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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signature,_ratification_and_entry_into_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signature,_ratification_and_entry_into_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signature, ratification and entry into force</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signature,_ratification_and_entry_into_force-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signature, ratification and entry into force subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signature,_ratification_and_entry_into_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Signature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_application_and_entry_into_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_application_and_entry_into_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Provisional application and entry into force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_application_and_entry_into_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Territorial scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_in_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trade in goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_in_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Trade in services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy,_public_policy_and_other_aspects_of_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy,_public_policy_and_other_aspects_of_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Energy, public policy and other aspects of trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy,_public_policy_and_other_aspects_of_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Movement of persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_and_road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_and_road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Aviation and road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_and_road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_and_UK_participation_in_EU_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_and_UK_participation_in_EU_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Cooperation and UK participation in EU programmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_and_UK_participation_in_EU_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_provisions_and_dispute_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_provisions_and_dispute_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Institutional provisions and dispute settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_provisions_and_dispute_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In the EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="اتفاق التجارة والتعاون بين الاتحاد الأوروبي والمملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاق التجارة والتعاون بين الاتحاد الأوروبي والمملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acord_de_Cooperaci%C3%B3_i_Comer%C3%A7_entre_la_Uni%C3%B3_Europea_i_el_Regne_Unit" title="Acord de Cooperació i Comerç entre la Unió Europea i el Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acord de Cooperació i Comerç entre la Unió Europea i el Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohoda_mezi_EU_a_Spojen%C3%BDm_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%ADm_o_obchodu_a_spolupr%C3%A1ci" title="Dohoda mezi EU a Spojeným královstvím o obchodu a spolupráci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dohoda mezi EU a Spojeným královstvím o obchodu a spolupráci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handels-_und_Kooperationsabkommen_zwischen_der_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Union_und_dem_Vereinigten_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Handels- und Kooperationsabkommen zwischen der Europäischen Union und dem Vereinigten Königreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handels- und Kooperationsabkommen zwischen der Europäischen Union und dem Vereinigten Königreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdo_de_cooperaci%C3%B3n_y_comercio_entre_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea_y_el_Reino_Unido" title="Acuerdo de cooperación y comercio entre la Unión Europea y el Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuerdo de cooperación y comercio entre la Unión Europea y el Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="پیمان تجارت و همکاری بریتانیا و اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان تجارت و همکاری بریتانیا و اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_de_commerce_et_de_coop%C3%A9ration_entre_le_Royaume-Uni_et_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Accord de commerce et de coopération entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accord de commerce et de coopération entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%84-%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%87_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="ԵՄ-ի և Մեծ Բրիտանիայի միջև առևտրի և համագործակցության համաձայնագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԵՄ-ի և Մեծ Բրիտանիայի միջև առևտրի և համագործակցության համաձայնագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordo_di_commercio_e_cooperazione_tra_Unione_europea_e_Regno_Unito" title="Accordo di commercio e cooperazione tra Unione europea e Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accordo di commercio e cooperazione tra Unione europea e Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handels-_og_samarbeidsavtalen_mellom_EU_og_Storbritannia" title="Handels- og samarbeidsavtalen mellom EU og Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Handels- og samarbeidsavtalen mellom EU og Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordul_comercial_%C8%99i_de_cooperare_%C3%AEntre_Regatul_Unit_%C8%99i_Uniunea_European%C4%83" title="Acordul comercial și de cooperare între Regatul Unit și Uniunea Europeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acordul comercial și de cooperare între Regatul Unit și Uniunea Europeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%95%D0%A1_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Соглашение о торговле и сотрудничестве между ЕС и Великобританией – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соглашение о торговле и сотрудничестве между ЕС и Великобританией" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handels-_och_samarbetsavtalet_mellan_Europeiska_unionen_och_Storbritannien" title="Handels- och samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska unionen och Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handels- och samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska unionen och Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6_%D0%84%D0%A1_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E" title="Угода про торгівлю та співробітництво між ЄС та Великою Британією – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угода про торгівлю та співробітництво між ЄС та Великою Британією" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i_v%C3%A0_H%E1%BB%A3p_t%C3%A1c_Anh%E2%80%93EU" title="Hiệp định Thương mại và Hợp tác Anh–EU – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp định Thương mại và Hợp tác Anh–EU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%AC%A7%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="英欧贸易合作协定 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英欧贸易合作协定" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Trade and cooperation agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/340px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/510px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/680px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> <b>European Union (EU)</b> and <b>Euratom</b></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7931e; color:black;"> </span> <b>United Kingdom (UK)</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Trade