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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png/175px-Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png/263px-Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png/350px-Raymond_Louis_Wilder.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Raymond Louis Wilder, c. 1955</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Raymond Louis Wilder</b> (3 November 1896 in <a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer, Massachusetts</a> – 7 July 1982 in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> and gradually acquired <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> interests. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilder's father was a printer. Raymond was musically inclined. He played cornet in the family orchestra, which performed at dances and fairs, and accompanied silent films on the piano. </p><p>He entered <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in 1914, intending to become an <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuary</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he served in the U.S. Navy as an ensign. Brown awarded him his first degree in 1920, and a master's degree in actuarial mathematics in 1921. That year, he married Una Maude Greene; they had four children, thanks to whom they have ample descent. </p><p>Wilder chose to do his Ph.D. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, the most fateful decision of his life. At Texas, Wilder discovered pure mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a>, thanks to the remarkable influence of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Moore" title="Robert Lee Moore">Robert Lee Moore</a>, the founder of topology in the US and the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Moore_method" title="Moore method">Moore method</a> for teaching mathematical proof. Moore was initially unimpressed by the young actuary, but Wilder went on to solve a difficult open problem that Moore had posed to his class. Moore suggested Wilder write up the solution for his Ph.D. thesis, which he did in 1923, titling it <i>Concerning Continuous Curves</i>. Wilder thus became the first of Moore's many doctoral students at the University of Texas. </p><p>After a year as an instructor at Texas, Wilder was appointed assistant professor at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> in 1924. That university required that its academic employees sign a loyalty oath, which Wilder was very reluctant to sign because doing so was inconsistent with his lifelong progressive political and moral views. </p><p>In 1926, Wilder joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_at_Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan at Ann Arbor">University of Michigan at Ann Arbor</a>, where he supervised 26 Ph.Ds and became a research professor in 1947. During the 1930s, he helped settle European refugee mathematicians in the United States. Mathematicians who rubbed shoulders with Wilder at Michigan and who later proved prominent included <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg" title="Samuel Eilenberg">Samuel Eilenberg</a>, the cofounder of <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a>, and the topologist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Steenrod" title="Norman Steenrod">Norman Steenrod</a>. After his 1967 retirement from Michigan at the rather advanced age of 71, Wilder became a research associate and occasional lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Santa_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Santa Barbara">University of California at Santa Barbara</a>. </p><p>Wilder was vice president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>, 1950–1951, president 1955–1956, and the Society's <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> Lecturer in 1969. He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>, 1965–1966, which awarded him its Distinguished Service Medal in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the American <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1963. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> (1958) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (1980) awarded him honorary doctorates. The mathematics department at the University of California annually bestows one or more graduating seniors with an award in Wilder's name. </p><p>The historical, philosophical, and anthropological writings of Wilder's later years suggest a warm, colorful personality. Raymond (2003) attests to this having been the case. For instance: </p> <dl><dd>"[Wilder] was a devoted student of southwestern Native American culture. One day he told me that after retiring he would like to be a bartender in a rural area of Arizona or New Mexico, because he found the stories of the folk he met in bars there so fascinating."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_topologist">The topologist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The topologist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilder's thesis set out a new approach to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moritz_Sch%C3%B6nflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Moritz Schönflies">Schönflies</a> programme, which aimed to study positional invariants of sets in the plane or 2-sphere. A positional invariant of a set <i>A</i> with respect to a set <i>B</i> is a property shared by all <a href="/wiki/Homeomorphism" title="Homeomorphism">homeomorphic</a> images of <i>A</i> contained in <i>B</i>. The best known example of such a positional invariant is embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem" title="Jordan curve theorem">Jordan curve theorem</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Simple_closed_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple closed curve">simple closed curve</a> in the 2-sphere has precisely two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complementary_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complementary domain (page does not exist)">complementary domains</a> and is the boundary of each of them. A <a href="/wiki/Converse_relation" title="Converse relation">converse</a> to the Jordan curve theorem, proved by Schönflies, states that a subset of the 2-sphere is a simple closed curve if it: </p> <ul><li>Has two complementary domains;</li> <li>Is the boundary of each of these domains;</li> <li>Is accessible from each of these domains.