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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instrument sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timbre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timbre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Performance practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1600" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1600"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Before 1600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1600–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1600–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>1600–1700</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1600–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Solo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Chamber music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Light music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Sacred music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4.1</span> <span>Venice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany/Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany/Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4.2</span> <span>Germany/Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany/Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.5</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1700–1750" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700–1750"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1700–1750</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700–1750-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1750–1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1750–1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>1750–1800</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1750–1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_surviving_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_surviving_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Early surviving instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_surviving_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Modern manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Historical references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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title="Barockposaune – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barockposaune" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacabuche" title="Sacabuche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sacabuche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanctrombono" title="Renesanctrombono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renesanctrombono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacqueboute" title="Sacqueboute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sacqueboute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sackbut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroktrombone" title="Baroktrombone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baroktrombone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sackbut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sackbut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacabota" title="Sacabota – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sacabota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacabuxa" title="Sacabuxa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sacabuxa" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British music magazine, see <a href="/wiki/The_Sackbut" title="The Sackbut">The Sackbut</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sackbut</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A,_Monk_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png/250px-MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png/500px-MIMEd_6111._Tenor_sackbut_in_A%2C_Monk_model.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="1625" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Renaissance-era tenor sackbut (modern replica)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">423.22<br />(Sliding <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a> sounded by lip vibration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Earliest form of the <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> periods (mid 15th to early 18th centuries)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/7/l7svi2p0fvg7a7f2j80xa0uf4m2w3sj/l7svi2p0.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/7/l7svi2p0fvg7a7f2j80xa0uf4m2w3sj/l7svi2p0.png" width="140" height="66" alt="
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 " /></div><br />Range of the tenor sackbut</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buisine" title="Buisine">Buisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacabutxs,_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/220px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/330px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/440px-Sacabutxs%2C_conjunt_al_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><i>Left to right</i>: replica alto, tenor and bass sackbuts, in <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sackbutt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sackbutt.jpg/220px-Sackbutt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sackbutt.jpg/330px-Sackbutt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sackbutt.jpg/440px-Sackbutt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Four sackbuts: two tenors, <i>left & middle</i>; alto, <i>top</i>; bass, <i>right</i>. </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sackbut</b> is an early form of the <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> used during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> eras. A sackbut has the characteristic telescopic slide of a trombone, used to vary the length of the tube to change <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, but is distinct from later trombones by its smaller, more cylindrically-proportioned <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a>, and its less-flared <a href="/wiki/Bell_(wind_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (wind instrument)">bell</a>. Unlike the earlier <a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">slide trumpet</a> from which it evolved, the sackbut possesses a U-shaped slide with two parallel sliding tubes, rather than just one. </p><p>Records of the term <i>trombone</i> predate the term <i>sackbut</i> by two decades, and evidence for the German term <i>Posaune</i> is even older.<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sackbut</i>, originally a French term, was used in England until the instrument fell into disuse in the eighteenth century; when it returned, the Italian term <i>trombone</i> became dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern English, an older trombone or a replica is called a <i>sackbut</i>. </p><p>The bell section was more resonant, since it did not contain the tuning slide and was loosely stayed rather than firmly braced to itself. This trait and its smaller bore and bell produce a "covered, blended sound which was a timbre particularly effective for working with voices,... <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">zincks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crumhorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumhorns">crumhorns</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in an <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">alta cappella</a>. </p><p>The revived instrument had changed in specific ways. In the mid-18th century, the bell flare increased, <a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">crooks</a> fell out of use, and flat, removable stays were replaced by tubular braces. The new shape produced a stronger sound,<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_18_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suitable for open-air performance in the marching bands where trombones became popular again in the 19th century. Before the early 19th century, most trombone players adjusted their tuning using a crook placed at the joint between the bell and the slide or seldom between the mouthpiece and the slide.",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the modern tuning slide on the bell curve,<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_19a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_19a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose cylindrical sections prevent the instrument from flaring smoothly through this section. Older trombones also generally don't have <a href="/wiki/Water_key" title="Water key">water keys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_19a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_19a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stockings,<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Leadpipe" title="Leadpipe">leadpipe</a>, or a slide lock, but as these parts are not critical to sound, replicas may include them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bore size remained variable, as it still is today.<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_18_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminological_history">Terminological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first reference to a slide instrument was probably <i>trompette des ménestrels</i>, first found in Burgundy in the 1420s and later in other regions of Europe. The name distinguished the instrument from the <i>trompettes de guerre</i> (war trumpets), which were of fixed length.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png/220px-Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png/330px-Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png/440px-Virdung_1511_musica_getutscht.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>"Busaun" (trombone) and various trumpets by different names, from the 1511 <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Virdung" title="Sebastian Virdung">Sebastian Virdung</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next word to appear in the 15th century that implied a slide was the <i>sackbutt</i> group of words. There are two theories for the sources: it is either derived from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>sacquer</i> (to pull) and <i>bouter</i> (to push) or from the Spanish <i>sacar</i> (to draw or pull) and <i>bucha</i> (a tube or pipe).<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term survives in numerous English spelling variations including sacbutt, sackbutte, sagbut, shagbolt, sacabushe, shakbusse<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shakbusshe. </p><p>Closely related to <i>sackbutt</i> was the name used in France: <i>sacqueboute</i> and in Spain, where it was <i>sacabuche</i>. These terms were used in England and France until the 18th century. </p><p>In Scotland in 1538 the slide instrument is referred to as <i>draucht trumpet</i> (drawn trumpet) as opposed to a <i>weir trumpet</i> (war trumpet), which had a fixed length.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the original word was <i>Posaune</i>, appearing about 1450 and is still used today. This (as well as <i>bason</i>) derives from <i><a href="/wiki/Buisine" title="Buisine">busine</a>,</i> which is Latinate and meant straight trumpet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy it was (and remains) <i>trombone</i>, which derived from trumpet in the Latin <i>tromba</i> or <i>drompten</i>, used in the Low Countries. The first records of it being used are around 1440, but it is not clear whether this was just a nickname for a trumpet player. In 1487 a writer links the words <i>trompone</i> and <i>sacqueboute</i> and mentions the instrument as playing the <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">contratenor</a> part in a danceband.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg/250px-Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg/330px-Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg/500px-Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Sackbut in a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> in Rome, <i>The Assumption of the Virgin</i>, dating from 1488 to 1493. This is the earliest clear evidence of a double-slide instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_2006,_p._60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_2006,_p._60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The trombone developed from the <a href="/wiki/Buisine" title="Buisine">buisine trumpet</a>. Up until 1375 trumpets were simply a long straight tube with a bell flare.