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<li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History of the palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Debbane Palace</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">قصر دبانة</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debbane_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Entrance to the Debbane palace from the Saida old souk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Debbane_Palace.jpg/250px-Debbane_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Debbane_Palace.jpg/375px-Debbane_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Debbane_Palace.jpg/500px-Debbane_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Entrance to the Debbane palace from the Saida old souk.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Debbane Palace is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Debbane Palace is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/240px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/360px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/480px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.571%;left:27.209%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Debbane Palace"><img alt="Debbane Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Lebanon</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Dar Ali Agha Hammoud, Qasr Hammoud</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Qasr Debbane</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Used as a museum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Town or city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Debbane_Palace&params=33_33_54_N_35_22_17_E_type:landmark_region:LB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°33′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°22′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.56500°N 35.37139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.56500; 35.37139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">1721</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Debbane Palace</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قصر دبانة</span>), also <b>Qasr Debbane</b>, <b>Dar Ali Agha al-Hammud</b>, and <b>Dar Debbané</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Arab_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab architecture">Arab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a>-style grand mansion in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The palace was built as a private residence in 1721 by Ali Agha al-Hammud, a Sidonian notable descending from a long line of builders. The palace was built around a central courtyard without any street-level openings to ensure the privacy of its occupants. Only the reception area or <i>selamlik</i> remains of the palace's original wings; it features an indoor fountain, elaborate multicolored <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a></i> ornaments and sculpted <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Lebanese cedar</a> ceilings. </p><p>The palace changed hands and functions after the loss of the Hammuds' political influence and wealth. The western part of the mansion, including the <i>selamlik</i> was bought in 1859 by Asin Khlat Debbane, the wife of a rich sericulturist and silk trader. The Dar was thenceforth known as Qasr Debbane or Debbane Palace; it became the private residence of the Debbane family until the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> in 1976. During the war the palace was damaged and ransacked. After the end of the war the palace was restored and turned into a private museum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 15th-century reign of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Sultan Mehmed II</a>, the Ottomans introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a></i> tax-farming system in which a <i>mültezim</i> was responsible for collecting revenue from a <a href="/wiki/Muqata%27ah" title="Muqata'ah"><i>mukataa</i></a>, a parcel of land owned by the Ottoman crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.141_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çizakça_1996,_p.141-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term of an <i>Iltizam</i> ranged from one to twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.140_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çizakça_1996,_p.140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1695, the <i>Iltizam</i> was superseded by the <i><a href="/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne" title="Malikâne">Malikâne</a></i> system where tax-farming contracts were granted for life, and a tenant could give the tax-farm to an heir if the treasury agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1987,_p.67-68_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1987,_p.67-68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under both systems, revenue collection rights were awarded to the highest bidder who could keep profits after forwarding to the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> (imperial government).<sup id="cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.140_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çizakça_1996,_p.140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Ayan"><i>ayan</i></a>, a class of local notables or dynasts, developed into the chief owners of these rights. They were more efficient than the governors in the preceding <i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">Timar</a></i> system at forwarding revenues to Porte, and their local nature afforded them more knowledge of the region's politics and a vested interest in its success.<sup id="cite_ref-Piterberg_1990,_pp.284-285_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piterberg_1990,_pp.284-285-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hammud <i>ayan</i> established themselves in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> in the 16th or 17th century and became its tax collectors from the early 18th century. They benefited from the 1695 fiscal reform, which granted them lifetime Malikâne, thereby increasing their political power and wealth significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the "age of Ayan", urban development had been the privilege of non-local Ottoman officials; the Hammuds were prime among other Sidonian notables to sponsor large-scale urban development projects, including the construction of commanding private residences, mosques, public <i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a></i> (bathhouses), <i><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">khans</a></i> (caravanserais) and schools, among other buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217,_222_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.217,_222-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weber_and_Sluglett_2010,_pp.225-237_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_and_Sluglett_2010,_pp.225-237-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa <a href="/wiki/Keth%C3%BCda" title="Kethüda">Katkhuda</a>, a Hammud notable of the first half of the 17th century, was the first to leave material architectural evidence of the family's involvement in urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katkhuda commissioned Sidon's Kikhiya mosque in 1634–1645.