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</li> <li id="toc-Later_works_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_works_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later works and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_works_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burial and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Giotto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جوتو دي بوندوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوتو دي بوندوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotto" title="Cotto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cotto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87" title="জোত্তো দি বন্দোনে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোত্তো দি বন্দোনে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Джотто ди Бондоне – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джотто ди Бондоне" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Джота дзі Бандонэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джота дзі Бандонэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джота – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Джото – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джото" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆའོ་ཐོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆའོ་ཐོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Джотто ди Бондоне – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джотто ди Бондоне" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Τζόττο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόττο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="جوتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%86%A0_%EB%94%94_%EB%B3%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4" title="조토 디 본도네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조토 디 본도네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Ջոտտո դի Բոնդոնե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոտտո դի Բոնդոնե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ג'וטו די בונדונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וטו די בונדונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ჯოტო დი ბონდონე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯოტო დი ბონდონე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giottus_Bondonis" title="Giottus Bondonis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Giottus Bondonis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEoto_di_Bondone" title="Džoto di Bondone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džoto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="ജോട്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോട്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="جوتو دى بوندونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوتو دى بوندونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_(%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC)" title="ဂျော်တို (ပန်းချီဆရာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော်တို (ပန်းချီဆရာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D" title="ジョット・ディ・ボンドーネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョット・ディ・ボンドーネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotto_di_Bondone" title="Jotto di Bondone – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87" title="ਜੋਟੋ ਦੀ ਬੋਨਡੋਨੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਟੋ ਦੀ ਬੋਨਡੋਨੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%92" title="جوتو دی بوندونے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوتو دی بوندونے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Джотто ди Бондоне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джотто ди Бондоне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaw-tow.ti.pang-to-na%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%8D" title="Cyaw-tow.ti.pang-to-na喬托·迪·邦多納 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cyaw-tow.ti.pang-to-na喬托·迪·邦多納" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhoto" title="Xhoto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhoto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giottu" title="Giottu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giottu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ђото – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђото" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotte" title="Giotte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Giotte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99" title="จอตโต ดี บอนโดเน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอตโต ดี บอนโดเน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Giotto di Bondone – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Giotto di Bondone" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Джотто ді Бондоне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джотто ді Бондоне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%86%85" title="乔托·迪·邦多内 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔托·迪·邦多内" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98" title="喬托 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喬托" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%A7" title="喬托·迪·邦多內 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬托·迪·邦多內" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Giotto" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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Bondone</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian painter and architect (c. 1267 – 1337)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Giotto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Giotto (disambiguation)">Giotto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Giotto di Bondone</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Tableau_repr%C3%A9sentant_cinq_ma%C3%AEtres_de_la_Renaissance_florentine_(d%C3%A9but_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_%3F).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Giotto_-_Tableau_repr%C3%A9sentant_cinq_ma%C3%AEtres_de_la_Renaissance_florentine_%28d%C3%A9but_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_%3F%29.JPG/250px-Giotto_-_Tableau_repr%C3%A9sentant_cinq_ma%C3%AEtres_de_la_Renaissance_florentine_%28d%C3%A9but_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_%3F%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Giotto_-_Tableau_repr%C3%A9sentant_cinq_ma%C3%AEtres_de_la_Renaissance_florentine_%28d%C3%A9but_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_%3F%29.JPG/500px-Giotto_-_Tableau_repr%C3%A9sentant_cinq_ma%C3%AEtres_de_la_Renaissance_florentine_%28d%C3%A9but_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_%3F%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Imaginary portrait of Giotto, made posthumously between 1490 and 1550</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Giotto di Bondone</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1267</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">near <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(present-day Italy)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 8, 1337<span style="display:none">(1337-01-08)</span> (aged 69–70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Florence, Republic of Florence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> frescoes, <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Campanile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Late Gothic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting#Proto-Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Proto-Renaissance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Giotto di Bondone</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈdʒɔtto<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>bonˈdoːne]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1267</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – January 8, 1337),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known <a href="/wiki/Mononymously" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymously">mononymously</a> as <b>Giotto</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_painters" title="List of Italian painters">Italian painter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. He worked during the <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting#Proto-Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Proto-Renaissance</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-100art_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giotto's contemporary, the banker and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a>, wrote that Giotto was "the most sovereign master of painting in his time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature" and of his publicly recognized "talent and excellence".<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett_37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett_37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> described Giotto as making a decisive break from the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> style and as initiating "the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years".<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giotto's masterwork is the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, also known as the Arena Chapel, which was completed around 1305. The <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> cycle depicts the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a>. It is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that Giotto painted the Arena Chapel and that he was chosen by the Commune of Florence in 1334 to design the new <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">campanile</a> (bell tower) of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> are among the few certainties about his life. Almost every other aspect of it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his birthplace, his appearance, his apprenticeship, the order in which he created his works, whether he painted the famous frescoes in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, and his burial place. