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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mythological accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريغيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريغيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiyal%C4%B1lar" title="Frigiyalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frigiyalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Фрыгійцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыгійцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Фриги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фриги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryger" title="Phryger – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phryger" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigis" title="Frigis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frigis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDgov%C3%A9" title="Frýgové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frýgové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygere" title="Frygere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frygere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryger" title="Phryger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phryger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygi" title="Frygi – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Frygi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φρύγες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρύγες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigios" title="Frigios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frigios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigoj" title="Frigoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frigoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فریگی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریگی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygiens" title="Phrygiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phrygiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փռյուգիացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փռյուգիացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigijci" title="Frigijci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frigijci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Frigia" title="Orang Frigia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Frigia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigi" title="Frigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygai" title="Frygai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frygai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygere" title="Frygere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frygere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygarar" title="Frygarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frygarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygijczycy" title="Frygijczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frygijczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryg%C3%ABt_dhe_Frigjia" title="Brygët dhe Frigjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brygët dhe Frigjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigler" title="Frigler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frigler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" 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For the play by Aeschylus, see <a href="/wiki/Achilleis_(trilogy)" title="Achilleis (trilogy)">Achilleis (trilogy)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrygians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Phrygians.jpg/220px-Phrygians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Phrygians.jpg/330px-Phrygians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Phrygians.jpg/440px-Phrygians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Phrygians</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Phrygians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Φρύγες, <i>Phruges</i> or <i>Phryges</i>) were an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European speaking</a> people who inhabited central-western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) in antiquity. </p><p>Ancient Greek authors used "Phrygian" as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> to describe a vast ethno-cultural complex located mainly in the central areas of Anatolia rather than a name of a single "tribe" or "people", and its ethno-linguistic homogeneity is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygians were initially dwelling in the southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> – according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> – under the name of <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> (Briges), changing it to Phryges after their final migration to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>. Many historians support a Phrygian migration from Europe to Asia Minor <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> BC, although Anatolian archaeologists have generally abandoned the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the Phrygian migration to Asia Minor, mentioned in Greek sources to have occurred shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, happened much earlier, and in many stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopanias2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopanias2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> developed an advanced <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture. The earliest traditions of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greek music</a> are in part connected to Phrygian music, transmitted through the Greek colonies in Anatolia, especially the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian mode</a>, which was considered to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>, the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> himself, according to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, a reed instrument with two pipes. In classical Greek iconography <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a>, is represented as non-Greek by his Phrygian cap, which was also worn by <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a> and survived into modern imagery as the "<a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Liberty cap</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="French revolutionaries">French revolutionaries</a>. </p><p>Phrygians spoke the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian language</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> linguistic family. Modern consensus regards <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as its closest relative.