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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Satellite services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satellite_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Satellite services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Satellite_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_control_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_control_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Satellite control services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_control_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_station_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_station_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ground 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="إسرانج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسرانج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Есрейндж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Есрейндж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_and_Sounding_Rocket_Range" title="European Space and Sounding Rocket Range – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="European Space and Sounding Rocket Range" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange_Space_Center" title="Esrange Space Center – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esrange Space Center" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="エスレンジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスレンジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange_Space_Center" title="Esrange Space Center – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Esrange Space Center" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Эсрейндж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эсрейндж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Esrange" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esrange&params=67_53_38_N_21_06_25_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">67°53′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°06′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">67.89389°N 21.10694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">67.89389; 21.10694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spaceport in northern Sweden</div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 220px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 220px; height: 350px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="220" data-height="350" data-zoom="7" data-lat="68.3" data-lon="21" data-overlays="["_7f6039c6f377a3ab4fb83fc05ba300b039d20e9b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/68.3/21/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,68.3,21,220x350.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Esrange&revid=1253006241&groups=_7f6039c6f377a3ab4fb83fc05ba300b039d20e9b" width="220" height="350" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,68.3,21,220x350@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Esrange&revid=1253006241&groups=_7f6039c6f377a3ab4fb83fc05ba300b039d20e9b 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Esrange including safety area, launch sites and satellite ground station</div></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylark_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skylark_launch.jpg/220px-Skylark_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skylark_launch.jpg/330px-Skylark_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skylark_launch.jpg/440px-Skylark_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>The final <a href="/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark</a> rocket launch at Esrange on 2 May 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Esrange Space Center</b> is a rocket range and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> centre located about 40 kilometers east of the town of <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. It is a base for <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> research with <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_balloon" title="High-altitude balloon">high-altitude balloons</a>, investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora borealis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a> launches, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> tracking, among other things. Located 200 km north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and surrounded by a vast wilderness, its geographic location is ideal for many of these purposes. </p><p>Esrange was built in 1964 by <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">ESRO</a>, the <i>European Space Research Organisation</i>, which later became <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> by merging with <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a>, the European Launcher Development Organisation. The first rocket launch from Esrange occurred on 19 November 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, ownership was transferred to the newly started <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">Swedish Space Corporation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, Esrange was established as an <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">ESRO</a> sounding rocket launching range located in <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location was chosen because it was generally agreed that it was important to carry out a sounding rocket programme in the <a href="/wiki/Aurora#Occurrence" title="Aurora">auroral zone</a>, and for this reason it was essential that ESRO equip itself with a suitable range in the northern latitudes. Access to Kiruna was good by air, road and rail, and the launching range was relatively close to the town of Kiruna. Finally and perhaps decisively, Esrange could be located near Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (subsequently renamed to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Institute_of_Space_Physics" title="Swedish Institute of Space Physics">Swedish Institute of Space Physics</a>). In 1972 ownership and operations of the range was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">Swedish Space Corporation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the facility was originally <b>ESRANGE</b>, which was an abbreviation for <b>ESRO Sounding Rocket Launching Range</b>. </p><p>When Swedish Space Corporation took over the range, its name became <b>Esrange</b> (with capital 'E' only). </p><p><b>Esrange Space Center</b> is the name that is currently used for the facility. </p><p>Other ways to interpret the name over the years has been <i><b>E</b>uropean <b>S</b>pace and Sounding Rocket <b>Range</b></i>, and <i><b>E</b>uropean <b>S</b>pace <b>Range</b></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rocket_activities">Rocket activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rocket activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been Swedish rocket activities previously, mainly at <a href="/wiki/Kronog%C3%A5rd" title="Kronogård">Kronogård</a> (18 launches in the period 1961–1964).