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Disponibil în 76 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1" title="ኡራርቱ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡራርቱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="أورارتو – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أورارتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اورارتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورارتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="উরারতু – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উরারতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="ئورارتوو – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئورارتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart%C3%A4isches_Reich" title="Urartäisches Reich – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urartäisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ουραρτού – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουραρτού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarto" title="Urarto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اورارتو – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورارتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95" title="אוררטו – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוררטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վանի թագավորություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վանի Թագաւորութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վանի Թագաւորութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5" title="ウラルトゥ – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラルトゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ურარტუ – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურარტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC" title="우라르투 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우라르투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Brart%C3%BB" title="Ûrartû – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûrartû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartija" title="Urartija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urartija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اورارتو – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اورارتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Urartu" title="Reino de Urartu – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Urartu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Urartu" title="Kingdom of Urartu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Urartu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரராத்து இராச்சியம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரராத்து இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урорту – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Урорту" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9" title="อูราร์ตู – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูราร์ตู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu_d%C3%B6wleti" title="Urartu döwleti – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Urartu döwleti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_(Bibliya)" title="Ararat (Bibliya) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ararat (Bibliya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartular" title="Urartular – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urartular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урарту – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урарту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="اورارتو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اورارتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Urartu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" title="乌拉尔图 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌拉尔图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ურარტუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურარტუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96" title="烏拉爾圖 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏拉爾圖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96" title="烏拉爾圖 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏拉爾圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185068#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Urartu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet blank" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;">Urartu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%">Regatul Vanului</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%">Biainili</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><table width="100%" style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto;background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td width="50px" style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;font-size:30%;border:0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairi — pagină inexistentă"><span style="font-size:300%">←</span></a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></td><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0"><time><a href="/w/index.php?title=860_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="860 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">860 î.Hr.</a></time> – <time><a href="/w/index.php?title=590_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="590 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">590 î.Hr.</a></time></td><td width="50px" style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;font-size:30%;border:0;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Median_Empire.svg/30px-Median_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Median_Empire.svg/45px-Median_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Median_Empire.svg/60px-Median_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi"><span style="font-size:300%">→</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Urartu în secolele IX–VI î.Hr."><img alt="Urartu în secolele IX–VI î.Hr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/300px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/450px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/600px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Urartu în secolele IX–VI î.Hr.</figcaption></figure><div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.25em;font-size:90%;">Urartu în secolele IX–VI î.Hr.</div></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_a_fostelor_capitale_na%C8%9Bionale" title="Listă a fostelor capitale naționale">Capitală</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Arzașkun<small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tu%C8%99pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tușpa — pagină inexistentă">Tușpa</a><small><br />(832 î.Hr. - 590 î.Hr.)