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="One of the Legend of St. Francis frescoes at Assisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg/250px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg/330px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg/500px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_5._Renunciation_of_Wordly_Goods_-_WGA09123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>One of the <i>Legend of St. Francis</i> frescoes at <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, the authorship of which is disputed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tradition says that Giotto was born in a farmhouse, perhaps at Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1850, a tower house in nearby <a href="/wiki/Colle_Vespignano" class="mw-redirect" title="Colle Vespignano">Colle Vespignano</a> has borne a plaque claiming the honor of his birthplace, an assertion that is commercially publicized. However, recent research has presented documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the son of a blacksmith.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was his real name, but may have been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (<i>Ambrogiotto</i>) or Angelo (<i>Angelotto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></i> Vasari states that Giotto was a shepherd boy, a merry and intelligent child who was loved by all who knew him. The great Florentine painter <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> discovered Giotto drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They were so lifelike that Cimabue approached Giotto and asked if he could take him on as an apprentice.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cimabue was one of the two most highly renowned painters of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>, who worked mainly in <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>. Vasari recounts a number of such stories about Giotto's skill as a young artist. He tells of one occasion when Cimabue was absent from the workshop, and Giotto painted a remarkably lifelike fly on a face in a painting of Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, he tried several times to brush the fly off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl196785_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl196785-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's account that he was Cimabue's pupil a legend; they cite earlier sources that suggest that Giotto was not Cimabue's pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story about the fly is also suspect because it parallels <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s anecdote about <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a> painting grapes so lifelike that birds tried to peck at them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasari also relates that when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Pope Benedict XI</a> sent a messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing to demonstrate his skill, Giotto drew a red circle so perfect that it seemed as though it was drawn using a pair of compasses and instructed the messenger to send it to the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The messenger departed ill-pleased, believing that he had been made a fool of. The messenger brought other artists' drawings back to the Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related how he had made the circle without moving his arm and without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all of his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1290 Giotto married Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela (known as 'Ciuta'), the daughter of Lapo del Pela of Florence. The marriage produced four daughters and four sons, one of whom, Francesco, became a painter.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giotto worked in Rome in 1297–1300, but few traces of his presence there remain today. By 1301, Giotto owned a house in Florence, and when he was not traveling, he would return there and live in comfort with his family. By the early 1300s, he had multiple painting commissions in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a> houses a small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christian)">Jubilee</a> of 1300 called by <a href="/wiki/Boniface_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a>. He also designed the <i><a href="/wiki/Navicella_(mosaic)" title="Navicella (mosaic)">Navicella</a></i>, a mosaic that decorated the facade of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St Peter's Basilica">Old St Peter's Basilica</a>. In this period Giotto also painted the <i><a href="/wiki/Badia_Polyptych" title="Badia Polyptych">Badia Polyptych</a></i>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg/250px-F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg/330px-F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg/500px-F0459_Louvre_Giotto_Stigmates_INV309_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="5615" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Francis receiving the Stigmata</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cimabue went to <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> to paint several large frescoes at the new <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a>, and it is possible, but not certain, that Giotto went with him. The attribution of the fresco cycle of the <i>Life of St. Francis</i> in the Upper Church has been one of the most disputed in art history. The documents of the Franciscan Friars that relate to artistic commissions during this period were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s troops, who stabled horses in the Upper Church of the Basilica, so scholars have debated the attribution to Giotto. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it was convenient to attribute every fresco in the Upper Church not obviously by Cimabue to the better-known Giotto, including those frescoes now attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Isaac">Master of Isaac</a>. In the 1960s, art experts <a href="/wiki/Millard_Meiss" title="Millard Meiss">Millard Meiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonetto_Tintori" title="Leonetto Tintori">Leonetto Tintori</a> examined all of the Assisi frescoes, and found some of the paint contained white lead—also used in Cimabue's badly deteriorated <i><a href="/wiki/File:Cimabue_016.jpg" title="File:Cimabue 016.jpg">Crucifixion</a></i> (c. 1283). No known works by Giotto contain this medium. However, Giotto's panel painting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Stigmatization of St. Francis</a></i> (c. 1297) includes a motif of the saint holding up the collapsing church, previously included in the Assisi frescoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl196795,_106–07_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl196795,_106–07-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authorship of a large number of panel paintings ascribed to Giotto by Vasari, among others, is as broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for the Dominicans at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a>. They include a fresco of <i>The Annunciation</i> and an enormous suspended <i>Crucifix</i>, which is about 5 metres (16 feet) high.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been dated to about 1290 and is thought to be contemporary with the Assisi frescoes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier attributed works are the <i>San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child</i>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_museum" title="Diocesan museum">Diocesan Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Ponte" title="Santo Stefano al Ponte">Santo Stefano al Ponte</a>, Florence, and the signed panel of the <i>Stigmatization of St. Francis</i> housed in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini,_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Crucifixion altarpiece at Tempio Malatestiano Rimini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg/170px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg/255px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg/340px-Giotto._the-crucifix-1310-17._430%D1%85303_cm._Rimini%2C_Tempio_Malatestiano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Crucifixion</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An early biographical source, <a href="/wiki/Riccobaldo_of_Ferrara" title="Riccobaldo of Ferrara">Riccobaldo of Ferrara</a>, mentions that Giotto painted at Assisi but does not specify the <i>St Francis Cycle</i>: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to by works done by him in the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the idea was put forward by the German art historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rintelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Rintelen (page does not exist)">Friedrich Rintelen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Rintelen_(Kunsthistoriker)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Rintelen (Kunsthistoriker)">de</a>]</span> in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many scholars have expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Upper Church frescoes. Without documentation, arguments on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously unreliable "science",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but technical examinations and comparisons of the workshop painting processes at Assisi and Padua in 2002 have provided strong evidence that Giotto did not paint the <i>St. Francis Cycle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many differences between it and the Arena Chapel frescoes that are difficult to account for within the stylistic development of an individual artist. It is now generally accepted that four different hands are identifiable in the Assisi St. Francis frescoes and that they came from Rome. If this is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much to the naturalism of the painters.