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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جيروم كارل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيروم كارل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerom_Karle" title="Cerom Karle – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cerom Karle" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جروم کارل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جروم کارل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2" title="জেরোম কার্ল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরোম কার্ল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Джэром Карле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэром Карле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Джером Карл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джером Карл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جروم کارل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جروم کارل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A1%AC_%EC%B9%BC" title="제롬 칼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제롬 칼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A5" title="Ջերոմ Կառլե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերոմ Կառլե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="ג'רום קרל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'רום קרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Karle" title="Hieronymus Karle – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hieronymus Karle" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جيروم كارل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيروم كارل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جروم کارل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جروم کارل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジェローム・カール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェローム・カール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="جیروم کارل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیروم کارل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Карле, Джером – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карле, Джером" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Џером Карл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џером Карл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87" title="ஜெரோம் கார்லே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெரோம் கார்லே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Җером Карле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җером Карле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Джером Карлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джером Карлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جیروم کارلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیروم کارلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jerome Karle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Jerome Karle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerome_Karle,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg/200px-Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg/300px-Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Jerome_Karle%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="418" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Karle in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jerome Karfunkle</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-06-18</span>)</span>June 18, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 6, 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-06-06)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Annandale,_Virginia" title="Annandale, Virginia">Annandale, Virginia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Karle" title="Isabella Karle">Isabella Helen (Lugoski) Karle</a> (m. 1942; 3 children)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1985</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_O._Brockway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence O. Brockway (not yet started)">Lawrence O. Brockway</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jerome Karle</b> (<b>Jerome Karfunkle</b>; June 18, 1918 – June 6, 2013) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Karle" title="Isabella Karle">Isabella Karle</a> worked on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a>, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> in 1985, for the direct analysis of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a> using <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-ray_scattering_techniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ray scattering techniques (not yet started)">X-ray scattering techniques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hendrickson_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrickson_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karle was a former president of both the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Crystallographic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Crystallographic Association (not yet started)">American Crystallographic Association</a> (ACA) (1972) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUCr (not yet started)">IUCr</a> (1981-1984), as well as a co-recipient of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_methods_(crystallography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct methods (crystallography) (not yet started)">direct methods</a>. Among the many additional honors he received for his work, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1976 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1990. </p><p>Karle died of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> at the Leewood Healthcare Center in <a href="/wiki/Annandale,_Virginia" title="Annandale, Virginia">Annandale, Virginia</a> on June 6, 2013 at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Karle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Karle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NRL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NRL_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=NOBEL">NRL Scientists Receive 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008174813/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=NOBEL">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a>. Accessed September 22, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hendrickson_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hendrickson_2013_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.A. Hendrickson (2013) <i>Jerome Karle (1918–2013)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> <b>499</b>(7459), pp 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/jerome-karle-who-shared-the-1985-nobel-prize-in-chemistry-dies-at-94/2013/06/14/73e11f2e-d45e-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html">Jerome Karle, who shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in chemistry, dies at 94.</a> Accessed June 14, 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Karle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Karle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/jerome-karles-interview">2005 Video Interview with Jerome Karle by the Atomic Heritage Foundation</a> Voices of the Manhattan Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">van 't Hoff</a> (1901)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">E. Fischer</a> (1902)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> (1903)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> (1904)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Baeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf von Baeyer (not yet started)">von Baeyer</a> (1905)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Moissan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Moissan (not yet started)">Moissan</a> (1906)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Buchner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Buchner (not yet started)">Buchner</a> (1907)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> (1908)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a> (1909)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wallach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Wallach (not yet started)">Wallach</a> (1910)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Curie</a> (1911)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Grignard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Grignard (not yet started)">Grignard</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist) (not yet started)">Sabatier</a> (1912)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Werner (not yet started)">Werner</a> (1913)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_William_Richards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore William Richards (not yet started)">Richards</a> (1914)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Willstätter</a> (1915)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a> (1918)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Nernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Nernst (not yet started)">Nernst</a> (1920)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> (1921)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a> (1922)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Pregl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Pregl (not yet started)">Pregl</a> (1923)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (not yet started)">Zsigmondy</a> (1925)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Svedberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Svedberg (not yet started)">Svedberg</a> (1926)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Otto_Wieland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland (not yet started)">Wieland</a> (1927)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Otto_Reinhold_Windaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (not yet started)">Windaus</a> (1928)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin (not yet started)">von Euler-Chelpin</a> (1929)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Fischer (not yet started)">H. Fischer</a> (1930)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Bergius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Bergius (not yet started)">Bergius</a> (1931)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Langmuir (not yet started)">Langmuir</a> (1932)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Urey</a> (1934)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a> (1935)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Debye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Debye (not yet started)">Debye</a> (1936)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Haworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Haworth (not yet started)">Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a> (1937)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Kuhn (not yet started)">Kuhn</a> (1938)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavoslav Ružička (not yet started)">Ružička</a> (1939)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_de_Hevesy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George de Hevesy (not yet started)">de Hevesy</a> (1943)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> (1944)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artturi_Virtanen" class="mw-redirect" title="Artturi Virtanen">Virtanen</a> (1945)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_B._Sumner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James B. Sumner (not yet started)">Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Meredith_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley (not yet started)">Stanley</a> (1946)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Robinson_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Robinson (scientist) (not yet started)">Robinson</a> (1947)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arne_Tiselius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arne Tiselius (not yet started)">Tiselius</a> (1948)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Giauque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Giauque (not yet started)">Giauque</a> (1949)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Diels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Diels (not yet started)">Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a> (1950)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_McMillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin McMillan (not yet started)">McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> (1951)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archer_John_Porter_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archer John Porter Martin (not yet started)">Martin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge (not yet started)">Synge</a> (1952)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Staudinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Staudinger (not yet started)">Staudinger</a> (1953)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a> (1954)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">du Vigneaud</a> (1955)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (not yet started)">Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Semyonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Semyonov (not yet started)">Semyonov</a> (1956)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_R._Todd,_Baron_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd (not yet started)">Todd</a> (1957)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> (1958)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský (not yet started)">Heyrovský</a> (1959)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a> (1960)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a> (1961)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">Kendrew</a> (1962)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ziegler (not yet started)">Ziegler</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Natta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Natta (not yet started)">Natta</a> (1963)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> (1964)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward" title="Robert Woodward">Woodward</a> (1965)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Mulliken</a> (1966)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (not yet started)">Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">Porter</a> (1967)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a> (1968)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Barton</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odd_Hassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odd Hassel (not yet started)">Hassel</a> (1969)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Federico_Leloir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Federico Leloir (not yet started)">Leloir</a> (1970)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Herzberg (not yet started)">Herzberg</a> (1971)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_B._Anfinsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian B. Anfinsen (not yet started)">Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Moore (not yet started)">Moore</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Howard_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Howard Stein (not yet started)">Stein</a> (1972)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Otto_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Otto Fischer (not yet started)">E. O. Fischer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson (not yet started)">Wilkinson</a> (1973)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a> (1974)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">Cornforth</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Prelog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Prelog (not yet started)">Prelog</a> (1975)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a> (1976)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a> (1977)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_D._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter D. Mitchell (not yet started)">Mitchell</a> (1978)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a> (1979)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> (1980)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a> (1981)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> (1982)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Taube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Taube (not yet started)">Taube</a> (1983)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bruce_Merrifield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield (not yet started)">Merrifield</a> (1984)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Hauptman</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karle</a> (1985)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudley_R._Herschbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudley R. Herschbach (not yet started)">Herschbach</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_T._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan T. Lee (not yet started)">Lee</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Charles_Polanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Charles Polanyi (not yet started)">Polanyi</a> (1986)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cram" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Cram">Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pedersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Pedersen">Pedersen</a> (1987)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Deisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Deisenhofer (not yet started)">Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Huber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Huber (not yet started)">Huber</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Michel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Michel (not yet started)">Michel</a> (1988)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> (1989)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Corey</a> (1990)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Ernst</a> (1991)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Marcus</a> (1992)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Smith</a> (1993)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">Olah</a> (1994)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a> (1995)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Kroto</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Smalley (not yet started)">Smalley</a> (1996)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Skou</a> (1997)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">Pople</a> (1998)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a> (1999)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a> (2000)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryoji Noyori">Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Barry_Sharpless" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> (2001)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_Fenn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bennett Fenn">Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a> (2002)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> (2003)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a> (2004)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a> (2005)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (2006)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a> (2007)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Tsien</a> (2008)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Yonath</a> (2009)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Negishi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki_(chemist)" title="Akira Suzuki (chemist)">Suzuki</a> (2010)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Shechtman</a> (2011)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a> (2012) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a> (2013) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">Moerner</a> (2014) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a> (2015) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a> (2016) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a> (2017) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_P._Smith" title="George P. Smith">Smith</a> / <a href="/wiki/Greg_Winter" title="Greg Winter">Winter</a> (2018) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a> (2019) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> (2020) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a> (2021) </span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> (2022)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Ekimov</a> (2023)</span> <b>·</b>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. 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