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rocket activity in Sweden did not gain thrust until after <a href="/wiki/ESRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESRO">ESRO</a> established Esrange in 1964. </p><p>During the period 1966–1972 <a href="/wiki/ESRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESRO">ESRO</a> launched more than 150 rockets from Esrange. Most of these were <a href="/wiki/Centaure_(rocket)" title="Centaure (rocket)">Centaure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike Apache">Nike Apache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skua_(rocket)" title="Skua (rocket)">Skua</a> rockets reaching 100–220 km altitude. They supported many branches of European research, but the emphasis was on atmospheric and ionospheric research. </p><p>In 1972 the management of Esrange was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">Swedish Space Corporation</a> (SSC). Gradually the smaller rockets were complemented by larger rockets reaching higher altitudes, achieving <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a> for a few minutes when the rocket is above the parts of the atmosphere giving an appreciable friction. Three main programmes, <a href="/wiki/TEXUS" title="TEXUS">Texus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maser_(rocket)" title="Maser (rocket)">Maser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maxus_(rocket)" title="Maxus (rocket)">Maxus</a> currently dominate the rocket activities at Esrange and support <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a> research for <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Programme </th> <th>Rocket motor </th> <th>Peak altitude </th> <th>Payload mass </th> <th>Microgravity time </th> <th>Period </th> <th>Launches </th> <th>Customers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TEXUS" title="TEXUS">Texus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSB-30" title="VSB-30">VSB-30</a> </td> <td>250–300 km </td> <td>330–400 kg </td> <td>6 minutes </td> <td>1977– </td> <td>60 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maser_(rocket)" title="Maser (rocket)">Maser</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSB-30" title="VSB-30">VSB-30</a> </td> <td>250–300 km </td> <td>330–400 kg </td> <td>6 minutes </td> <td>1987– </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxus_(rocket)" title="Maxus (rocket)">Maxus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castor_(rocket_stage)" title="Castor (rocket stage)">Castor 4B</a> </td> <td>700–720 km </td> <td>800 kg </td> <td>12–13 minutes </td> <td>1991– </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TEXUS" title="TEXUS">Mini-Texus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nike_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike Orion">Nike Orion</a> </td> <td>120–150 km </td> <td>160–200 kg </td> <td>3–4 minutes </td> <td>1993–1998 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rexus/Bexus" title="Rexus/Bexus">Rexus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Improved_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="Improved Orion">Improved Orion</a> </td> <td>80–110 km </td> <td>100kg </td> <td>2 minutes </td> <td>1995– </td> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Applied_Space_Technology_and_Microgravity" title="Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity">ZARM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MAPHEUS </td> <td>Nike-Orion, <a href="/wiki/VS-30" title="VS-30">VS-30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improved_Malemute" class="mw-redirect" title="Improved Malemute">Improved Malemute</a>/Improved Malemute, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Kite_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Kite (rocket) (page does not exist)">Red Kite</a>/Improved Malemute </td> <td>150-250 km </td> <td>- </td> <td>6 minutes </td> <td>2009- </td> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SERA </td> <td>Cesaroni Pro 98-6G </td> <td>5-10 km </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>2014- </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">SSC</a>, jointly with <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>, introduced a new launch service with the Suborbital Express programme launched in 2019. Suborbital Express is now integrating the <a href="/wiki/Maser_(rocket)" title="Maser (rocket)">Maser</a> microgravity programme.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 500 rockets have been launched from Esrange since 1966. For information on individual rockets, see the <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_launched_from_Esrange" title="List of rockets launched from Esrange">List of rockets launched from Esrange</a></b>. </p><p>Esrange has six <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">launchers</a>: </p> <ul><li>MAXUS launcher (used for the CASTOR 4B rocket)</li> <li>MAN launcher (owned by DLR)</li> <li>MRL Launcher (used for the Orion, Nike-Orion, Taurus-Orion, Nike-Black Brant V, Terrier-Black Brant rockets)</li> <li>Skylark launch tower (now used for the VSB-30 rocket)</li> <li>FFAR launcher (used for <a href="/wiki/Folding-Fin_Aerial_Rocket" title="Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket">Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets</a>)</li> <li>SULO/VIPER launcher (used for <a href="/wiki/Super_Loki" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Loki">Super Loki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viper_Dart" title="Viper Dart">VIPER</a> rockets)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balloon_activities">Balloon activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balloon activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg/220px-BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg/330px-BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg/440px-BLAST_on_flightline_balloon_filling_kiruna_2005.