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various uses of <i>sackbut</i>-like words in the Bible, which has led to a faulty translation from the Latin bible that suggested the trombones date back as far as 600 BC, but there is no evidence of slides at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1375 the iconography sees trumpets being made with bends, and some in 'S' shapes. Around 1400 we see the "loop"-shaped trumpet appear in paintings and at some point in the 15th century, a single-tube slide was added. This <a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">slide trumpet</a> was known as a "trompette des ménestrels" in the <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">alta cappella</a> bands.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest clear evidence of a U-shaped slide moving on two inner tubes is in a fresco painting by <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> in Rome, <i>The Assumption of the Virgin</i>, dating from 1488 to 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_2006,_p._60_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_2006,_p._60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 15th to the 19th centuries, the instrument designs changed very little overall, apart from a slight widening of the bell in classical era. Since the 19th century, trombone <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a> sizes and <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a> have increased significantly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was one of the most important instruments in Baroque <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral</a> works, along with the <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrument_sizes">Instrument sizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instrument sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png/220px-Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png/330px-Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png/440px-Praetorius_Trombones_1614-1620_Syntagma_Musicum.png 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>Trombones in <i><a href="/wiki/Syntagma_Musicum" title="Syntagma Musicum">Syntagma Musicum</a></i> (1614-20), by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sackbuts come in several sizes. According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a>, these were: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Voice </th> <th>Praetorius' name </th> <th>Praetorius' pitch </th> <th>Modern pitch </th></tr> <tr> <td>alto</td> <td>Alt oder Discant Posaun</td> <td>E or D</td> <td>F or E♭ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tenor</td> <td>Gemeine recht Posaun</td> <td>A</td> <td>B♭ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bass</td> <td>Quart-Posaun or Quint-Posaun</td> <td>E and D</td> <td>F (quart) and E♭ (quint) </td></tr> <tr> <td>double bass</td> <td>Octav-Posaun</td> <td>A (octave below tenor)</td> <td>B♭ (octave below tenor) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastrombone,_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg/220px-Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg/330px-Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg/440px-Bastrombone%2C_BK-AM-61_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6864" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Bass sackbut in G by Pierre Colbert, 1593. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>The pitch of the trombones has (notionally) moved up a semi-tone since the 17th century, and this is explained in the section on <a href="#Pitch">pitch</a>. </p><p>Because the tenor instrument is described as "Gemeine" (common or ordinary), this is probably the most widely used trombone. The basses, due to their longer slides, have a hinged handle on the slide stay, which is used to reach the long positions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_(crop_1,_white).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A contrabass sackbut built in 1639." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Contra_bass_trombone_by_Georg_Nikolaus_%C3%96ller._M242_%28crop_1%2C_white%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Contrabass sackbut in B♭ by Georg Nikolaus Öller, 1639, Stockholm. The Swedish Museum of Performing Arts.</figcaption></figure> <p>A giant contrabass sackbut known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Octav-Posaun</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">octave trombone</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was known in 16th and early 17th centuries, and is represented by only a few existing instruments. One surviving original instrument in B♭, an octave below the tenor, built in 1639 by Georg Nicolaus Öller in Stockholm, is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Performing_Arts" title="Swedish Museum of Performing Arts">Scenkonstmuseet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Ewald Meinl has made a modern copy of this instrument, and it is currently owned and played by Wim Becu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bore size of renaissance/baroque trombones is approximately 10 mm (0.39 in) and the bell rarely more than 10.5 cm (4.1 in) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares with modern tenor trombones, which commonly have bores 12.7 mm (0.50 in) to 13.9 mm (0.55 in) and bells 17.8 cm (7.0 in) to 21.6 cm (8.5 in). </p><p>Modern reproductions of sackbuts sacrifice some authenticity to harness manufacturing techniques and inventions that make them more comfortable for modern players, while retaining much of the original character of the old instruments. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png/150px-Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png/225px-Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png/300px-Mersenne_harmonie_universelle_1636_trombone.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>, <i>L'Harmonie universelle</i> (1636).</figcaption></figure> <p>Some original instruments could be disassembled into the constituent straight tubes, bowed tubes, bell flare, and stays, with ferrules at the joints. <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Mersenne</a> has a diagram. (Little imagination is needed to see how it could be reassembled—with an extra tube—into something approaching a <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">natural trumpet</a>.) There is a debate as to whether they used tight fittings, wax or another joining substance. Modern sackbut reproductions are usually soldered together. Some modern sackbut reproductions use glue as a compromise to give a loose fitting for high resonance without risk of falling apart. </p><p>Tuning slides came in during the very late 18th century. Early trombonists adjusted pitch with the slide, and by adding variously shaped and sized <a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">crooks</a>. Modern reproductions often have a bell bow tuning slide or telescopic slide between the slide and bell sections. Crooks are still used, as are variously sized bell bow sections for larger changes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stays on period sackbuts are flat. While the bell stay remained flat, from about 1660 the slide stays became tubular. On many modern reproductions round slide stays are much more comfortable to play and easier to make. </p><p>A loose connection between the bell stay and the bell is thought key to a resonant bell, and thus a better sackbut sound. Original instruments have a hinge joint (a looser connection helped imperfect slides slide<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Modern copies with a tuning slide in the bell can need more support for operation of the slide, so either an extra stay by the tuning slide is provided or a joint without play in only one axis is employed. </p><p>The original way to make the slide tubes was to roll a flat piece of metal around a solid cylinder mandrel, and the joining edges soldered together. Modern manufacturers now draw the tubes. They also tend to have stockings, which were only invented around 1850. In addition, modern made slides are usually made of nickel silver with chrome plating, giving a smoother finish and quieter action than simply the brass that would have originally been used. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Water_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Key">water key</a> was added in the 19th century, but modern reproductions often have them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pitch">Pitch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until some time in the 18th century, the trombone was in A and the pitch of that A was about a half-step higher than it is today—460–480 Hz. There was a transition around the 18th century when trombones started to be thought of in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> at around 440 Hz. This change did not require a change in the instrument, merely a new set of slide positions for each note. But it does mean that the baroque and renaissance repertoire was intended to be played at the higher pitch. There are many examples of evidence for this: </p> <ul><li>Fellow church instruments that are fixed pitch—cornetts and organs—were <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitched</a> at approximately A=460–480 Hz ("Chorton") across Europe in the Renaissance and baroque eras. High pitch is also seen in Renaissance wind bands.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png/400px-Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png/600px-Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png/800px-Virigiliano_il_dolcimelo_trombone.png 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Virgiliano's treatise <i>Il Dolcimeo</i> (c. 1600).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelio_Virgiliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelio Virgiliano (page does not exist)">Aurelio Virgiliano</a>'s <i>Il dolcimelo</i> (c. 1600) teaches trombonists that first position gives A, E, A, C, E and G.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1687, Daniel Speer's <i>Grund-richtiger</i> concurs with these notes for the slide all the way in (while describing pushing the slide out a bit to get the C).</li> <li>Praetorius describes an alto in D, tenor in A, and bass in D.</li></ul> <p>The tenor trombones that survive are pitched closest to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> at A=440 Hz, which is the same as A at A=466 Hz. So what we now think of as a tenor trombone with B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> in first position, pitched at A=440 was actually thought of as a trombone in A (in first position), pitched at A=466. Surviving basses in D at A=466 (E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> at 440)—for example: Ehe, 1612 (Leipzig) and Hainlein, c.1630 (Nuremberg) confirm Praetorius' description. It is also worth noting that Rognoni's "Suzanne ung jour" setting descends repeatedly to BB<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, which is a tone lower than the lowest note playable on a bass in F; on a bass in D, it falls in (modern) fifth position. </p><p>Many groups now perform at A=466 Hz for the sake of greater historical accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timbre">Timbre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timbre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_band_of_modern_waits_(York,_2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg/250px-A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg/330px-A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg/500px-A_band_of_modern_waits_%28York%2C_2006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>A re-created <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">wait</a>, an ensemble of loud instruments suited to playing outdoors. Centre, a sackbut.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sackbut was described as suitable for playing with the 'loud' ensembles in the outdoors, as well as the 'soft' ensembles inside. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alta_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta capella">alta capella</a> bands are seen in drawings as entertaining outside with ensembles including shawms, trumpets and trombones. When pushed, sackbuts can easily make a loud and brassy sound. </p><p>The sackbut also responds very well to rather soft playing—more so than a modern trombone. The sound is characterized by a more delicate, vocal timbre. The flat rims and shallow cups of the older mouthpieces are instrumental in providing the player with a much wider palette of articulations and tonal colours. This flexibility lends itself to a vocal style of playing and facilitates very characterful phrasing. </p><p>Mersenne wrote in 1636, "It should be blown by a skillful musician so that it may not imitate the sounds of the trumpet, but rather assimilate itself to the sweetness of the human voice, lest it should emit a warlike rather than a peaceful sound." </p><p>Lorenzo da Lucca was said to have had "in his playing a certain grace and lightness with a manner so pleasing".