and cooperation agreement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Context</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Withdrawal of the UK from the EU</a> on 31 January 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="000000002020-12-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">24 December 2020</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="000000002020-12-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 December 2020</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 2021<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 2021<sup id="cite_ref-CouncilRatifies_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouncilRatifies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a> by both parties (Article 783)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provisional application</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 2021 to 30 April 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negotiators</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Frost_(British_diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Frost (British diplomat)">David Frost</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">all <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union#Official_EU_languages" title="Languages of the European Union">official EU languages</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</b> (<b>TCA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> signed on 30 December 2020, between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK). It <a href="/wiki/Provisional_application_(treaty)" title="Provisional application (treaty)">provisionally applied</a><sup id="cite_ref-Prov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22021X0101(01)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021X0101(01)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1 January 2021, when the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_transition_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit transition period">Brexit transition period</a> ended,<sup id="cite_ref-E210431_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E210431-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before formally entering into force on 1 May 2021, after the ratification processes on both sides were completed: the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> ratified on 30 December 2020;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> ratified in late April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-CouncilRatifies_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouncilRatifies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agreement, which governs the <a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">relationship between the EU and the UK</a> after <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, was concluded after <a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">eight months of negotiations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> in goods and limited mutual <a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">market access</a> in services, as well as for cooperation mechanisms in a range of policy areas, transitional provisions about EU access to UK fisheries, and UK participation in some EU programmes. Compared to the UK's previous status as an EU member state, on 1 January 2021 the following ended as they are not incorporated in the TCA or the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">free movement of persons</a> between the parties; UK membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a>; UK participation in most EU programmes; part of EU–UK law enforcement and security cooperation such as the access to real time crime data; defense and foreign policy cooperation; and the authority of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in dispute settlement (except with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a><sup id="cite_ref-IrishBorder_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishBorder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In addition, two other separate treaties were negotiated, signed, and ratified in parallel around the same time by the UK and the EU/Euratom: an agreement on exchange of classified information<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another on cooperation in the field of nuclear energy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/75px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/113px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/150px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <p><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </p> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Glossary of terms</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">European Union (Amendment) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">European Union Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union">UK opinion polling on EU membership</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns for a referendum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Pledge" title="People's Pledge">People's Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum" title="Labour for a Referendum">Labour for a Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill</a> (unsuccessful)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"> 2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 UK Parliament by-elections</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">Clacton</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">Heywood and Middleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">Rochester and Strood</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 EU membership renegotiation</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">EU Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">UK Government pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaigns</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Leave campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></b> (official) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bpoplive" title="Bpoplive">Bpoplive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Remain campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></b> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Europe" title="Britain in Europe">Britain in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Influence" title="British Influence">British Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe" title="Business for New Europe">Business for New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(advocacy_group)" title="Nucleus (advocacy group)">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Outcome</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit" title="Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit">Causes for result</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Immediate aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016 Conservative Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016 Labour Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">2016 UKIP election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade" title="Department for International Trade">Department for International Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Allegations of unlawful campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Alleged Russian interference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notice of withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller</i> case (Article 50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Negotiation positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit" title="European Union negotiating directives for Brexit">EU negotiation mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">Northern Ireland Protocol Bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Legislation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">Public Vote