CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "life.ieee.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92ae63d918eb5ce5',cH: 'EMd8aIhUC46EVq7UfZE46bDZGT0jUFf8ERHc9RL3wVs-1743744377-1.2.1.1-YcKD8lNl3o.JlXv7XjbxoKxfY3i3VEavceqiE.5GTwBq63SsulnIrARFvOy3K.Xt',cUPMDTk: "\/news-events\/?__cf_chl_tk=FhKvbfNcwN7Yghm3gBIFTuF_CP5QvO0.XTDTt3yVaeQ-1743744377-1.0.1.1-p0g8tBquQaz8EdqEXJMUv4GYzs6dC7hlxZgjGCAtQXQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743744377',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/news-events\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=FhKvbfNcwN7Yghm3gBIFTuF_CP5QvO0.XTDTt3yVaeQ-1743744377-1.0.1.1-p0g8tBquQaz8EdqEXJMUv4GYzs6dC7hlxZgjGCAtQXQ",md: "38wmIQ.5EGvbwC1EWFjZ9Fkq5JYJpgyzVM4Jo4svd5k-1743744377-1.2.1.1-I1OUbyqlbGzBD7mocIwbkQ0SStGn2EAck8ljXA0tfS1hhBsPURxL2yhMO32usVEfYBHyKbh.8uIFI7OaOio_6lOJLui9B4XSAG95ZjRtfL0IAWh3zxKmG_m0Y417x3Mp55NSsfY7HzJmyCu0VRIhTN2ZQROj5Cb7VRa0ZStjQjVhyt0G_c5vhrjbHncg6g_Vr71D1wQhi3SQClOLVawIzmaLoZY2mdiTiMcPil2Av47K7VdYM59mn5_Fv7vsU6ydc3fZXTR20_7IbvjlANyeYqI7tK2oXj4UORcqay8YUjzCNJVNauC1Prr.OeZ.jnYwsPCMUkk9JxnBMGXAGnM6ZrWOL7fYrB9YN0EbGOsGMMSShpAzGw6BSaLTzx55r7bAvqEpwX8LChSDSetcepTmjeUJJBEaiZuHw9JkcvkcEjnfI14ms1RNZDPrrOWWu5NXIWH0p73YuogyTUfKLRg9w6o9fkDM6MKR5ztVmmDj5SSzgelymwAxOsB9LAk6ddslIyVrSu6s.jcOP5_v.A1inbtfw9sIuXnTDbv_4.4CLvhaLO2W_aMuWEIJIKRAiU3qNiSeQcdK.JqzXHWdd2bUzGVKt1O5q3IBlO4BGeVerjJUJEWEvINTII7J5wJEMPKBxgme0RAn1ThffAldNzEbVifzfI9kfHNluD4y0kXb2XC9SVk9pdp3_5KeR7xcu3a.EQuYlCKuvjJir_aivdtewIoMLX4LPSb19N7Cjl889pIYlp.n0g42LO8De6XpkUUIxR9GUNI0EELbnApe96SpSxqwrQutDsWLpInAvjgg5fW1mk4iXskG3xFrkJIY30DDqSc1_6A.w5flcYpgcHoYV4SYTrOLUsS2qdWNP5dJqfj33aDbnwOiFcB.iqnW6zMggSUL4pUi_7LoeTgYzntpQt.fECA.0YUpbPtUApk_ypvg1Xu8sH0Y1NOwFtvsf8MZ4M69lDhFgdU1OoRq56taJLiyEYFPpv5EmGsFvVtLRKDZLkqY9TFwOu8CDG3ERibs6Eqf.U1WVeTBKdJYs4eV2gzO81MhXDWM_2U8euF0dLTHimgM4VkbPztbomn7Edt18yq7TN0lDkbmilvdy9A2t80Ef6TrVOAy6hckPM4OmmSEJj6xGUPOWCCUbruItMkDtOOFP3qWeHwpXv5IXVBppPdr4YN_n6qz87yH1.IxdarLU.NB3xdSswUlVbDnf8dBEpDsxeF7xUuAmA_3uxpScrJetb9QpRcAqemNFti9US4",mdrd: "L3zkKLWcWV9.HbiiO37ZivZCvn0wMhay8LbtWOXk5BM-1743744377-1.2.1.1-hI.zDtod.zgW4Q.6ceHqDBCnuxgUBtV7oNHKSuRvE8SyyrXm4YH2DoYGxzRy.NAmtWPvy8dJeKr1rGyVHAiktUkwb8qKzjXPa52JsxtxRBvKSMYI4rqKRvJ2TD6TNmoBqirj5i0DWaGP4A94kKtFiA3wG6u9cB1XLQY8tob9kVf0QthaNGYp.sNMJrsyRImILYnXbPXpz.1Yhv_NuWNAGpsrmRn.VetsH3yMJs0ykwyrOzBjk_bj8J3cBUtHmMsq0ObAZ__ZqItr5R6RIJDy10SgmeDYU9i9I9.6PQt83lMir3i.95mgt9BwQkUDzeNbI7wBOpqu0_WNFP5W3rl91rsR0eHYbtiKYy72_Y90hKWq9F6K7FGqXFMi9HCSm_8XXzQxeRydMd7Hf46AvcA67LSbOQ2BrSbJg.DCbHmhhK8bNRGvcF46qW1z_pw_Ai5wF7TQuy__ciAtBMT.3GS9cre9Glw6bFGlsSQbdyNjlgleXbGRwIcMeuFYOs7F602XvVag.9XcyGLHZvYAAw6rTyNe068VcC_ToPpuESGhvBFqUgD7TQFc4KC6fD6.d6fsm6sWvXyI1oWKMBnmpgG0o23fK8sYGgdMaltPSt62ZL7BEBg1uLV3WTfF.IS6AlPs.Wml6aZp3eagn7PUv24Uhq1r5Yr0Kbw_7dKGOPIQ_TI86GxyVdG1sU_nMotxG45TuNtcQy0Zb26J8_b3.OL5JTK5iMd3Z8X9FYCGraS7uk5q7Gic6WFadyLOjdtkHL_DAAHXjEJR9e2S_YashtdTAvb4Oam6uGOzNUEfBxg2FFvWdIDwU_YzzaFvq_i2uLoklf_eA0fNRGGubfLLJdeTp_qrIaOfwyFle38.mYFxQYINnsY9w7l_dhSNuUGYO3CT6Pid7gYIIojIs3nANR83WA_cGjnM.C7TIMJLp9SI6tCO3ks.GTtj9Ef8npmk8pFhGqxdxiEqbbj9K0zFsVuM5YWTY9.X44jBPxWiRf316QX7ZxV5WkX.pHiI8hPe9qpI9br38Gys8s_AL6N56wm0SqQvgiQmBuvw8Ku.k23uMxej5AlCD8KGosM_5i5tEqkSMnRA69onyOfY3r2UxTTivmFgx0fDXLYD36ZEgmw9w8sNJkY7eEDxh97_cmvmuysDSynr4nS.70pqMsfynf3ih2eR0GwUwjFJ0Qcwr6rOIyIrUSCvOHl5nNYabpytr5rAfAn3UjRejBolkz1ooli7s9GCi1HiLNwa3kb5zKkhTYu.iNIOGdE3in.xrfo4m6NwDtPg0JE9Exx1GiI9IURuxGOMVzOHoQnRWy.SMbzzbsPW8NwA3zv3xVTikbDMLzY7FAHc88LgeOpOqqBMzNnPX7dwz5JV6Wsj2LH6Jcx3AYu9CVgnGNy6d_TH_bgJEKRqW_3WsKl1uiGI8Dtjh_zcxGXP.v5Ac2hqgx0Z6e151694YijSi0j12rRKd4QnDemFZ_mSW3F7T8KvYlwFm58cbFT9TLXOGBVu5AfwkuSkl6rlFXk1uBsO8vOFOliz8wX.rsEmItslrkA5B5PAtLo2MWxO2.KI1_Ze3KJuDEZLAnMo71hiQhOZ.xCmEZomd43Xpxnv0UrtpetlzOo11Gh90uQuWvl_.nEjLM22mvZL3g80HAlI8w9uW2ICnRIis1gAh2a76eS.7Ko66MyEisXMchDGR_gRKvHhpUFnWDCiVgcXekn1sdTxoIsRV_5cQC2Wr.DhJCf_pY6fB1eeS2COj0BIqehqiiXz8Cic2wAx6KB.nOE59gq5afocY0FFfDhA1QvjWP6Tq2vdHN0zrlb9QeFdz.Ee_dKxo66q6bq1sfNP_KQsx_94arRHsugDOrdyeyCKMZ9St1OSK6gF5HDtnRU.Qe8bevgHhTmEDYE49fWxPpbKYq1717Db4Tp8SmQ9yCZyBbZCsc2.aZj5Korvv1W7whPBkbt6USTRW7VgwBlm6xbNdFE8ugYe95BUEYHiaHbs4IHsOt7olq0w291W8Fwb9DQBmi8YbRShDklQMfwMi14niT_nhFQHWb8Yymm3G98LrJuasCowbxeyHywTXimrMyegjX35dL8pVF_Sbn4"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92ae63d918eb5ce5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/news-events\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=FhKvbfNcwN7Yghm3gBIFTuF_CP5QvO0.XTDTt3yVaeQ-1743744377-1.0.1.1-p0g8tBquQaz8EdqEXJMUv4GYzs6dC7hlxZgjGCAtQXQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>