<sup id="cite_ref-Haar_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haar-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_practice">Performance practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performance practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In musical traditions that continued into the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> from earlier practice, musicians were expected to give expression to the written music by <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamenting</a> with a mixture of one-note "graces" and whole passage "divisions" (also known as "diminutions"). The suggestions for producing effective ornaments without disrupting the line and harmony are discussed alongside countless examples in the 16th and early 17th century Italian division tutors. Graces such as the accento, portar della voce, tremolo, groppo, trillo, esclamationo and intonatio are all to be considered by performers of any music in this period. </p><p>"Cornetts and trombones...play divisions that are neither scrappy, nor so wild and involved that they spoil the underlying melody and the composer's design: but are introduced at such moments and with such vivacity and charm that they give the music the greatest beauty and spirit" Bottrigari, Venice 1594<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>, many of these tutors discuss <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rognoni_Taeggio" title="Francesco Rognoni Taeggio">Francesco Rognoni</a> in 1620 describes the <a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">tonguing</a> as the most important part of producing "a good and beautiful effect in playing wind instruments, and principally the cornett"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which of course had a very similar role to the trombone).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The treatises discuss the various strengths of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> from "le" through "de" to "te". But the focus of the text is for playing rapid notes "similar to the gorgia of the human voice" with "soft and smooth" double tonguing ("lingua riversa") using "le re le re". This is opposed to using "te che te che", which is described as "harsh, barbarous and displeasing". The natural 'pairing' of notes these articulations provide is similar to the instructions for string players who are instructed to slur ("lireggiar") pairs of eighth notes with one bow stroke per quarter beat. </p><p>Another integral part of the early music sound-world is the musical temperament. Music in the middle-ages favours intervals of the fourth and fifth, which is why <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a> was used. The interval of a third was used as a <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">clash</a> until the Renaissance, when it became <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonant</a> in compositions, which went hand-in-hand with the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Meantone" class="mw-redirect" title="Meantone">meantone</a> temperament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Well_temperament" title="Well temperament">Well temperament</a> began to become more and more popular as the range of keys increased. Temperament affects the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">colour</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>, and therefore modern performances, typically employing <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>, may not be true representations of the composers' intentions. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">Just intonation</a></div> <p>These old <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tunings</a> are the result of the natural <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</a> of a brass instrument such as the sackbut. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonics_to_32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonics_to_32.png/500px-Harmonics_to_32.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonics_to_32.png/750px-Harmonics_to_32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harmonics_to_32.png/1000px-Harmonics_to_32.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Natural harmonic series on C, 1 to 32, showing the F slightly sharp by 16.5 <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation#Staff_notation" title="Just intonation">cents</a> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Harmonics_to_32.mid\/Harmonics_to_32.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Harmonics to 32.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Harmonics_to_32.mid/Harmonics_to_32.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonics_to_32.mid" title="File:Harmonics to 32.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>As the bell is smaller than a modern trombone, the harmonic series is closer to a perfect harmonic series, which is the basis for just tuning. Without adjusting the slide, the first to second harmonic is a perfect octave, second to third harmonic is a fifth slightly wider than equal temperament and fourth to fifth harmonic is a major third slightly narrower than in equal temperament. These adjusted intervals make chords ring and are the basis of meantone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In fact, Daniel Speer says "Once you have found a good C (third position), this is also the place you will find your F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>.”<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2012)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Playing a sounding C and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> in exactly the same position on a modern <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> sounds out of tune, but it tunes perfectly well on in a sackbut choir if everyone plays natural harmonics. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png/500px-Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png/600px-Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png/800px-Picchi_canzon_decima_terza_-_trombone.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from a trombone part from a Picchi canzon (1625). The <a href="/wiki/Clef_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clef (music)">baritone clef</a> seen here is very common for trombone parts of this era.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plenty of musical understanding can be gathered from reading the original music print. Publishers such as SPES<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arnaldo Forni Edition provide facsimile copies of plenty of music for trombone from this era. To read these it one needs to become familiar with the old <a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">clefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(music)" title="Ligature (music)">ligatures</a> and notational conventions of the era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_Last_Trump_(6379252387).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg/220px-At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg/330px-At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg/440px-At_the_Last_Trump_%286379252387%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Trombone on a 1909 headstone, Christ Church, <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sound of sackbuts (and trombones) has long been thought especially solemn and noble, had an association with death and the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument was a symbol of divine presence, the voice of the angels and instrument of judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-triton_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This symbolism can be seen, for instance, in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)" title="Alceste (Gluck)">Alceste</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)#The_.22Dead_March.22" title="Saul (Handel)"><i>Death March</i></a> from <a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)" title="Saul (Handel)"><i>Saul</i></a>, and funeral <a href="/wiki/Aequale" class="mw-redirect" title="Aequale">aequales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kimball_18_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimball_18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This association was probably encouraged by the lack of distinction made between <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">slide trumpets</a>, and trombones in this <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>; they were used and often named interchangeably. <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Martin Luther's 1534 translation</a> of the Bible into German renders the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shophar</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">salpigx</a></i> to <i>Posaune</i>. <i>Posaune</i> at the time could refer to a <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horn</a> or other brass instrument, but it later came to mean exclusively "trombone" (similarly, English translations generally have "trumpet", and only occasionally "horn" or "<a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>"). This gives the later reader of the Luther Bible texts such as: “…we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trombone; for the trombone shall sound and the dead shall be raised incorruptible" (<a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>:52).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1600">Before 1600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Before 1600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sackbut replaced the slide trumpet in the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Alta_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta capella">alta capella</a> wind bands that were common in towns throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">courtly dance</a> music. See <a href="/wiki/Wait_(musician)" title="Wait (musician)">Waits</a>. </p><p>Another key use of the trombone was in ceremonies, in conjunction with the trumpet. In many towns in Germany and Northern Italy, '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piffari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piffari (page does not exist)">piffari</a>' bands were employed by local governments throughout the 16th century to give regular concerts in public squares and would lead processions for festivals. Piffari usually contained a mix of wind, brass and percussion instruments and sometimes viols.<sup id="cite_ref-Selfridge-Field_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selfridge-Field-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venice's doge had his own piffari company and they gave an hour-long concert in the Piazza each day, as well as sometimes performing for services in St. Mark's. Each of the six confraternities in Venice also had their own independent piffari groups too, which would all play at a lavish procession on the feast of Corpus Domini. These groups are in addition to the musicians employed by St. Mark's to play in the balconies with the choir (the piffari would play on the main level).<sup id="cite_ref-Selfridge-Field_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selfridge-Field-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also was used in <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a> both for instrumental service music and as a doubling instrument for <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a>. The treble and high alto parts were most often played by <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornetts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawms</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> sometimes replacing the cornett in 17th century <a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italian music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selfridge-Field_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selfridge-Field-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first record of trombones being used in churches was in Innsbruck 1503. Seville Cathedral's records show employment of trombonists in 1526, followed by several other Spanish cathedrals during the 16th century, used not only for ceremonial music and processionals, but also for accompaniment of the liturgical texts as well, doubling voices.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_101_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_101-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sacred use of trombones was brought to a fine art by the <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> and their contemporaries c.1570-1620 <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and there is also evidence of trombonists being employed in churches and cathedrals in Italy at times during the second half of the 16th century in Bologna, Rome, Padua, Mantua and Modena.