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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Svetelná_fáza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svetelná_fáza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Svetelná fáza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svetelná_fáza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotosyntéza_v_rastlinách" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotosyntéza_v_rastlinách"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fotosyntéza v rastlinách</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fotosyntéza_v_rastlinách-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Fotosyntéza v rastlinách</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fotosyntéza_v_rastlinách-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyklická_fosforylácia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyklická_fosforylácia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cyklická fosforylácia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyklická_fosforylácia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necyklická_fosforylácia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necyklická_fosforylácia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Necyklická fosforylácia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necyklická_fosforylácia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemická_fáza,_syntetická_fáza,_tmavá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemická_fáza,_syntetická_fáza,_tmavá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Biochemická fáza, syntetická fáza, tmavá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemická_fáza,_syntetická_fáza,_tmavá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rastliny_C3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastliny_C3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Rastliny C<sub>3</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastliny_C3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rastliny_C4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastliny_C4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.1</span> <span>Rastliny C<sub>4</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastliny_C4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastliny_CAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastliny_CAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.2</span> <span>Rastliny CAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastliny_CAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Činitele_ovplyvňujúce_intenzitu_fotosyntézy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Činitele_ovplyvňujúce_intenzitu_fotosyntézy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Činitele ovplyvňujúce intenzitu fotosyntézy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Činitele_ovplyvňujúce_intenzitu_fotosyntézy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Činitele ovplyvňujúce intenzitu fotosyntézy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Činitele_ovplyvňujúce_intenzitu_fotosyntézy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Svetlo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svetlo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Svetlo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svetlo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxid_uhličitý" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxid_uhličitý"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Oxid uhličitý</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxid_uhličitý-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Voda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teplota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teplota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Teplota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teplota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyslík_ako_jed_pre_rastliny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyslík_ako_jed_pre_rastliny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kyslík ako jed pre rastliny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyslík_ako_jed_pre_rastliny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozri_aj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozri_aj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pozri aj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozri_aj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externé_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externé_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externé odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externé_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotosyntéza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 149 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotosintese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – nemčina (švajčiarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemčina (švajčiarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – aragónčina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تركيب ضوئي – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فوطوسانتيز – arabština (marocká)" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطوسانتيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabština (marocká)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ – ásamčina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – astúrčina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúrčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – avarčina" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فوتوسینتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوسینتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – baškirčina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuot%C4%97sintez%C4%97" title="Fuotėsintezė – žemaitština" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuotėsintezė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасінтэз – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотасінтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасынтэз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фотасынтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ། – tibetčina" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezenn" title="Fotosintezenn – bretónčina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fotosintezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – čečenčina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – cebuánčina" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ – čerokí" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čerokí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس – kurdčina (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdčina (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis – waleština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="waleština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="odporúčaný článok"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosenteze" title="Fotosenteze – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fotosenteze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φωτοσύνθεση – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοσύνθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – extremadurština" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremadurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فتوسنتز – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتوسنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteesi" title="Fotosynteesi – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotosynteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – võruština" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photosynthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footos%C3%BCntees" title="Footosüntees – severná frízština" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Footosüntees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteze" title="Fotosynteze – západná frízština" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotosynteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="západná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3taisint%C3%A9is" title="Fótaisintéis – írčina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótaisintéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-cho-chur" title="Foto-cho-chur – škótska gaelčina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foto-cho-chur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škótska gaelčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntese" title="Fotosíntese – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotosíntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesapemo%C3%B1anga" title="Tesapemoñanga – guaraníjčina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesapemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraníjčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ – gudžarátčina" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-haaghey_sollysh" title="Co-haaghey sollysh – mančina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-haaghey sollysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94" title="פוטוסינתזה – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטוסינתזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – hindština (Fidži)" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindština (Fidži)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – haitská kreolčina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitská kreolčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoszint%C3%A9zis" title="Fotoszintézis – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fotoszintézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – ilokánčina" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – inguština" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3still%C3%ADfun" title="Ljóstillífun – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóstillífun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成 – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8sis" title="Fotosintèsis – jávčina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotosintèsis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოსინთეზი – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოსინთეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ – kannadčina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광합성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – lezginčina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthees" title="Fotosynthees – limburčina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotosynthees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – lombardština" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ – laoština" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%97" title="Fotosintezė – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotosintezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C4%93ze" title="Fotosintēze – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotosintēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – maithilčina" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – macedónčina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – mongolčina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="လျးသံယိုဂ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လျးသံယိုဂ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – maráthčina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – malajčina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း – barmčina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthees" title="Photosynthees – dolná nemčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photosynthees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolná nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – dolná saština" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolná saština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – nepálčina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस – nevárčina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevárčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotosynthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – nórčina (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nórčina (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8si" title="Fotosintèsi – okcitánčina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotosintèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaariftina" title="Jaariftina – oromčina" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaariftina" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ – pandžábčina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžábčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – kapampangančina" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="kapampangančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – nigerijský pidžin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nigerijský pidžin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článok"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteza" title="Fotosynteza – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotosynteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چانݨ پکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ پکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B2_(%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول) – paštčina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotossíntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_wayllay" title="Inti wayllay – kečuánčina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti wayllay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotosinteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосінтеза – rusínština" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотосінтеза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभासंयोगः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभासंयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – jakutčina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – škótčina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škótčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس – sindhčina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය – sinhalčina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirukanerujeko" title="Chirukanerujeko – šončina" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirukanerujeko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habka_Samayska_Cuntada" title="Habka Samayska Cuntada – somálčina" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Habka Samayska Cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosint%C3%A9sis" title="Potosintésis – sundčina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Potosintésis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntes" title="Fotosyntes – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotosyntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanisinuru" title="Usanisinuru – swahilčina" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanisinuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ – telugčina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – tadžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – tagalčina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – tatárčina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatárčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى – ujgurčina" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="ضیائی تالیف – urdčina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیائی تالیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ACntezi" title="Fotosìntezi – benátština" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotosìntezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="benátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – vepština" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Quang hợp – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – čínština (wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-photosynthesis" title="I-photosynthesis – xhoština" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhoština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96" title="פאטאסינטעז – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאסינטעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – čínština (klasická)" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="čínština (klasická)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%AAng" title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/220px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/330px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/440px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>List – miesto kde prebieha 99,9 % fotosyntézy u rastlín.