<sup id="cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165–178_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165–178-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/300px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/450px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/600px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6167" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Classical regions of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A conventional date of c. 1180 BC is often used for the influx (traditionally from Thrace) of the pre-Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a>, corresponding to the very end of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>. Following this date, Phrygia retained a separate cultural identity. From tribal and village beginnings, the state of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> arose in the 8th century BC with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a>. Around 690 BC, it was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>. Phrygia was briefly conquered by its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, before it passed successively into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">successors</a>. Later, it was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Attalids" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalids">Attalids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, and eventually became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The last mention of the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian language</a> in literature dates to the 5th century AD and it was likely extinct by the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the twelfth century BC, the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia was filled by a wave of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> migrants and "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>", including the Phrygians, who established their kingdom with a capital eventually at <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a>. It is presently unknown whether the Phrygians were actively involved in the collapse of the Hittite capital <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> or whether they simply moved into the vacuum left by the collapse of Hittite hegemony. The so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handmade_Knobbed_Ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handmade Knobbed Ware (page does not exist)">Handmade Knobbed Ware</a> was found by archaeologists at sites from this period in Western Anatolia. According to Greek mythographers,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a> had been king of the Phrygians, who were originally called the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> (Brigi) and came from the western part of archaic <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. Midas has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> king Mita. However, the origins of the Mushki, and their connection to the Phrygians, is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested that Mita was a <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> name (it was recorded in Asia Minor in the 15th century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the migration theory is still defended by many modern historians, most archaeologists have abandoned the migration hypothesis regarding the origin of the Phrygians due to a lack substantial archeological evidence, with the migration theory resting only on the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(historian)" title="Xanthus (historian)">Xanthus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8th_to_7th_centuries">8th to 7th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 8th to 7th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli,_Turkey,_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg/400px-Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg/600px-Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg/800px-Phrygian_soldiers._Detail_from_a_reconstruction_of_a_Phrygian_building_at_Pararli%2C_Turkey%2C_7th%E2%80%936th_Centuries_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Phrygian soldiers. Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pazarlı, Çorum, Turkey, 7th–6th centuries BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg/220px-MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg/330px-MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg/440px-MidasSehri.Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Tomb at <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir">‘Midas City’</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> (sixth century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Assyrian sources from the 8th century BC speak of a king Mita of the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a>, identified with king Midas of Phrygia. An Assyrian inscription records Mita as an ally of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon of Assyria</a> in 709 BC. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears in the 8th century BC. The Phrygians founded a powerful kingdom which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> ascendancy (7th century BC). Under kings alternately named Gordias and Midas, the independent Phrygian kingdom of the 8th and 7th centuries BC maintained close trade contacts with her neighbours in the east and the Greeks in the west. Phrygia seems to have been able to co-exist with whatever power was dominant in eastern Anatolia at the time. </p><p>The invasion of Anatolia in the late 8th century BC to early 7th century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian">Cimmerians</a> was to prove fatal to independent Phrygia. Cimmerian pressure and attacks culminated in the suicide of its last king, Midas, according to legend. Gordium fell to the Cimmerians in 696 BC and was sacked and burnt, as reported much later by Herodotus. </p><p>A series of digs have opened Gordium as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordion around 675 BC. A tomb of the Midas period, popularly identified as the "Tomb of Midas" revealed a wooden structure deeply buried under a vast tumulus, containing grave goods, a coffin, furniture, and food offerings (Archaeological Museum, Ankara). The Gordium site contains a considerable later building program, perhaps by Alyattes, the Lydian king, in the 6th century BC. </p><p>Minor Phrygian kingdoms continued to exist after the end of the Phrygian empire, and the Phrygian art and culture continued to flourish. Cimmerian people stayed in Anatolia but do not appear to have created a kingdom of their own. The Lydians repulsed the Cimmerians in the 620s, and Phrygia was subsumed into a short-lived Lydian empire. The eastern part of the former Phrygian empire fell into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> in 585 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croesus'_Lydian_Empire"><span id="Croesus.27_Lydian_Empire"></span>Croesus' Lydian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Croesus' Lydian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the proverbially rich King <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> (reigned 560–546 BC), Phrygia remained part of the Lydian empire that extended east to the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a>. There may be an echo of strife with Lydia and perhaps a veiled reference to royal hostages, in the legend of the twice-unlucky <a href="/wiki/Adrastus_(son_of_Gordias)" title="Adrastus (son of Gordias)">Adrastus</a>, the son of a King Gordias with the queen, <a href="/wiki/Eurynome" title="Eurynome">Eurynome</a>. He accidentally killed his brother and exiled himself to Lydia, where King Croesus welcomed him. Once again, Adrastus accidentally killed Croesus' son and then committed suicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-state_history">Post-state history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-state history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lydian <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> in 546 BC, and Phrygia passed under <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> dominion. After <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius</a> became Persian Emperor in 521 BC, he remade the ancient trade route into the Persian "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>" and instituted administrative reforms that included setting up satrapies (provinces). In the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> was made into two administrative provinces, that of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a> (or Lesser Phrygia), with its provincial capital established at <a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a>, and the province of Greater Phrygia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/400px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/600px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/800px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>Map showing where Phrygian inscriptions have been found.