</small><br /></small></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbă</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limba_urartian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limba urartiană — pagină inexistentă">Limba urartiană</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;">Guvernare</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Form%C4%83_de_guvernare" class="mw-redirect" title="Formă de guvernare">Formă de guvernare</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Monarhie" title="Monarhie">Monarhie</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Rege</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"> </td></tr><tr><th style=";font-weight: normal;"> - 860 î.Hr. - 844 î.Hr.</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramu — pagină inexistentă">Aramu</a> (primul)</td></tr><tr><th style=";font-weight: normal;"> - 609 î.Hr. - 590 î.Hr.</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusa_al_IV-lea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusa al IV-lea — pagină inexistentă">Rusa al IV-lea</a> (ultimul)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;">Istorie</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Epoca_istoric%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca istorică">Epoca istorică</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Epoca Fierului</td></tr><tr><th style=";font-weight: normal;">Fondare</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=860_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="860 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">860 î.Hr.</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";font-weight: normal;">Căderea Tușpei</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=590_%C3%AE.Hr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="590 î.Hr. — pagină inexistentă">590 î.Hr.</a></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F9F9F9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185068" class="extiw" title="d:Q185068">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urartu&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Fost%C4%83_%C8%9Bar%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Urartu</b> a fost un regat din <a href="/wiki/Epoca_Fierului" title="Epoca Fierului">Epoca Fierului</a>, cunoscut și cu varianta modernă a <a href="/wiki/Exonim_%C8%99i_endonim" title="Exonim și endonim">endonimului</a> său, <b>Regatul Vanului</b>, constituit în jurul lacului <a href="/wiki/Lacul_Van" title="Lacul Van">Van</a> din Podișul Armeniei (<a href="/wiki/Regiunea_Anatolia_de_Est" title="Regiunea Anatolia de Est">Anatolia de Est</a> din prezent). Regatul a devenit o putere la mijlocul secolului al IX-lea î.Hr., dar a decăzut treptat și a fost în cele din urmă cucerit de <a href="/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi">mezi</a> în secolul al VI-lea î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această regiune geopolitică va reemerge în scurt timp cu numele <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Armeniei_(antichitate)" title="Regatul Armeniei (antichitate)">Armenia</a>. Urartienii sunt strămoșii cel mai ușor de identificat ai <a href="/wiki/Armeni_(popor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeni (popor)">armenilor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denumiri">Denumiri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Denumiri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Denumiri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Această regiune geografică și entitatea politică apărută a purtat diferite nume: </p> <ul><li><b>Urartu</b>/<b>Ararat</b> Numele „Urartu" (în asiriană: <i>māt Urartu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în babiloniană: <i>Uraștu</i>, în <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a>: <i>Ararat</i>) provine din surse asiriene.</li> <li><b>Van</b> Denumirea „Regatul Vanului" este derivată din <a href="/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie">toponimul</a> urartian <b>Biainili</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care era probabil pronunțat <i>Vanele</i>.</li> <li><b>Nairi</b> Relația dintre numele Urartu și Nairi nu este limpede. Pe când primii cârmuitori urartienii se întitulau regi ai Nairi, unii cercetători au sugerat că Urartu și Nairi erau entități separate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Urartu_860_840-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Urartu_860_840-en.svg/220px-Urartu_860_840-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Urartu_860_840-en.svg/330px-Urartu_860_840-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Urartu_860_840-en.svg/440px-Urartu_860_840-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Urartu în timpurile regelui Arame</figcaption></figure> <p>Inscripțiile asiriene ale lui Salmanasar I (circa 1274 î.Hr.) menționează pentru prima dată <i>Uruatri</i> ca unul dintre statele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairi — pagină inexistentă">Nairi</a>, o confederație laxă a regatelor mici și statelor tribale de pe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podi%C8%99ul_Armeniei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podișul Armeniei — pagină inexistentă">Podișul Armeniei</a>, ce a existat între secolele al XIII-lea și al XI-lea î.Hr. <i>Uruatri</i> se întindea în regiunea din jurul <a href="/wiki/Lacul_Van" title="Lacul Van">lacului Van</a>. </p><p>Urartu a reapărut în inscripțiile asiriene din secolul al IX-lea î.Hr. ca puternicul rival nordic al <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Neo-Asirian" title="Imperiul Neo-Asirian">Imperiului Neo-Asirian</a>. Statele și triburile din Nairi au devenit un regat unificat sub conducerea regelui Arame (860 – 844 î.Hr.), capitalele căruia, dintâi la Sugunia și apoi la Arzașkun, au fost capturate de către asirienii împăratului <a href="/wiki/Salmanasar_al_III-lea" title="Salmanasar al III-lea">Salmanasar al III-lea</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg/220px-Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg/330px-Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg/440px-Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Pe fragmentul unui <a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">coif</a> de bronz din epoca lui Arghiști I este reprezentat „arborele vieții", popular în rândul popoarelor antice. Descoperire din cetatea Teyșebaini de pe Karmir-Blur (Movila Roșie).