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BLAST_(telescope)" title="BLAST (telescope)">BLAST</a> payload and high-altitude balloon shortly before launch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1974, more than 500 <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_balloon" title="High-altitude balloon">high-altitude balloons</a> have been launched from Esrange for research purposes. The launch pad can handle balloons with volumes exceeding 1 million cubic meters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_services">Satellite services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Satellite services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arctic latitude of Esrange makes it very suitable for communication with satellites in polar orbits. <i>Esrange Satellite Station</i> is part of a global network with stations in Canada, Alaska, Hawaii, Chile and Australia. This global network is managed from Esrange. </p><p><i>Esrange Space Center</i> satellite station focuses on data acquisition and processing for <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> and scientific missions as well as TT&C support. The station is often used in combination with SSC's <i>Inuvik Satellite Station</i> in northern Canada, to increase coverage opportunities for polar orbiting missions. </p><p><i>Esrange Space Center</i> satellite station includes six independent Telemetry Tracking & Command (TT&C) systems in S-Band (one with receive capability also in the UHF-Band), six multi-frequency receive antenna systems in S/X-Band and an operational building which houses reception system electronics and data processing equipment. Satellite services at Esrange began in 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_control_services">Satellite control services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Satellite control services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of telecommunication satellites have been controlled through Esrange: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tele-X" title="Tele-X">Tele-X</a> (1989–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(satellite)" title="Sirius (satellite)">Sirius-1</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(satellite)" title="Sirius (satellite)">Sirius-2</a> (1997–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(satellite)" title="Sirius (satellite)">Sirius-3</a> (1998–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(satellite)" title="Sirius (satellite)">Sirius-4</a> (2008–)</li></ul> <p>Most research satellites of the Swedish space programme have received control commands through Esrange: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(satellite)" title="Viking (satellite)">Viking</a> (1986–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freja_(satellite)" title="Freja (satellite)">Freja</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrid_(satellite)" title="Astrid (satellite)">Astrid-1</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> (2001–)</li></ul> <p>The exception was controlled from SSC's laboratories in Solna outside Stockholm: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrid_(satellite)" title="Astrid (satellite)">Astrid-2</a> (1998–1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_station_services">Ground station services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ground station services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data have been received at Esrange from more than 50 satellites, including SPOT 1–5, Landsat 2–7, <a href="/wiki/ERS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERS-1">ERS-1</a>–2 and <a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_launch_capability">Satellite launch capability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Satellite launch capability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideas to use Esrange Space Center for orbital launches has existed since the inauguration of the base in 1966, then in the vision of ESRO. As new smaller launcher projects started to emerge in the beginning of the new millennia, SSC started to form new ideas to use these to obtain an orbital capability. </p><p>On October 14, 2020, Matilda Ernkrans, the Swedish Space Minister, announced the decision of the Swedish government to establish capability to launch small satellites from Esrange Space Center in northern Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orbital launch site, LC-3, was inaugurated on 13 January 2023 as the ribbon was cut by the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a>, prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a> together with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">head commissioner</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula Von der Leyen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently plans for an orbital launch at 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri,_outside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg/250px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg/375px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg/500px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_outside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A vast uninhabited area north of the range is used as an area where the sounding rockets can land. Spread throughout this area are small shelters, like the one shown in this picture. When a launch campaign is planned, people are asked to visit such shelters and listen to the radio. This shelter is at Vassejávri, around 10 km west of <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4r%C3%A4m%C3%A4_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Järämä (Sweden) (page does not exist)">Järämä (Sweden)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg/200px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg/300px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg/400px-Esrange_shelter_at_Vassej%C3%A1vri%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Interior of such a shelter</figcaption></figure> <p>The area of the site is traditional land of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">reindeer herding</a>. Shelters have been established for people in the surrounding area to take cover during launches. Increased industrial, military and aeronautic activity in the region has been viewed critically by Sami people.