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.222_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.222-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 18th century, Mustafa Agha al-Hammud was the first Hammud to be identified in written records.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prolific builder; among his commissions are the city's Hammam al-Jadid (New Bathhouse) and the enlargement of the Bahri Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.222_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.222-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family's building activity was continued by Mustafa's son Ali Agha al-Hammud, who had become Sidon's tax farmer around the late 1710s and held that position until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>; Ali was, like Mustafa a <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i> (religious endowment) trustee.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.219-220_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.219-220-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commissioned two of the city's most prestigious private residences to showcase his wealth;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also commissioned public amenities including Khan al-Hummus and Hammam al-Ward (Rose Bathhouse).<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.235_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.235-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_palace">History of the palace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Dar Ali Agha al-Hammud was built in 1721 by Ali Agha al-Hammud in the eastern part of Sidon's <i><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.52_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.52-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wall inscription above the door to the <i><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">qa'a</a></i> (guestroom) dating to 1730–1731 (1143 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) asserts that Ali al-Hammud was the patron of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1730s, Ahmad al-Hammud inherited the public functions of his father Ali. Ahmad ran into many lawsuits and financial problems in addition to his uneasy relations with the Ottoman governor of Sidon. He was accused of selling <i>waqf</i> properties to the French. In 1739, he was appointed <i>mutassallim</i> (deputy governor) of Sidon but eventually lost his political influence and source of wealth with the rise to power of the local <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>-based chief and tax farmer <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a>. With Ahmad's demise, the Hammuds' urban development activity ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.221-222_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.221-222-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Hammuds' loss of influence the family mansion was transformed into the seat of an Ottoman governmental office.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871 city archives the mansion is described as a <a href="/wiki/Saray_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (building)"><i>saray</i></a> (government headquarters) and in 1901 as the Dar al-Hukuma al-Qadima (Old Government Headquarters), indicating that it was used at the time as a local Ottoman administrative building.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg/220px-Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg/330px-Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg/440px-Description_de_l%27Egypte_-_Atlas_-_F.47_-_Tyre_Sidon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9308" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>Sidon on an 1800 map. Sidon was the capital of its namesake <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">province</a> until <a href="/wiki/Jazzar_Pasha" title="Jazzar Pasha">Jazzar Ahmed Pasha</a> moved the capital to Acre in 1775. </figcaption></figure><p>In 1856, the Sacy family acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/Haremlik" title="Haremlik">haremlik</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> quarters) at the eastern end of the mansion as their private palace. The western part of the mansion, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Selamlik" title="Selamlik">selamlik</a></i> (Ottoman reception hall), was bought in 1859 by Asin Khlat, the wife of Youssef Debbane, a rich sericulturist and silk trader.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dar was thenceforth known as Qasr Debbane or Debbane Palace; it became the private residence of the Debbane family since 1859 until the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> in 1976. During the war, Sidon was shelled, and then-owner Mary Audi-Debbane moved to Beirut, leaving the palace unattended. The palace was squatted by hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>, who fled the conflict in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> in February 1978; the palace was further damaged and ransacked by militiamen who squatted there in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deguilhem_2008,_p.950_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deguilhem_2008,_p.950-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>qasr</i> was listed as a historical monument by the Lebanon's Ministry of Culture in 1968. In 1999 Georges, François, Jean Debbane, and Marie Debbane-Naggear renounced their rights of ownership as heirs to the Debbané Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Debbané Foundation is a Melkite religious <i>waqf</i>, managed by a committee representing the Debbane family, the director general of Antiquities of Lebanon, the mayor of the city, and the Greek-Catholic bishop of Saida.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace was restored by the Debbané Foundation in 2000 at an approximate cost of $2.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace was opened as a private museum during the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> 2001 seminar in Saïda.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richly decorated Ottoman-style hall with a central fountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg/220px-Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg/330px-Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg/440px-Debbane_Palace_Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="3980" /></a><figcaption>One of the halls of the Selamlik at the Debbane palace</figcaption></figure><p>The palace was built in the Arab-Ottoman style with characteristic architectural features of a house with a central <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.52_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.52-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This architectural archetype ensured the inhabitants' privacy by removing street-facing openings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghoussayni,_Bayyati_2018,_p.470_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghoussayni,_Bayyati_2018,_p.470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground floor is occupied by shops, a deprecated stable and a garden. The courtyard is elevated from the street level; it is accessible by a narrow staircase and an entrance porch that opens to the souk.