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fotosyntéza</b> (z gréc. <i>fós</i> = svetlo, <i>synthesis</i> = viazanie) je <a href="/wiki/Bioch%C3%A9mia" title="Biochémia">biochemický</a> proces zachytávania <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energie</a> <a href="/wiki/Slnko" title="Slnko">slnečného</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Elektromagnetické žiarenie">žiarenia</a> a jej využitie na fixáciu <a href="/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý">oxidu uhličitého</a> v <a href="/wiki/Zelen%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Zelené rastliny">zelených rastlinách</a> a niektorých <a href="/wiki/Prokaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryot">prokaryotoch</a> za vzniku <a href="/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid">sacharidov</a>. Je druh <a href="/wiki/Asimil%C3%A1cia_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Asimilácia (biológia)">asimilácie</a> oxidu uhličitého. </p><p>Pri fotosyntéze sa v bunkách <a href="/wiki/Rastliny" title="Rastliny">rastlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riasa_(vodn%C3%BD_organizmus)" title="Riasa (vodný organizmus)">rias</a> a niektorých <a href="/wiki/Prokaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryot">prokaryotov</a> mení prijatá <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> <a href="/wiki/Svetlo" class="mw-disambig" title="Svetlo">svetelného</a> žiarenia plus voda a oxid uhličitý nám vznikajú organické látky z anorganických látok. Organizmy, ktoré zaisťujú svoju potrebu energie pomocou fotosyntézy sa nazývajú <a href="/wiki/Autotrofia" title="Autotrofia">autotrofné</a> resp. fotoautotrofné. </p><p>Fotosyntéza sa pokladá z hľadiska existencie súčasného života za najdôležitejší proces na <a href="/wiki/Zem" title="Zem">Zemi</a>. Pri fotosyntéze sa vytvárajú organické látky, ktoré spotrebúvajú pri svojej výžive <a href="/wiki/Heterotrofia" title="Heterotrofia">heterotrofné</a> organizmy. Fotosyntetizujúce organizmy za rok fixujú cca 17,4×10<sup>10</sup> ton <a href="/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík">uhlíka</a>. Súbežne s procesom väzby CO<sub>2</sub> sa do atmosféry uvoľňuje <a href="/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík">kyslík</a> – v množstve až 5×10<sup>10</sup> ton – čím sa udržuje jeho pre život potrebná <a href="/wiki/Koncentr%C3%A1cia" title="Koncentrácia">koncentrácia</a> vo <a href="/wiki/Vzduch" title="Vzduch">vzduchu</a>. </p><p>Z chemického hľadiska sa fotosyntéza vyjadruje všeobecnou rovnicou: </p> <dl><dd>12 H<sub>2</sub>O + 6 CO<sub>2</sub> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6 O<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Thylakoid_membrane_(cs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Thylakoid_membrane_%28cs%29.png/500px-Thylakoid_membrane_%28cs%29.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Thylakoid_membrane_%28cs%29.png/750px-Thylakoid_membrane_%28cs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Thylakoid_membrane_%28cs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Schéma svetelnej fázy fotosyntézy, ktorá prebieha na <a href="/wiki/Cytoplazmatick%C3%A1_membr%C3%A1na" title="Cytoplazmatická membrána">membránach</a> tylakoidov vnútri <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplastov</a>. Transport <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón">elektrónu</a> – modrá bodkovaná čiara, transport <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protónu</a> – červená bodkovaná čiara, Fd – freredoxín</figcaption></figure> <p>V rastlinách prebiehajú procesy fotosyntézy v dvoch fázach: </p> <ol><li>Svetelná fáza – prebiehajú v nej <i>primárne fotosyntetické procesy</i> spojené s príjmom (<a href="/wiki/Absorpcia_(svetlo)" title="Absorpcia (svetlo)">absorpciou</a>) a premenou svetelnej energie na energiu <a href="/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Chemická väzba">chemickej väzby</a>.</li> <li>Tmavá fáza – prebiehajú v nej <i>sekundárne fotosyntetické procesy</i> spojené s fixáciou uhlíka a premenou anorganického uhlíka (<a href="/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý">CO<sub>2</sub></a>) na organické (<a href="/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid">sacharidy</a>).</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svetelná_fáza"><span id="Sveteln.C3.A1_f.C3.A1za"></span>Svetelná fáza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Svetelná fáza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Svetelná fáza"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nazýva sa tiež fotochemická fáza, pretože počas nej dochádza k fotochemickým dejom. Podmienkou jej priebehu je </p> <ul><li>prítomnosť <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asimila%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_farbivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asimilačné farbivo (stránka neexistuje)">asimilačných farbív</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofyl</a>)</li> <li>prítomnosť svetelného žiarenia (<a href="/wiki/Vlnov%C3%A1_d%C4%BA%C5%BEka" title="Vlnová dĺžka">λ</a> = 400 – 700 nm)</li> <li>prítomnosť fotosyntetických <a href="/wiki/Enz%C3%BDm" title="Enzým">enzýmov</a></li></ul> <p>V priebehu svetelnej fázy sa zachytáva energia svetelného žiarenia a premieňa sa na energiu chemickej väzby v podobe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feredox%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feredoxín (stránka neexistuje)">feredoxínu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozíntrifosfát">adenozíntrifosfátu</a> (ATP) a redukovaného nikotínamidadeníndinukleotidfosfátu (<a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>). Všetky tri látky sa potom môžu využívať ako zdroj energie pre tmavú fázu fotosyntézy (tvorbu cukrov), alebo aj v iných chemických procesoch, akými sú <a href="/wiki/Miner%C3%A1lna_v%C3%BD%C5%BEiva" title="Minerálna výživa">asimilácia dusíka a síry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotosyntéza_v_rastlinách"><span id="Fotosynt.C3.A9za_v_rastlin.C3.A1ch"></span>Fotosyntéza v rastlinách</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Fotosyntéza v rastlinách" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Fotosyntéza v rastlinách"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tento