Bill</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal Bills</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill">Scottish EU Continuity Bill</a> (blocked)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021"> Scottish EU Continuity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">Internal Market Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">EU (Future Relationship) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_(Revocation_and_Reform)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill">Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on the Irish border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">Impact on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">Effects on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Scientific cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Effects on popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute" title="2021 Jersey dispute">2021 Jersey dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">Relations pre- and post-Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">EU–UK trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> (TCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly" title="EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly">Partnership Assembly</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Relations with EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Austria–United Kingdom relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Croatia–United Kingdom relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Estonia–United Kingdom relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Greece–United Kingdom relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hungary–United Kingdom relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Ireland–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Lithuania–United Kingdom relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Romania–United Kingdom relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Slovakia–United Kingdom relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sweden–United Kingdom relations">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area">Conjectured EEA membership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)">Post-referendum opinion polling</a></li> <li>New initiatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_to_Remain" title="Unite to Remain">Unite to Remain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Revoke Article 50 petition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Calls for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">second referendum</a></b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain for Europe">Britain for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake" title="For our Future's Sake">For our Future's Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthier IN the EU">Healthier IN the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFacts" class="mw-redirect" title="InFacts">InFacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice" title="Our Future Our Choice">Our Future Our Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists for EU">Scientists for EU</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_for_Britain" title="Best for Britain">Best for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)#Opposing_Brexit_(2015–present)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Vote" title="Right to Vote">Right to Vote</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">Referendum Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jan 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Renegotiation begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Referendum Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a> concluded</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> held</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Article 50 judgement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Feb 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 50</a> invoked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations begin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jun 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Withdrawal agreement plan</a> presented</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> July 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> released</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Nov 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">Scottish Continuity Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Dec 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Meaningful votes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan–Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_(14_March_2019)" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Brexit delayed until 12 April</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 October</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Theresa May resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">annulment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Aug–Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Withdrawal agreement <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">revised</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019#Outcome" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 January</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Agreement Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK leaves the European Union</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">UK–EU trade deal agreed</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021">Scottish Continuity Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period ends</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap">New EU–UK relationship begins</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK–EU trade deal ratified</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a> released</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Windsor framework adopted</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template talk:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The UK became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> in 1973, which later became the EU and <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the UK contributed to making and was subject to <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">EU law</a>, whose application was governed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>. </p><p>After the UK decided in a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a> to leave the EU ("<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>"), it did so on 31 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 31 December 2020, a transition period applied, in which the UK was still considered for most matters to be part of the EU. After the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">first negotiations</a> between the UK and the EU led to the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> that implemented the UK's withdrawal,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> negotiations commenced for an agreement to govern trade and other relations between the EU and the UK after the end of the transition period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a></div> <p>The UK government led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> pursued a desire to trade freely with the EU while being subject to as few EU rules as possible, and especially not to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its part, the EU insisted that the price for UK access to the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> was compliance with EU subsidies, social, environmental and other regulations to avoid distorting competition in the single market.