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<span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_potentiometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figures_of_merit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_of_merit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Figures of merit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_of_merit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital-to-analog converter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مبدل رقمي تماثلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدل رقمي تماثلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Лічбава-аналагавы пераўтваральнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лічбава-аналагавы пераўтваральнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Цифрово-аналогов преобразувател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цифрово-аналогов преобразувател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertidor_Digital-Anal%C3%B2gic" title="Convertidor Digital-Analògic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convertidor Digital-Analògic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D/A_p%C5%99evodn%C3%ADk" title="D/A převodník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="D/A převodník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-til-analog-konverter" title="Digital-til-analog-konverter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digital-til-analog-konverter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-Analog-Umsetzer" title="Digital-Analog-Umsetzer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digital-Analog-Umsetzer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaal-analoogmuundur" title="Digitaal-analoogmuundur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Digitaal-analoogmuundur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%88%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αποκωδικοποιητής ψηφιακού σήματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποκωδικοποιητής ψηφιακού σήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversor_de_se%C3%B1al_digital_a_anal%C3%B3gica" title="Conversor de señal digital a analógica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conversor de señal digital a analógica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="مبدل دیجیتال به آنالوگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبدل دیجیتال به آنالوگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertisseur_num%C3%A9rique-analogique" title="Convertisseur numérique-analogique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convertisseur numérique-analogique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiont%C3%BA_digiteach/anal%C3%B3gach" title="Tiontú digiteach/analógach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tiontú digiteach/analógach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8-%EC%95%84%EB%82%A0%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="디지털-아날로그 변환회로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털-아날로그 변환회로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अंकीय-अनुरूप रूपांतरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकीय-अनुरूप रूपांतरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalno-analogni_pretvara%C4%8D" title="Digitalno-analogni pretvarač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digitalno-analogni pretvarač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengubah_digital-ke-analog" title="Pengubah digital-ke-analog – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengubah digital-ke-analog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertitore_digitale-analogico" title="Convertitore digitale-analogico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convertitore digitale-analogico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="ממיר דיגיטלי לאנלוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממיר דיגיטלי לאנלוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-Analog_Converter" title="Digital-to-Analog Converter – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Digital-to-Analog Converter" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-Analog-%C3%8Bmsetzer" title="Digital-Analog-Ëmsetzer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Digital-Analog-Ëmsetzer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ-ടു-അനലോഗ് കൺവെർട്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ-ടു-അനലോഗ് കൺവെർട്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penukar_digital_ke_analog" title="Penukar digital ke analog – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penukar digital ke analog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaal-analoogomzetter" title="Digitaal-analoogomzetter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitaal-analoogomzetter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E5%A4%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="デジタル-アナログ変換回路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタル-アナログ変換回路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_til_analog-omformer" title="Digital til analog-omformer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital til analog-omformer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_til_analog-omformar" title="Digital til analog-omformar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Digital til analog-omformar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%92" title="ЦАВ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="ЦАВ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAC" title="DAC – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DAC" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przetwornik_cyfrowo-analogowy" title="Przetwornik cyfrowo-analogowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przetwornik cyfrowo-analogowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversor_digital-anal%C3%B3gico" title="Conversor digital-analógico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conversor digital-analógico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertor_digital-analog" title="Convertor digital-analog – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Convertor digital-analog" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Цифро-аналоговый преобразователь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифро-аналоговый преобразователь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital-to-analog converter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a 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For digital television converter boxes, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_adapter" title="Digital television adapter">digital television adapter</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"D2A" redirects here. For the D2A dive bomber, see <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">Aichi