px-Mina_Crandon_automatic_writing.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of Crandon's <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Crandon with fraudulent materialized hand"><img alt="Crandon with fraudulent materialized hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png/113px-Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png/170px-Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png/226px-Mina_Crandon_materialized_hand.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crandon with fraudulent materialized hand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thumb-print on dental wax from a Crandon séance"><img alt="Thumb-print on dental wax from a Crandon séance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png/120px-Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png/180px-Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png/240px-Mina_Crandon_thumb_print.png 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thumb-print on dental wax from a Crandon séance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crandon_Hand.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The fraudulent materialized hand that was found to be made from carved animal liver"><img alt="The fraudulent materialized hand that was found to be made from carved animal liver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crandon_Hand.gif/120px-Crandon_Hand.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crandon_Hand.gif/180px-Crandon_Hand.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crandon_Hand.gif/240px-Crandon_Hand.gif 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">materialized</a> hand that was found to be made from carved animal liver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Stinson.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Stinson, brother of Crandon"><img alt="Walter Stinson, brother of Crandon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Walter_Stinson.png/82px-Walter_Stinson.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Walter_Stinson.png/123px-Walter_Stinson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Walter_Stinson.png/164px-Walter_Stinson.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walter Stinson, brother of Crandon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Roi Goddard Crandon, husband of Crandon"><img alt="Le Roi Goddard Crandon, husband of Crandon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png/76px-Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png/115px-Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Le_Roi_Goddard_Crandon.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le Roi Goddard Crandon, husband of Crandon</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, Simeon. (1966). <i>Spiritualism: A Critical Survey</i>. Aquarian Press. p. 112. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850300130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850300130">978-0850300130</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neher, Andrew. (2011). <i>Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination</i>. p. 216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486261676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486261676">978-0486261676</a> "Margery Crandon was studied by at least half a dozen different set of investigators, all of whom reached the conclusion that there was no substantial evidence that any of her phenomena was paranormal and some of whom detected her in outright deception; once, she displayed some "spirit fingerprints" impressed on wax, which turned out to be those of her dentist."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28401014/psychic_exponent_passes_along/">"Psychic Exponent Passes Along"</a>. <i>The Daily Mail</i>. Hagerstown, Maryland. November 21, 1941. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Psychic+Exponent+Passes+Along&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1941-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28401014%2Fpsychic_exponent_passes_along%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Crandon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreman2013" class="citation book cs1">Moreman, Christopher M. (2013-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=de7XAQAAQBAJ&dq=stinson&pg=PA293"><i>The Spiritualist Movement: Speaking with the Dead in America and around the World [3 volumes]: Speaking with the Dead in America and around the World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 130, 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313399480" title="Special:BookSources/9780313399480"><bdi>9780313399480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritualist+Movement%3A+Speaking+with+the+Dead+in+America+and+around+the+World+%5B3+volumes%5D%3A+Speaking+with+the+Dead+in+America+and+around+the+World&rft.pages=130%2C+210&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.isbn=9780313399480&rft.aulast=Moreman&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde7XAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dstinson%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Crandon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houdini-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houdini_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houdini_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Silverman, Kenneth. (1996). <i>Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss</i>. Harper Collins Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060169787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060169787">978-0060169787</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mediums-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediums_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1975). <i>Mediums, Mystics, & the Occult</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0690004762" title="Special:BookSources/978-0690004762">978-0690004762</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalush, William; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sloman" title="Larry Sloman">Sloman, Larry</a>. (2006). <i>The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero</i>. Atria Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743272087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743272087">978-0743272087</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2001_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a>. (2001). <i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 134–234. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591020868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591020868">978-1591020868</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1969). <i>Houdini: The Untold Story</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. 187–199. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891909811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891909811">978-0891909811</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MassimoPolidoro2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassimoPolidoro2003_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a>. (2003). <i>Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims</i>. Prometheus Books pp. 136–140. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591020868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591020868">978-1591020868</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houdini's prototype Margery bell box resides in the magic collection of Ken Klosterman Sr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Houdini, Harry</a>. (1953). <i>Houdini on Magic</i>. Dover Publications. Contains a reprint of the Margery pamphlet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Gresham" title="William Lindsay Gresham">Gresham, William Lindsay</a>. (1959). <i>Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls</i>. Holt. p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a>. (2003). <i>Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 140–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591020868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591020868">978-1591020868</a> "The source of this story, though not given by Gresham, was Fred Keating, a magician who had been a guest of the Crandons in their house on Lime Street at the time Carrington was investigating the medium. Keating, however, was not unbiased. Several days before Gresham spoke to him, Keating had seen an unpublished manuscript in this author's collection in which Houdini, while praising Keating as a magician, had commented in unflattering terms on Keating's abilities as an investigator of psychic phenomena. In this writer's opinion, the story of Collins' admission is sheer fiction. (Christopher, 1969, p. 198). The incident remains doubtful to this day. It could have been revealing if at the time a laboratory could have examined the ruler found inside the box for fingerprints or other useful traces. Evidently the Scientific American committee was not that scientific after all." <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1969). <i>Houdini: The Untold Story</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891909811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891909811">978-0891909811</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chéroux2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chéroux2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chéroux2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chéroux, Clément. (2005). <i>The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300111361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300111361">978-0300111361</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/M._Lamar_Keene" title="M. Lamar Keene">Keene, M. Lamar</a>. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychic_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Psychic Mafia">The Psychic Mafia</a></i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 74–75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573921619" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573921619">978-1573921619</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Brandon, Ruth</a>. (1993). <i>The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini</i>. Secker & Warburg. p. 265. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-20060-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-20060-0">0-436-20060-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1975). <i>Mediums, Mystics & the Occult</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margery-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margery_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margery_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margery_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margery_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tietze, Thomas. (1973). <i>Margery</i>. Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060682354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060682354">978-0060682354</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette/159176746/">"SIR CONAN DOYLE DEFENDS 'MARGERY' AGAINST ATTACKS"</a>. <i>Newspapers.com</i>. 5 March 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=SIR+CONAN+DOYLE+DEFENDS+%27MARGERY%27+AGAINST+ATTACKS&rft.date=1927-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-gazette%2F159176746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Crandon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Seabrook" title="William Seabrook">Seabrook, William</a>. (1941). "Wood as a Debunker of Scientific Cranks and Frauds – and His War with the Mediums" in <i>Doctor Wood</i>. Harcourt, Brace and Company. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreman, Christopher M. (2013). <i>The Spiritualist Movement: Speaking with the Dead in America and Around the World. Volume 1: American Origins and Global Proliferation</i>. Praeger. pp. 241–242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39947-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39947-3">978-0-313-39947-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Stein, Gordon</a>. (1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 396. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573920216" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573920216">978-1573920216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon_188-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon_188_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon_188_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Brandon, Ruth</a>. (1983). <i>The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78249-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78249-5">0-297-78249-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/M._Lamar_Keene" title="M. Lamar Keene">Keene, M. Lamar</a>. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychic_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Psychic Mafia">The Psychic Mafia</a></i>. Prometheus Books. p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573921619" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573921619">978-1573921619</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Francis. (1987). <i>The Knave of Boston: & Other Ambiguous Massachusetts Characters</i>. Quinlan Press. p. 159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0933341791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0933341791">978-0933341791</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Righi2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian Righi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostsapparition0000righ/page/52"><i>Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists: An Exploration of the Supernatural through History</i></a>. Llewellyn Publications. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738713632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738713632"><bdi>978-0738713632</bdi></a>. <q>One medium of the 1920s, Mina Crandon, became famous for producing ectoplasm during her sittings. At the height of the séance, she was even able to produce a tiny ectoplasmic hand from her navel, which waved about in the darkness. Her career ended when Harvard biologists were able to examine the tiny hand and found it to be nothing more than a carved piece of animal liver.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts%2C+Apparitions+and+Poltergeists%3A+An+Exploration+of+the+Supernatural+through+History&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0738713632&rft.au=Brian+Righi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostsapparition0000righ%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Crandon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(magician)" title="John Booth (magician)">Booth, John</a>. (1986). <i>Psychic Paradoxes</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 180–181. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879753580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879753580">978-0879753580</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">Hansel, C. E. M</a>. (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879755331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879755331">978-0879755331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a>. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicap.org/new/stampa.php?id=101010">"Houdini v. the Blond Witch of Lime Street: A Historical Lesson in Skepticism"</a>. <i>Skeptic</i> 5: 90–97.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li>Simeon Edmunds. (1966). <i>Spiritualism: A Critical Survey</i>. Aquarian Press.</li> <li>Carolyn Gray. (2007). <i>The Elmwood Visitation</i>. Scirocco Drama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BostomMediumMargery"><i>Houdini Exposes the Tricks Used by the Boston Medium "Margery"</i></a>. Adams Press.</li> <li>David Jaher (2015). <i>The Witch of Lime Street: Seance, Seduction, and Houdini in the Spirit World</i>. Crown Publishers</li> <li>William Kalush, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sloman" title="Larry Sloman">Larry Sloman</a>. (2006). <i>The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Super Hero</i>. Atria Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a>. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1937MccomasGhostsIHaveTalkedWith"><i>Ghosts I Have Talked With</i></a>. Williams and Wilkins Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a>. (2001). <i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i>. Prometheus Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a>. (2003). <i>Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims</i>. Prometheus Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rinn">Joseph Rinn</a>. (1950). <i>Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists</i>. Truth Seeker.</li> <li>Thomas Tietze. (1973). <i>Margery</i>. Harper & Row Publishers.</li></ul> <p><b>Papers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a>. (1926). <i>A Review of the Margery Case</i>. American Journal of Psychology 37: 431–441.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Franklin_Prince" title="Walter Franklin Prince">Walter Franklin Prince</a>. (1933). <i>The Case Against Margery</i>. Scientific American. Vol. 148, issue 5, pp. 261–263.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">Joseph Banks Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_E._Rhine" title="Louisa E. Rhine">Louisa Rhine</a>. (1927). <i>One Evening's Observations on the Margery Mediumship</i>. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 21: 401–421.</li> <li>Mark Wyman Richardson, <a href="/wiki/J._Malcolm_Bird" title="J. Malcolm Bird">J. Malcolm Bird</a>, E. E. Dudley, Josephine L. Richardson. <i>The Thumbprint and Cross-Correspondence Experiments Made With the Medium Margery During 1927 and 1928</i>. American Society for Psychical Research.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Crandon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicap.org/new/stampa.php?id=101010">Houdini v. The Blond Witch of Lime Street: A Historical Lesson in Skepticism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/mina-crandon-harry-houdini-the-medium-and-the-magician.htm">Mina Crandon & Harry Houdini: The Medium and The Magician</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg:@FIELD(NUMBER(3a27315+hs037+3b13888+hs040+hs041+hs039+hs042))">Library of Congress Archives of newspaper articles regarding Houdini and Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2013/01/interview-with-anna-thurlow-great.html">Interview with Anna Thurlow, great granddaughter of "Margery"</a> – Wild About Harry (<a href="/wiki/Houdini" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdini">Houdini</a>) blog</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template talk:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. 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