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian language</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> linguistic family with its exact position within it having been debated due to the fragmentary nature of its evidence. Though from what is available it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. Phrygian is part of the <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">centum</a> group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">satəm</a> language, and thus closer to Armenian and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Kortlandt</a> (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Palaeo-Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeo-Balkan languages">palaeo-Balkan languages</a> from an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern consensus regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Brixhe" title="Claude Brixhe">Brixhe</a>, Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">proto-Graeco-Phrygian</a> stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on an extremely slight archaeological record, some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Nicholas Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a> suggested that the Phrygians were members of the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> that migrated into the southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borza1990_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borza1990-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GordionExcavations1950-1973_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GordionExcavations1950-1973-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many historians support a Phrygian migration from Europe to Asia Minor <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> BC; though, Anatolian archaeologists have generally abandoned the idea due to lack of western (European) ceramic ware, and the continuation of the pre-Bronze Age collapse pottery styles in central Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews1995_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the Phrygian migration to Asia Minor, mentioned in Greek sources to have occurred shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, happened much earlier, and in many stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopanias2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopanias2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CybeleHellenistic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CybeleHellenistic.jpg/220px-CybeleHellenistic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CybeleHellenistic.jpg/330px-CybeleHellenistic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CybeleHellenistic.jpg/440px-CybeleHellenistic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> with her attributes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phrygia#Religion" title="Phrygia">Phrygia § Religion</a></div> <p>The Phrygians worshipped the goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>. In their language it was known as <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Matar</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Mother</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and was also referred to as <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Matar Kubileya</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Mother of the mountain</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (from which the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kybele</i></span> and Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cybele</i></span> derive) or <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Matar areyastin</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her typical Phrygian form, she wears a long belted dress, a <i><a href="/wiki/Polos" title="Polos">polos</a></i> (a high cylindrical headdress), and a veil covering the whole body. The later version of Cybele was established by a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agoracritus" title="Agoracritus">Agoracritus</a>, and became the image most widely adopted by Cybele's expanding following, both in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> world and at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. It shows her humanized though still enthroned, her hand resting on an attendant lion and the other holding the <i><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">tympanon</a></i>, a circular frame drum, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>. </p><p>The Phrygians also venerated <a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a>, the sky and father-<a href="/wiki/God_(male_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (male deity)">god</a> depicted on horseback. Although the Greeks associated Sabazios with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, representations of him, even at Roman times, show him as a horseman god. His conflicts with the indigenous Mother Goddess, whose creature was the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Bull">Lunar Bull</a>, may be surmised in the way that Sabazios' horse places a hoof on the head of a bull, in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture#Relief_sculptures" title="Roman sculpture">Roman relief</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>. </p><p>Obrador-Cursach (2020) analysed a new Phrygian inscription from <a href="/wiki/Dorylaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorylaion">Dorylaion</a>, that mentions the gods <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Miθrapata</i></span>, <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Mas Tembrogios</i></span> and the <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Pontic Bas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other attested deities in the Phrygian corpus are <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">Ti-</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Zeus</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Phrygian-language text"><span lang="xpg">βας</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the shining one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; and borrowed deities <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">artimitos</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Phrygian-language romanization"><i lang="xpg-Latn">mas</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Men_(deity)" title="Men (deity)">Men</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (possibly a moon god) and <span title="Phrygian-language text"><span lang="xpg">διουνσιν</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_accounts">Mythological accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mythological accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the earliest known mythical king was <a href="/wiki/Nannacus" title="Nannacus">Nannacus</a> (aka Annacus).