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giotto's fame as a painter spread. He was called to work in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, where there remains only a <i>Crucifix</i> painted before 1309 and conserved in the <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Malatestiano" title="Tempio Malatestiano">Church of St. Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It influenced the rise of the Riminese school of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Baronzio" title="Giovanni Baronzio">Giovanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Rimini" title="Pietro da Rimini">Pietro da Rimini</a>. According to documents of 1301 and 1304, Giotto by this time possessed large estates in Florence, and it is probable that he was already leading a large workshop and receiving commissions from throughout Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scrovegni_Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scrovegni Chapel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption>Kiss of Judas, <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1305, Giotto executed his most influential work, the interior frescoes of the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> that in 2021 were declared <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage">UNESCO World Heritage</a> together with other 14th-century fresco cycles in different buildings around the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_degli_Scrovegni" title="Enrico degli Scrovegni">Enrico degli Scrovegni</a> commissioned the chapel to serve as family worship, burial space<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a backdrop for an annually performed <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of the decoration is <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a>, and there is an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, as the chapel is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> and to the Virgin of Charity. As was common in church decoration of medieval Italy, the west wall is dominated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></i>. On either side of the chancel are complementary paintings of the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and the Virgin Mary, depicting the Annunciation. The scene is incorporated into the cycles of <i>The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary</i> and <i>The Life of Christ</i>. Giotto's inspiration for <i>The Life of the Virgin</i> cycle was probably taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a> and <i>The Life of Christ</i> draws upon the <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_the_Life_of_Christ" title="Meditations on the Life of Christ">Meditations on the Life of Christ</a></i> as well as the Bible. The frescoes are more than mere illustrations of familiar texts, however, and scholars have found numerous sources for Giotto's interpretations of sacred stories.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasari, drawing on a description by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, a friend of Giotto's, says of him that "there was no uglier man in the city of Florence" and indicates that his children were also plain in appearance. There is a story that <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> visited Giotto while he was painting the Scrovegni Chapel and, seeing the artist's children underfoot asked how a man who painted such beautiful pictures could have such plain children. Giotto, who according to Vasari was always a wit, replied, "I make my pictures by day, and my babies by night."<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence">Sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cycle is divided into 37 scenes, arranged around the lateral walls in three tiers, starting in the upper register with the story of <a href="/wiki/St._Joachim" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joachim">St. Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne">St. Anne</a>, the parents of the Virgin, and continuing with her early life. The life of Jesus occupies two registers. The top south tier deals with the lives of Mary's parents, the top north with her early life and the entire middle tier with the early life and miracles of Christ. The bottom tier on both sides is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Jesus Christ">Passion of Christ</a>. He is depicted mainly in profile, and his eyes point continuously to the right, perhaps to guide the viewer onwards in the episodes. The kiss of Judas near the end of the sequence signals the close of this left-to-right procession. Below the narrative scenes in colour, Giotto also painted allegories of seven Virtues and their counterparts in monochrome grey (<i>grisaille</i>). The <i>grisaille</i> frescoes are painted to look like marble statues that personify Virtues and Vices. The central allegories of <i>Justice</i> and <i>Injustice</i> oppose two specific types of government: peace leading to a festival of Love and tyranny resulting in wartime rape.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the narrative scenes are quatrefoil paintings of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scenes, like <a href="/wiki/Jonah_and_the_Whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah and the Whale">Jonah and the Whale</a>, that allegorically correspond to and perhaps foretell the life of Christ. </p><p>Much of the blue in the frescoes has been worn away by time. The expense of the <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> blue pigment used required it to be painted on top of the already-dry fresco (<i><a href="/wiki/Fresco_secco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresco secco">a secco</a></i>) to preserve its brilliance. That is why it has disintegrated faster than the other colours, which were painted on wet plaster and have bonded with the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the decay can clearly be seen on the robe of the Virgin, in the fresco of the <i>Nativity</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giotto's style drew on the solid and classicizing sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>. Unlike those by Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's figures are not stylized or elongated and do not follow Byzantine models. They are solidly three-dimensional, have faces and gestures that are based on close observation, and are clothed, not in swirling formalized drapery, but in garments that hang naturally and have form and weight. He also took bold steps in foreshortening and having characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer, creating the illusion of space. The figures occupy compressed settings with naturalistic elements, often using forced <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> devices so that they resemble stage sets. This similarity is increased by Giotto's careful arrangement of the figures in such a way that the viewer appears to have a particular place and even an involvement in many of the scenes. That can be seen most markedly in the arrangement of the figures in the <i>Mocking of Christ</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_(The_Mourning_of_Christ)" title="Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)">Lamentation</a></i> in which the viewer is bidden by the composition to become mocker in one and mourner in the other. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg/250px-Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg/330px-Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg/500px-Compianto_sul_Cristo_morto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="9632" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ" title="Lamentation of Christ">Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)</a></i>, Scrovegni Chapel</figcaption></figure> <p>Giotto's depiction of the human face and emotion sets his work apart from that of his contemporaries. When the disgraced Joachim returns sadly to the hillside, the two young shepherds look sideways at each other. The soldier who drags a baby from its screaming mother in the <i>Massacre of the Innocents</i> does so with his head hunched into his shoulders and a look of shame on his face. The people on the road to Egypt gossip about Mary and Joseph as they go. Of Giotto's realism, the 19th-century English critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> said, "He painted the Madonna and St. Joseph and the Christ, yes, by all means... but essentially Mamma, Papa and Baby".