D1A</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"d-a-c" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DAC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="DAC (disambiguation)">DAC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22">"Digital-to-analog converter"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Digital-to-analog+converter%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg/200px-CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg/300px-CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg/400px-CirrusLogicCS4282-AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>8-channel <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CS4382 digital-to-analog converter as used in a <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, a <b>digital-to-analog converter</b> (<b>DAC</b>, <b>D/A</b>, <b>D2A</b>, or <b>D-to-A</b>) is a system that converts a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digital signal</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signal</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC) performs the reverse function. </p><p>There are several DAC <a href="/wiki/Hardware_architecture" title="Hardware architecture">architectures</a>; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Figures of merit">figures of merit</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution (audio)">resolution</a>, maximum <a href="/wiki/Sampling_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling frequency">sampling frequency</a> and others. Digital-to-analog conversion can degrade a signal, so a DAC should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of the application. </p><p>DACs are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">music players</a> to convert digital data streams into analog <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signals</a>. They are also used in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> to convert digital video data into <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog video signals</a>. These two applications use DACs at opposite ends of the frequency/resolution trade-off. The audio DAC is a low-frequency, high-resolution type while the video DAC is a high-frequency low- to medium-resolution type. </p><p>Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched <a href="/wiki/Electronic_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic components">components</a>, all but the most specialized DACs are implemented as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a> (ICs). These typically take the form of <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">mixed-signal integrated circuit</a> chips that integrate both <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital circuits">digital circuits</a>. </p><p>Discrete DACs (circuits constructed from multiple discrete <a href="/wiki/Electronic_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic components">electronic components</a> instead of a packaged IC) would typically be extremely high-speed low-resolution power-hungry types, as used in military <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> systems. Very high-speed test equipment, especially sampling <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscopes</a>, may also use discrete DACs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampled.signal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sampled.signal.svg/220px-Sampled.signal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sampled.signal.svg/330px-Sampled.signal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sampled.signal.svg/440px-Sampled.signal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Sampled signal.</figcaption></figure> <p>A DAC converts an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">abstract</a> finite-precision number (usually a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">fixed-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary number</a>) into a physical quantity (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>). In particular, DACs are often used to convert finite-precision <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">time series</a> data to a continually varying physical <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>. </p><p>Provided that a signal's bandwidth meets the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem</a> (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> signal with <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> less than the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_frequency" title="Nyquist frequency">Nyquist frequency</a>) and was sampled with infinite resolution, the original signal can theoretically be reconstructed from the sampled data. However, an ADC's filtering can't <i>entirely</i> eliminate all frequencies above the Nyquist frequency, which will <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">alias</a> into the baseband frequency range. And the ADC's digital sampling process introduces some <a href="/wiki/Quantization_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization error">quantization error</a> (rounding error), which manifests as low-level noise. These errors can be kept within the requirements of the targeted application (e.g. under the limited <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range#Human_perception" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range of human hearing</a> for audio applications). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_bit_DAC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/8_bit_DAC.svg/220px-8_bit_DAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/8_bit_DAC.svg/330px-8_bit_DAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/8_bit_DAC.svg/440px-8_bit_DAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>A simplified functional diagram of an 8-bit DAC</figcaption></figure> <p>DACs and ADCs are part of an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_technology" title="Enabling technology">enabling technology</a> that has contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/Digital_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital revolution">digital revolution</a>. To illustrate, consider a typical long-distance telephone call. The caller's voice is converted into an analog electrical signal by a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, then the analog signal is converted to a digital stream by an ADC. The digital stream is then divided into <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packets</a> where it may be sent along with other <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a>, not necessarily audio. The packets are then received at the destination, but each packet may take a completely different route and may not even arrive at the destination in the correct time order. The digital voice data is then extracted from the packets and assembled into a digital data stream. A DAC converts this back into an analog electrical signal, which drives an <a href="/wiki/Audio_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio amplifier">audio amplifier</a>, which in turn drives a <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(audio_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker (audio equipment)">speaker</a>, which finally produces sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/220px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/330px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/440px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Top-loading <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> (top) and external digital-to-analog converter (bottom) from the same company.