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_101_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_101-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ensembles had flexible instrumentation at this time, there is relatively little music before <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>'s publication <i>Symphoniae sacrae</i> (1597) that specifically mentions trombones. The only example currently known is the music by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Corteccia" title="Francesco Corteccia">Francesco Corteccia</a> for the Medici wedding 1539.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1600–1700"><span id="1600.E2.80.931700"></span>1600–1700</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1600–1700"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/250px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/375px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/500px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption>Musicians from 'Procession in honour of Our Lady of Sablon in Brussels.' Early 17th-century Flemish <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">alta cappella</a>. From left to right: bass <a href="/wiki/Dulcian" title="Dulcian">dulcian</a>, alto <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawm</a>, treble <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a>, soprano shawm, alto shawm, tenor sackbut.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solo">Solo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Solo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th century brings two pieces of real solo trombone repertoire. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Martino_Cesare" title="Giovanni Martino Cesare">Giovanni Martino Cesare</a> wrote <i>La Hieronyma,</i> (Musikverlag Max Hieber, MH6012) the earliest known piece for accompanied solo trombone. It comes from Cesare's collection <i>Musicali Melodie per voci et instrumenti a una, due, tre, quattro, cinque, e sei</i> published in Munich 1621 of 28 pieces for a mixture of violins, cornetts, trombone, vocal soloists and organ continuo. The collection also contains <i>La Bavara</i> for four trombones. </p><p>The other solo trombone piece of the 17th century, <i>Sonata trombone & basso</i> (modern edition by H Weiner, Ensemble Publications), was written around 1665. This anonymous piece is also known as the 'St. Thomas Sonata' because it was kept in the library of the Saint Thomas Augustinian Monastery in Brno, Czech Republic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rognoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Rognoni">Francesco Rognoni</a> was another composer who specified the trombone in a set of divisions (variations) on the well-known song <i>Suzanne ung jour</i> (London Pro Musica, REP15). Rognoni was a master violin and gamba player whose treatise <i>Selva di Varie passaggi secondo l'uso moderno</i> (Milan 1620 and facsimile reprint by Arnaldo Forni Editore 2001) details improvisation of diminutions and Suzanne is given as one example. Although most diminutions are written for organ, string instruments or cornett, Suzanne is "per violone over Trombone alla bastarda". With virtuosic semiquaver passages across the range of the instrument, it reflects Praetorius' comments about the large range of the tenor and bass trombones, and good players of the Quartposaune (bass trombone in F) could play fast runs and leaps like a viola bastarda or cornetto. The term "bastarda" describes a technique that made variations on all the different voices of a part song, rather than just the melody or the bass: "considered illegitimate because it was not polyphonic".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chamber_music">Chamber music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chamber music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, a considerable repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> using sackbut with various combinations of violins, cornetts and <a href="/wiki/Dulcian" title="Dulcian">dulcians</a>, often with <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a>, appeared. Composers included <a href="/wiki/Dario_Castello" title="Dario Castello">Dario Castello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Fontana_(composer)" title="Giovanni Battista Fontana (composer)">Giovanni Battista Fontana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Cima" title="Giovanni Paolo Cima">Giovanni Paolo Cima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Cima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Cima (page does not exist)">Andrea Cima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schmelzer" title="Johann Heinrich Schmelzer">Johann Heinrich Schmelzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Weckmann" title="Matthias Weckmann">Matthias Weckmann</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bertali" title="Antonio Bertali">Antonio Bertali</a> wrote several trio sonatas for 2 violins, trombone and bass continuo in the mid-17th century. One such <i>Sonata a 3</i> is freely available in facsimile form from the Düben Collection website hosted by <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppsala universitet">Uppsala universitet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Sonata a3 in C" is published by Musica Rara and attributed to Biber, although the authorship is unclear and it is more likely to have been written by Bertali.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dario_Castello" title="Dario Castello">Dario Castello</a>, a wind player at St. Mark's Venice in the early 17th century had two books of <i>Sonate Concertate</i> published in 1621 and 1629. The sonatas of 1-4 parts with bass continuo often specify trombones, as well as cornett, violin and bassoon. The numerous reprints during the 17th century affirm his popularity then, as perhaps now. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Scarani" title="Giuseppe Scarani">Giuseppe Scarani</a> joined St. Mark's Venice in 1629 as a singer and in the following year published <i>Sonate concertate</i>, a volume of works for 2 or 3 (unspecified) instruments (and b.c.). The title has been suggested was chosen to try and capture some of Castello's success.<sup id="cite_ref-Selfridge-Field_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selfridge-Field-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tiburtio_Massaino" title="Tiburtio Massaino">Tiburtio Massaino</a> wrote a Canzona for eight trombones, published in Raverio's 1608 collection. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schmelzer" title="Johann Heinrich Schmelzer">Johann Heinrich Schmelzer</a> wrote several sonatas that included trombones—such as his <i>Sonata à 7</i> for two cornetts, two trumpets, three trombones, and basso continuo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Speer" title="Daniel Speer">Daniel Speer</a> published a four-part sonata in <i>Neu-gebachene Taffel-Schnitz</i> (1685). In 1687, Speer published the first written instruction in sackbut (and several other instruments) playing: <i>Grund-richtiger/kurtz/leicht und noethiger Unterricht der Musicalischen Kunst</i>. The second edition in 1697 provides two three part sonatas for trombones. </p><p>An English work of note from this period is <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Locke_(composer)" title="Matthew Locke (composer)">Matthew Locke</a>'s <i>Music for His Majestys Sagbutts and Cornetts</i>, a suite for Charles II's coronation 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_music">Light music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Light music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-serious music, often based on dances for festive occasions, rarely had specified instrumentation. Often you find something like "per diversi musici". Indeed, the groups that would perform them would often be full of multi-instrumentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_98-99_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_98-99-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pezel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Pezel">Johann Pezel</a> wrote for <a href="/wiki/Alta_Capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Capella">Stadtpfeifer</a> with his <i>Hora decima musicorum</i> (1670), containing sonatas, as well as <i>Fünff-stimmigte blasende Music</i> (1685) with five-part intradas and dance pieces. </p><p>Well known pieces from Germany includes <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a>'s <i>Ludi Musici</i> (1621) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a>'s <i>Banchetto musicale</i> (1617).<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_98-99_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_98-99-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first English piece scored for trombone is <a href="/wiki/John_Adson" title="John Adson">John Adson</a>'s <i>Courtly Masquing Ayres</i> (1611). Another light collection suitable for including trombones is <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holborne" title="Anthony Holborne">Anthony Holborne</a>'s <i>Pavans, Galliards, Allmains, and other short Aeirs both Grave and Light in Five Parts for Viols, Violins or Other Musicall Winde Instruments</i> (1599). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacred_music">Sacred music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sacred music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III,_Duke_of_Lorraine_(sharpened_image).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg/220px-Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg/330px-Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg/440px-Musicians_gallery_from_the_funeral_of_Charles_III%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine_%28sharpened_image%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>Musicians gallery from the funeral of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine. The gallery has a mix of instruments and musicians including singers, sackbuts, bass <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viols</a> (both bowed and plucked).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Venice">Venice</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Venice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trombonists were in the regular ensemble at St. Mark's Venice from its formation in 1568 until they left the payroll in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two ensemble directors—<i>maestro di concerti</i>—<a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Dalla_Casa" title="Girolamo Dalla Casa">Girolamo Dalla Casa</a> (1568–1601) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bassano" title="Giovanni Bassano">Giovanni Bassano</a> (1601–1617)—were cornett players and the nucleus of the group was two cornetts and two trombones, although for the larger ceremonies many extra players were hired. During a mass attended by the Doge, evidence suggests they would have played a canzona in the Gradual after the Epistle and the Agnus Dei, a sonata in the Offertory as well as reinforcing vocal parts or substituting for absent singers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This ensemble was used extensively by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> in pieces substantially for brass, voices and organ in Venice up until his death in 1612. He was greatly influential in Venetian composers in other churches and confraternities, and his early baroque and cori spezzati style is seen in contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Picchi" title="Giovanni Picchi">Giovanni Picchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Grillo" title="Giovanni Battista Grillo">Giovanni Battista Grillo</a>. </p><p>It is suggested that <a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Vespro_della_Beata_Vergine" title="Vespro della Beata Vergine">Vespro della Beata Vergine</a></i> (1610) as a pitch for employment at St. Mark's as successor to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>. In addition to the Magnificat, two movements specify trombones: the opening "Deus in adiutorium" is for six voices, two violins, two cornetts, three trombones, five viole da braccio and basso continuo; Sonata sopra "Sancta Maria, ora pro nobis" is for soprano, two violins, two cornetts, three trombones (one of which can be a <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da braccio (instrument)">viola da braccio</a>) and basso continuo. Monteverdi also leaves the option to use trombones as part of the "sex instrumentis" of the <i>Dixit Dominus</i> and in the instrumental <i>Ritornello a 5</i> between verses of <i>Ave maris stella</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_-_Monteverdi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove_-_Monteverdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From around 1617, when the <i>maestro de' concerti</i> at St. Marks changed to violinist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Bonfante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Bonfante (page does not exist)">Francesco Bonfante</a> and correspondingly the ensemble changed from basically a brass ensemble to being more evenly mixed with brass, wind and string instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Selfridge-Field_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selfridge-Field-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a> arrived at St. Mark's in 1613 and it is unsurprising that he includes trombones and strings for several more sacred works during his time here, published in his <i><a href="/wiki/Selva_morale_e_spirituale" title="Selva morale e spirituale">Selva morale e spirituale</a></i> 1641. Of the c.40 items in this collection, six specify three or four trombones (or <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da braccio (instrument)">viola da braccio</a>, ad lib): SV268 Beatus vir I, SV263 Dixit Dominus I, SV263 Dixit Dominus II, SV261 Et iterum venturus est, SV258 Gloria in excelsis Deo, SV281 Magnificat I. Each is for 3-8 voices with 3 violins (apart from SV261), the trombones/violas and basso continuo. Monteverdi also specified trombones in two more sacred works: SV198 Laetatus sum (i) (1650) for 6 voices, 2 violins, 2 trombones and bassoon and SV272 Laudate Dominum omnes gentes I (1641) for 5 voices 'concertato', 4 voice chorus ad lib, 4 viola da braccio or trombones and basso continuo.