<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous narratives in the series include the <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></i>, in which a comet-like <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a> streaks across the sky. Giotto is thought to have been inspired by the 1301 appearance of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley's comet">Halley's comet</a>, which led to the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Giotto_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto mission">Giotto</a></i> being named after the artist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mature_works">Mature works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mature works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg/170px-Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg/255px-Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg/340px-Giotto_di_Bondone_050_lighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Details of figures from the <i>Raising of Drusiana</i> in the Peruzzi Chapel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto,_Lower_Church_Assisi,_Nativity_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg/220px-Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg/330px-Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg/440px-Giotto%2C_Lower_Church_Assisi%2C_Nativity_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The Nativity in the Lower Church, Assisi</figcaption></figure> <p>Giotto worked on other frescoes in Padua, some now lost, such as those that were in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of St. Anthony</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Ragione,_Padua" title="Palazzo della Ragione, Padua">Palazzo della Ragione</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous painters from northern Italy were influenced by Giotto's work in Padua, including <a href="/wiki/Guariento" class="mw-redirect" title="Guariento">Guariento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi" title="Giusto de' Menabuoi">Giusto de' Menabuoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Avanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Avanzi">Jacopo Avanzi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altichiero" title="Altichiero">Altichiero</a>. </p><p>From 1306 from 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he painted the frescoes in the transept area of the Lower Church of the Basilica of St. Francis, including <i>The Life of Christ</i>, <i>Franciscan Allegories</i> and the Magdalene Chapel, drawing on stories from the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i> and including the portrait of Bishop Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned the work. Several assistants are mentioned, including Palerino di Guido. The style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work at Padua.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1311, Giotto returned to Florence. A document from 1313 about his furniture there shows that he had spent a period in Rome sometime beforehand. It is now thought that he produced the design for the famous <a href="/wiki/Navicella_(mosaic)" title="Navicella (mosaic)"><i>Navicella</i></a> mosaic for the courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> in 1310, commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo or <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Stefaneschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Stefaneschi">Jacopo Stefaneschi</a> and now lost to the Renaissance church except for some fragments and a <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> reconstruction. According to the cardinal's <a href="/wiki/Necrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrology">necrology</a>, he also at least designed the <i><a href="/wiki/Stefaneschi_Triptych" title="Stefaneschi Triptych">Stefaneschi Triptych</a></i> (c. 1320), a double-sided altarpiece for St. Peter's, now in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pinacoteca" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Pinacoteca">Vatican Pinacoteca</a>. It shows St. Peter enthroned with saints on the front, and on the reverse, Christ is enthroned, framed with scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> of Saints Peter and Paul. It is one of the few works by Giotto for which firm evidence of a commission exists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the style seems unlikely for either Giotto or his normal Florentine assistants so he may have had his design executed by an <i>ad hoc</i> workshop of Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cardinal also commissioned Giotto to decorate the apse of St. Peter's Basilica with a cycle of frescoes that were destroyed during the 16th-century renovation. According to Vasari, Giotto remained in Rome for six years, subsequently receiving numerous commissions in Italy, and in the Papal seat at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, but some of the works are now recognized to be by other artists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto,_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Giotto%2C_1267_Around-1337_-_Maest%C3%A0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ognissanti_Madonna" title="Ognissanti Madonna">Ognissanti Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span>). Tempera on wood, 325 × 204 cm, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <p>In Florence, where documents from 1314 to 1327 attest to his financial activities, Giotto painted an altarpiece, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ognissanti_Madonna" title="Ognissanti Madonna">Ognissanti Madonna</a></i>, which is now on display in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, where it is exhibited beside Cimabue's <i>Santa Trinita Madonna</i> and <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rucellai_Madonna" title="Rucellai Madonna">Rucellai Madonna</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ognissanti altarpiece is the only panel painting by Giotto that has been universally accepted by scholars, despite the fact that it is undocumented. It was painted for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ognissanti,_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Ognissanti, Florence">Church of Ognissanti</a> ("all saints") in Florence, which was built by an obscure religious order, known as the <a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a large painting, 325 by 204 centimetres (128 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a> × 80 in), and scholars are divided on whether it was made for the main altar of the church, where it would have been viewed primarily by the brothers of the order, or for the choir screen, where it would have been more easily seen by a lay audience.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also painted around the time the <i>Dormition of the Virgin</i>, now in the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie,_Berlin" title="Gemäldegalerie, Berlin">Gemäldegalerie</a>, and the <i>Crucifix</i> in the Church of Ognissanti.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peruzzi_and_Bardi_Chapels_at_Santa_Croce">Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels at Santa Croce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels at Santa Croce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art,_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg/220px-Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg/330px-Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg/440px-Giotto._Peruzzi_Altarpiece_1310-15.North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art%2C_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><i>Peruzzi Altarpiece,</i> c. 1322, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art" title="North Carolina Museum of Art">North Carolina Museum of Art</a>, Raleigh</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, Giotto painted chapels for four different Florentine families in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze">church of Santa Croce</a>, but he does not identify which chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only with Vasari that the four chapels are identified: the <a href="/wiki/Bardi_family" title="Bardi family">Bardi</a> Chapel (<i>Life of St. Francis</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Peruzzi" title="Peruzzi">Peruzzi Chapel</a> (<i>Life of St. John the Baptist</i> and <i>St. John the Evangelist</i>, perhaps including a polyptych of <i>Madonna with Saints</i> now in the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art" title="North Carolina Museum of Art">North Carolina Museum of Art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>) and the lost Giugni Chapel (<i>Stories of the Apostles</i>) and the Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel (<i>Stories of the Holy Virgin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with almost everything in Giotto's career, the dates of the fresco decorations that survive in Santa Croce are disputed. The Bardi Chapel, immediately to the right of the main chapel of the church, was painted in true fresco, and to some scholars, the simplicity of its settings seems relatively close to those of Padua, but the Peruzzi Chapel's more complex settings suggest a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Peruzzi Chapel is adjacent to the Bardi Chapel and was largely painted <i><a href="/wiki/A_secco" class="mw-redirect" title="A secco">a secco</a></i>. The technique, quicker but less durable than a true fresco, has left the work in a seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who date the cycle earlier in Giotto's career see the growing interest in architectural expansion that it displays as close to the developments of the giottesque frescoes in the Lower Church at Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes have a new softness of colour that indicates the artist going in a different direction, probably under the influence of Sienese art so it must be later.