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major point of contention was <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a>. Part of the impetus for Brexit was the British desire to regain full control over their fishing waters, whereas EU coastal states demanded to retain all or most of the fishing rights they enjoyed under the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade agreement, negotiated under increasing time pressure due to the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020, had to address all of these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal <a href="/wiki/Trade_deal_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU">trade negotiations</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> represented the EU and <a href="/wiki/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost" title="David Frost, Baron Frost">David Frost</a> represented the UK, began on 31 March 2020. They were originally due to be concluded by the end of October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, negotiations continued<sup id="cite_ref-FT301020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT301020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formally ended on 24 December 2020 when an agreement was reached in principle after ten negotiating rounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signature,_ratification_and_entry_into_force"><span id="Signature.2C_ratification_and_entry_into_force"></span>Signature, ratification and entry into force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signature, ratification and entry into force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signature">Signature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After approval by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> on 29 December,<sup id="cite_ref-Prov_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> signed the TCA on 30 December 2020 on behalf of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was then flown to London and signed for the UK by the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratification">Ratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal procedures of the UK and EU/Euratom had to be followed for ratification after signature. For the EU, this meant a decision by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> after receiving the consent of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the TCA was not treated as a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed agreement">mixed agreement</a>, no national ratification procedures were needed in the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf/page1-220px-2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf/page1-330px-2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf/page1-440px-2021-04-22_UK_notification_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The UK's notification about the agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>For the UK, ratification is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, exercised in effect by the Government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the agreement to have effect in UK domestic law and to enable the government to enter into the agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)#Enactment_and_after" title="Bill (law)">enactment</a> of the European Union (Future Relationship) Bill was required.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was introduced in Parliament on 30 December 2020 and provides for implementation of the TCA.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, the bill passed the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> with 521 votes to 73, and was approved by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. It became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020</a> when it received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 31 December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_ratifies_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_ratifies-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 2021, the European Parliament postponed its consent decision, which had been planned for 25 March. The EU accused the UK of proposing for a second time to break international law, after UK ministers announced the unilateral extension of the grace period on certain checks on trade from Great Britain to Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 April, the European Parliament gave its consent to the agreement after a plenary vote (660 in favour, 5 against, 32 abstentions).<sup id="cite_ref-Parl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of the European Union approved the agreement by a decision on 29 April using a written procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-CouncilRatifies_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouncilRatifies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agreement on the draft text of the TCA was only reached in late December 2020, while the parties planned provisional application on 1 January 2021. The parties therefore signed the draft text, of which the articles had not been continuously numbered and which was subject to legal revision before it could enter into force. The draft agreement was replaced by the definitive version of the agreement through an exchange of notes on 21 April 2021, and this version applies retroactively (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ab_initio" title="Ab initio">ab initio</a></i></span>) from 1 January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_application_and_entry_into_force">Provisional application and entry into force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Provisional application and entry into force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement was <a href="/wiki/Provisional_application_(treaty)" title="Provisional application (treaty)">provisionally applied</a> from 1 January 2021 until its entry into force on 1 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-22021X0101(01)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021X0101(01)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate date for the end of the provisional application was extended from 28 February to 30 April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council decision on the signing included the approval of provisional application, provided the UK also decided to provisionally apply the document.<sup id="cite_ref-Prov_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32020D2252_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32020D2252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">entered into force</a> on the first day of the month after ratification by both parties (Article 783; Article FINPROV.11 in the draft), namely 1 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CouncilRatifies_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouncilRatifies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_scope">Territorial scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Territorial scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement applies to the territory of the UK and to the EU. It does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, which was also part of the EU, but for which a <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">separate negotiation</a> is conducted between the UK, Spain and the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-32020D2252_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32020D2252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement applies to the Isle of Man, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a> (which gave their consent<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with regard to trade in goods and fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-QA_EU_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA_EU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the provisions on trade in goods do not apply, as those (as well as provisions on application of EU law in that area and involvement