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAC_in_the_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DAC_in_the_box.jpg/220px-DAC_in_the_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DAC_in_the_box.jpg/330px-DAC_in_the_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DAC_in_the_box.jpg/440px-DAC_in_the_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A 1990s external DAC from <a href="/wiki/Audio_Alchemy" title="Audio Alchemy">Audio Alchemy</a> as an add-on for CD players, having only about 12 cm width, intended to improve the sound of older or less expensive players.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern audio signals are stored in digital form (for example <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>), and in order to be heard through speakers, they must be converted into an analog signal. DACs are therefore found in <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_music_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital music player">digital music players</a>, and PC <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>. </p><p>Specialist standalone DACs can also be found in high-end <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> systems. These normally take the digital output of a compatible CD player or dedicated <a href="/wiki/Transport_(recording)" title="Transport (recording)">transport</a> (which is basically a CD player with no internal DAC) and convert the signal into an analog <a href="/wiki/Line-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Line-level">line-level</a> output that can then be fed into an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> to drive speakers. </p><p>Similar digital-to-analog converters can be found in <a href="/wiki/Digital_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital speakers">digital speakers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> speakers, and in <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a> applications, the source must first be digitized for transmission, so it undergoes conversion via an ADC and is then reconstructed into analog using a DAC on the receiving party's end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video sampling tends to work on a completely different scale altogether thanks to the highly nonlinear response both of cathode ray tubes (for which the vast majority of digital video foundation work was targeted) and the human eye, using a "gamma curve" to provide an appearance of evenly distributed brightness steps across the display's full dynamic range - hence the need to use <a href="/wiki/RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDACs</a> in computer video applications with deep enough color resolution to make engineering a hardcoded value into the DAC for each output level of each channel impractical (e.g. an Atari ST or Sega Genesis would require 24 such values; a 24-bit video card would need 768...). Given this inherent distortion, it is not unusual for a television or video projector to truthfully claim a linear contrast ratio (difference between darkest and brightest output levels) of 1000:1 or greater, equivalent to 10 bits of audio precision even though it may only accept signals with 8-bit precision and use an LCD panel that only represents 6 or 7 bits per channel. </p><p>Video signals from a digital source, such as a computer, must be converted to analog form if they are to be displayed on an analog monitor. As of 2007, analog inputs were more commonly used than digital, but this changed as <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel displays</a> with <a href="/wiki/DVI" class="mw-redirect" title="DVI">DVI</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> connections became more widespread.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A video DAC is, however, incorporated in any digital video player with analog outputs. The DAC is usually integrated with some <a href="/wiki/Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">memory</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>), which contains conversion tables for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a>, contrast and brightness, to make a device called a <a href="/wiki/RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDAC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_potentiometer">Digital potentiometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Digital potentiometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device that is distantly related to the DAC is the <a href="/wiki/Digitally_controlled_potentiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitally controlled potentiometer">digitally controlled potentiometer</a>, used to control an analog signal digitally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/220px--IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="185" data-mwtitle="IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv/IBM_Selectric_II_typewriter.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>IBM Selectric typewriter uses a mechanical digital-to-analog converter to control its typeball.</figcaption></figure> <p>A one-bit mechanical actuator assumes two positions: one when on, another when off. The motion of several one-bit actuators can be combined and weighted with a <a href="/wiki/Whiffletree" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiffletree">whiffletree</a> mechanism to produce finer steps. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">IBM Selectric</a> typewriter uses such a system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DACs are widely used in modern communication systems enabling the generation of digitally-defined transmission signals. High-speed DACs are used for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile communications">mobile communications</a> and ultra-high-speed DACs are employed in <a href="/wiki/Optical_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical communications">optical communications</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common types of electronic DACs are:<sup id="cite_ref-ADDCH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADDCH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse-width modulator">pulse-width modulator</a> where a stable <a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> is switched into a low-pass <a href="/wiki/Analog_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog filter">analog filter</a> with a duration determined by the digital input code. This technique is often used for <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">electric motor speed control</a> and dimming <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamps</a>.</li> <li>Oversampling DACs or interpolating DACs such as those employing <a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation" title="Delta-sigma modulation">delta-sigma modulation</a>, use a pulse density conversion technique with <a href="/wiki/Oversampling" title="Oversampling">oversampling</a>. Audio delta-sigma DACs are sold with 384 kHz sampling rate and quoted 24-bit resolution, though quality is lower due to inherent noise (see <a href="#Figures_of_merit">§ Figures of merit</a>). Some consumer electronics use a type of oversampling DAC referred to as a <a href="/wiki/1-bit_DAC" title="1-bit DAC">1-bit DAC</a>.</li> <li>The binary-weighted DAC, which contains individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC connected to a summing point, typically an <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier" title="Operational amplifier">operational amplifier</a>. Each input in the summing has powers-of-two weighting with the most current or voltage at the <a href="/wiki/Most-significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Most-significant bit">most-significant bit</a>. This is one of the fastest conversion methods but suffers from poor accuracy because of the high precision required for each individual voltage or current.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Switched <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> DAC contains a parallel resistor network. Individual resistors are enabled or bypassed in the network based on the digital input.</li> <li>Switched <a href="/wiki/Current_source" title="Current source">current source</a> DAC, from which different current sources are selected based on the digital input. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg/220px-DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg/330px-DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg/440px-DAC-1138KX_-_pcb_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4308" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Current steering DAC - DAC1138KX</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Switched <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> DAC contains a parallel capacitor network. Individual capacitors are connected or disconnected with switches based on the input.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Resistor_ladder" title="Resistor ladder">R-2R ladder</a> DAC which is a binary-weighted DAC that uses a repeating cascaded structure of resistor values R and 2R. This improves the precision due to the relative ease of producing equal valued-matched resistors.</li></ul></li> <li>The successive approximation or cyclic DAC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Data_Converter_Architectures"3.29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Data_Converter_Architectures"3.29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which successively constructs the output during each cycle. Individual bits of the digital input are processed each cycle until the entire input is accounted for.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thermometer_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermometer code">thermometer-coded</a> DAC, which contains an equal resistor or current-source segment for each possible value of DAC output. An 8-bit thermometer DAC would have 255 segments, and a 16-bit thermometer DAC would have 65,535 segments. This is a fast and highest precision DAC architecture but at the expense of requiring many components which, for practical implementations, fabrication requires high-density <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">IC processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hybrid DACs, which use a combination of the above techniques in a single converter. Most DAC integrated circuits are of this type due to the difficulty of getting low cost, high speed and high precision in one device. <ul><li>The segmented DAC, which combines the thermometer-coded principle for the most significant bits and the binary-weighted principle for the least significant bits. In this way, a compromise is obtained between precision (by the use of the thermometer-coded principle) and number of resistors or current sources (by the use of the binary-weighted principle). The full binary-weighted design means 0% segmentation, the full thermometer-coded design means 100% segmentation.</li></ul></li> <li>Most DACs shown in this list rely on a constant reference voltage or current to create their output value. Alternatively, a <i>multiplying DAC</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes a variable input voltage or current as a conversion reference. This puts additional design constraints on the bandwidth of the conversion circuit.</li> <li>Modern high-speed DACs have an interleaved architecture, in which multiple DAC cores are used in parallel. Their output signals are combined in the analog domain to enhance the performance of the combined DAC.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of the signals can be performed either in the time domain or in the frequency domain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important characteristics of a DAC are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Resolution</dt> <dd>The number of possible output levels the DAC is designed to reproduce. This is usually stated as the number of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> it uses, which is the <a href="/wiki/Binary_logarithm" title="Binary logarithm">binary logarithm</a> of the number of levels. For instance a 1-bit DAC is designed to reproduce 2 (2<sup>1</sup>) levels while an 8-bit DAC is designed for 256 (2<sup>8</sup>) levels. Resolution is related to the <a href="/wiki/Effective_number_of_bits" title="Effective number of bits">effective number of bits</a> which is a measurement of the actual resolution attained by the DAC. Resolution determines <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a> in video applications and <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">audio bit depth</a> in audio applications.