proces prebieha v dvoch podobách: </p> <ul><li>cyklická <a href="/wiki/Fosforyl%C3%A1cia" title="Fosforylácia">fosforylácia</a></li> <li>necyklická fosforylácia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyklická_fosforylácia"><span id="Cyklick.C3.A1_fosforyl.C3.A1cia"></span>Cyklická <a href="/wiki/Fosforyl%C3%A1cia" title="Fosforylácia">fosforylácia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Cyklická fosforylácia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Cyklická fosforylácia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyklická fosforylácia predstavuje primitívnejší fotofosforylačný mechanizmus. Uskutočňuje ju súbor pigmentov a proteínov nazývaný <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosyst%C3%A9m_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotosystém I (stránka neexistuje)">fotosystém I</a>, ktorý je aktivovaný najmä <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón">fotónmi</a> s vlnovou dĺžkou do 700 nm. Aktívnym pigmentom je komplex chlorofylu a<sub>1</sub> naviazaného na <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteín">proteín</a> P-700. Tento komplex sa nazýva aj <i>pasca na svetlo</i> a je schopný absorbovať fotóny. </p><p>Absorbované <a href="/wiki/Kvantum" class="mw-disambig" title="Kvantum">kvantum</a> energie fotónu sa uvoľňuje a prenesie sa fotosystémom I na proteín P-700. Z <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekuly</a> chlorofylu a<sub>1</sub> sa uvoľní energeticky bohatý <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón">elektrón</a>, ktorý sa zachytí v sústave prenášačov a prechádza z vyššej energetickej hladiny na nižšiu a postupne energiu kvanta uvoľňuje. Uvoľnená energia sa využije na aktívny transport <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protónu</a> (H<sup>+</sup>) cez membránu dovnútra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylakoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylakoid (stránka neexistuje)">tylakoidu</a>. Protóny nahromadené v tylakoide sa vracajú von z neho do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroma (stránka neexistuje)">stromy</a> cez transmembránový enzým <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP_syntet%C3%A1za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP syntetáza (stránka neexistuje)">ATP syntetázu</a>. Tento enzým katalyzuje fosforylačnú reakciu ADP na ATP: </p> <dl><dd>ADP + P<sub>i</sub> → ATP</dd></dl> <ul><li>ADP – <a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozíndifosfát">adenozíndifosfát</a></li> <li>P<sub>i</sub> – anorganický <a href="/wiki/Kyselina_fosfore%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyselina fosforečná">fosfát</a> (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>)</li> <li>ATP – <a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozíntrifosfát">adenozíntrifosfát</a></li></ul> <p>Energie zbavený elektrón sa po ukončení cyklu vracia späť do elektrónovej medzery na komplexe P-700, preto sa tento proces nazýva cyklická fosforylácia alebo fotofosforylácia. Produktom cyklickej fosforylácie je ATP, ale žiadne NADPH, takže cyklická fosforylácia sama o sebe nie je schopná viazať a poskytovať dostatočnú energiu pre tmavú fázu fotosyntézy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necyklická_fosforylácia"><span id="Necyklick.C3.A1_fosforyl.C3.A1cia"></span>Necyklická fosforylácia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Necyklická fosforylácia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Necyklická fosforylácia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uskutočňuje ju <b>fotosystém II</b>, v ktorom sa nachádza chlorofyl a<sub>2</sub>-P-680, ktorý je taktiež pascou na fotóny. </p><p>Princíp je podobný, len energia elektrónu vyrazeného z molekuly chlorofylu a<sub>2</sub> sa využije na premenu <a href="/wiki/Kati%C3%B3n_vod%C3%ADka" class="mw-redirect" title="Katión vodíka">vodíkového katiónu</a> H<sup>+</sup> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vod%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_radik%C3%A1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodíkový radikál (stránka neexistuje)">vodíkový radikál</a> H<sup>0</sup>, ktorý sa pripojí na <a href="/wiki/Koenz%C3%BDm" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzým">koenzým</a> <a href="/wiki/NADP" class="mw-redirect" title="NADP">NADP</a> </p> <dl><dd><i>NADP + 2H<sup>+</sup> → NADPH + H<sup>+</sup></i></dd></dl> <p>NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> je redukčné činidlo potrebné v <a href="/wiki/Calvinov-Bensonov_cyklus" title="Calvinov-Bensonov cyklus">Calvinovom cykle</a>. </p><p>Vodík sa uvoľňuje pri neprestajnom <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tiepenie" class="mw-disambig" title="Štiepenie">štiepení</a> vody (H<sub>2</sub>O) na <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n_(%C4%8Dastica)" title="Ión (častica)">ióny</a>, ktorý sa deje vplyvom svetelného žiarenia a pigmentovej skupiny, tento proces sa nazýva <b>fotolýza vody</b> </p> <dl><dd><i>2H<sub>2</sub>O → 2OH<sup>-</sup> +2H<sup>+</sup></i></dd></dl> <p>Len čo sa <a href="/wiki/Kati%C3%B3n" title="Katión">katióny</a> vodíka spotrebujú rozštiepi sa ďalšia molekula vody. Z <a href="/wiki/Hydroxid" title="Hydroxid">hydroxidového</a> iónu OH<sup>-</sup> sa odníma elektrón, ktorý cez sústavu prenášačov putuje do elektrónovej medzery, ktorú zapĺňa. Ale je to už iný elektrón ako ten čo sa uvoľnil z chlorofylu, preto sa nazýva tento dej <b>necyklický</b>. </p><p>Vzniká tu energia na syntézu ATP z čoho vyvodzujeme, že je to <b>fotofosforylácia</b>. </p><p>OH<sup>-</sup> sa pri odnímaní elektrónu mení na hydroxidový radikál, ktorý reaguje s ďalším radikálom v tzv. <b>hillovej reakcii</b> za vzniku kyslíka (O<sub>2</sub>) </p> <dl><dd><i>2OH + 2OH → 2H<sub>2</sub>O + <b>O<sub>2</sub></b></i></dd></dl> <p>Výsledkom necyklickej fosforylácie je ATP, O<sub>2</sub> a NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemická_fáza,_syntetická_fáza,_tmavá"><span id="Biochemick.C3.A1_f.C3.A1za.2C_syntetick.C3.A1_f.C3.A1za.2C_tmav.C3.A1"></span>Biochemická fáza, syntetická fáza, tmavá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Biochemická fáza, syntetická fáza, tmavá" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Biochemická fáza, syntetická fáza, tmavá"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komplex enzymatických reakcií, ktoré nevyžadujú prítomnosť svetla a pri ktorých energia ATP je využitá na fixáciu <a href="/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý">CO<sub>2</sub></a> a jeho premenu na <a href="/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid">sacharidy</a>. Je to cyklický proces prebiehajúci v stróme chloroplastov. </p><p><b>Podmienky:</b> </p><p>Je potrebné </p> <ul><li>CO<sub>2</sub></li> <li>ATP,</li> <li>organický substrát tzv. akceptor (látka, ktorá viaže CO<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li>prítomnosť špecifických enzýmov</li> <li>redukčné činidlo NADPH + H<sup>+</sup></li> <li>chloroplasty</li></ul> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> sa môže zapojiť do <a href="/wiki/Metabolizmus" class="mw-disambig" title="Metabolizmus">metabolizmu</a> tromi cestami podľa typu rastlín: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rastliny_C3">Rastliny C<sub>3</sub></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rastliny C3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rastliny C3"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Calvin-cycle3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Calvin-cycle3.png/350px-Calvin-cycle3.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Calvin-cycle3.png/525px-Calvin-cycle3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Calvin-cycle3.png/700px-Calvin-cycle3.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Schéma Calvinovho cyklu (tmavej fázy fotosyntézy C<sub>3</sub> rastlín)</figcaption></figure> <p>Patrí sem väčšina rastlín <a href="/wiki/Mierne_p%C3%A1smo" title="Mierne pásmo">mierneho pásma</a>. Je to nevýhodnejší proces ako u rastlín C<sub>4</sub>, lebo v priebehu fotosyntézy majú rastliny otvorené <a href="/wiki/Prieduch_(botanika)" title="Prieduch (botanika)">prieduchy</a> a preto vytvorené organické látky (OL) môžu byť hneď rozkladané v procese <b>fotorespirácie</b>. Majú cyklus karboxylových kyselín – <b><a href="/wiki/Calvinov-Bensonov_cyklus" title="Calvinov-Bensonov cyklus">Calvinov-Bensonov cyklus</a></b>. </p><p>Princíp: </p><p>1) <b>karboxylácia</b> </p><p>Tu vstupuje CO<sub>2</sub>, viaže sa na akceptor ribulózy – 1,5 bifosfát (RuBP), vznikne nestály šesťuhlíkatý produkt, ktorý sa vzápätí rozpadne na dve molekuly trojuhlíkatej kyseliny ⇒ názov rastlín C<sub>3</sub>. </p><p>2) <b>redukcia</b> </p><p>Tu vstupuje redukčné činidlo NADPH + H<sup>+</sup>. Časť (1/6) z produktu, ktorý vznikne sa zúčastňuje na tvorbe sacharidov, ďalšia časť 5/6 putuje do tretej fázy. </p><p>3) <b>regenerácia</b> </p><p>5/6 prvotného produktu sa využije na regeneráciu akceptora ribulózy – 1,5 bisfosfátu. Vzniknutá <a href="/wiki/Gluk%C3%B3za" title="Glukóza">glukóza</a> sa ukladá do zásoby podľa druhu bunky vo forme sacharózy, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škrobu</a> alebo sa z nej vytvoria <a href="/wiki/Tuk" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuk">tuky</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina">bielkoviny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rastliny_C4">Rastliny C<sub>4</sub></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rastliny C4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rastliny C4"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Hatch-Slack_cycle_(cs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png/350px-Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png/525px-Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png/700px-Hatch-Slack_cycle_%28cs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Schéma transportu uhlíka v C<sub>4</sub> rastlinách, tvz. <b><a href="/wiki/Hatch-Slackov_cyklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch-Slackov cyklus">Hatch-Slackov cyklus</a></b></figcaption></figure> <p>Základný enzým fotosyntézy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubisco (stránka neexistuje)">Rubisco</a>, neviaže len CO<sub>2</sub>, ale môže viazať aj vzdušný kyslík (tento proces nazývame <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotorespir%C3%A1cia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotorespirácia (stránka neexistuje)">fotorespirácia</a>). Viazanie vzdušného kyslíka je pre rastliny nežiaduce, pretože pritom dochádza ku strate energie. Pomer CO<sub>2</sub> : O<sub>2</sub>, ktorý je viazaný Rubiscom závisí od ich pomeru v <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra_Zeme" title="Atmosféra Zeme">atmosfére</a>. Čím je viac CO<sub>2</sub>, tým je tmavá fáza fotosyntézy efektívnejšia. Preto si niektoré rastliny vytvorili mechanizmus, ktorým dokážu lokálne naakumulovať CO<sub>2</sub>, potlačiť fotorespiráciu a tým zvýšiť efektivitu svojej fotosyntézy. Keďže CO<sub>2</sub> trasportujú vo forme 4-uhlíkatých látok (napr. <a href="/wiki/Kyselina_jabl%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Kyselina jablčná">kyseliny jablčnej</a> = malát), nazývame takéto rastliny C<sub>4</sub>-rastlinami. </p><p>Sú to hlavne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropick%C3%A9_rastliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropické rastliny (stránka