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<span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_plaque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_plaque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Blue plaque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_plaque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Oluwale_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Oluwale_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>David Oluwale Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Oluwale_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">David Oluwale</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Oluwale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/David_Oluwale.jpg/240px-David_Oluwale.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/85/David_Oluwale.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">April 1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Killingbeck" title="Killingbeck">Killingbeck</a> Cemetery, Leeds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accused</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Inspector Geoffrey Ellerker</li> <li>Sergeant Kenneth Kitching</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Charges</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm" title="Grievous bodily harm">Grievous bodily harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_occasioning_actual_bodily_harm" title="Assault occasioning actual bodily harm">Assault occasioning actual bodily harm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verdict</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Both cleared of manslaughter, perjury and GBH by direction of the judge. Both found guilty of ABH.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convictions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Ellerker: Three years' imprisonment</li> <li>Kitching: 27 months' imprisonment</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg/260px-Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg/390px-Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg/520px-Blue_Plaque_for_David_Oluwale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Plaque">Blue plaque</a> for David Oluwale (<a href="/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Trust" title="Leeds Civic Trust">Leeds Civic Trust</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>David Oluwale</b> (1930–1969) was a <a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">British Nigerian</a> who drowned in the <a href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">River Aire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, in 1969. The events leading to his drowning have been described as "the physical and psychological destruction of a homeless Black man, whose brutal and systematic harassment was orchestrated by the Leeds City Police Force."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESim2010158_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESim2010158-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oluwale's death led to the first successful prosecution of British police officers for their involvement in the death of a Black person.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-justice_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legacy of his life, experiences, and death has shaped discussions on systemic racism within British legal institutions, police brutality and practices, inequality, and mental health policy. He has inspired artworks, been the subject of several books and documentaries, and is commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> in Leeds.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oluwale was born in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, around 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-blaqfair_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blaqfair-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1949, he hid on board the SS Temple Bar, a cargo ship bound for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-irr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200818_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200818-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the ship docked in Hull on 3 September 1949 he was handed over to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200819_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200819-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, under the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a>, Oluwale was considered a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> rather than an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrant</a>, he was charged as a <a href="/wiki/Stowaway" title="Stowaway">stowaway</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1894" title="Merchant Shipping Act 1894">Merchant Shipping Act 1894</a> (<a href="/wiki/57_%26_58_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="57 & 58 Vict.">57 & 58 Vi</a>. c. 60).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200819_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200819-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to 28 days' imprisonment, which he served at <a href="/wiki/Armley_Gaol" class="mw-redirect" title="Armley Gaol">Armley Gaol</a> in Leeds and <a href="/wiki/Northallerton_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Northallerton Prison">Northallerton Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200820_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200820-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200843_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200843-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his release from prison on 3 October 1949, Oluwale—who had served an apprenticeship as a <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailor</a> in Nigeria—headed to Leeds where there was a large textile and clothing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200843_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200843-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200842_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200842-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden200844_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden200844-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, Oluwale was charged with disorderly conduct and assault following a dispute over the bill at the King Edward Hotel in Leeds City Centre. He served a 28-day sentence. While in prison, he reportedly suffered from hallucinations, possibly due to damage from a truncheon blow sustained during his arrest. He was subsequently transferred to Menston Asylum in Leeds (later known as <a href="/wiki/High_Royds_Hospital" title="High Royds Hospital">High Royds Hospital</a>, now closed), where he spent the next eight years. During this time, he was treated with a variety of techniques, including, allegedly, <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> and various medications, although hospital records have since been lost. </p><p>After his release, Oluwale struggled to maintain both employment and stable housing, quickly becoming homeless. Friends described him as a shadow of his former self, noting that he had lost all confidence. As a Black immigrant in 1960s Britain, his options for lodging and employment were severely limited (the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act</a>, which prohibited discrimination in these areas, did not receive <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> until October 1968).