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This king resided at Iconium, the most eastern city of the kingdom of Phrygia at that time, and after his death, at the age of 300 years, a great flood overwhelmed the country, as had been foretold by an ancient oracle. The next king mentioned in extant classical sources was called Manis or Masdes. According to Plutarch, because of his splendid exploits, great things were called "manic" in Phrygia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter the kingdom of Phrygia seems to have become fragmented among various kings. One of the kings was <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> who ruled over the north western region of Phrygia around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sipylus" title="Mount Sipylus">Mount Sipylus</a>. Tantalus was endlessly punished in <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, because he allegedly killed his son <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> and sacrificially offered him to the Olympians, a reference to the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>. Tantalus was also falsely accused of stealing from the lotteries he had invented. In the mythic age before the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan war">Trojan war</a>, during a time of an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordius</a> (or Gordias), a Phrygian farmer, became king, fulfilling an oracular <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>. The kingless Phrygians had turned for guidance to the oracle of Sabazios ("Zeus" to the Greeks) at <a href="/wiki/Telmissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmissus">Telmissus</a>, in the part of Phrygia that later became part of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. They had been instructed by the oracle to acclaim as their king the first man who rode up to the god's temple in a cart. That man was Gordias (Gordios, Gordius), a farmer, who dedicated the ox-cart in question, tied to its shaft with the "<a href="/wiki/Gordian_Knot" title="Gordian Knot">Gordian Knot</a>". Gordias refounded a capital at Gordium in west central Anatolia, situated on the old trackway through the heart of Anatolia that became <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>'s Persian "Royal Road" from <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a>, and not far from the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">River Sangarius</a>. </p><p>Later mythic kings of Phrygia were alternately named <a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>. Myths surround the first king Midas. There were seven altogether connecting him with a mythological tale concerning <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shadowy figure resided at Pessinus and attempted to marry his daughter to the young Attis in spite of the opposition of his mother figure Agdestis and his lover, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>. When Agdestis or Cybele appear and cast madness upon the members of the wedding feast. Midas is said to have died in the ensuing chaos. </p><p>The famous king Midas was said to be a son of the kind Gordius mentioned above. He is said to have associated himself with <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a> and other satyrs and with <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, who granted him the famous "golden touch". </p><p>The mythic Midas of Thrace, accompanied by a band of his people, traveled to Asia Minor to wash away the taint of his unwelcome "golden touch" in the river <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a>. Leaving the gold in the river's sands, Midas found himself in Phrygia, where he was adopted by the childless king Gordias and taken under the protection of Cybele. Acting as the visible representative of Cybele, and under her authority, it would seem, a Phrygian king could designate his successor. </p><p>According to the <i>Iliad</i>, the Phrygians were Trojan allies during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. The Phrygia of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i>Iliad</i> appears to be located in the area that embraced the Ascanian lake and the northern flow of the Sangarius river and so was much more limited in extent than classical Phrygia. Homer's <i>Iliad</i> also includes a reminiscence by the Trojan king <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>, who had in his youth come to aid the Phrygians against the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> 3.189). During this episode (a generation before the Trojan War), the Phrygians were said to be led by <a href="/wiki/Otreus" title="Otreus">Otreus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon</a>. Both appear to be little more than eponyms: there was a place named Otrea on the Ascanian Lake, in the vicinity of the later <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>; and the Mygdones were a people of Asia Minor, who resided near Lake <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dascylitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dascylitis (page does not exist)">Dascylitis</a> (there was also a <a href="/wiki/Mygdonia" title="Mygdonia">Mygdonia</a> in Macedonia). During the Trojan War, the Phrygians sent forces to aid <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a>, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Aretaon" title="Aretaon">Aretaon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asius_(mythology)" title="Asius (mythology)">Asius</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Dymas" title="Dymas">Dymas</a> and brother of Hecabe, is another Phrygian noble who fought before Troy. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a> mentions another Phrygian prince, named <a href="/wiki/Coroebus" title="Coroebus">Coroebus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon</a>, who fought and died at Troy; he had sued for the hand of the Trojan princess <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> in marriage. King Priam's wife <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecabe</a> is usually said to be of Phrygian birth, as a daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Dymas" title="Dymas">Dymas</a>. </p><p>The Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a> was the priestess presiding over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonian_oracle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollonian oracle (page does not exist)">Apollonian oracle</a> at Phrygia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a>, a Phrygian follower of Cybele, was a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> who is regarded as the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, which he created using the hollowed <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stag</a>. He unwisely competed in music with the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and inevitably lost, whereupon Apollo flayed Marsyas alive and provocatively hung his skin on Cybele's own sacred tree, a <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims the priests of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> told him a story that the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psammetichus</a> had two children raised in isolation in order to find the original language. The children were reported to have uttered <i>bekos</i> meaning "bread" in Phrygian. It was then acknowledged by the Egyptians that the Phrygians were a nation older than the Egyptians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> claimed the Phrygians were founded by the biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Togarmah" title="Togarmah">Togarmah</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer">Gomer</a>: "and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrugramma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrugramma (page does not exist)">Thrugramma</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrugrammeans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrugrammeans (page does not exist)">Thrugrammeans</a>, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshko, Rostislav (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03880045/file/Oreshko%20The%20onager%20kings%20of%20Anatolia%20-%20final.pdf">"The onager kings of Anatolia: Hartapus, Gordis, Muška and the steppe strand in early Phrygian culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kadmos</i>. <b>59</b> (1/2). De Gruyter: 77–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2020-0005">10.1515/kadmos-2020-0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235451836">235451836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kadmos&rft.atitle=The+onager+kings+of+Anatolia%3A+Hartapus%2C+Gordis%2C+Mu%C5%A1ka+and+the+steppe+strand+in+early+Phrygian+culture&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=77-128&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fkadmos-2020-0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235451836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03880045%2Ffile%2FOreshko%2520The%2520onager%2520kings%2520of%2520Anatolia%2520-%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drews1995_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drews1995_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C"><i>The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.</i></a> Princeton University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025919" title="Special:BookSources/9780691025919"><bdi>9780691025919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+changes+in+warfare+and+the+catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780691025919&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFpK6aXEWN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopanias2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kopanias2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopanias2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopanias2015" class="citation cs2">Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4580510">"The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"</a>, <i>In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press</i>, <q>The Phrygian migration, which is mentioned in the Greek sources to have taken place shortly after the Trojan War, is likely to have occurred much earlier and in many stages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In%3A+Nostoi.+Indigenous+Culture%2C+Migration+and+Integration+in+the+Aegean+Islands+and+Western+Anatolia+During+the+Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age.+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Istanbul+2011%2C+Edited+by+%CE%9D.+Stampolides%2C+C.+Maner%2C+and+K.+Kopanias.+Istanbul%3A+Ko%C3%A7+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Mushki%2FPhrygian+Problem+from+the+Near+Eastern+Point+of+View&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kopanias&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4580510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165–178-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165–178_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), <i>Langues indo-européennes</i>, pp. 165-178, Paris: CNRS Editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajnal" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hajnal, Ivo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprawi.at/files/hajnal/vortrag_rek_urgriech.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Urgriechisch": Eine Herausforderung für die Methode der Rekonstruktion?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institut für Sprachwissenschaft</i> (in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Universität Innsbruck. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.atitle=%22Urgriechisch%22%3A+Eine+Herausforderung+f%C3%BCr+die+Methode+der+Rekonstruktion%3F&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Hajnal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsprawi.at%2Ffiles%2Fhajnal%2Fvortrag_rek_urgriech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhouse, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/">"An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day"</a>. <i>Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis</i>. <b>126</b> (1): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10148-010-0013-x">10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2083-4624">2083-4624</a>. <q>This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+research+on+Phrygian+from+the+nineteenth+century+to+the+present+day&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10148-010-0013-x&rft.issn=2083-4624&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejournals.eu%2FStudia-Linguistica%2F2009%2F2009%2Fart%2F5400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe2008" class="citation book cs1">Brixhe, Claude (2008). Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68496-5</bdi></a>. <q>Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68496-5&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain,_SimonAdams,_J._MaxwellJanse,_Mark2002" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). <i>Bilingualism in ancient society: language contact and the written word</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-199-24506-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-199-24506-1"><bdi>0-199-24506-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+in+ancient+society%3A+language+contact+and+the+written+word&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=246-266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-199-24506-1&rft.au=Swain%2C+Simon&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Janse%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JG MacQueen, <i>The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia Minor</i>, 1986, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopanias2015" class="citation cs2">Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4580510">"The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"</a>, <i>In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In%3A+Nostoi.+Indigenous+Culture%2C+Migration+and+Integration+in+the+Aegean+Islands+and+Western+Anatolia+During+the+Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age.+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Istanbul+2011%2C+Edited+by+%CE%9D.+Stampolides%2C+C.+Maner%2C+and+K.+Kopanias.+Istanbul%3A+Ko%C3%A7+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Mushki%2FPhrygian+Problem+from+the+Near+Eastern+Point+of+View&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kopanias&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4580510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevin1991" class="citation cs2">Sevin, Veli (1991), "The Early Iron Age in the Elazıǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians", <i>Anatolian Studies</i>, <b>41</b>: 87–97, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642931">10.2307/3642931</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642931">3642931</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164050075">164050075</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Early+Iron+Age+in+the+Elaz%C4%B1%C7%A7+Region+and+the+Problem+of+the+Mushkians&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=87-97&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164050075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642931&rft.aulast=Sevin&rft.aufirst=Veli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossian1997" class="citation cs2">Kossian, Aram V. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html"><i>The Mushki Problem Reconsidered</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mushki+Problem+Reconsidered&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kossian&rft.aufirst=Aram+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopanias2015" class="citation cs2">Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4580510">"The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"</a>, <i>In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In%3A+Nostoi.+Indigenous+Culture%2C+Migration+and+Integration+in+the+Aegean+Islands+and+Western+Anatolia+During+the+Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age.+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Istanbul+2011%2C+Edited+by+%CE%9D.+Stampolides%2C+C.+Maner%2C+and+K.+Kopanias.+Istanbul%3A+Ko%C3%A7+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Mushki%2FPhrygian+Problem+from+the+Near+Eastern+Point+of+View&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kopanias&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4580510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C"><i>The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.</i></a> Princeton University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025919" title="Special:BookSources/9780691025919"><bdi>9780691025919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+changes+in+warfare+and+the+catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780691025919&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFpK6aXEWN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopanias2015" class="citation cs2">Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4580510">"The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"</a>, <i>In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In%3A+Nostoi.+Indigenous+Culture%2C+Migration+and+Integration+in+the+Aegean+Islands+and+Western+Anatolia+During+the+Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age.+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Istanbul+2011%2C+Edited+by+%CE%9D.+Stampolides%2C+C.+Maner%2C+and+K.+Kopanias.+Istanbul%3A+Ko%C3%A7+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Mushki%2FPhrygian+Problem+from+the+Near+Eastern+Point+of+View&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kopanias&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4580510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/650834/BOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf"><i>Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>. p. 101. <q>Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian.…Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BC Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.…Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+the+Phrygian+Inscriptions&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+Barcelona&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesisenred.net%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F650834%2FBOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2019" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3–4). <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>: 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2219-4029">2219-4029</a>. <q>2.1.4. Phrygian belongs to the centum group of IE languages (Ligorio and Lubotsky 2018: 1824). Together with Greek, Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian, Phrygian merged the old palatovelars with plain velars in a first step: NPhr. (τιτ-)τετικμενος 'condemned' < PIE *deiḱ-; NPhr. γεγαριτμενος 'devoted, at the mercy of' < PIE *ǵhr̥Hit-; NPhr. γλουρεος 'golden' < PIE *ǵhl̥h3-ro-. However, two shifts affected this language. Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar (the etymological and the resulting ones): OPhr. ke(y), NPhr. κε (passim) 'and' < PIE *ku̯e; OPhr. knais (B-07), NPhr. κ̣ναικαν 'wife' (16.1 = 116) < *gu̯neh2i-. Secondly, in contact with palatal vowels (/e/ and /i/, see de Lamberterie 2013: 25–26), and especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalised:PIE *ǵhes-r- 'hand' > OPhr. ↑iray (B-05),7NPhr. ζειρα (40.1 = 12) 'id.' (Hämmig 2013: 150–151). It also occurs in glosses: *ǵheu̯-mn̻ >ζευμαν 'fount, source' (Hesychius ζ 128). These two secondary processes, as happened in Tocharian and the Romance languages, lend Phrygian the guise of a satəm language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft.issn=2219-4029&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/650834/BOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf"><i>Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>. p. 102. <q>Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+the+Phrygian+Inscriptions&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Barcelona&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesisenred.net%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F650834%2FBOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2019" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3–4). <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>: 243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2219-4029">2219-4029</a>. <q>With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=243&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft.issn=2219-4029&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2019" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3–4). <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>: 238–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2219-4029">2219-4029</a>. <q>To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=238-239&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft.issn=2219-4029&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borza1990-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borza1990_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borza, Eugene N. <i>In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9">0-691-00880-9</a>, p. 65. "What can be established, despite an extremely slight archaeological record (especially along the slopes of Mt. Vermion), is that two streams of Lusatian peoples moved south in the later Bronze Age, one to settle in Hellespontine Phrygia, the other to occupy parts of western and central Macedonia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GordionExcavations1950-1973-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GordionExcavations1950-1973_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gordion Excavations 1950-1973: Final Reports Volume 4, Rodney Stuart Young, Ellen L. Kohler, Gilbert Kenneth, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBøgh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bøgh, Birgitte (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27643268">"The Phrygian Background of Kybele"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 304, 306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852707X211573">10.1163/156852707X211573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27643268">27643268</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Phrygian+Background+of+Kybele&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=304%2C+306&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27643268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852707X211573&rft.aulast=B%C3%B8gh&rft.aufirst=Birgitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27643268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2020). "New Phrygian Inscriptions". <i>The Phrygian Language</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 525–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004419995_010">10.1163/9789004419995_010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Phrygian+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=The+Phrygian+Language&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=525-526&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004419995_010&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hoz2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">de Hoz, Maria-Paz (2022). "Greek–Phrygian contact and sociolinguistic context in the Neo-Phrygian corpus". In Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu; Adiego, Ignacio-Xavier (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/99877019/Greek_Phrygian_contact_BMO"><i>Steps into Phrygian: language and epigraphy</i></a>. Series Anatolica et Indogermanica 3. Vol. Barcino Monographica Orientalia 19. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek%E2%80%93Phrygian+contact+and+sociolinguistic+context+in+the+Neo-Phrygian+corpus&rft.btitle=Steps+into+Phrygian%3A+language+and+epigraphy&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.series=Series+Anatolica+et+Indogermanica+3&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Edicions+de+la+Universitat+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=de+Hoz&rft.aufirst=Maria-Paz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99877019%2FGreek_Phrygian_contact_BMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2020). "The Phrygian Language". <i>The Phrygian Language</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004419995_005">10.1163/9789004419995_005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phrygian+Language&rft.btitle=The+Phrygian+Language&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004419995_005&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suidas s. v. Νάννακος; Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Ἰκόνιον; Both passages are translated in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QzoGAAAAQAAJ/page/n19">"A New System: or, An Analysis of Antient Mythology"</a> by Jacob Bryant (1807): 12-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/pte/pte04.htm">"On Isis and Osiris"</a>, chap. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias <i>Description of Greece</i> 7:17; Arnobius <i>Against the Pagans</i> 5.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.2"><i>Histories</i></a> 2.2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvram2016" class="citation journal cs1">Avram, A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/collan/issue/61595/919742#article_cite">"Two Phrygian gods between Phrygia and Dacia"</a>. <i>Colloquium Anatolicum</i>. <b>15</b>: 70–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Anatolicum&rft.atitle=Two+Phrygian+gods+between+Phrygia+and+Dacia&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=70-83&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Avram&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fcollan%2Fissue%2F61595%2F919742%23article_cite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Drew-Bear, Thomas and Naour, Christian. "Divinités de Phrygie". In: <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW)</i> [Rise and Decline of the Roman World]. Band 18/3. Teilband Religion (Heidentum: Die religiösen Verhältnisse in den Provinzen [Forts.]). Edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1990]. pp. 1907-2044. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110862768-006">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110862768-006</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüney2019" class="citation journal cs1">Güney, Hale (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154619000097">"The Sanctuary of Zeus Sarnendenos and the Cult of Zeus in Northeastern Phrygia"</a>. <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>69</b>: 155–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154619000097">10.1017/S0066154619000097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940112">26940112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198042018">198042018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sanctuary+of+Zeus+Sarnendenos+and+the+Cult+of+Zeus+in+Northeastern+Phrygia&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=155-74&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198042018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26940112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066154619000097&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCney&rft.aufirst=Hale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0066154619000097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 24 May 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2017" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/177976/1/673638.pdf">"The Phrygian god Bas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 307–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692917">10.1086/692917</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F177976">2445/177976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26557717">26557717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166197991">166197991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Phrygian+god+Bas&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-317&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F177976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166197991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26557717%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F692917&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiposit.ub.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2445%2F177976%2F1%2F673638.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/82891239">"The gods of the Phrygian inscriptions"</a>. In Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu; Adiego, Ignacio-Xavier (eds.). <i>Steps into Phrygian: language and epigraphy</i>. Series Anatolica et Indogermanica 3. Vol. Barcino Monographica Orientalia 19. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. pp. 103–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+gods+of+the+Phrygian+inscriptions&rft.btitle=Steps+into+Phrygian%3A+language+and+epigraphy&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.series=Series+Anatolica+et+Indogermanica+3&rft.pages=103-154&rft.pub=Edicions+de+la+Universitat+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F82891239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Räthel, Maximilian (2019). <i>Midas und die Könige von Phrygien. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Phrygiens und seiner Herrscher vom 12. bis zum 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.</i> [Midas and the kings of Phrygia. Studies on the history of Phrygia and its rulers from the 12th to the 6th century BC.]. München: utzverlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-4781-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-4781-1">978-3-8316-4781-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller1988" class="citation journal cs1">Roller, Lynn E. (1988). "Phrygian Myth and Cult". <i>Source: Notes in the History of Art</i>. <b>7</b> (3/4): 43-50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsou.7.3_4.23202659">10.1086/sou.7.3_4.23202659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191384852">191384852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+Notes+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=Phrygian+Myth+and+Cult&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsou.7.3_4.23202659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191384852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Lynn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wittke, Anne-Maria (2004). <i>Mušker und Phryger. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Anatoliens vom 12. bis zum 7. Jh. v. Chr.</i> [Muscans and Phrygians. A contribution to the history of Anatolia from the 12th to the 7th century BC]. Wiesbaden: Reichert, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-385-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89500-385-9">3-89500-385-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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