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarduri I (c. 832 – 820î.Hr.), fiul lui Lutipri, a întemeiat o nouă dinastie și a rezistat cu succes atacurilor asiriene, a consolidat puterea militară a statului și a mutat capitala la Tușpa (orașul <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turcia" title="Van, Turcia">Van</a> din prezent, aflat pe țărmul lacului cu același nume). Fiul său Ispuini (c. 820 – 800 î.Hr.) a anexat statul vecin Musasir, care a devenit un centru religios important al regatului, și a introdus cultul zeului Haldi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ispuini a fost și primul rege urartian care a scris în limba urartiană, regii precedenți lăsând inscripții în <a href="/wiki/Limba_akkadian%C4%83" title="Limba akkadiană">akadiană</a>. L-a făcut pe fiul său Sarduri al II-lea vicerege. După cucerirea Musasirului Ispuini a fost la rândul său atacat de Șamși-Adad al V-lea. Coregentul și succesorul său Menua (c. 800 – 785 î.Hr.) la fel a lărgit mult regatul și a lăsat inscripții în multe locații. În cursul coregenței lor Ispuini și Menua au renunțat să-și mai numească țara Nairi, optând în schimb pentru <i>Biainili</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Urartu_forteresses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Urartu_forteresses.svg/330px-Urartu_forteresses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Urartu_forteresses.svg/495px-Urartu_forteresses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Urartu_forteresses.svg/660px-Urartu_forteresses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Localizarea celor mai mari cetăți descoperite (nume din prezent).</figcaption></figure> <p>Urartu a ajuns în culmea puterii sale militare sub conducerea lui Arghiști I, fiul lui Menua, (c. 785 – 760 î.Hr.), devenind unul dintre cele mai puternice regate ale Orientului Apropiat antic. Arghiști a alipit mai multe teritorii de lângă <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Aras" title="Râul Aras">Arax</a> și lacul <a href="/wiki/Lacul_Sevan" title="Lacul Sevan">Sevan</a> și a zădărnicit campaniile împăratului Salmanasar al IV-lea împotriva sa. De asemenea Arghiști a întemeiat mai multe orașe, cea mai de seamă fiind <a href="/wiki/Fort%C4%83rea%C8%9Ba_Erebuni" title="Fortăreața Erebuni">fortăreața Erebuni</a> în 782 î.Hr. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg/220px-Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg/330px-Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg/440px-Niche_and_base_for_a_destroyed_Urartian_statue._Van._1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Nișă și baza unei statui urartiene distruse. Citadela din Van, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Împăratul <a href="/wiki/Tiglatpalasar_al_III-lea" title="Tiglatpalasar al III-lea">Tiglatpalasar al III-lea</a> a cucerit Urartu în primul an al domniei sale (745 î.Hr.). Acolo asirienii au găsit călăreți și cai neîntrecuți pentru <a href="/wiki/Car_de_lupt%C4%83" title="Car de luptă">carele lor de luptă</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 714 î.Hr. Regatul Urartu a avut de suferit în urma incursiunilor <a href="/wiki/Cimerieni" title="Cimerieni">cimeriene</a> și campaniilor lui <a href="/wiki/Sargon_al_II-lea" title="Sargon al II-lea">Sargon al II-lea</a>. Templul principal de la Musasir a fost jefuit și regele urartian Rusa I a suferit o înfrângere zdrobitoare de la Sargon al II-lea lângă lacul Urmia, punându-și capăt zilelor de rușine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiul lui Rusa Arghiști al II-lea (714 – 685 î.Hr.) i-a respins pe cimerieni, oricum Urartu nu mai prezenta o amenințare pentru Asiria, ca urmare în 705 î.Hr. a fost încheiată pacea cu noul rege <a href="/wiki/Senaherib" class="mw-redirect" title="Senaherib">Senaherib</a>. Acesta, la rândul său, a contribuit la o lungă perioadă de dezvoltare și prosperitate, care a continuat și în cursul domniei fiului lui Arghiști, Rusa al II-lea. </p><p>După Rusa al II-lea Urartu totuși a slăbit, fiind atacat în continuu de invadatorii cimerieni și <a href="/wiki/Sci%C8%9Bi" title="Sciți">sciți</a>. Ca urmare a devenit dependent de Asiria, ceea ce iese la iveală, când Sarduri al III-lea, fiul lui Rusa, se referă la regele asirian <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a> ca „tatăl” său.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg/220px-Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg/330px-Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg/440px-Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Arcă de piatră urartiană lângă Van, 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conform epigrafiei urartiene Sarduri al III-lea a fost urmat de trei regi — Erimena (635 – 620 î.Hr.), fiul său Rusa al III-lea (620 –609 î.Hr.) și fiul celui din urmă Rusa al IV-lea (609 – 590 sau 585 î.Hr.). La sfârșitul secolului al VII-lea î.Hr. (în cursul său după domnia lui Sarduri al III-lea) Urartu a fost invadat de <a href="/wiki/Sci%C8%9Bi" title="Sciți">sciți</a> și aliații lor — <a href="/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi">mezii</a>. În 612 î.Hr. regele med <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares cel Mare</a> împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopalasar</a> al <a href="/wiki/Noul_Imperiu_Babilonian" title="Noul Imperiu Babilonian">Babilonului</a> și sciții au cucerit <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Neo-Asirian" title="Imperiul Neo-Asirian">Asiria</a>. Capitala urartiană Tușpa a căzut în mâinile mezilor în 590 î.Hr., ceea ce a însemnat sfârșitul statului urartian.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai multe ruine urartiene din această perioadă prezintă urme ale distrugerii prin foc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limbă"><span id="Limb.C4.83"></span>Limbă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Limbă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Limbă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>„Limba urartiană" este termenul aplicat retroactiv de către istorici și lingviști unei limbi moarte folosite în inscripțiile <a href="/wiki/Scriere_cuneiform%C4%83" title="Scriere cuneiformă">cuneiforme</a> din Regatul Urartu. Este o limbă ergativ-<a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_aglutinant%C4%83" title="Limbă aglutinantă">aglutinantă</a>, care nu aparține nici limbilor <a href="/wiki/Limbi_semitice" title="Limbi semitice">semitice</a>, nici celor <a href="/wiki/Limbi_indo-europene" title="Limbi indo-europene">indo-europene</a>, ci familiei de limbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_huro-urartiene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limbi huro-urartiene — pagină inexistentă">huro-urartiene</a>. Nu se cunoaște nici o înrudire dintre acestea din urmă și o altă limbă sau familie de limbi, în pofida încercărilor repetate de a găsi legături genetice. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg/330px-Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg/495px-Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg/660px-Urartu_Cuneiform_Argishti_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Inscripție a lui Arghiști I. Muzeul Erebuni, Erevan.</figcaption></figure> <p>În ultimă instanță nu se știe ce limbă (sau limbi) erau vorbite în această regiune geopolitică până la crearea <a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_armenesc" title="Alfabetul armenesc">alfabetulului armenesc</a> în secolul al IV-lea d.Hr. Prezența în Urartu înainte de colapsul său a unei populații vorbind limba proto-armeană este subiect de speculații, dar existența cuvintelor urartiene în <a href="/wiki/Limba_armean%C4%83" title="Limba armeană">armeană</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și a împrumuturilor armene în urartiană sugerează un contact timpuriu dintre cele două limbi și perioade îndelungate de <a href="/wiki/Bilingvism" title="Bilingvism">bilingvism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson, Esther (1995). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciZquFt9IFIC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=medes+urartu#v=onepage">The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World</a></i>. BRILL. p. 33. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789004098565" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9789004098565"><bdi>9789004098565</bdi></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Chahin, M. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC">The kingdom of Armenia: a history</a></i> (2nd revised ed.). Richmond: Curzon. p. 182. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0700714520" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0700714520"><bdi>978-0700714520</bdi></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Frye, Richard N. (1984). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofancient0000frye">The History of Ancient Iran</a></i>. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 73. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3406093975" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3406093975"><bdi>978-3406093975</bdi></a>. <q>The real heirs of the Urartians, however, were neither the Scythians nor Medes but the Armenians.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Redgate, A. E. (2000). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/armenianspeoples00aere" class="extiw" title="iarchive:armenianspeoples00aere">The Armenians</a></i>. Oxford: Blackwell. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/armenianspeoples00aere/page/5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:armenianspeoples00aere/page/5">5.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0631220374" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0631220374"><bdi>978-0631220374</bdi></a>. <q>However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Lang, David Marshall (1980). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HG4MAQAAMAAJ">Armenia: Cradle of Civilization</a></i> (3rd ed.). London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 85–111. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0049560093" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0049560093"><bdi>978-0049560093</bdi></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Eberhard Schrader, <i>The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament</i> (1885), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hewsen, Robert H. (2000), "'Van in This World; Paradise in the Next': The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan", in <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.), <i> Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i> , Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces , Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers , p. 13, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">OCLC</a> 44774992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire, Paul Zimansky, Page 103 of 103-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">D.D. Luckenbill, <i>Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia</i>, (1927, vol II:84), citat în Robin Lane Fox, <i>Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer</i> (2008:17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Journal of Ancient History 1951, No 3. Pp. 243–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Letter of Ashubanipal to Sarduri III. HABL, № 1242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Chahin, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=destruction+of+urartu+medes#v=onepage"><i>The Kingdom of Armenia: A History</i>.</a> Psychology Press. p. 107. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7007-1452-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7007-1452-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1452-0</bdi></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1994). <i>Badmoutioun Hayots, Volumul I</i> (în armeană). Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Oussoumnagan Khorhourti. pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Petrosyan, Armen. <i>The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu</i>. Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2010. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu">https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall" class="extiw" title="iarchive:encyclopediaindo00mall">Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</a>. Mallory, J. P., Adams, Douglas Q. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 1997. pp. 30. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1884964985" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1884964985"><bdi>978-1884964985</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) — pagină inexistentă">OCLC</a> 37931209. <q>Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Greppin, John A.C. and Igor Diakonoff <i>Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians</i>, Oct-Dec 1991, pp. 727.[2]</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062105-4">4062105-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n90709797">n90709797</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000301696&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000301696</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge211208&CON_LNG=ENG">ge211208</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154902446">154902446</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/154902446">154902446</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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