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_-_Monteverdi_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove_-_Monteverdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Germany/Austria"><span id="Germany.2FAustria"></span>Germany/Austria</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Germany/Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A prolific composer for trombones in Germany in the 17th century was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>. His <i>Fili me, Absalon</i> (SWV 269) and <i>Attendite, popule meus</i> (SWV 270), are both scored for bass voice, four trombones (of which two are optionally violins) and basso continuo, are well known. They are part of his first <i><a href="/wiki/Symphoniae_sacrae_I" title="Symphoniae sacrae I">Symphoniae Sacrae</a></i> collection dating from 1629 and commentators have noted that the style reflects his studies in Venice with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> 1609–1612. Other pieces that specify trombones (according to Grove) are (grouped by the collection they were published in): Concert mit 11 Stimmen (1618): SWV 21, in <i><a href="/wiki/Psalmen_Davids" title="Psalmen Davids">Psalmen Davids</a></i> (Psalms of David) Op. 2 (1619): SWV 38, 40–46, Symphoniae sacrae I Op.6 (1629): SWV 259, 269–271, 274, Symphoniae sacrae II Op.10 (1647): <a href="/wiki/SWV_344" class="mw-redirect" title="SWV 344">SWV 344</a>, Symphoniae sacrae III Op. 12 (1650): SWV 398a, Historia (1664): SWV 435, 448, 449, 453, 461, 452, 466–470, 473, 474–476, <a href="/wiki/Schwanengesang" title="Schwanengesang">Schwanengesang</a> Psalm 119 (1671): SWV 500, although many others are suitable for trombones too.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a> specified trombones in some of his sacred vocal works in the <i>Opella nova, ander Theil, geistlicher Concerten</i> collection (Leipzig, 1626). For example, <i>Uns ist ein Kind geboren</i> is scored for violino, traversa, alto trombone, tenor voice, fagotto and basso continuo. <i>Mach dich auf, werde licht, Zion</i> uses Canto 1: violino, cornetto, flauto picciolo e voce, Canto 2: voce e traversa, Alto: Trombone e Voce, Tenore: Voce e Trombone, Basso: Fagotto Trombone e Voce and Basso Continuo, during which solos for each of the trombonists are specified. Of particular interest is <i>Maria, gegrüsset seist du, Holdselige,</i> which uses soprano and tenor voices, alto trombone, 2 tenor trombones and on the bass line "trombone grosso," which goes down to pedal A, and a couple of diatonic scale passages from bottom C.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Ahle" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Rudolf Ahle">Johann Rudolf Ahle</a> wrote some notable sacred pieces for voices and trombones. <i>Höre, Gott</i> uses five favoriti singers, two ripieno choirs (which double other parts at intense moments) and seven trombones, with basso continuo. And his most famous <i>Neu-gepflanzte Thüringische Lust-Garten..</i> (1657–65) contains several sacred works with 3 or 4 trombones, including <i>Magnificat a 8</i> for SATB soloists, cornett, 3 trombones and continuo and <i>Herr nun lässestu deinen Diener a 5</i> for bass, 4 trombones and continuo.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a> specifies trombones in a few sacred concertos using style derived from polychoral Venetian works and one secular piece. For example, <i>Gott fähret auf mit Jauchzen</i> (BuxWV33 from CW v, 44) is scored for SSB voices, 2 violins, 2 violas, trombones, 2 cornetts, 2 trumpets, bassoon and basso continuo.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few vocal works involving trombones in works by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hammerschmidt" title="Andreas Hammerschmidt">Andreas Hammerschmidt</a>. These include <i>Lob- und Danck Lied aus dem 84. Psalm</i> for 9 voices, 5 trumpets, 3 trombones, 5 violas and basso continuo (Freiberg, 1652). There is also <i>Hochzeitsgesang für Daniel Sartorius: Es ist nicht gut, dass der Mensch allein sei</i> for 5 voices, 2 violins, 2 trombones, bassoon and basso continuo.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schelle" title="Johann Schelle">Johann Schelle</a> has numerous sacred vocal works that use trombones. For instance <i>Vom Himmel kam der Engel Schar</i> is scored for soprano, tenor, SSATB choir, 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cornetts, 3 trombones, 2 trumpets, timpani, basso continuo, and <i>Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele</i> is for two choirs of SSATB and similar instruments to the previous work.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lesser known Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Strauss">Christoph Strauss</a>, Kapellmeister to the Habsburg Emperor Mathias 1616–1620, wrote two important collections for trombones, cornetts and voices. His motets published in Nova ac diversimoda sacrarum cantionum composition, seu motettae (Vienna, 1613) are in a similar tradition to Gabrieli's music. Of the sixteen motets in the collection, all are titled "concerto" apart from the "sonata" <i>Expectans Expectavi Dominum</i> for 6 trombones, cantus voice and tenor voice. In 1631 he published a number of masses, which were much more baroque, with basso continuo, rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Word_painting" title="Word painting">word painting</a> and obligato usage of instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber</a> composed sacred works for voices and orchestra featuring trombones. His <i>Requiem</i> mass (1692) uses an orchestra of strings, 3 trombones and basso continuo. A similar ensemble accompanies 8 vocal lines in his <i>Lux perpetua</i> (c1673), and three more similar works in the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theatre">Theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a> ushers sackbuts into the first great opera, '<a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a>' 1607. The orchestra at the first performance, as shown in the first publication, the list of "stromenti" at the front of the score specifies four trombones, but at one point in Act 3, however, the score calls for five trombones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700–1750"><span id="1700.E2.80.931750"></span>1700–1750</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1700–1750"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is relatively little repertoire for the trombone in the late baroque. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> uses trombones in fourteen of his church cantatas—<a href="/wiki/BWV_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 2">BWV 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_3" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_4" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_21" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 21">21</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_23" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 23">23</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_25" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 25">25</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_28" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 28">28</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_38" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 38">38</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_64" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 64">64</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_68" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 68">68</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_96" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 96">96</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_101" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 101">101</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_121" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 121">121</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_135" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 135">135</a>—as well as motet <a href="/wiki/BWV_118" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 118">BWV 118</a>. He uses the trombone sound to reflect the (by now) archaic sounds of the Renaissance trombones doubling voices (with <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a> playing the soprano line), yet he also uses them independently, which John Eliot Gardiner says prepares the way for their use in <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s Symphony No. 5.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cantatas were either composed in Leipzig during 1723–1725, or (for BWV 4, 21 & 23) the trombone parts were added to the existing cantata during the same period. The cornett and trombone parts would have been played by the <a href="/wiki/Stadtpfeifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtpfeifer">Stadtpfeifer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> includes trombones in three of his oratorios: <i>Saul</i> (1738), <i>Israel in Egypt</i> (1738) and <i>Samson</i> (1741). There are no other documented groups or performances with trombone players in England at this time, and it has been suggested that the premiers took place with a visiting group from Germany, as was the custom in Paris at this time. </p><p>Vienna's Imperial court used trombones in church music: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Johann Joseph Fux</a> was Hofkapellmeister in Vienna from 1715 until 1741. Many of his masses use the choir strengthened by strings, cornetts and trombones, often with independent moments for the instrumentalists and sometimes. <i>Missa SS Trinitatis</i> uses two choirs, which again points to the traditions going back to Gabrieli. His highly successful Requiem is for five vocal parts, two cornetts, two trombones, strings and continuo. He also uses the trombone in smaller motets and antiphons, such as his setting of <i>Alma Redemptoris mater</i> for soprano, alto trombone, strings and continuo. Some of his chamber music involves trombones, as do many of his operas, used as an obbligato instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in the Vienna court was <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Antonio Caldara</a>, vice-kapellmeister 1717–1736. Among his output are two Holy Week settings as Da Capo arias: <i>Deh sciogliete, o mesti lumi</i> for soprano, unison violins, bassoon, two trombones and organ and <i>Dio, qual sia</i> for soprano, trombone, bassoon and basso continuo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1750–1800"><span id="1750.E2.80.931800"></span>1750–1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1750–1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Again this period suffers from a lack of trombone players.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of these works derive from Vienna and Salzburg. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> uses trombones in <i>Il rotorno di Tobia</i>, <i>Die sieben letzten Worte</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Haydn)" title="The Seasons (Haydn)">Die Jahreszeiten</a></i>, <i>Der Sturm</i>, <i>Orfeo ed Euridice</i> and secular cantata choruses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> uses trombones in connection with death or the supernatural. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem</a> (K626, 1791), <a href="/wiki/Great_Mass_in_C_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mass in C minor">Great Mass in C minor</a> (K423, 1783), <i>Coronation Mass (C major)</i> (K317, 1779), several other masses, <i>Vesperae Solennes de Confessore</i> (K339, 1780), <i>Vesperae de Dominica</i>, his arrangement of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s <i>Messiah</i> plus two of his three great operas: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> (K527, 1787) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">Die Zauberflöte</a></i> (K620, 1791). Mozart's first use of the trombone was an obligato line in the oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Schuldigkeit_des_ersten_Gebots" title="Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots">Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots</a></i> (K35, 1767) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> includes trombones in five of his operas: <i>Iphigénie en Aulide</i> (1774), <a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a> (1774), <i>Alceste</i> (1776), <i><a href="/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride" title="Iphigénie en Tauride">Iphigénie en Tauride</a></i> (1779) and <i>Echo et Narcisse</i> (1779), as well as ballet <i>Don Juan</i> (1761).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some chamber music in this period includes trombone in an obligato role with voice, and also as a concerto instrument with string orchestra. Composers include the likes of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Wagenseil" title="Georg Christoph Wagenseil">Georg Christoph Wagenseil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrechtsberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Albrechtsberger">Johann Albrechtsberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Eberlin" title="Johann Ernst Eberlin">Johann Ernst Eberlin</a>. </p><p>For works for trombone post-1800, please see <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plenty of recordings of the authentic sackbut are now available from the groups such as Concerto Palatino, HMSC, Gabrieli Consort and the Toulouse Sacqueboutiers. For a closer examination of the instrument, here are some recommended recordings where the sackbut is heavily featured in a "solo" capacity. </p> <ul><li><i>Songs Without Words</i>. Adam Woolf. SFZMusic 2010.</li> <li><i>Treasury of a Saint</i>. Caecilia Concert, Challenge Records 2006.</li> <li><i>La Sacqueboute</i>. Michel Becquet, Les Sacqueboutiers de Toulouse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Sackbutt</i>. Jorgen Van Rijen. <a href="/wiki/Channel_Classics_Records" title="Channel Classics Records">Channel Classics</a> 2008.</li> <li><i>Schmelzer & Co</i>. Caecilia-Concert. Challenge Records 2009.</li> <li><i>Buxtehude & Co</i>. Caecilia-Concert. Challenge Records 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_surviving_instruments">Early surviving instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Early surviving instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest instruments: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Maker</th> <th>Made in</th> <th>Category</th> <th>Modern copies </th></tr> <tr><td>1551</td> <td>Erasmus Schnitzer</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Piquemal, Toulouse (1980 ca.), Ewald Meinl "small bore" <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr><td>1557</td> <td>Georg Neuschel</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>c.1560</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Venice?</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1576</td> <td>Anton Schnitzer I</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr><td>1579</td> <td>Anton Schnitzer I</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Bass</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1581</td> <td>Anton Schnitzer I</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Egger (bore 10.-10.5mm, bell 100mm) <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr><td>1587</td> <td>Conrad Linczer</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1593</td> <td>Pierre Colbert</td> <td>Reims</td> <td>Bass in G</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1594</td> <td>Anton Schnitzer II</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Mike Corrigan </td></tr> <tr><td>1595</td> <td>Anton Drewelewcz</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Ewald Meinl "small bore" </td></tr> <tr><td>1602</td> <td>Andreas Reichart</td> <td>Edfurt</td> <td>?</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1607</td> <td>Simon Reichard</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Bass in E-F</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1608</td> <td>Jakob Bauer</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td>1612</td> <td>Isaac Ehe</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Bass in D-Eb</td> <td>Egger (bore 11.5-12.0mm, bell 124mm) </td></tr> <tr><td>1677</td> <td>Christian Kofahl</td> <td>Meckelenburg</td> <td>Soprano</td> <td>bore 13mm external flaring to 74.5mm; authenticity has been questioned but not refuted<sup id="cite_ref-laubhold-hbaj-2000_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laubhold-hbaj-2000-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Other notable sackbuts: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Maker</th> <th>Made in</th> <th>Category</th> <th>Modern copies </th></tr> <tr><td>1627</td> <td>Sebastian Hainlein I</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>(Munich) (1932?) Egger 'tenor-bass' (bore 11.5/12.0mm bell 120mm) </td></tr> <tr><td>1631</td> <td>Sebastian Hainlein</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Egger (bore 10.5/11.0mm, bell 98mm) </td></tr> <tr><td>1639</td> <td>Georg Nicolaus Oller</td> <td>Stockholm</td> <td>Bass in F</td> <td>Ewald Meinl </td></tr> <tr><td>1653</td> <td>Paul Hainlein</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Ewald Meinl "wide bore" </td></tr> <tr><td>1670</td> <td>Hieronimus Starck</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Alto</td> <td>Egger (bore 10.0/10.0mm, bell 94mm) </td></tr> <tr><td>1677</td> <td>Paul Hainlein</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>Tenor in C</td> <td>Currently owned by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindberg" title="Christian Lindberg">Christian Lindberg</a> </td></tr> <tr><td>1785</td> <td>Johann Joseph Schmied</td> <td>Pfaffendorf</td> <td>Alto in Eb</td> <td>Egger "classical" </td></tr> <tr><td>1785</td> <td>Johann Joseph Schmied</td> <td>Pfaffendorf</td> <td>Bass in F</td> <td>Egger "classical" </td></tr> <tr><td>1778</td> <td>Johann Joseph Schmied</td> <td>Pfaffendorf</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>(private collection in Basel) Egger "classical" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>For more information, see Herbert (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_manufacturers">Modern manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egger,_Basel,_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egger, Basel, Switzerland (page does not exist)">Egger, Basel, Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewald_Meinl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewald Meinl (page does not exist)">Ewald Meinl</a>, Geretsried, Germany (formerly <i>Meinl und Lauber</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geert_Jan_van_der_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geert Jan van der Heide (page does not exist)">Geert Jan van der Heide</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Voigt (page does not exist)">Helmut Voigt</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Voigt_Brass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Voigt Brass (page does not exist)">Jürgen Voigt Brass</a>, Germany</li> <li>Thein, Bremen, Germany</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Finke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Finke (page does not exist)">Johannes Finke</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Leuchter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markus Leuchter (page does not exist)">Markus Leuchter</a>, Germany</li> <li>Nathaniel Wood, Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C.Bosc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.Bosc (page does not exist)">C.Bosc</a>, Chambave, Italy</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tony_Esparis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tony Esparis (page does not exist)">Tony Esparis</a>, Galicia, Spain</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Rath (page does not exist)">Michael Rath</a>, Huddersfield, UK</li></ul></div> <p>The modern German "church trombone" also resembles a sackbut.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Sackbut" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Sackbut">Electronic Sackbut</a>, an early synthesizer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kimball_15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimball_15_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/trombone-history-15th-century/">"Trombone History: 15th Century"</a>. <i>Kimball Trombone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball+Trombone&rft.atitle=Trombone+History%3A+15th+Century&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimballtrombone.com%2Ftrombone-history-timeline%2Ftrombone-history-15th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimball_18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_18_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_18_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_18_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_18_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/trombone-history-18th-century/">"Trombone History: 18th Century"</a>. <i>Kimball Trombone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball+Trombone&rft.atitle=Trombone+History%3A+18th+Century&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimballtrombone.com%2Ftrombone-history-timeline%2Ftrombone-history-18th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolk1992" class="citation book cs1">Polk, Keith (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jny_mNxkhcC&pg=PA70"><i>German Instrumental Music of the Late Middle Ages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61202-9"><bdi>978-0-521-61202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Instrumental+Music+of+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61202-9&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jny_mNxkhcC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarse1939" class="citation book cs1">Carse, Adam (1939). <i>Musical Wind Instruments</i>. London: Macmillan. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Wind+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Carse&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimball_19a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_19a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimball_19a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/19th-century-1801-1825/">"Trombone History: 19th Century (1801–1825)"</a>. <i>Kimball Trombone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball+Trombone&rft.atitle=Trombone+History%3A+19th+Century+%281801%E2%80%931825%29&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimballtrombone.com%2Ftrombone-history-timeline%2F19th-century-1801-1825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimball_16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimball_16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/trombone-history-16th-century-2/">"Trombone History: 16th Century"</a>. <i>Kimball Trombone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball+Trombone&rft.atitle=Trombone+History%3A+16th+Century&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimballtrombone.com%2Ftrombone-history-timeline%2Ftrombone-history-16th-century-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_57_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, Trevor (2006). <i>The Trombone</i>, p. 57. London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10095-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10095-7">0-300-10095-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectorsweekly.com/musical-instruments/trombones">"Vintage Trombones"</a>. <i>Collectors Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collectors+Weekly&rft.atitle=Vintage+Trombones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsweekly.com%2Fmusical-instruments%2Ftrombones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_2006,_p._60-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_2006,_p._60_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_2006,_p._60_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBainesMyersHerbert2001" class="citation journal cs1">Baines, A.; Myers, A.; Herbert, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040576">"Trombone"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Trombone&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Myers%2C+A.