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Peruzzi Chapel pairs three frescoes from the life of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (<i>The Annunciation of John's Birth to his father Zacharias; The Birth and Naming of John; The Feast of Herod</i>) on the left wall with three scenes from the life of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Evangelist">St. John the Evangelist</a> (<i>The Visions of John on Ephesus</i>; <i>The Raising of Drusiana</i>; <i>The Ascension of John</i>) on the right wall. The choice of scenes has been related to both the patrons and the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the deteriorated condition of the frescoes, it is difficult to discuss Giotto's style in the chapel, but the frescoes show signs of his typical interest in controlled naturalism and psychological penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peruzzi Chapel was especially renowned during Renaissance times. Giotto's compositions influenced <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>'s frescos at the <a href="/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a>, and Michelangelo is also known to have studied them. </p><p>The Bardi Chapel depicts the life of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">St. Francis</a>, following a similar iconography to the frescoes in the Upper Church at Assisi, dating from 20 to 30 years earlier. A comparison shows the greater attention given by Giotto to expression in the human figures and the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms. Giotto represents only seven scenes from the saint's life, and the narrative is arranged somewhat unusually. The story starts on the upper left wall with <i>St. Francis Renounces his Father.</i> It continues across the chapel to the upper right wall with the <i>Approval of the Franciscan Rule</i>, moves down the right wall to the <i>Trial by Fire</i>, across the chapel again to the left wall for the <i>Appearance at Arles</i>, down the left wall to the <i>Death of St. Francis</i>, and across once more to the posthumous <i>Visions of Fra Agostino and the Bishop of Assisi.</i> The <i>Stigmatization of St. Francis</i>, which chronologically belongs between the <i>Appearance at Arles</i> and the <i>Death</i>, is located outside the chapel, above the entrance arch. The arrangement encourages viewers to link scenes together: to pair frescoes across the chapel space or relate triads of frescoes along each wall. The linkings suggest meaningful symbolic relationships between different events in St. Francis's life.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_works_and_death">Later works and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later works and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1328, the altarpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Baroncelli_Chapel" title="Baroncelli Chapel">Baroncelli Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce, Florence</a>, was completed. Previously ascribed to Giotto, it is now believed to be mostly a work by assistants, including <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Gaddi" title="Taddeo Gaddi">Taddeo Gaddi</a>, who later frescoed the chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, Giotto was called by King <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Anjou">Robert of Anjou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> where he remained with a group of pupils until 1333. Few of Giotto's Neapolitan works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the <i>Lamentation of Christ</i> in the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Chiara,_Naples" title="Santa Chiara, Naples">Santa Chiara</a> and the <i>Illustrious Men</i> that is painted on the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a>, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him "first court painter", with a yearly pension. Also in this time period, according to Vasari, Giotto composed a series on the Bible; scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> were based on ideas by Dante.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967158_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967158-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Naples, Giotto stayed for a while in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, where he painted a Polyptych for the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and, according to some sources, a lost decoration for the Chapel in the Cardinal Legate's Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1334, Giotto was appointed chief architect to <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>. He designed the bell tower, known as <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Bell_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto's Bell Tower">Giotto's Campanile</a>, begun on July 18, 1334. After Giotto's death three years later, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Talenti" title="Francesco Talenti">Francesco Talenti</a> took over the tower's construction, completed in 1359 and not entirely to Giotto's design.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1337, he was in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Azzone_Visconti" title="Azzone Visconti">Azzone Visconti</a>, but no trace of works by him remains in the city. His last known work was with assistants' help: the decoration of Podestà Chapel in the <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a>, Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giotto appears in the writings of many contemporary authors, including Boccaccio, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Sacchetti" title="Franco Sacchetti">Franco Sacchetti</a>. Sacchetti recounted the likely fictional incident in which a civilian commissioned Giotto to paint a shield with his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>; Giotto instead painted the shield "armed to the teeth", complete with a sword, lance, dagger, and suit of armor. He told the man to "Go into the world a little, before you talk of arms as if you were the Duke of Bavaria", and in response was sued. Giotto countersued and won two florins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967135_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> acknowledged the greatness of his living contemporary by the words of a painter in <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i> (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that he held the field/In painting, and now Giotto has the cry,/ So the fame of the former is obscure."<sup id="cite_ref-Hartt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giotto died in January 1337. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Campanile di Giotto, Florence"><img alt="Campanile di Giotto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG/150px-Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG/225px-Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG/300px-Campanile_di_giotto_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Campanile_di_Giotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile di Giotto">Campanile di Giotto</a>, Florence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante-alighieri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraving after a portrait of Dante by Giotto"><img alt="Giotto's portrait of Dante Alighieri left-facing profile with red cape and cap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dante-alighieri.jpg/158px-Dante-alighieri.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dante-alighieri.jpg/237px-Dante-alighieri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Dante-alighieri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraving after a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> by Giotto</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_and_legacy">Burial and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burial and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Vasari,<sup id="cite_ref-Vasari_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giotto was buried in the Cathedral of Florence, on the left of the entrance and with the spot marked by a white marble plaque. According to other sources, he was buried in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Reparata_(Florence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Reparata (Florence)">Santa Reparata</a>. The apparently-contradictory reports are explained by the fact that the remains of Santa Reparata are directly beneath the Cathedral and the church continued in use while the construction of the cathedral proceeded in the early 14th century. </p><p>During an excavation in the 1970s, bones were discovered beneath the paving of Santa Reparata at a spot close to the location given by Vasari but unmarked on either level. Forensic examination of the bones by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mallegni" title="Francesco Mallegni">Francesco Mallegni</a> and a team of experts in 2000 brought to light some evidence that seemed to confirm that they were those of a painter (particularly the range of chemicals, including <a href="/wiki/Arsenic#pIgments" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead</a>, both commonly found in paint, which the bones had absorbed).<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones were those of a very short man, little over four feet tall, who may have suffered from a form of <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">congenital dwarfism</a>. That supports a tradition at the Church of Santa Croce that a dwarf who appears in one of the frescoes is a self-portrait of Giotto. On the other hand, a man wearing a white hat who appears in the <i>Last Judgement</i> at Padua is also said to be a portrait of Giotto. The appearance of this man conflicts with the image in Santa Croce, in regards to stature.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forensic reconstruction of the skeleton at Santa Reperata showed a short man with a very large head, a large hooked nose and one eye more prominent than the other. The bones of the neck indicated that the man spent a lot of time with his head tilted backwards. The front teeth were worn in a way consistent with frequently holding a brush between the teeth. The man was about 70 at the time of death.