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, he moved between <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> but primarily lived in Leeds. He frequently encountered trouble with the Leeds police, whom he accused of harassment. In late 1965, he was readmitted to High Royds Hospital, where he spent another two years. After his release, he once again found himself homeless and living on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death,_repercussions,_and_aftermath"><span id="Death.2C_repercussions.2C_and_aftermath"></span>Death, repercussions, and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death, repercussions, and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact sequence of events leading to Oluwale's entry into the river—whether he was deliberately thrown, chased, or fell accidentally—has never been officially established. However, two independent witnesses testified that they saw uniformed police officers pursuing a man who could have been Oluwale near the river on the night he is believed to have drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips197217_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips197217-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irr_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oluwale's body was recovered from the section of the river between <a href="/wiki/Knowsthorpe" title="Knowsthorpe">Knostrop Weir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skelton_Grange_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelton Grange Power Station">Skelton Grange Power Station</a> on 4 May 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden20082_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden20082-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death was not initially treated as suspicious by the police or the coroner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips197217_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips197217-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1970, Police Cadet Gary Galvin, a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Police" title="Leeds City Police">Leeds City Police</a>, revealed that Oluwale had been subjected to serious and sustained mistreatment by senior officers at <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police#Leeds_District_Headquarters" title="West Yorkshire Police">Milgarth Police Station</a> in Leeds. This led to an investigation, conducted by Chief Superintendent John Perkins of London's Scotland Yard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008108_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008108-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation uncovered that Oluwale had endured "systemic, varied, and brutal" violence at the hands of at least two officers, often in the presence of other officers who made no effort to intervene."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESim2010159_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESim2010159-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leeds_City_Police_enquiry">Leeds City Police enquiry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leeds City Police enquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary police records indicate that in 1968, Oluwale first had recorded contact with Sergeant Kenneth Kitching and Inspector Geoffrey Ellerker in Leeds. The actions of these two officers are alleged to have contributed to Oluwale's death, although several other officers were also involved in harassing him during this period. </p><p>During the subsequent inquiry and manslaughter/assault trial against Kitching and Ellerker, it was reported that they routinely beat Oluwale, often kicking him in the groin and, on one occasion, urinating on him. They frequently forced him to bow on his hands and knees, kicking his arms away so his head would hit the pavement—a practice they referred to as "penance." They also subjected him to verbal abuse, calling him a "lame darkie." On several occasions, they drove him out of Leeds in police vehicles, abandoning him on the outskirts in the early morning hours with the intention of forcing him to leave the city and not return. Despite this, Oluwale considered Leeds his home and made his way back each time. </p><p> In the early hours of 17 April 1969, Kitching found Oluwale sleeping in a shop doorway and summoned Ellerker. Both officers then assaulted Oluwale with their truncheons. The last reported sighting of Oluwale was of him fleeing from the officers towards the <a href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">River Aire</a>, where his body was discovered two weeks later. He was buried in a <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_field" title="Potter's field">pauper's grave</a>, and no suspicious circumstances were noted in the official account of his death at the time.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knostrop_Weir,_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg/250px-Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg/375px-Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg/500px-Knostrop_Weir%2C_River_Aire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828663.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Knostrop Weir</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland_Yard_enquiry">Scotland Yard enquiry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scotland Yard enquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, a young police cadet named Gary Galvin reported to a senior officer that he had heard gossip from colleagues about the severe way Kitching and Ellerker had treated Oluwale. An enquiry was launched, carried out by <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>, and sufficient evidence was gathered to prompt manslaughter, <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm" title="Grievous bodily harm">grievous bodily harm</a> (GBH) charges being brought against Kitching and Ellerker in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manslaughter_trial">Manslaughter trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manslaughter trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1971, former Inspector Geoffrey Ellerker—who was already serving a prison sentence for his role in covering up the death of a 69-year-old woman—and Sergeant Kenneth Kitching stood trial for the manslaughter of Oluwale. The trial attracted national media attention, but justice and civil rights campaigners condemned it as a <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewash</a>. The proceedings presented a deliberately negative portrayal of Oluwale, depicting him as "a wild animal" and "a menace to society," while failing to call witnesses whose testimonies contradicted this narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips197218_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips197218-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008208_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008208-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trial, Judge <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hinchcliffe" title="Raymond Hinchcliffe">Mr. Justice Hinchcliffe</a>—who at one point described Oluwale as "a dirty, filthy, violent vagrant"—directed the jury to acquit the defendants of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, and assaults occasioning <a href="/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm" title="Grievous bodily harm">grievous bodily harm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008199_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008199-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008208_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008208-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jury did find the defendants guilty of four assaults that occurred between August 1968 and February 1969. Ellerker was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, while Kitching received a 27-month sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspden2008221–222_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspden2008221–222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inquiry