</dd> <dt>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a></dt> <dd>The maximum speed at which the DACs circuitry can operate and still produce correct output. The <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem</a> defines a relationship between this and the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> of the sampled signal.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity">Monotonicity</a></dt> <dd>The ability of a DAC's analog output to move only in the direction that the digital input moves (i.e., if the input increases, the output doesn't dip before asserting the correct output.) This characteristic is very important for DACs used as a low-frequency signal source or as a digitally programmable trim element.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Not a common specification IME. Bad behavior in this respect will be amply demonstrated as distortion. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">Total harmonic distortion</a> and noise (THD+N)</dt> <dd>A measurement of the distortion and noise introduced to the signal by the DAC. It is expressed as a percentage of the total power of unwanted <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic distortion">harmonic distortion</a> and noise that accompanies the desired signal.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></dt> <dd>A measurement of the difference between the largest and smallest signals the DAC can reproduce expressed in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>. This is usually related to resolution and <a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">noise floor</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Other measurements, such as <a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">phase distortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a>, can also be very important for some applications, some of which (e.g. wireless data transmission, composite video) may even <i>rely</i> on accurate production of phase-adjusted signals. </p><p>Non-linear PCM encodings (A-law / μ-law, ADPCM, NICAM) attempt to improve their effective dynamic ranges by using logarithmic step sizes between the output signal strengths represented by each data bit. This trades greater quantization distortion of loud signals for better performance of quiet signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figures_of_merit">Figures of merit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Figures of merit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Static performance: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_nonlinearity" title="Differential nonlinearity">Differential nonlinearity</a> (DNL) shows how much two adjacent code analog values deviate from the ideal 1 LSB step.<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nonlinearity" title="Integral nonlinearity">Integral nonlinearity</a> (INL) shows how much the DAC transfer characteristic deviates from an ideal one. That is, the ideal characteristic is usually a straight line; INL shows how much the actual voltage at a given code value differs from that line, in LSBs (1 LSB steps).<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gain error<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Offset error<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Noise is ultimately limited by the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal noise">thermal noise</a> generated by passive components such as resistors. For audio applications and in room temperatures, such noise is usually a little less than 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CV" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜV">μV</a> (microvolt) of <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a>. This practically limits resolution to less than 20~21 bits, even in 24-bit DACs.</li></ul></li> <li>Frequency domain performance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spurious-free_dynamic_range" title="Spurious-free dynamic range">Spurious-free dynamic range</a> (SFDR) indicates in dB the ratio between the powers of the converted main signal and the greatest undesired spur.<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Signal-to-noise and distortion (<a href="/wiki/SINAD" title="SINAD">SINAD</a>) indicates in dB the ratio between the powers of the converted main signal and the sum of the noise and the generated harmonic spurs<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>i-th harmonic distortion (HDi) indicates the power of the i-th harmonic of the converted main signal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">Total harmonic distortion</a> (THD) is the sum of the powers of all the harmonics of the input signal<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If the maximum DNL is less than 1 LSB, then the <span class="nowrap">D/A</span> converter is guaranteed to be monotonic. However, many monotonic converters may have a maximum DNL greater than 1 LSB.<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Time domain performance: <ul><li>Glitch impulse area (glitch energy)<sup id="cite_ref-maxim_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a> – A serial communication protocol for two-channel digital audio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Brumfield2014" class="citation web cs1">Brian Brumfield (2014-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229033401/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTjxwVfx8GA">"Selectric Repair 10-3A Input: Keyboard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTjxwVfx8GA">the original</a> on 2015-12-29 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selectric+Repair+10-3A+Input%3A+Keyboard&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.au=Brian+Brumfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuTjxwVfx8GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADDCH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADDCH_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Data_Converter_Architectures"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/design-handbooks/Data-Conversion-Handbook/Chapter3.pdf">"Data Converter Architectures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Analog-Digital Conversion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830032212/http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/design-handbooks/Data-Conversion-Handbook/Chapter3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Analog-Digital+Conversion&rft.atitle=Data+Converter+Architectures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.analog.com%2Fmedia%2Fen%2Ftraining-seminars%2Fdesign-handbooks%2FData-Conversion-Handbook%2FChapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/analog-integrated-circuits/data-converters/binary-weighted-resistor-dac/index.html">"Binary Weighted Resistor DAC"</a>. <i>Electronics Tutorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Tutorial&rft.atitle=Binary+Weighted+Resistor+DAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-tutorial.net%2Fanalog-integrated-circuits%2Fdata-converters%2Fbinary-weighted-resistor-dac%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Data_Converter_Architectures"3.29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Data_Converter_Architectures"3.29_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Data_Converter_Architectures"">"Data Converter Architectures"</a>, p. 3.