neexistuje)">tropické</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropick%C3%A9_rastliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropické rastliny (stránka neexistuje)">subtropické rastliny</a> a niektoré <a href="/wiki/Jednokl%C3%AD%C4%8Dnolistov%C3%A9_rastliny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jednoklíčnolistové rastliny">jednoklíčnolistové rastliny</a> napr. <a href="/wiki/Kukurica_siata" title="Kukurica siata">kukurica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proso" title="Proso">proso</a> ale aj <a href="/wiki/Cukrov%C3%A1_trstina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cukrová trstina">cukrová trstina</a>. Majú odlišnú anatomickú stavbu <a href="/wiki/List_(botanika)" title="List (botanika)">listu</a>, majú <b>2 druhy chloroplastov</b>: </p><p>a) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezofyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezofyl (stránka neexistuje)">mezofylové</a> – viažu účinne CO<sub>2</sub> na vonkajšej strane </p><p>b) chloroplasty pošiev cievnych zväzkov – spracúvajú CO<sub>2</sub> a umožňujú ekonomickejšie využitie CO<sub>2</sub> </p><p>Tieto rastliny majú tzv. cyklus dikarboxylových kyselín – <b><a href="/wiki/Hatch-Slackov_cyklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch-Slackov cyklus">Hatch-Slackov cyklus</a></b>. </p><p>1) <b>karboxylácia</b> </p><p>Prebieha v mezofylových chloroplastoch. Prvým akceptorom CO<sub>2</sub> je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfoenolpyrul%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfoenolpyrulát (stránka neexistuje)">fosfoenolpyruvát</a>, ktorý sa mení postupne na <a href="/wiki/Oxalacet%C3%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalacetát">oxalacetát</a> zvaný taktiež <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Malát">malát</a>. Tu vznikajú 4. uhlíkaté kyseliny čo má za pomenovanie týchto rastlín C<sub>4</sub>. </p><p>2) <b>redukcia</b> </p><p>Je to v podstate Calvinov cyklus, pôsobením enzýmu sa z malátu, ktorý prechádza do chloroplastov pošiev cievnych zväzkov odštepuje CO<sub>2</sub> a viaže na ribulózo – 1,5 bisfosfát a prebieha Calvinov cyklus. </p><p>3) <b>regenerácia</b> </p><p>Odštiepením CO<sub>2</sub> z malátu vzniká produkt <a href="/wiki/Pyruv%C3%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvát">pyruvát</a>, ktorý prechádza späť do mezofylových chloroplastov a prostredníctvom enzýmu sa mení na akceptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfoenolpyrul%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfoenolpyrulát (stránka neexistuje)">Fosfoenolpyrulát</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rastliny_CAM">Rastliny CAM</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rastliny CAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rastliny CAM"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyklus je charakteristický pre <a href="/wiki/Sukulent" title="Sukulent">sukulenty</a> (púštne rastliny). Je ten istý ako u C<sub>4</sub> rastlín ale prejavujú rytmus deň a noc v dôsledku výkyvu teplôt. </p><p><b>noc</b>: Musia vytvoriť rezervu CO<sub>2</sub> vo forme malátu alebo oxalacetátu a prebieha Hatch-Slackov cyklus. Prieduchy sú otvorené a prebieha výmena plynov. </p><p><b>deň</b>: Keďže ATP a NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> sú k dispozícii len za svetla prebieha cez deň Calvinov cyklus. Prieduchy sú zatvorené, čím sa zabraňuje k strate vody v rastline <a href="/wiki/Vyparovanie" title="Vyparovanie">vyparovaním</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Činitele_ovplyvňujúce_intenzitu_fotosyntézy"><span id=".C4.8Cinitele_ovplyv.C5.88uj.C3.BAce_intenzitu_fotosynt.C3.A9zy"></span>Činitele ovplyvňujúce intenzitu fotosyntézy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Činitele ovplyvňujúce intenzitu fotosyntézy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Činitele ovplyvňujúce intenzitu fotosyntézy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svetlo">Svetlo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Upraviť sekciu: Svetlo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Svetlo"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_(cs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png/300px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png/450px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png/600px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra_%28cs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Graf absorpcie chlorofylu</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Svetlo" class="mw-disambig" title="Svetlo">Svetlo</a> je primárnym zdrojom energie pre fotosyntézu. Dôležitá je jeho kvalita (<a href="/wiki/Farba" class="mw-disambig" title="Farba">farba</a>), intenzita a <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cas" class="mw-disambig" title="Čas">čas</a> pôsobenia. <a href="/wiki/Org%C3%A1n" class="mw-disambig" title="Orgán">Orgánom</a> fotosyntézy pri rastlinách je list, absorbuje až 2 – 3 % svetla, zvyšok prepúšťa alebo odráža, len niektoré zelené riasy absorbujú až 20 % slnečného žiarenia ako napr. <a href="/wiki/Chlorela" title="Chlorela">chlorela</a>. </p><p>Maximum absorpcie svetla pripadá na vlnové dĺžky okolo 640 – 700 nm, čo je <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1" title="Červená">červené</a> svetlo. Listy dobre absorbujú ešte <a href="/wiki/Modr%C3%A1" title="Modrá">modré</a> svetlo vlnových dĺžok 430 – 460 nm, čo zodpovedá absorpcii chlorofylu ako hlavného fotosyntetického farbiva. Ostatné vlnové dĺžky môžu rastliny absorbovať vďaka rôznym prídavným farbivám. Ich zastúpenie v listoch je však menšie a aj efektivita využitia takto absorbovaného svetla vo fotosyntéze je nižšia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxid_uhličitý"><span id="Oxid_uhli.C4.8Dit.C3.BD"></span>Oxid