<sup id="cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makaron_2007,_p.410-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courtyard has a water fountain at its center and gives access to all of the 18th-century palace wings, including the <i>selamlik</i> and the now obliterated private <i>haremlik</i>. The surviving <i>selamlik</i> includes reception halls and the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a>-style decorated grand <i>qa'a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makaron_2007,_p.410-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>qa'a</i> comprises a raised sitting area (<i>tazar</i>) where the owner's guests of honor would be seated on <i><a href="/wiki/Divan_(furniture)" title="Divan (furniture)">diwans</a></i>. The <i>tazar</i> is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)#Usage" title="Qa'a (room)"><i>'ataba</i></a>, a reception area one step lower than the <i>tazar</i>, where regular guests were received.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>qa'a</i> is decorated with multicolored <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a></i> ornaments and sculpted <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Lebanese cedar</a> ceilings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central courtyard leads also to an <i><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flanked by two reception rooms and various service areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_pp.410,_412_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makaron_2007,_pp.410,_412-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alterations">Alterations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alterations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the Palace's original 18th-century plan, only the <i>selamlik</i>, <i>iwan</i>, and service areas remain, the <i>haremlik</i> being destroyed during the 19th century. To accommodate their growing family, the Debbanes added two levels to the palace in the Levantine neo-Classical style during renovations undertaken between 1917 and 1920. The open courtyard was vertically extended by the addition of a gallery covered by a four-sided red tile roof. The new gallery was designed in the Damascene style with <i><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">ablaq</a></i> (alternating) motifs running on all its sides. A <i>tiyyara</i>, a tower-like structure, was later added on the terrace of the second floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makaron_2007,_p.410-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections_and_exhibition_spaces">Collections and exhibition spaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collections and exhibition spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Debbane Palace ground floor's stately chambers and furnishings provide a glimpse of a traditional Ottoman house.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Ottoman era furniture and décor, the <i>selamlik</i> chambers hold a collection of Ottoman-era wood and ivory-inlaid musical instruments from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> including <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">ouds</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Buzuq" title="Buzuq">buzuqs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum also boasts six exhibition spaces; these occupy the bedrooms built in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the rooms will host the planned virtual museum of the necropolis of the kings of Sidon; this exhibition will include high resolution photographs of the collection of royal Sidonian sarcophagi. The 16 sarcophagi were discovered in 1887 in an orchard north-east of the city near the village of Helalieh; they were moved by the Ottomans after their unearthing to the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museum">Istanbul Archaeology Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition space includes the library of jurist and law professor François Debbane; it holds more than 2,500 works including 50 rare books. A third room exhibits the history of the Debbane family and the genealogical family tree. The <i>tayyara</i> houses a collection of old films and photographs of the city of Saida.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman-era string musical instrument on display at the museum"><img alt="Three quarters view of an elaborate old string instrument." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/90px-Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/135px-Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/180px-Ottoman_musical_string_instrument_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman-era string musical instrument on display at the museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman-style sundial with folded gnomon and compass. The sundial features engraved toponyms in Arabic and zodiac symbols"><img alt="Circular brass time measurement device with engraved Arabic toponyms and zodiac symbols." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/111px-Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/166px-Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg/222px-Ottoman_Sundial_at_the_Debbane_Palace_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="2734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman-style sundial with folded gnomon and compass. The sundial features engraved toponyms in Arabic and zodiac symbols</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Asin Khlat (1825–1872)"><img alt="Oil painting depicting a bejweled middle-aged lady facing the onlooker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg/149px-Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg/199px-Portrait_of_Asin_Khlat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="2677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Asin Khlat (1825–1872)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Youssef Loutfi Debbane (1808-1883)"><img alt="Portrait of a decorated and mustached older man wearing a fez. He faces the onlooker and holds a piece of parchement." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg/98px-Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg/147px-Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg/197px-Youssef_Loutfi_Debbane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Youssef Loutfi Debbane (1808-1883)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustafa Agha al-Hammud was unfavorably mentioned in several French consular reports dating from when his buildings were being constructed. In addition to his building activity, he was involved in the restoration of other estates in his capacity as <i>mutawalli</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i>s, a caretaker of a plot or a building owned by an Islamic charitable trust. Mustafa died around 1721, at that time he was no longer mentioned in consular reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.217-218_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.217-218-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Agha al-Hammud's private residences include his eponymous Dar and another mansion that was repurposed as a school and is now known as Madrasat al-Aisha.