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt_Kester" class="citation cs2">Walt Kester, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-014.pdf"><i>Basic DAC Architectures I: String DACs and Thermometer (Fully Decoded) DACs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503154823/http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-014.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+DAC+Architectures+I%3A+String+DACs+and+Thermometer+%28Fully+Decoded%29+DACs&rft.pub=Analog+Devices&rft.au=Walt+Kester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analog.com%2Fmedia%2Fen%2Ftraining-seminars%2Ftutorials%2FMT-014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.analog.com/media/en/news-marketing-collateral/solutions-bulletins-brochures/AnalogMultiplyingDACs.pdf">"Multiplying DACs: Flexible Building Blocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516075112/http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/overviews/AnalogMultiplyingDACs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiplying+DACs%3A+Flexible+Building+Blocks&rft.pub=Analog+Devices&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analog.com%2Fmedia%2Fen%2Fnews-marketing-collateral%2Fsolutions-bulletins-brochures%2FAnalogMultiplyingDACs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2020" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Christian (2020). <i>Interleaving Concepts for Digital-to-Analog Converters: Algorithms, Models, Simulations and Experiments</i>. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-27264-7">10.1007/978-3-658-27264-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783658272630" title="Special:BookSources/9783658272630"><bdi>9783658272630</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199586286">199586286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interleaving+Concepts+for+Digital-to-Analog+Converters%3A+Algorithms%2C+Models%2C+Simulations+and+Experiments&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199586286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-27264-7&rft.isbn=9783658272630&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxim-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxim_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/641/">"ADC and DAC Glossary"</a>. Maxim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308223113/http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/641">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADC+and+DAC+Glossary&rft.pub=Maxim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxim-ic.com%2Fappnotes.cfm%2Fappnote_number%2F641%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKester2005" class="citation cs2">Kester, Walt (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.analog.com/en/resources/technical-books/data-conversion-handbook.html"><i>The Data Conversion Handbook</i></a>, Newnes, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-7841-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-7841-0"><bdi>0-7506-7841-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Data+Conversion+Handbook&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7506-7841-0&rft.aulast=Kester&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analog.com%2Fen%2Fresources%2Ftechnical-books%2Fdata-conversion-handbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>S. Norsworthy, Richard Schreier, Gabor C. Temes, <i>Delta-Sigma Data Converters</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-1045-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-1045-4">0-7803-1045-4</a>.</li> <li>Mingliang Liu, <i>Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-7907-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-7907-7">0-7506-7907-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behzad_Razavi" title="Behzad Razavi">Behzad Razavi</a>, <i>Principles of Data Conversion System Design</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-1093-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-1093-4">0-7803-1093-4</a>.</li> <li>Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg, <i>CMOS Analog Circuit Design</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511644-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511644-5">0-19-511644-5</a>.</li> <li>Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, <i>Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-014991-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-014991-8">0-13-014991-8</a>.</li> <li>A Anand Kumar, <i>Fundamentals of Digital Circuits</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-203-1745-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-203-1745-9">81-203-1745-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-1745-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-1745-1">978-81-203-1745-1</a>.</li> <li>Ndjountche Tertulien, "CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits: High-Speed and Power-Efficient Design". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-5491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-5491-4">978-1-4398-5491-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital-to-analog_converter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213023149/http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/641/CMP/WP-36">"ADC and DAC Glossary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/641/CMP/WP-36">the original</a> on 2009-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADC+and+DAC+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxim-ic.com%2Fappnotes.cfm%2Fan_pk%2F641%2FCMP%2FWP-36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital-to-analog+converter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/44-09/mdac.html">High-Resolution Multiplying DACs Handle AC Signals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/dac.html">R-2R Ladder DAC explained</a> with circuit diagrams.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.li/pdf/essay/dynamic_evaluation_dac.pdf">Dynamic Evaluation of High-Speed, High Resolution D/A Converters</a> Outlines HD, IMD and NPR measurements, also includes a derivation of quantization noise</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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