</li></ul> <p>In his "A converse of the Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem in three dimensions" (1930), Wilder showed that a subset of Euclidean 3-space whose complementary domains satisfied certain <a href="/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)" title="Homology (mathematics)">homology</a> conditions was a 2-sphere. </p><p>Around 1930, Wilder moved from <a href="/wiki/Set-theoretic_topology" title="Set-theoretic topology">set-theoretic topology</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_topology" title="Algebraic topology">algebraic topology</a>, calling in 1932 for the unification of the two areas. He then began an extensive investigation of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Manifold" title="Manifold">manifolds</a>, e.g., his "Generalized closed manifolds in <i>n</i>-space" (1934), in effect extending the Schönflies programme to higher dimensions. This work culminated in his <i>Topology of Manifolds</i> (1949), twice reprinted, whose last three chapters discuss his contributions to the theory of positional <a href="/wiki/Topological_invariant" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological invariant">topological invariants</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_philosopher">The philosopher</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The philosopher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1940s, Wilder met and befriended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a>, whose professional curiosity included mathematics as a human activity (White 1947). This encounter proved fateful, and Wilder's research interests underwent a major change, towards the <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">foundations of mathematics</a>. This change was foreshadowed by his 1944 article "The nature of mathematical proof," and heralded by his address to the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians, titled "The cultural basis of mathematics," which posed the questions: </p> <ul><li>"How does culture (in its broadest sense) determine a mathematical structure, such as a logic?"</li> <li>"How does culture influence the successive stages of the discovery of a mathematical structure?"</li></ul> <p>In 1952, he wrote up his course on foundations and the philosophy of mathematics into a widely cited text, <i>Introduction to the foundations of mathematics</i>. </p><p>Wilder's <i>Evolution of mathematical concepts. An elementary study</i> (1969) proposed that "we study mathematics as a human artifact, as a natural phenomenon subject to empirical observation and scientific analysis, and, in particular, as a cultural phenomenon understandable in anthropological terms." In this book, Wilder wrote: </p> <dl><dd>"The major difference between mathematics and the other sciences, natural and social, is that whereas the latter are directly restricted in their purview by environmental phenomena of a physical or social nature, mathematics is subject only indirectly to such limitations. ... <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> conceived of an ideal universe in which resided perfect models ... the only reality mathematical concepts have is as cultural elements or artifacts."</dd></dl> <p>Wilder's last book, <i>Mathematics as a cultural system</i> (1981), contained yet more thinking in this anthropological and evolutionary vein. </p><p>Wilder's eclectic and humanist perspective on mathematics appears to have had little influence on subsequent mathematical research. It has, however, had some influence on the teaching of mathematics and on the history and philosophy of mathematics. In particular, Wilder can be seen as a precursor to the work of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Eves" title="Howard Eves">Howard Eves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evert_Willem_Beth" title="Evert Willem Beth">Evert Willem Beth</a>, and Davis and Hersh (1981). Wilder's call for mathematics to be scrutinized by the methods of social science anticipates some aspects of <i><a href="/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From" title="Where Mathematics Comes From">Where Mathematics Comes From</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_E._N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Rafael E. Núñez">Rafael Nunez</a>. For an introduction to the limited anthropological research on mathematics, see the last chapter of Hersh (1997). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Books by Wilder: </p> <ul><li>1949. <i>Topology of Manifolds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 (1952). <i>Introduction to the foundations of mathematics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969. <i>Evolution of mathematical concepts. An elementary study</i>.</li> <li>1981. <i>Mathematics as a cultural system</i>. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-025796-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-025796-8">0-08-025796-8</a>)</li></ul> <p>Biographical: </p> <ul><li>Raymond, F., 2003, " Raymond Louis Wilder" in <i>Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences 82</i>: 336–51.</li></ul> <p>Related work cited in this entry: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Davis" title="Philip J. Davis">Philip J. Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Hersh" title="Reuben Hersh">Reuben Hersh</a>, 1981. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Experience" title="The Mathematical Experience">The Mathematical Experience</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Hersh" title="Reuben Hersh">Reuben Hersh</a>, 1997. <i>What Is Mathematics, Really?</i> Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a>, 1947, "The Locus of Mathematical Reality: An Anthropological Footnote," <i>Philosophy of Science</i> 14: 289–303. Reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Hersh" title="Reuben Hersh">Reuben Hersh</a>, ed., 2006. <i>18 Unconventional Essays on the Nature of Mathematics</i>. Springer: 304–19.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/history/presidents/wilder.html">MAA presidents: Raymond Louis Wilder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilenberg,_Samuel1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg" title="Samuel Eilenberg">Eilenberg, Samuel</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1950-56-01/S0002-9904-1950-09349-5/">"Review: <i>Topology of manifolds</i>, by R. L. Wilder"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>56</b> (1, Part 1): 75–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1950-09349-5">10.1090/s0002-9904-1950-09349-5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Topology+of+manifolds%2C+by+R.+L.+Wilder&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=75-77&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1950-09349-5&rft.au=Eilenberg%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1950-56-01%2FS0002-9904-1950-09349-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Louis+Wilder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrink,_Orrin1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Frink" title="Orrin Frink">Frink, Orrin</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1953-59-06/S0002-9904-1953-09770-1">"Review: <i>Introduction to the foundations of mathematics</i>, by R. L. Wilder"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>59</b> (6): 580–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1953-09770-1">10.1090/s0002-9904-1953-09770-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Introduction+to+the+foundations+of+mathematics%2C+by+R.+L.+Wilder&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=580-582&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1953-09770-1&rft.au=Frink%2C+Orrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1953-59-06%2FS0002-9904-1953-09770-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Louis+Wilder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Louis_Wilder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, MacTutor: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Wilder.html">Raymond Louis Wilder.