of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IrishBorder_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishBorder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are governed by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">a protocol</a> to the Brexit withdrawal agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-QA_EU_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA_EU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1,246-page agreement (including annexes) covers its general objectives and framework with detailed provisions for fisheries, social security, trade, transport, <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a>; and cooperation in judicial, law enforcement, and security matters. Other provisions include continued participation in community programmes and mechanisms for dispute resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to summaries of the agreement published by the European Commission and the UK government, the agreement provides for the following or has the following effects on the EU–UK relationship compared to when the UK was an EU member state. For Northern Ireland other arrangements may be in place through the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_in_goods">Trade in goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trade in goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade in goods between the EU and UK shall not be subject to any <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">quotas</a>. Traders can self-certify compliance with agreed <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a>. However, as a result of the UK leaving the EU customs area, customs formalities are required between the two parties, and <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">VAT</a> and certain other duties apply upon import.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are provisions intended to limit <a href="/wiki/Technical_barriers_to_trade" title="Technical barriers to trade">technical barriers to trade</a> (TBT), building on the WTO <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">TBT Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_in_services">Trade in services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade in services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building on WTO rules,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each party is to treat service providers of the other party no less favourably than its own.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are rules to facilitate the cross-border provision of services in certain fields, such as digital services (including as regards <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">data protection</a> rules), <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">public procurement</a> (extending the coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">WTO GPA</a> somewhat<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), business trips and secondments of highly qualified employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there is no longer general access to each other's services markets;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> providers no longer have access to customers via "passporting".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional qualifications are no longer automatically mutually recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy,_public_policy_and_other_aspects_of_trade"><span id="Energy.2C_public_policy_and_other_aspects_of_trade"></span>Energy, public policy and other aspects of trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Energy, public policy and other aspects of trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With respect to energy, there is to be regulatory and technical cooperation,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a reconfirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> climate goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the UK is no longer part of the EU energy market and <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK has concluded a separate agreement with <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a> on peaceful cooperation on nuclear technology,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has not entered into force. </p><p>While both parties remain free to shape their <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">climate and environment policy</a>, the agreement provides for "<a href="/wiki/Level_playing_field" title="Level playing field">level playing field</a>" principles and mechanisms that aim to prevent a distortion of trade as a result of measures in these fields. In particular, each party may take countermeasures (subject to arbitration) against damaging measures by the other party.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain existing <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> provisions exceeding <a href="/wiki/TRIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIPS">TRIPS</a> commitments (including a 70-year <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright term</a>) are to be preserved in the EU and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are agreed rules on <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indications</a> existing before <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> which are confirmed in the TCA (Article IP.57),<sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not for Indications registered afterwards,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_persons">Movement of persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Movement of persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">free movement of persons</a> between the EU and the UK. Visitors planning stays of more than 90 days in any 180-day period need a visa;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those planning any work other than routine business meetings and conferences need an appropriate visa.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is coordination of some <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social security</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_and_road_transport">Aviation and road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aviation and road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, EU and UK carriers continue to enjoy access to point-to-point traffic between EU and UK airports (<a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air#Third_and_fourth_freedoms" title="Freedoms of the air">third and fourth freedoms of the air</a>). But they no longer have access to each other's aviation markets otherwise, including with respect to domestic flights or flights connecting to other countries. The UK is free to negotiate "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_freedom_traffic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth freedom traffic rights">fifth freedom traffic rights</a>" for cargo flights (e.g. the London–Paris–Barcelona route for a UK carrier) with the member states of the EU individually.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32020D2252_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32020D2252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is cooperation on aviation safety, but the UK no longer participates in <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>, mutual market access for passenger transport is limited to point-to-point crossborder transports, whereas for the transport of goods up to two extra movements (cabotage) in the other party's territory are permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK leaves the EU <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a transitional period of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years, EU fishing quotas in UK waters will gradually be reduced to 75% of their pre-Brexit extent.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shares of fish the parties are allowed to catch in each other's waters will then be negotiated annually.