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Italian researchers were convinced that the body belonged to Giotto and it was reburied with honour near the grave of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, others have been highly sceptical.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin Toker, a professor of art history at the University of Pittsburgh, who was present at the original excavation in 1970, says that they are probably "the bones of some fat butcher".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The year of his birth is calculated from the fact that <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pucci_(poet)" title="Antonio Pucci (poet)">Antonio Pucci</a>, the town crier of Florence, wrote a poem in Giotto's honour in which it is stated that he was 70 at the time of his death. However, the word "seventy" fits into the rhyme of the poem better than any longer and more complex age so it is possible that Pucci used <a href="/wiki/Artistic_license" title="Artistic license">artistic license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JOT</span>-oh</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">jee-<span style="font-size:90%">OT</span>-oh, <span style="font-size:90%">JAW</span>-toh</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sarel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarel_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarel Eimerl, <i>The World of Giotto</i>, Time-Life Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Giotto's date of birth differs widely in the sources, but modern art historians consider 1267 to be the most plausible, although the years up to 1275 cannot be entirely discounted." Wolf, Norbert (2006). <i>Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: The Renewal of Painting</i>. Cologne: Taschen. p. 92. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3822851609" title="Special:BookSources/978-3822851609">978-3822851609</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234069">Giotto</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/giotto">"Giotto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Giotto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgiotto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925105746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/giotto">"Giotto"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303151410/https://www.lexico.com/definition/giotto">"Giotto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Giotto">the original</a> on 2020-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giotto&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FGiotto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Giotto">"Giotto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Giotto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGiotto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100art-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100art_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodge2016" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2016). <i>Art in Detail: 100 Masterpieces</i>. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23954-4"><bdi>978-0-500-23954-4</bdi></a>. <q>He worked during the period described as Gothic or Pre-Renaissance ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+Detail%3A+100+Masterpieces&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23954-4&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett_37-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_37_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). <i>The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance</i>. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-20900-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-20900-7">0-669-20900-7</a> (Paperback). p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasari-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasari_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Vasari, <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Artists">Lives of the Artists</a></i>, trans. George Bull, Penguin Classics (1965), pp. 15–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartt_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartt_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartt1989" class="citation book cs1">Hartt, Frederick (1989). <i>Art: a history of painting, sculpture, architecture</i>. Harry N. Abrams. pp. <span class="nowrap">503–</span>506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%3A+a+history+of+painting%2C+sculpture%2C+architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hartt&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarel Eimerl, see below, cites Colbzs le di Romagnano. However, the spelling is perhaps wrong, and the location referred to may be the site of the present <i>Trattoria di Romignano</i>, in a hamlet of farmhouses in the <a href="/wiki/Mugello_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugello region">Mugello region</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Viktor Schwarz and Pia Theis, "Giotto's Father: Old Stories and New Documents", <i>Burlington Magazine</i>, 141 (1999), 676–677, and idem, <i>Giottus Pictor. Band 1: Giottos Leben</i>, Vienna, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl196785-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl196785_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEimerl1967">Eimerl 1967</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maginnis, Hayden B.J., "In Search of an Artist", in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>, Cambridge, 2004, 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalivalle2019" class="citation web cs1">Dalivalle, Antonia (10 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecultural.me/giottos-fly-and-the-birth-of-the-renaissance-572248">"Giotto's Fly and the Birth of the Renaissance"</a>. <i>thecultural.me</i>. Recreyo Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecultural.me&rft.atitle=Giotto%27s+Fly+and+the+Birth+of+the+Renaissance&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.aulast=Dalivalle&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecultural.me%2Fgiottos-fly-and-the-birth-of-the-renaissance-572248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967106_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEimerl1967">Eimerl 1967</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giotto, and Edi Baccheschi (1969). <i>The complete paintings of Giotto</i>. New York: H.N. Abrams. p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2616448">2616448</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl196795,_106–07-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl196795,_106–07_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEimerl1967">Eimerl 1967</a>, pp. 95, 106–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maginnis, "In Search of an Artist", 23–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1312, the will of Ricuccio Pucci leaves funds to keep a lamp burning before the crucifix "by the illustrious painter Giotto". Ghiberti also cites it as a work by Giotto.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarel. A. Teresa Hankey, "Riccobaldo of Ferraro and Giotto: An Update", <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, 54 (1991), 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rintelen, Friedrich, <i>Giotto und die Giotto-apokryphen</i> (1912).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Richard Offner's famous article of 1939, "Giotto, non-Giotto", conveniently collected in James Stubblebine, <i>Giotto: The Arena Chapel Frescoes</i>, New York, 1969 (reissued 1996), 135–155, which argues against Giotto's authorship of the frescoes. In contrast, Luciano Bellosi, <i>La pecora di Giotto</i>, Turin, 1985, calls each of Offner's points into question.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zanardi, Bruno, <i>Giotto e Pietro Cavallini: La questione di Assisi e il cantiere medievale della pittura a fresco</i>, Milan, 2002; Zanardi provides an English synopsis of his study in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>, New York, 2004, 32–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1623">"Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles, UNESCO declaration"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Padua%27s+fourteenth-century+fresco+cycles%2C+UNESCO+declaration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the complaint of the Eremitani monks in James Stubblebine, <i>Giotto: The Arena Chapel Frescoes</i>, New York, 1969, 106–107 and an analysis of the commission by Benjamin G. Kohl, "Giotto and his Lay Patrons", in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>, Cambridge, 2004, 176–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz, Michael Viktor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41418713?