&rft.au=Herbert%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000519045644/http://hem.passagen.se/posaune/Oll.htm">"Oller"</a>. 19 May 2000. Archived from the original on 19 May 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oller&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhem.passagen.se%2Fposaune%2FOll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Henry G. (1984). <i>The Renaissance Sackbut and Its Use Today</i>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. New York, MAM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-412-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-412-3">0-87099-412-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504052436/http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/sacbut.htm">"The Sacbut"</a>. 4 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/sacbut.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sacbut&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.iastate.edu%2Fantiqua%2Fsacbut.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haar-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haar_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haar, J (1988/2006), "Cosimo Bartoli on Music", p. 64, <i>Early Music History</i>, viii (1988), 37–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bottrigari, Il desiderio, overo de' concerti di varii strumenti musicali, Venice 1594</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Rognoni Taeggio, <a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Selva_de_varii_passaggi_(Rognoni_Taeggio,_Francesco)" class="extiw" title="scores:Selva de varii passaggi (Rognoni Taeggio, Francesco)"><i>Selva de varii passaggi</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (Milan: Filippo Lomazzo, 1620): <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spes-editore.com/">"StackPath"</a>. <i>Spes-editore.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spes-editore.com&rft.atitle=StackPath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spes-editore.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFSO-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/BEETHOVEN-Three-Equali-for-Four-Trombones,-WoO-30.aspx">Beethoven: Three Equali for Four Trombones, WoO 30 │ An die ferne Geliebte, Opus 98 │ Symphony No. 4 in B-flat Major, Opus 60 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080236/https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/BEETHOVEN-Three-Equali-for-Four-Trombones,-WoO-30.aspx">Archived</a> 25 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Program notes, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triton-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triton_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From sleevenotes, Triton Trombone Quartet: "German Trombone Music"; BIS-CD-644</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/trombone-history-16th-century-2/">"Trombone History: 16th Century"</a>. <i>Will Kimball</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(February 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. USA: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28151-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-28151-5">0-486-28151-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_101-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_101_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_101_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selfridge-Field (1994), p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103214405/http://www.musik.uu.se/duben/presentationSource.php?Select_Dnr=2075">"Bertali, Sonata a 3, Düben Collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musik.uu.se/duben/presentationSource.php?Select_Dnr=2075">the original</a> on 3 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bertali%2C+Sonata+a+3%2C+D%C3%BCben+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musik.uu.se%2Fduben%2FpresentationSource.php%3FSelect_Dnr%3D2075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebretzeni2002" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Debretzeni, Kati (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224035423/http://www.linnrecords.com/recording-virtuoso-in-the-making---biber-hdcd.aspx"><i>Virtuoso in the Making – Biber</i></a> (CD liner notes). Ricordo. Glasgow: <a href="/wiki/Linn_Records" title="Linn Records">Linn Records</a>. CKD195. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnrecords.com/recording-virtuoso-in-the-making---biber-hdcd.aspx">the original</a> on 24 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtuoso+in+the+Making+%E2%80%93+Biber&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Linn+Records&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Debretzeni&rft.aufirst=Kati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnrecords.com%2Frecording-virtuoso-in-the-making---biber-hdcd.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_98-99-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_98-99_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_98-99_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert (2006), pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selfridge-Field (1994), pp. 15–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selfridge-Field (1994), pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove_-_Monteverdi-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_-_Monteverdi_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_-_Monteverdi_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, T, "Monteverdi" Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 2 January 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Hübsch-Pfleger: "Schütz", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 10 December 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bärenreiter scores, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Wolf_(musicologist)" title="Uwe Wolf (musicologist)">Uwe Wolf</a>, Programme notes to BIS-CD-821, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove—Buxtehude<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Retrieved 16 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove—Hammerschmidt<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Retrieved 16 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove—Schelle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Retrieved 16 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickey, Bruce: CD liner notes, Christoph Strauss, <i>Missa Maria concertata & Motetten</i>, Harmonia Mundi 905243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove—Biber<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Retrieved 16 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monteverdiproductions.co.uk/resources/sdg127_gb.pdf">John Eliot Gardiner, liner notes to Bach cantatas CD SDG127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123194408/http://www.monteverdiproductions.co.uk/resources/sdg127_gb.pdf">Archived</a> 23 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Retrieved 10 December 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wolff etc: "Bach", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 10 December 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wolff etc: "Fux", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 17 March 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wolff etc: "Caldara", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 17 March 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, "B A: Gluck, Christoph Willibald, Ritter von", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 10 December 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewaldmeinl.de/meinldt.htm">"Neue Seite 3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neue+Seite+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewaldmeinl.de%2Fmeinldt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raquet, Markus and Martius, Klaus: The Schnitzer Family of Nuremberg and a Newly Rediscovered Trombone, Historic Brass Journal 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eggerinstruments.ch/historic/posaunen/renaissance-posaunen/#schnitzer">"Renaissance Posaunen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Posaunen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feggerinstruments.ch%2Fhistoric%2Fposaunen%2Frenaissance-posaunen%2F%23schnitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laubhold-hbaj-2000-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laubhold-hbaj-2000_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaubhold2000" class="citation journal cs1">Laubhold, Lars E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicbrass.org/edocman/hbj-2000/HBSJ_2000_JL01_013_Lauphold_Weiner.pdf">"Sensation or forgery? The 1677 soprano trombone of Cristiann Kofahl"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historic Brass Society Journal</i>. <b>12</b>. Historic Brass Society: <span class="nowrap">259–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2153%2F0120000011013">10.2153/0120000011013</a> (inactive 16 January 2025)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historic+Brass+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Sensation+or+forgery%3F+The+1677+soprano+trombone+of+Cristiann+Kofahl&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2153%2F0120000011013&rft.aulast=Laubhold&rft.aufirst=Lars+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicbrass.org%2Fedocman%2Fhbj-2000%2FHBSJ_2000_JL01_013_Lauphold_Weiner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/trombone-baroque/">"Trombone (Baroque("</a>. <i>Early Music Instrument Database</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Music+Instrument+Database&rft.atitle=Trombone+%28Baroque%28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaslabs.case.edu%2Fmedren%2Fbaroque-instruments%2Ftrombone-baroque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2012" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Stewart (2012). <i>The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents</i>. Bucina. Vol. 8. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-206-4"><bdi>978-1-57647-206-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747331985">747331985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trombone+in+the+Renaissance%3A+A+History+in+Pictures+and+Documents&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.series=Bucina&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747331985&rft.isbn=978-1-57647-206-4&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalm2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Palm, Paul W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=4343"><i>Baroque Solo and Homogeneous Ensemble Trombone Repertoire: A Lecture Recital Supporting and Demonstrating Performance at a Pitch Standard Derived from Primary Sources and Extant Instruments</i></a> (DMA thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Baroque+Solo+and+Homogeneous+Ensemble+Trombone+Repertoire%3A+A+Lecture+Recital+Supporting+and+Demonstrating+Performance+at+a+Pitch+Standard+Derived+from+Primary+Sources+and+Extant+Instruments&rft.degree=DMA&rft.inst=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Greensboro&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Palm&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcg%2Flisting.aspx%3Fid%3D4343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2012" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Adam (2012). Bregman, Adam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adamwoolf.com/store"><i>Sackbut Solutions: A Practical Guide to Playing the Sackbut</i></a> (2nd ed.). Belgium: Mechelen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-814833-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-814833-1-5"><bdi>978-90-814833-1-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908422925">908422925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sackbut+Solutions%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Playing+the+Sackbut&rft.place=Belgium&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mechelen&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908422925&rft.isbn=978-90-814833-1-5&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamwoolf.com%2Fstore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_references">Historical references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Virgiliano, Aureleo: <i>Il dolcimelo</i> (manuscript, c. 1600)</li> <li>Rognoni Taeggio, Francesco: <i>Selva de varii passaggi secondo l'uso moderno, per cantare, & suonare con ogni sorte de stromenti</i>, 2 vols. Milan: Filippo Lomarzo, 1620.</li> <li>Mersenne, Marin: <i>Harmonie Universelle</i> (1636)</li> <li>Praetorius, Michael: <i><a href="/wiki/Syntagma_Musicum" title="Syntagma Musicum">Syntagma Musicum</a></i>, 3 vols. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein, 1619.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1687" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Speer, Daniel (1687). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPA5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Grund-richtiger/kurtz/leicht und noethiger Unterricht der Musicalischen Kunst</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> script)</span> (in German). Ulm: G. W. Kühnen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grund-richtiger%2Fkurtz%2Fleicht+und+noethiger+Unterricht+der+Musicalischen+Kunst&rft.place=Ulm&rft.pub=G.+W.+K%C3%BChnen&rft.date=1687&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPA5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>2nd, much enlarged edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwhDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Grund-richtiger... Unterricht... oder Vierfaches musicalisches Kleeblatt</i></a>. Ulm: G. W. Kühnen (1697).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sackbut&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/renaissance-instruments/sackbut-renaissance/">Sackbut solo recordings, tenor and bass</a>, Early Music Instrument Database, Case Western University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504052436/http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/sacbut.htm">Musica Antiqua's Sacbut page</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> History, photos, and sounds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyxiHnjGov4">Greg Ingles introduces the sackbut</a> <a href="/wiki/Piffaro,_The_Renaissance_Band" title="Piffaro, The Renaissance Band">Piffaro</a> member Greg Ingles explains the key features of the Sackbut and demonstrates its use in the music of the renaissance "<a href="/wiki/Alta_Capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Capella">loud band</a>".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sackbut"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sackbut">"Sackbut" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sackbut&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASackbut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brass_instruments" title="Template:Brass instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brass_instruments" title="Template talk:Brass instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brass_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brass instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brass_instruments111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet" title="Contrabass trumpet">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_trumpet" title="Pocket trumpet">Pocket trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet" title="Fanfare trumpet">Fanfare trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(trumpet)" title="Firebird (trumpet)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumpet" title="Flumpet">Flumpet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_cornet" title="Soprano cornet">Soprano cornet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">Horn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">Bugle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_horn" title="German horn">German horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_horn" title="Vienna horn">Vienna horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbone" title="Superbone">Superbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saxhorn" title="Saxhorn">Saxhorn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Alto/Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscorn" title="Fiscorn">Fiscorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhlohorn" title="Kuhlohorn">Kuhlohorn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_tuba" title="Subcontrabass tuba">Subcontrabass tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_bell_euphonium" title="Double bell euphonium">Double bell euphonium</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornettino" title="Cornettino">Cornettino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_cornett" title="Mute cornett">Mute cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_cornett" title="Tenor cornett">Tenor cornett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">Cornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dord_(instrument)" title="Dord (instrument)">Dord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_horn" title="Post horn">Post horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">Natural trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">Baroque trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccina" title="Buccina">Buccina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Slide trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicon_(instrument)" title="Helicon (instrument)">Helicon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_helicon" title="Soprano helicon">Soprano helicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudrophone" title="Sudrophone">Sudrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxtuba" title="Saxtuba">Saxtuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxotromba" title="Saxotromba">Saxotromba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka_(instrument)" title="Bazooka (instrument)">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzophone" title="Jazzophone">Jazzophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Alphorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabal_(instrument)" title="Nabal (instrument)">Nabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyele" title="Nyele">Nyele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_horn" title="Tibetan horn">Tibetan horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazza" title="Wazza">Wazza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marching_brass" title="Marching brass"> Marching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn#Marching_baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Marching baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium#Marching" title="Euphonium">Marching euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombonium" title="Trombonium">Trombonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousaphone" title="Sousaphone">Sousaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_bugle" title="Contrabass bugle">Contrabass bugle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts/technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">Valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">Piston valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">Rotary valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_(music)#Brass" title="Mute (music)">Mutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-stopping" title="Hand-stopping">Hand-stopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">Mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falset_(music)" title="Falset (music)">Falset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_oil" title="Valve oil">Valve oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadpipe" title="Leadpipe">Leadpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_key" title="Water key">Water key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">Axial flow valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Harmonic series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">British brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_quintet" title="Brass quintet">Brass quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(classic)" title="Drum and bugle corps (classic)">Drum and bugle corps (classic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)" title="Drum and bugle corps (modern)">Drum and bugle corps (modern)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trumpeters" title="List of trumpeters">(all) Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Jazz trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horn_players" title="List of horn players">Horn players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_trombonists" title="List of classical trombonists">Classical trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Jazz trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium_players" title="List of euphonium players">Euphonium players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tubists" title="List of tubists">Tubists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_of_brass_instruments" title="Pitch of brass instruments">Pitch of brass instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium,_baritone_horn_and_tenor_horn_manufacturers" title="List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers">List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baroque_music854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music" title="Template talk:Baroque music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baroque_music854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transitional</a><br />and early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">G. Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho" title="Manuel Rodrigues Coelho">Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">J. Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">V. Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons" title="Christopher Gibbons">C. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Kapsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Landi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">Lawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Michna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula" title="Tarquinio Merula">Merula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Scheidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei" title="Cataldo Amodei">Amodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">d'Anglebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">H. I. F. Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles" title="Juan Bautista Cabanilles">Cabanilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Cesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky" title="Nikolay Diletsky">Diletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Froberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">J.-B. Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">M. Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">J. Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">J. Playford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">H. Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Reincken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">A. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Torrejón y Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Josef Vejvanovský">Vejvanovský</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Baroque (music)">Late</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Albinoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">G. B. Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">F. Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Gorczycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Graupner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Jacquet de La Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Leclair l'aîné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">A. Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch" title="Johann Christoph Pepusch">Pepusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">D. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Seixas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Zelenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">de Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">F. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi" title="František Brixi">F. Brixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Corrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Galuppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zach" title="Jan Zach">Zach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Musical<br />Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lautenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(music)" title="Capriccio (music)">capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 17th-century chaconnes">17th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 18th-century chaconnes">18th-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">folia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motets">grand motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era" title="Opera">opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">British Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles" title="List of early music ensembles">ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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