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.235_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.235-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A vaulted hall walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Çizakça_1996,_p.141-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.141_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Çizakça 1996, p.141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çizakça_1996,_p.140-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.140_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Çizakça_1996,_p.140_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Çizakça 1996, p.140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes_1987,_p.67-68-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_1987,_p.67-68_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes 1987, p.67-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piterberg_1990,_pp.284-285-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piterberg_1990,_pp.284-285_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piterberg 1990, pp.284-285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.217-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, p.217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.217,_222-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.217,_222_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, p.217, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_and_Sluglett_2010,_pp.225-237-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_and_Sluglett_2010,_pp.225-237_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber and Sluglett 2010, pp.225-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.222-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.222_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.222_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, p.222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.217-218-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.217-218_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, pp.217-218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.219-220-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.219-220_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, pp.219-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_p.235-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.235_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_p.235_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.52-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.52_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.52_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2014, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiaz2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diaz, Cécilia (2017-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agendaculturel.com/article/Patrimoine_Le_palais_Debbane_fleuron_de_l_architecture_arabo_ottomane_sidonienne">"Le palais Debbané : fleuron de l'architecture arabo-ottomane sidonienne"</a> [The Debbane palace: A flagship of Arabo-Ottoman Sidonian architecture]. <i>AgendaCulturel</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223074744/https://www.agendaculturel.com/article/Patrimoine_Le_palais_Debbane_fleuron_de_l_architecture_arabo_ottomane_sidonienne">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AgendaCulturel&rft.atitle=Le+palais+Debban%C3%A9+%3A+fleuron+de+l%27architecture+arabo-ottomane+sidonienne&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.aulast=Diaz&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agendaculturel.com%2Farticle%2FPatrimoine_Le_palais_Debbane_fleuron_de_l_architecture_arabo_ottomane_sidonienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2014,_p.65-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2014,_p.65_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2014, p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_2010,_pp.221-222-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_2010,_pp.221-222_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 2010, pp.221-222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deguilhem_2008,_p.950-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deguilhem_2008,_p.950_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deguilhem 2008, p.950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebbané_Foundation2001" class="citation web cs1">Debbané Foundation (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsaida.org/english/calendrier.htm">"The museum chronology"</a>. <i>www.museumsaida.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806085726/http://www.museumsaida.org/english/calendrier.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museumsaida.org&rft.atitle=The+museum+chronology&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Debban%C3%A9+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumsaida.org%2Fenglish%2Fcalendrier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghoussayni,_Bayyati_2018,_p.470-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghoussayni,_Bayyati_2018,_p.470_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghoussayni, Bayyati 2018, p.470</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makaron_2007,_p.410-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_p.410_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makaron 2007, p.410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisZucker2013" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/chronological-periods-islamic/islamic-art-late-period/v/damascus-room">"Qa'a: The Damascus room (video)"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i>. Khan Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716080709/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/chronological-periods-islamic/islamic-art-late-period/v/damascus-room">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Qa%27a%3A+The+Damascus+room+%28video%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fart-islam%2Fchronological-periods-islamic%2Fislamic-art-late-period%2Fv%2Fdamascus-room&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makaron_2007,_pp.410,_412-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makaron_2007,_pp.410,_412_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makaron 2007, pp.410, 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2018" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Leila Molana-Allen & Lizzie (2018-05-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180424-did-syria-create-the-worlds-first-song">"Did Syria create the world's first song?"