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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian mathematician and physicist</div> <p><b>Gasparo Berti</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1643) was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. He was probably born in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and spent most of his life in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Doctor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Doctor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is most famous today for his <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> in which he unknowingly created the first working <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was best known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, little of his work in either survives.<sup id="cite_ref-Galileo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galileo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_investigations">Scientific investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scientific investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baliani's_siphon_experiment"><span id="Baliani.27s_siphon_experiment"></span>Baliani's siphon experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Baliani's siphon experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1630,<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Doctor_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Doctor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Baliani" title="Giovanni Battista Baliani">Giovanni Battista Baliani</a> sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> after he noticed that his <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphon</a> could not raise water more than about 10 m (34 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galileo proposed that a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> held the water up and that it could not hold any more.<sup id="cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange_Loops-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the existence of vacuums was controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange_Loops-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berti's_vacuum_experiment"><span id="Berti.27s_vacuum_experiment"></span>Berti's vacuum experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Berti's vacuum experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg/220px-Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg/330px-Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gasparo_Berti_Experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Gasparo Berti's experiment in atmospheric pressure</figcaption></figure><p>Galileo's ideas, presented in his <i>Discorsi</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Two_New_Sciences" title="Two New Sciences">Two New Sciences</a></i>), reached Rome in December 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon reading Galileo's theory, physicists <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gasparo Berti</a> and father <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Magiotti" title="Raffaello Magiotti">Raffaello Magiotti</a> decided to seek a better way to test the possibility of producing a vacuum. Magiotti devised such an experiment. Four accounts of the experiment exist, all written some years later.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No exact date was given, but since <i>Two New Sciences</i> reached Rome in December 1638, and Berti died before January 2, 1644, science historian W. E. Knowles Middleton places the event to sometime between 1639 and 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present were Berti, Magiotti, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> polymath <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>, and probably Jesuit physicist <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi">Niccolò Zucchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berti built an 11 m <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> tube, filled it with water, and sealed both ends. He submerged one end in a basin of water and unsealed it. Though some of the water flowed out, much of it remained, filling the tube to about 10 m (34 feet)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> above the water level in the basin, the same height as in Baliani's siphon. </p><p>What was most important about this experiment was that the lowering water had left a space above it in the tube which had no intermediate contact with air to fill it up. Berti claimed that in this space was a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange_Loops-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His claim was strongly contested however, and multiple experiments were performed attempting to disprove the existence of a vacuum. Berti's experiment led to <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a>'s research into the weight of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> and his invention of the barometer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chair_of_mathematics">Chair of mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chair of mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berti held a chair of mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome La Sapienza</a>. He was to succeed <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Castelli" title="Benedetto Castelli">Benedetto Castelli</a> as professor of mathematics there, but he died before he could begin teaching. He also mapped the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Roman catacombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galileo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galileo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Weather_Doctor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Doctor_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Doctor_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=300059">"IMSS — Multimedia Catalogue — Biographies — Gasparo Berti"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMSS+%E2%80%94+Multimedia+Catalogue+%E2%80%94+Biographies+%E2%80%94+Gasparo+Berti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fmuseum%2Fesim.asp%3Fc%3D300059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/history/barometerhistory1.htm">"Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: The Invention of the Barometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+Doctor%27s+Weather+People+and+History%3A+The+Invention+of+the+Barometer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandnet.com%2F~see%2Fweather%2Fhistory%2Fbarometerhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galileo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galileo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galileo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/berti.html">"The Galileo Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2FCatalog%2FNewFiles%2Fberti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1964" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofbaromet00midd"><i>The history of the barometer</i></a>. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+barometer&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+Knowles.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbaromet00midd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_Loops-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_Loops_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strange-loops.com/scibarometer.html">"Strange Loops — History of the Barometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strange+Loops+%E2%80%94+History+of+the+Barometer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strange-loops.com%2Fscibarometer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1964" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofbaromet00midd"><i>The history of the barometer</i></a>. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+barometer&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Baltimore%2C+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+Knowles.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbaromet00midd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/99"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/99">99–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Berti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1970–1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drake, Stillman (1970–1980). "Berti, Gasparo". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berti%2C+Gasparo&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970%2F1980&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Stillman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasparo+Berti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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