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_launched_from_Esrange" title="List of rockets launched from Esrange">List of rockets launched from Esrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">Swedish Space Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">Swedish National Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Institute_of_Space_Physics" title="Swedish Institute of Space Physics">Swedish Institute of Space Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_European_Aerospace_Test_range" title="North European Aerospace Test range">North European Aerospace Test range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">List of rocket launch sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexus/Bexus" title="Rexus/Bexus">Rexus/Bexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord Spaceport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobsson2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacobsson, Cecilia (6 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/rymdturism-nasta-steg-for-raketbasen-esrange/">"Rymdturism nästa steg för raketbasen Esrange"</a> [Space tourism next stage for the rocket base Esrange]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a></i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Rymdturism+n%C3%A4sta+steg+f%C3%B6r+raketbasen+Esrange&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Jacobsson&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fekonomi%2Frymdturism-nasta-steg-for-raketbasen-esrange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2015" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Fredrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101725"><i>Making Place for Space: a History of 'Space Town' Kiruna 1943-2000</i></a>. Umeå, Sweden: Umeå University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-244-4"><bdi>978-91-7601-244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Place+for+Space%3A+a+History+of+%27Space+Town%27+Kiruna+1943-2000&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Ume%C3%A5+University&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-91-7601-244-4&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aumu%3Adiva-101725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2015" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Fredrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101725"><i>Making Place for Space: a History of 'Space Town' Kiruna 1943-2000</i></a>. Umeå, Sweden: Umeå University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7601-244-4"><bdi>978-91-7601-244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Place+for+Space%3A+a+History+of+%27Space+Town%27+Kiruna+1943-2000&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Ume%C3%A5+University&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-91-7601-244-4&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aumu%3Adiva-101725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscspace.com/ssc-introduce-new-service-for-easy-access-to-space-suborbital-express/">"Suborbital Express"</a>. <i>Swedish Space Corporation</i>. 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swedish+Space+Corporation&rft.atitle=Suborbital+Express&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscspace.com%2Fssc-introduce-new-service-for-easy-access-to-space-suborbital-express%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscspace.com/ssc-to-launch-satellites-esrange-space-center/">"SSC to launch satellites from Esrange Space Center"</a>. <i>SSC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SSC&rft.atitle=SSC+to+launch+satellites+from+Esrange+Space+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscspace.com%2Fssc-to-launch-satellites-esrange-space-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5wRsAYzVmw"><i>Inauguration of Spaceport Esrange</i></a>, 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inauguration+of+Spaceport+Esrange&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DS5wRsAYzVmw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Research/Esrange_and_ESA">"Esrange and ESA"</a>. <i>ESA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA&rft.atitle=Esrange+and+ESA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FResearch%2FEsrange_and_ESA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen_2023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_2023_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2023" class="citation web cs1">Nielsen, Nikolaj (2023-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/nordics/156603">"Europe's new space port seeks to launch reusable rockets"</a>. <i>EUobserver</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+new+space+port+seeks+to+launch+reusable+rockets&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Nikolaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fnordics%2F156603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The History of Sounding Rockets and Their Contribution to European Space Research, Günther Seibert, ESA HSR-38, November 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9092-550-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-9092-550-7">92-9092-550-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esrange&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esrange" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Esrange">Esrange</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscspace.com/ssc-worldwide/esrange-space-center/">Esrange Space Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/37e.htm">List of stratospheric balloons launched from Esrange</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscspace.com">Swedish Space Corporation</a> - Official site</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esrange&params=67_53_38_N_21_06_25_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">67°53′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°06′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">67.89389°N 21.10694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">67.89389; 21.10694</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceport" title="Template:Spaceport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceport" title="Template talk:Spaceport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Space Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese private launches: <a href="/wiki/HICAL" title="HICAL">HICAL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site">Wenchang Commercial</a>)</li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasiun_Peluncuran_Roket" title="Stasiun Peluncuran Roket">Pameungpeuk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semnan_Space_Center" title="Semnan Space Center">Semnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahroud_Space_Center" title="Shahroud Space Center">Shahroud Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase" title="Palmachim Airbase">Palmachim</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center" title="Uchinoura Space Center">Uchinoura</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese private launches: <a href="/wiki/Space_One" title="Space One">Space One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_Kii" title="Spaceport Kii">Kii</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kazakhstan<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Russia: <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sary_Shagan" title="Sary Shagan">Sary Shagan</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station" title="Sohae Satellite Launching Station">Sohae</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naro_Space_Center" title="Naro Space Center">Naro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonmiani_(space_facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonmiani (space facility)">Sonmiani</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)#Commercial_launches" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky / Yasny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Space Center">Andøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Rocket_Range" title="Svalbard Rocket Range">SvalRak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">INTA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">SSC</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esrange</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newquay_Airport#Spaceport_Cornwall" title="Newquay Airport">Spaceport Cornwall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral SFS</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">ER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg SFB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">WR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops</a></li></ul></li> <li>Academic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poker_Flat_Research_Range" title="Poker Flat Research Range">Poker Flat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Private: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Ranch" title="Corn Ranch">Corn Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Launch" title="Southern Launch">Southern Launch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Test_Range" title="Koonibba Test Range">Koonibba</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1" title="Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1">Mahia Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Marshall<span class="nowrap"> </span>Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/<span class="nowrap"> </span>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Reagan Test Site</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">FAB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barreira_do_Inferno_Launch_Center" title="Barreira do Inferno Launch Center">Barreira do Inferno</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe: <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / France: <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana / Kourou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Launch_Services" title="Maritime Launch Services">Canso</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Biak Spaceport">Biak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oita_Airport" title="Oita Airport">Oita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiki_Multi-Purpose_Aerospace_Park" title="Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park">Hokkaido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Spaceport_Sweden" title="Spaceport Sweden">Spaceport Sweden</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_spaceport" title="Sutherland spaceport">Sutherland</a></li></ul></li> <li>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Airport" title="Cecil Airport">Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton-Sherman_Industrial_Airpark" title="Clinton-Sherman Industrial Airpark">Clinton-Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Colorado Air and Space Port">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Spaceport_Complex" title="Maine Spaceport Complex">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_International_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Midland International Air and Space Port">Midland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Hierro_Launch_Centre" title="El Hierro Launch Centre">El Hierro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria / France: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_interarm%C3%A9es_d%27essais_d%27engins_sp%C3%A9ciaux" title="Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux">CIEES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammaguir#Role_in_French_rocketry_and_spaceflight" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia#Aerospace" title="Carnarvon, Western Australia">Carnarvon</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Rocket_Research_Range" title="Churchill Rocket Research Range">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall Beach">Hall Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_Bay" title="Resolute Bay">Resolute Bay</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Base_603" title="Base 603">Guangde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhui_District#Suborbital_rocket_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhui District">Nanhui</a></li> <li>Nazi<span class="nowrap"> </span>Germany: <a href="/wiki/V-2_missile_launch_site,_Blizna" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2 missile launch site, Blizna">Blizna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswalder_Oie" title="Greifswalder Oie">Greifswalder Oie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/Koroni#Rocket_launch_site" title="Koroni">Koroni</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Salto_di_Quirra" title="Salto di Quirra">Salto di Quirra</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_space_development#Early_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's space development">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii-jima" title="Nii-jima">Nii-jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obachi" title="Obachi">Obachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryori" title="Ryori">Ryori</a></li> <li>Kenya / Italy: <a href="/wiki/Broglio_Space_Center" title="Broglio Space Center">Broglio, Malindi</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground" title="Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground">Tonghae</a></li> <li>Soviet Union / Russia: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel_Observatory" title="Ernst Krenkel Observatory">Kheysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li> <li>Sweden:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kronog%C3%A5rd" title="Kronogård">Kronogård</a></li> <li>USA: <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base#Space_Shuttle_support" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Space_Harbor" title="White Sands Space Harbor">WSSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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