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716130835/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180424-did-syria-create-the-worlds-first-song">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Did+Syria+create+the+world%27s+first+song%3F&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Leila+Molana-Allen+%26+Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20180424-did-syria-create-the-worlds-first-song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1987" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, John Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSOJUHDf6akC&q=iltizam"><i>An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08652-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Religious+Foundations+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08652-4&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSOJUHDf6akC%26q%3Diltizam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇizakça1996" class="citation book cs1">Çizakça, Murat (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gy42aAtMstoC&q=iltizam+ottoman+highest+bidder&pg=PA140"><i>A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships: The Islamic World and Europe, With Specific Reference to the Ottoman Archives</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10601-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Evolution+of+Business+Partnerships%3A+The+Islamic+World+and+Europe%2C+With+Specific+Reference+to+the+Ottoman+Archives&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10601-7&rft.aulast=%C3%87izak%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgy42aAtMstoC%26q%3Diltizam%2Bottoman%2Bhighest%2Bbidder%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeguilhem2008" class="citation book cs1">Deguilhem, Randi (2008-08-22). Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Antillio; Raymond, André (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tO55DwAAQBAJ&q=debbane+palace&pg=PA950"><i>The City in the Islamic World (2 vols)</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4265-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4265-3"><bdi>978-90-474-4265-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+in+the+Islamic+World+%282+vols%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4265-3&rft.aulast=Deguilhem&rft.aufirst=Randi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtO55DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddebbane%2Bpalace%26pg%3DPA950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoussayniAliBayyati2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ghoussayni, F.; Ali, A.; Bayyati, A. (2018-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/2812/1/Final%20Leb%20S%20J-Dec%202018%20%282%29.pdf">"Rehabilitation of historical cities in the mediterranean using modular patterns – case study of Sidon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lebanese Science Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 455–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22453%2FLSJ-019.3.410431">10.22453/LSJ-019.3.410431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1561-3410">1561-3410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lebanese+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation+of+historical+cities+in+the+mediterranean+using+modular+patterns+%E2%80%93+case+study+of+Sidon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-476&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22453%2FLSJ-019.3.410431&rft.issn=1561-3410&rft.aulast=Ghoussayni&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Ali%2C+A.&rft.au=Bayyati%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchopen.lsbu.ac.uk%2F2812%2F1%2FFinal%2520Leb%2520S%2520J-Dec%25202018%2520%25282%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakaroun_Bou_Assaf2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makaroun Bou Assaf, Yasmine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717070317/http://openarchive.icomos.org/1394/7/06.%20La%20diagnosis%20como%20etapa%20previa%20a%20la%20rehabilitacion.pdf">"Les apports de l'archéologie du Bâti au diagnostic : le Palais Debbané à Saida (Liban) entre mémoires et quête d'identité"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bâti Edificio Building</i> (in French). RehabiMed. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchive.icomos.org/1394/7/06.%20La%20diagnosis%20como%20etapa%20previa%20a%20la%20rehabilitacion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A2ti+Edificio+Building&rft.atitle=Les+apports+de+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie+du+B%C3%A2ti+au+diagnostic+%3A+le+Palais+Debban%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Saida+%28Liban%29+entre+m%C3%A9moires+et+qu%C3%AAte+d%27identit%C3%A9.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Makaroun+Bou+Assaf&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenarchive.icomos.org%2F1394%2F7%2F06.%2520La%2520diagnosis%2520como%2520etapa%2520previa%2520a%2520la%2520rehabilitacion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiterberg1990" class="citation journal cs1">Piterberg, Gabriel (1990). "The Formation of an Ottoman Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 275–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800034073">10.1017/S0020743800034073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164128">164128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+an+Ottoman+Egyptian+Elite+in+the+18th+Century&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-289&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800034073&rft.aulast=Piterberg&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluglettWeber2010" class="citation book cs1">Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (2010-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuB5DwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+debbane+museum+project+and+the+ottoman+%22&pg=PA623"><i>Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule: Essays in honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19104-4"><bdi>978-90-04-19104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Bilad+al-Sham+under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+Essays+in+honour+of+Abdul+Karim+Rafeq&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19104-4&rft.aulast=Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Weber%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuB5DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bdebbane%2Bmuseum%2Bproject%2Band%2Bthe%2Bottoman%2B%2522%26pg%3DPA623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Stephan (2014-03-25). Kaiser, Wolfang (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9IAwAAQBAJ&q=debbane+palace&pg=PA5"><i>La loge et le fondouk. Les dimensions spatiales des pratiques marchandes en Méditerranée Moyen Age - Epoque moderne</i></a> (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0983-7"><bdi>978-2-8111-0983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+loge+et+le+fondouk.+Les+dimensions+spatiales+des+pratiques+marchandes+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+Moyen+Age+-+Epoque+moderne&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-0983-7&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj9IAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddebbane%2Bpalace%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebbane+Palace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&oldid=1255045803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debbane_Palace&oldid=1255045803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palaces_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Palaces in Lebanon">Palaces in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Museums in Lebanon">Museums in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Sidon" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Sidon">Buildings and structures in Sidon</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 21:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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