uhličitý</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Upraviť sekciu: Oxid uhličitý" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=11" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Oxid uhličitý"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koncentrácia oxidu uhličitého (CO<sub>2</sub>) v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovzdu%C5%A1ie_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovzdušie ovzduší (stránka neexistuje)">ovzdušie ovzduší</a> je 0,03 %. Táto zložka atmosféry je základom výživy celého organického sveta. Jeho množstvo sa v ovzduší zvyšuje produkciou <a href="/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Baktéria">baktérií</a>, rozkladom organických látok, dýchaním a spaľovaním <a href="/wiki/Fos%C3%ADlne_palivo" title="Fosílne palivo">fosílnych palív</a>. Vyššia koncentrácia CO<sub>2</sub> znamená aj väčšiu efektivitu fotosyntézy (hlavne pri C<sub>3</sub> rastlín), ale zrýchlenie fotosyntézy je často len dočasné a to kvôli iným faktorom, ktoré na ňu vplývajú (napr. dostupnosť minerálnych látok, hlavne dusíka). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voda">Voda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Upraviť sekciu: Voda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=12" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Voda"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">Voda</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O) je dôležitá pre život samotného fotosyntetizujúceho organizmu, ale aj ako dôležitý donor elektrónov v priebehu fotosyntetickej reakcie. Z vody pochádza aj kyslík, ktorý sa pri fotosyntéze uvoľňuje. Ak je nedostatok vody, neprebieha <a href="/wiki/Fotol%C3%BDza" title="Fotolýza"> fotolýza vody</a>, rastlina zatvára prieduchy a tak obmedzí prísun CO<sub>2</sub>. Neprebiehajú deje fotosyntézy, zníži sa množstvo ATP rastlina vädne a neskôr môže uhynúť. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teplota">Teplota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Upraviť sekciu: Teplota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=13" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Teplota"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fotosyntéza sa uskutočňuje v rozmedzí <a href="/wiki/Teplota" title="Teplota">teplôt</a>, ktoré znášajú bielkoviny a pri ktorých nemrzne voda (0 °C až 40 °C). Pri vyšších alebo nižších teplotách fotosyntéza neprebieha. </p><p>Efektivita fotosyntézy je podmienená aj typom rastliny. Vo všeobecnosti je pre <a href="/wiki/Ihli%C4%8Dnany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihličnany">ihličnany</a> ideálna teplota v rozmedzí 15;°C až 25;°C, zatiaľ čo pre listnaté stromy mierneho pásma je ideálne teplota v rozmedzí 20;°C až 30;°C. </p><p>Optimum teploty pre fotosyntézu C<sub>3</sub> rastlín je obvykle nižšie ako pri C<sub>4</sub> rastlín. Preto sú C<sub>4</sub> rastliny v prírode výraznejšie zastúpené v teplých <a href="/wiki/Zemepisn%C3%A1_%C5%A1%C3%ADrka" title="Zemepisná šírka">zemepisných šírkach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kyslík_ako_jed_pre_rastliny"><span id="Kysl.C3.ADk_ako_jed_pre_rastliny"></span>Kyslík ako jed pre rastliny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Upraviť sekciu: Kyslík ako jed pre rastliny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=14" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Kyslík ako jed pre rastliny"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zelené farbivo <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofyl</a> produkuje pri slnečnom žiarení nielen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripletov%C3%BD_kysl%C3%ADk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripletový kyslík (stránka neexistuje)">tripletový kyslík</a>, ale napomáha tiež premene vylučovaného kyslíku z tripletového stavu na stav singletový. Keďže singletový kyslík oxidačne rozkladá listovú zeleň a ďalšie zložky rastlinnej bunky, predstavuje pre rastliny jed. Rastlina sa bráni vlastnou ochrannou látkou <a href="/wiki/Beta-karot%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-karotén">beta-karoténom</a>, ktorý priebežne deaktivuje tento rastlinný jed. Syntéza beta – karoténu sa na <a href="/wiki/Jese%C5%88" title="Jeseň">jeseň</a> spomaľuje a v dôsledku zvyšujúceho sa oxidačného rozkladu listovej zelene sme svedkami každoročne sa opakujúcich nádherných farieb listnatých stromov jesennej prírody.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=15" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">MUCK, Alexander. <i>Základy strukturní anorganické chemie</i>. 1. vyd. Praha : Academia, 2006. 508 s. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/80-200-1326-1" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/80-200-1326-1">ISBN <span class="ISBN">80-200-1326-1</span></a></span>. </cite></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=16" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyziol%C3%B3gia_rastl%C3%ADn" title="Fyziológia rastlín">Fyziológia rastlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotoperiodizmus" title="Fotoperiodizmus">Fotoperiodizmus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=17" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photosynthesis">Commons</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photosynthesis">Fotosyntéza</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externé_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.A9_odkazy"></span>Externé odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Upraviť sekciu: Externé odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&section=18" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externé odkazy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; 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