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Padua, its Arena, and the Arena Chapel: a liturgical ensemble"</a>, in <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, Vol. 73, 2010, 39–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, <i>The Usurer's Heart: Giotto, Enrico Scrovegni, and the Arena Chapel in Padua</i>, University Park, 2008; Laura Jacobus, <i>Giotto and the Arena Chapel: Art, Architecture and Experience</i>, London, 2008; Andrew Ladis, <i>Giotto's O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel</i>, University Park, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKérchyLissSzönyi2012" class="citation book cs1">Kérchy, Anna; Liss, Attila; Szönyi, György E., eds. (2012). <i>The Iconology of Law and Order (Legal and Cosmic)</i>. Szeged: JATEPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-315-076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-315-076-4"><bdi>978-963-315-076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconology+of+Law+and+Order+%28Legal+and+Cosmic%29&rft.place=Szeged&rft.pub=JATEPress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-963-315-076-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Norbert (2006). <i>Giotto</i>. Hong Kong; Taschen. p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822851604" title="Special:BookSources/3822851604">3822851604</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The remaining parts (<i>Stigmata of St. Francis</i>, <i>Martyrdom of Franciscans at Ceuta</i>, <i>Crucifixion</i> and <i>Heads of Prophets</i>) are most likely from assistants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finished in 1309 and mentioned in a text from 1350 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Nono" title="Giovanni da Nono">Giovanni da Nono</a>. They had an astrological theme, inspired by the <i>Lucidator</i>, a treatise famous in the 14th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Julian (1974). "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: A Reconsideration". <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750834">10.2307/750834</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750834">750834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195043668">195043668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=The+Stefaneschi+Altarpiece%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195043668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750834%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750834&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 1968, 332, 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata</i>, Florence, 1992; Julia I. Miller and Laurie Taylor-Mitchell, "The <i>Ognissanti Madonna</i> and the Humiliati Order in Florence", in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>, ed. Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 157–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Gardner, "Altars, Altarpieces and Art History: Legislation and Usage", in <i>Italian Altarpieces, 1250–1500</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Eve_Borsook" title="Eve Borsook">Eve Borsook</a> and Fiorella Gioffredi, Oxford, 1994, 5–39; Irene Hueck, "Le opere di Giotto per la chiesa di Ognissanti", in <i>La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata</i>, Florence, 1992, 37–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11695349">Duncan Kennedy, <i>Giotto's Ognissanti Crucifix brought back to life</i></a>, BBC News, 2010-11-05. Accessed 2010-11-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghiberti, <i>I commentari</i>, ed. O Morisani, Naples, 1947, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Vasari, <i>Le vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani,</i> ed. G. Milanesi, Florence, 1878, I, 373–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Tintori and Eve Borsook, <i>The Peruzzi Chapel</i>, Florence, 1965, 10; J. White, <i>Art and Architecture in Italy</i>, Baltimore, 1968, 72f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Brandi, <i>Giotto</i>, Milan, 1983, 185–186; <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Bellosi" title="Luciano Bellosi">Luciano Bellosi</a>, <i>Giotto</i>, Florence, 1981, 65, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tintori and Borsook 1965; Laurie Schneider Adams, "The Iconography of the Peruzzi Chapel". <i>L’Arte</i>, 1972, 1–104. (Reprinted in Andrew Ladis (ed.), <i>Giotto and the World of Early Italian Art.</i> New York and London, 1998, 3, 131–144); Julie F. Codell, "Giotto's Peruzzi Chapel Frescoes: Wealth, Patronage and the Earthly City", <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>, 41 (1988), 583–613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2011" class="citation book cs1">Long, Jane C. (2011). "Chapter 11. Parallelism in Giotto's Santa Croce Frescoes". In Blick, Sara; Gelfandh, Laura (eds.). <i>Push Me, Pull You: Imaginative, Emotional, Physical, and Spatial Interaction in Late Medieval and Renaissance Art</i>. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions. Vol. 156. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004215139_032">10.1163/9789004215139_032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004215139" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004215139"><bdi>978-9004215139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11.+Parallelism+in+Giotto%27s+Santa+Croce+Frescoes&rft.btitle=Push+Me%2C+Pull+You%3A+Imaginative%2C+Emotional%2C+Physical%2C+and+Spatial+Interaction+in+Late+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Art&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Studies+in+Medieval+and+Reformation+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004215139_032&rft.isbn=978-9004215139&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jane+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept of such linkings was first suggested for Padua by Michel Alpatoff, "The Parallelism of Giotto's Padua Frescoes", <i>Art Bulletin</i>, 39 (1947) 149–154. It has been tied to the Bardi Chapel by Jane C. Long, "The Program of Giotto’s Saint Francis Cycle at Santa Croce in Florence", <i>Franciscan Studies</i> 52 (1992) 85–133, and William R. Cook, "Giotto and the Figure of St. Francis", in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>, ed. A. Derbes and M. Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 135–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Martindale, and Edi Baccheschi (1966). <i>The Complete Paintings of Giotto</i> (<i>Classics of the World's Great Art</i>). New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967158-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967158_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEimerl1967">Eimerl 1967</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967135-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEimerl1967135_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEimerl1967">Eimerl 1967</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOL-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/theory-about-old-master-gets-the-brush-off-1.41760">IOL</a>, September 22, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/technology/critics-slam-giotto-burial-as-a-grave-mistake-57918">"Critics slam Giotto burial as a grave mistake"</a>. <i>Business Report</i>. Independent Online. Sapa-AP. 8 January 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Report&rft.atitle=Critics+slam+Giotto+burial+as+a+grave+mistake&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fbusiness-report%2Ftechnology%2Fcritics-slam-giotto-burial-as-a-grave-mistake-57918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2001" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Bruce (6 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1313505/Skeleton-riddle-threatens-Giottos-reburial.html">"Skeleton riddle threatens Giotto's reburial"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Skeleton+riddle+threatens+Giotto%27s+reburial&rft.date=2001-01-06&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2F1313505%2FSkeleton-riddle-threatens-Giottos-reburial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEimerl1967" class="citation book cs1">Eimerl, Sarel (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofgiottoc1200eime"><i>The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337</i></a></span>. Time-Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900658-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-900658-15-0"><bdi>0-900658-15-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Giotto%3A+c.+1267%E2%80%931337&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-900658-15-0&rft.aulast=Eimerl&rft.aufirst=Sarel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofgiottoc1200eime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vasari, Giorgio (1568). <i>Lives of the Artists</i>, trans. George Bull, Penguin Classics (1965), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044164-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044164-6">0-14-044164-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(art_historian)" title="John White (art historian)">White, John</a>. <i>Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400</i>, London: Penguin Books, 1966, 2nd ed. 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140561285" title="Special:BookSources/0140561285">0140561285</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bistoletti, Sandrina Bandera <i>Giotto: catalogo completo dei dipinti</i> (I gigli dell'arte; 2) Cantini, Firenze, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7737-050-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-7737-050-5">88-7737-050-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Basile" title="Giuseppe Basile">Basile, Giuseppe</a> (a cura di), <i>Giotto: gli affreschi della Cappella degli Scrovegni a Padova</i>, Skira, Milano, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8491-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-8491-229-6">88-8491-229-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Bellosi" title="Luciano Bellosi">Bellosi, Luciano</a>, <i>La pecora di Giotto</i>, Einaudi, Torino, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-58339-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-58339-5">88-06-58339-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cole" title="Bruce Cole">Cole, Bruce</a>, <i>Giotto and Florentine Painting, 1280–1375</i>. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430900-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430900-2">0-06-430900-2</a>.