</a> The source for this entry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00247/cah-00247.html">Wilder papers</a> at the University of Texas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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Amringe">John Howard Van Amringe</a> (1888–1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emory_McClintock" title="Emory McClintock">Emory McClintock</a> (1891–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1895–1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Simpson_Woodward" title="Robert Simpson Woodward">Robert Simpson Woodward</a> (1899–1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._H._Moore" title="E. H. Moore">E. H. Moore</a> (1901–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fiske" title="Thomas Fiske">Thomas Fiske</a> (1903–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Fogg_Osgood" title="William Fogg Osgood">William Fogg Osgood</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seely_White" title="Henry Seely White">Henry Seely White</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxime_B%C3%B4cher" title="Maxime Bôcher">Maxime Bôcher</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Burchard_Fine" title="Henry Burchard Fine">Henry Burchard Fine</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burr_Van_Vleck" title="Edward Burr Van Vleck">Edward Burr Van Vleck</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson" title="Leonard Eugene Dickson">Leonard Eugene Dickson</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Morley" title="Frank Morley">Frank Morley</a> (1919–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ames_Bliss" title="Gilbert Ames Bliss">Gilbert Ames Bliss</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Veblen" title="Oswald Veblen">Oswald Veblen</a> (1923–1924)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Snyder" title="Virgil Snyder">Virgil Snyder</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earle_Raymond_Hedrick" title="Earle Raymond Hedrick">Earle Raymond Hedrick</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luther_P._Eisenhart" title="Luther P. Eisenhart">Luther P. Eisenhart</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Byron_Coble" title="Arthur Byron Coble">Arthur Byron Coble</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Moore" title="Robert Lee Moore">Robert Lee Moore</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griffith_C._Evans" title="Griffith C. Evans">Griffith C. Evans</a> (1939–1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">Marston Morse</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theophil_Henry_Hildebrandt" title="Theophil Henry Hildebrandt">Theophil Henry Hildebrandt</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einar_Hille" title="Einar Hille">Einar Hille</a> (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Walsh" title="Joseph L. Walsh">Joseph L. Walsh</a> (1949–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_Whyburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Thomas Whyburn">Gordon Thomas Whyburn</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond Louis Wilder</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._McShane" title="Edward J. McShane">Edward J. McShane</a> (1959–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deane_Montgomery" title="Deane Montgomery">Deane Montgomery</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Adrian_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Adrian Albert">Abraham Adrian Albert</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Morrey_Jr." title="Charles B. Morrey Jr.">Charles B. Morrey Jr.</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Jacobson" title="Nathan Jacobson">Nathan Jacobson</a> (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a> (1973–1974)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lipman_Bers" title="Lipman Bers">Lipman Bers</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._H._Bing" title="R. H. Bing">R. H. Bing</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> (1979–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._Gleason" title="Andrew M. Gleason">Andrew M. Gleason</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Robinson" title="Julia Robinson">Julia Robinson</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kaplansky" title="Irving Kaplansky">Irving Kaplansky</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Mostow" title="George Mostow">George Mostow</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Browder_(mathematician)" title="William Browder (mathematician)">William Browder</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Graham" title="Ronald Graham">Ronald Graham</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jaffe" title="Arthur Jaffe">Arthur Jaffe</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Eisenbud" title="David Eisenbud">David Eisenbud</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)" title="James Arthur (mathematician)">James Arthur</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James Glimm</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Andrews_(mathematician)" title="George Andrews (mathematician)">George Andrews</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Friedlander" title="Eric Friedlander">Eric Friedlander</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Vogan" title="David Vogan">David Vogan</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bryant_(mathematician)" title="Robert Bryant (mathematician)">Robert Bryant</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ribet" title="Ken Ribet">Ken Ribet</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jill_Pipher" title="Jill Pipher">Jill Pipher</a> (2019–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Charney" title="Ruth Charney">Ruth Charney</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryna_Kra" title="Bryna Kra">Bryna Kra</a> (2023–2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2134208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2134208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108649224">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5018449">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1800337/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8tBFhcTp7pb3G4BRBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118632809">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80034471">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12409711w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12409711w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460917">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36092157">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068673019">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90562206">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000621640&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00687356?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=291">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wilder.raymond-louis">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/182945">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118632809.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118632809">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/072233699">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bw0rwn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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