and trial revealed a pattern of physical abuse, predominantly by Kitching and Ellerker. It was discovered that they had a particular interest in Oluwale, requesting to handle incidents involving him personally. They specifically targeted him in the early hours of the morning when he was often found sleeping in shop doorways. Furthermore, racist terms appeared in paperwork related to Oluwale, such as the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">wog</a>" in the nationality field. Despite this evidence of racism, the trial focused solely on <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> and did not address the issue of racism. Several witnesses described Oluwale as dangerous, and the trial judge echoed this characterization by referring to him as a "dirty, filthy, violent vagrant." This portrayal contrasted sharply with earlier witness statements, including those from <i><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post" title="Yorkshire Evening Post">Yorkshire Evening Post</a></i> reporter Tony Harney, who had described Oluwale as unassuming and even cheerful. These statements were not included in the trial. </p><p>On the directions of the judge, manslaughter charges were dropped during the trial. Ellerker was found guilty of three assaults against Oluwale and Kitching of two assaults. They were found not guilty of causing GBH. Ellerker was sentenced to three years in prison, and Kitching received 27 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy_and_memorials">Cultural legacy and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg/220px-Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg/330px-Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg/440px-Hibiscus_Rising_Flickr_14_December_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_Rising" title="Hibiscus Rising">Hibiscus Rising</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Yinka_Shonibare" title="Yinka Shonibare">Yinka Shonibare</a> (2023)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/220px--Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm/Caryl_Philips_unveiling_a_Leeds_Civic_Trust_Blue_Plaque_to_David_Oluwale.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caryl_Phillips" title="Caryl Phillips">Caryl Philips</a> unveiling a Leeds Civic Trust Blue Plaque to David Oluwale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg/220px-David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg/330px-David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg/440px-David_Oluwale_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption>David Oluwale bridge</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oluwale's story caused a national scandal. As well as intensive coverage of the trial of Ellerker and Kitching in the local press, national newspapers took a close interest. Ron Phillips published a long article on the case in the monthly journal "Race Today" in January 1972. This reportage prompted the London-based artist Rasheed Araeen to construct his work "For Oluwale" between the years of 1972 and 1975. The writer Jeremy Sandford's play "Smiling David" was broadcast by the BBC in 1972 and published in 1974. The poet Linton Kwesi Johnson included the Oluwale case in his 1972 poem "night of the Head' and in 'Time Come', included in his 1979 album "Forces of Victory". In 1985, Rasheed Araeen produced an updated version of his artwork "For Oluwale" (source: Max Farrar (2018), 'David Oluwale: making his memory and debating his martyrdom', Chapter 9 in Quentin Outram and Keith Laybourn (eds) (2018) Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland — From Peterloo to the Present, London: Palgrave.) </p><p>Despite these efforts, the story was all but forgotten until police paperwork detailing the case was declassified under the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">thirty-year rule</a>. This was used by Kester Aspden to write the book <i>Nationality: Wog, The Hounding of David Oluwale</i>, published in 2007, which returned the story to the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yep_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yep-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year, Caryl Phillips published "Foreigners – Three English Lives"; his third life (and death) was that of David Oluwale. At an event at Leeds Metropolitan University in 2008, Phillips, who had grown up in Leeds, suggested that there should be a memorial to David Oluwale in the city. This prompted the formation of a committee at the university which became the charity called the David Oluwale Memorial Association (DOMA) in 2012. </p><p>The <i>Remembering Oluwale</i> anthology was published by DOMA in 2016 and its many varied entries cover "the issues that David endured: mental health distress, incarceration, police brutality, destitution and homelessness—all linked to his status as a migrant from Nigeria, a British citizen who happened to be black". The 26 long-listed entries are in the book, along with already published work by <a href="/wiki/Caryl_Phillips" title="Caryl Phillips">Caryl Phillips</a>, Kester Aspden, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Duhig" title="Ian Duhig">Ian Duhig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zodwa_Nyoni" title="Zodwa Nyoni">Zodwa Nyoni</a>, Sai Murray and The Baggage Handlers".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspden's book has been adapted by <a href="/wiki/Oladipo_Agboluaje" title="Oladipo Agboluaje">Oladipo Agboluaje</a> into a stage play, first performed at the <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Playhouse">West Yorkshire Playhouse</a> in February 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which critics described as "a richly emotional play which proves its point without coming across like it has a point to prove".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a production named <i>Freeman</i> by the Strictly Arts Theatre was put on at the Pleasance Theatre in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. It was a play about systematic racism within legal institutions, and how many people have suffered from police brutality. David Oluwale was one of the characters.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oluwale's story is also the subject of a film installation by <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Silva" title="Corinne Silva">Corinne Silva</a>, entitled <i>Wandering Abroad</i>, which premiered at <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Art_Gallery" title="Leeds Art Gallery">Leeds Art Gallery</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the David Oluwale Memorial Association led a series of events to mark the 50th anniversary of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events included an exhibition at <a href="/wiki/The_Tetley" title="The Tetley">The Tetley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> readings by <a href="/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Kay" title="Jackie Kay">Jackie Kay</a> and a vigil at his graveside in <a href="/wiki/Killingbeck" title="Killingbeck">Killingbeck</a> Cemetery. In September 2022 the Tetley also hosted the exhibition of the maquette for <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_Rising" title="Hibiscus Rising">Hibiscus Rising</a></i>, a public sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Yinka_Shonibare" title="Yinka Shonibare">Yinka Shonibare</a> commissioned by DOMA and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_2023" title="Leeds 2023">LEEDS 2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_plaque">Blue plaque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blue plaque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 April 2022 a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating Oluwale was unveiled on Leeds Bridge by <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Trust" title="Leeds Civic Trust">Leeds Civic Trust</a> and the David Oluwale Memorial Association.