</li> <li>Cole, Bruce, <i>Giotto: The Scrovegni Chapel, Padua</i>. New York: George Braziller, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-1310-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-1310-X">0-8076-1310-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColvin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" title="Sidney Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Giotto"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Giotto">"Giotto" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giotto&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de Castris, Pierluigi Leone, <i>Giotto a Napoli</i>, Electa Napoli, Napoli 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-510-0386-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-510-0386-6">88-510-0386-6</a>.</li> <li>Derbes, Anne and Sandona, Mark, eds., <i>A Cambridge Companion to Giotto</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77007-1">978-0-521-77007-1</a>.</li> <li>Flores D'Arcais, Francesca, <i>Giotto</i>. New York: Abbeville, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789211149" title="Special:BookSources/0789211149">0789211149</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Frugoni" title="Chiara Frugoni">Frugoni, Chiara</a>, <i>L'affare migliore di Enrico. Giotto e la cappella degli Scrovegni</i> (Saggi; 899). Einaudi, Torino, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-18462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-18462-9">978-88-06-18462-9</a>.</li> <li>Gioseffi, Decio, <i>Giotto architetto</i>, Edizioni di Comunità, Milano, 1963.</li> <li>Gnudi, Cesare, <i>Giotto</i> (I sommi dell'arte italiana), Martello, Milano, 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ladis" title="Andrew Ladis">Ladis, Andrew</a>, <i>Giotto's O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel</i>, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271034072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271034072">978-0271034072</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Meiss" title="Millard Meiss">Meiss, Millard</a>, <i>Giotto and Assisi</i>, New York University Press, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Pisani" title="Giuliano Pisani">Pisani, Giuliano</a>. <i>I volti segreti di Giotto. Le rivelazioni della Cappella degli Scrovegni</i>, <a href="/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup" title="RCS MediaGroup">Rizzoli</a>, Milano 2008; Editoriale Programma, 2015, pp. 1–366, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8866433538" title="Special:BookSources/978-8866433538">978-8866433538</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin, John</a>, <i>Giotto and His Works in Padua</i>, London, 1900 (2nd ed., 1905).</li> <li><i>Giotto the Painter</i>. Vol. 1: <i>Life (with a Collection of the Documents and Texts up to Vasari and an Appendix of Sources on the Arena Chapel)</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Viktor_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Viktor Schwarz (page does not exist)">Michael Viktor Schwarz</a> and Pia Theis with Andreas Zajic and Michaela Zöschg; Vol. 2: <i>Works</i>, by Michael Viktor Schwarz; Vol. 3: <i>Survival (Works and Practices up to Michelangelo)</i>, by Michael Viktor Schwarz, Böhlau, Vienna 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3205217015" title="Special:BookSources/978-3205217015">978-3205217015</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvald_Sir%C3%A9n" title="Osvald Sirén">Sirén, Osvald</a>, <i>Giotto and Some of His Followers</i> (English translation by Frederic Schenck). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1917.</li> <li>Tintori, Leonetto, and Meiss, Millard, <i>The Painting of the Life of St. Francis in Assisi, with Notes on the Arena Chapel</i>, New York University Press, 1962.</li> <li>Wolf, Norbert, <i>Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: The Renewal of Painting</i>. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5160-9">978-3-8228-5160-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Giotto_di_Bondone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giotto53" style="padding:3px"><table 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giotto" title="Template:Giotto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giotto" title="Template talk:Giotto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giotto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giotto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giotto53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giotto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (c. 1295–1300)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Badia_Polyptych" title="Badia Polyptych">Badia Polyptych</a></i> (c. 1300)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padua_Crucifix" title="Padua Crucifix">Padua Crucifix</a></i> (c. 1303–1305)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_(The_Mourning_of_Christ)" title="Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)">Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)</a></i> (c. 1304–1306)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ognissanti_Madonna" title="Ognissanti Madonna">Ognissanti Madonna</a></i> (c. 1310)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stefaneschi_Triptych" title="Stefaneschi Triptych">Stefaneschi Triptych</a></i> (c. 1320 or earlier)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crucifixion" title="Berlin Crucifixion">Berlin Crucifixion</a></i> (c. 1320)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Crucifixion" title="Strasbourg Crucifixion">Strasbourg Crucifixion</a></i> (c. 1320)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_(Giotto)" title="Saint Stephen (Giotto)">Saint Stephen</a></i> (c. 1330–1335)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Painting series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_(Giotto)" title="Life of Christ (Giotto)">Life of Christ</a></i> (c. 1320–1325)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mosaics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Navicella_(mosaic)" title="Navicella (mosaic)">Navicella</a></i> (c. 1298–1300) (lost)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a> (involvement, 1334–1337) (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_alla_Carraia" title="Ponte alla Carraia">Ponte alla Carraia</a> (c. 1333; attribution) (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121251587">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27073355">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74999/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118539477">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81071909">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943568d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943568d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440981">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Giotto <1267?-1337>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV023311">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35126164">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002696&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX893056">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/217744">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069526494">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90266850">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058602&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036974&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000072311">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=262731">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199610145">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr577bjc3cmkhpq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586393405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/41968">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261745305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512789906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01594658?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500010766">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2fb51c85-fb7b-448d-9f54-60aae1197617">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/31840">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/13844708-a2a3-4bda-9fea-af7a3f126cdf">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/15751/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/giotto-di-bondone">Städel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118539477">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/834155">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GIOTTO di Bondone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giotto-di-bondone_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118539477.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118539477">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027381668">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rv0mcn">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/43684">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giotto&oldid=1281942654">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giotto&oldid=1281942654</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Giotto_di_Bondone" title="Category:Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paintings_by_Giotto" title="Category:Paintings by Giotto">Paintings by Giotto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1267_births" title="Category:1267 births">1267 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1337_deaths" title="Category:1337 deaths">1337 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_Italian_architects" title="Category:13th-century Italian architects">13th-century Italian architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_Italian_painters" title="Category:13th-century Italian painters">13th-century Italian painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th-century_Italian_architects" title="Category:14th-century Italian architects">14th-century Italian architects</a></li><li><a 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