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same evening the plaque was stolen from the bridge; West Yorkshire Police began an investigation, which treated the theft as a hate crime.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaque was replaced but was vandalised the same night; another, temporary, plaque was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "spate of racist graffiti" appeared on the bridge and at the civic trust offices.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-61227944_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-61227944-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blue plaque was re-installed on 23 October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Oluwale_Bridge">David Oluwale Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: David Oluwale Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2023 a new bridge over the River Aire, crossing from Sovereign Street to Water Lane, and known as the David Oluwale Bridge, was opened by Leeds City Council.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-60899052_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-60899052-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESim2010158-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESim2010158_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSim2010">Sim 2010</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAthwal2010" class="citation news cs1">Athwal, Harmit (18 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/17/racism-asylum-seekers-uk-laws">"The racism that kills"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+racism+that+kills&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft.aulast=Athwal&rft.aufirst=Harmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Foct%2F17%2Fracism-asylum-seekers-uk-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-justice_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503202248/http://thejusticegap.com/2014/04/remembering-oluwale-indelible-black-mark-leeds-police/">"Remembering David Oluwale"</a>. <i>The Justice Gap</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejusticegap.com/2014/04/remembering-oluwale-indelible-black-mark-leeds-police/">the original</a> on 3 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Justice+Gap&rft.atitle=Remembering+David+Oluwale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejusticegap.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fremembering-oluwale-indelible-black-mark-leeds-police%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-61217838">"David Oluwale: Blue plaque unveiled in Leeds"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=David+Oluwale%3A+Leeds+bridge+remembering+race+harassment+victim+installed&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leeds-60899052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspden2008" class="citation book cs1">Aspden, Kester (2008). <i>The Hounding of David Oluwale</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-50617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-50617-1"><bdi>978-0-099-50617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hounding+of+David+Oluwale&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-099-50617-1&rft.aulast=Aspden&rft.aufirst=Kester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1972" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Ron (January 1972). "The Death of One Lame Darkie". <i><a href="/wiki/Race_Today" title="Race Today">Race Today</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Race_Relations_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Race Relations (United Kingdom)">Institute of Race Relations</a>: 16–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+Today&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+One+Lame+Darkie&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=1972-01&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandford1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Sandford" title="Jeremy Sandford">Sandford, Jeremy</a> (1974). <i>Smiling David: The Story of David Oluwale</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Calder_Publishing" title="Calder Publishing">Calder & Boyars</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-1049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-1049-1"><bdi>0-7145-1049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smiling+David%3A+The+Story+of+David+Oluwale&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Calder+%26+Boyars&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7145-1049-1&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sim, Joe (January 2010). "The Hounding of David Oluwale by K. Aspden". <i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology" title="The British Journal of Criminology">The British Journal of Criminology</a></i>. <b>50</b> (1): 158–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazp073">10.1093/bjc/azp073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+Hounding+of+David+Oluwale+by+K.+Aspden&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158-161&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazp073&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Farrar, Max (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/remembering-david-oluwale-max-farrar/">"Why does a Nigerian Vagrant who drowned in Leeds, England, in 1969 Matter? Remembering David Oluwale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Leeds_African_Studies_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds African Studies Bulletin">Leeds African Studies Bulletin</a></i> (78): 172–185 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leeds+African+Studies+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Why+does+a+Nigerian+Vagrant+who+drowned+in+Leeds%2C+England%2C+in+1969+Matter%3F+Remembering+David+Oluwale&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=172-185&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucas.leeds.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fremembering-david-oluwale-max-farrar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caryl_Phillips" title="Caryl Phillips">Phillips, Caryl</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreigners0000phil"><i>Foreigners: Three English Lives</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-400-04397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-400-04397-2"><bdi>978-1-400-04397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreigners%3A+Three+English+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-400-04397-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Caryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeigners0000phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, S. J. (2016). <i>Remembering Oluwale: An Anthology</i>. Valley Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908853714" title="Special:BookSources/9781908853714"><bdi>9781908853714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Oluwale%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Valley+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781908853714&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+of+David+Oluwale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Max Farrar (2018) 'David Oluwale: making his memory and debating his martyrdom', Chapter 9 in Quentin Outram and Keith Laybourn (eds) (2018) Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland — From Peterloo to the Present, London: Palgrave.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_of_David_Oluwale&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:David_Oluwale" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:David Oluwale"><span style="font-style:italic; 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