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-fishing_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-fishing-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_UK_participation_in_EU_programmes">Cooperation and UK participation in EU programmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cooperation and UK participation in EU programmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of security, the UK no longer participates in the EU security agencies and no longer has access to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a> SIS II database. But UK cooperation continues with <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurojust" title="Eurojust">Eurojust</a>, and there are mechanisms for the exchange of certain security-relevant data, such as <a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">passenger name records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a> data (DNA, fingerprints, vehicle registrations) and criminal records.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK no longer participates in EU development funding programmes. It continues to participate in five technical EU programmes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a></li> <li>Euratom research and training</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li>Satellite surveillance (partly).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One of the programmes that the UK does not participate in, is the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a> student exchange programme.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_provisions_and_dispute_settlement">Institutional provisions and dispute settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Institutional provisions and dispute settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement establishes a <a href="/wiki/Partnership_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership Council">Partnership Council</a>, made up of EU and UK representatives. Operating by mutual consent, it is authorized to administer the agreement, resolve disputes through negotiation and modify certain parts of the agreement if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Partnership Council also will take this role in supplementing agreements between the EU and the UK, unless agreed otherwise (Articles COMPROV 2 and Inst 1.2)<sup id="cite_ref-22021A0430(01)_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22021A0430(01)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When disagreements between the parties cannot be resolved through consultation, either party may submit the dispute to an independent <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> panel. If that panel finds that one party has breached its obligations, the other party may suspend (part of) its own obligations under the agreement. The agreement excludes any role of UK or EU courts, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, in dispute settlement between the EU and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_EU">In the EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, called the TCA "a fair and balanced agreement" that would allow Europe "to leave Brexit behind us and look to the future."<sup id="cite_ref-Commission_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of the European Council, Charles Michel, said that the TCA "fully protects the fundamental interests of the European Union and creates stability and predictability for citizens and companies."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Taoiseach of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a>, believes that the agreement has given the UK more sovereignty over the island of Britain, but this gain comes at the cost of losing a considerable weight of the UK's sovereignty over Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_UK">In the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that the TCA would allow the UK "to take back control of our laws, borders, money, trade and fisheries" and would change the basis of the EU–UK relationship "from EU law to free trade and friendly cooperation".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leader of the Opposition, Sir <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, said that his <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> would support the TCA because the alternative would be a "no deal" Brexit, but that his party would seek additional labour and environmental protections in Parliament. Nonetheless, many in his party opposed the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> opposed the TCA because of the economic damage it said leaving the single market would inflict on Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other opposition parties opposed the TCA.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among pro-Brexit interest groups, the <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> Conservative MPs of the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorsed the TCA, but the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a> wrote that it would not adequately restore UK sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British fishing industry was disappointed that the agreement did not more significantly reduce EU access to British waters.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey of 29–30 December 2020 reported that 57% of respondents wanted the UK Parliament to accept the TCA and 9% to oppose it, with Conservative (78%) and Leave supporters (69%) more in favour than others.<sup id="cite_ref-yougov2020_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yougov2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17% of respondents considered the TCA to be a good deal, 21% a bad one, 31% neither, and 31% were unsure.<sup id="cite_ref-yougov2020_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yougov2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">EU–UK Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">Free trade agreements of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2020037&DocLanguage=en">"Search the Treaties and Agreements database. Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part"</a>. <i>Agreements database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/UK_notification_on_the_EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" class="extiw" title="wikisource:UK notification on the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">UK notification on the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Trade and Cooperation Agreement: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukeu-and-eaec-trade-and-cooperation-agreement-ts-no82021">UK/EU and EAEC: Trade and Cooperation Agreement [TS No.8/2021]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2021:149:TOC">EUR-Lex – L:2021:149:TOC – EN – EUR-Lex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/public-register/public-register-search/results/?WordsInSubject=&WordsInText=&DocumentNumber=5198%2F21+&InterinstitutionalFiles=&DocumentDateFrom=&DocumentDateTo=&MeetingDateFrom=&MeetingDateTo=&DocumentLanguage=EN&OrderBy=DOCUMENT_DATE+DESC&ctl00%24ctl00%24cpMain%24cpMain%24btnSubmit=">Text in all official EU languages provided by the Council of the European Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948104/EU-UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement_24.12.2020.pdf">provisional English text, including annexes and protocols</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948105/EU-UK_Declarations_24.12.2020.pdf">declarations</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2021:150:TOC">Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for Cooperation on the Safe and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal of the European Union</a>, L 150, 30 April 2021 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukeaec-agreement-for-cooperation-on-the-safe-and-peaceful-uses-of-nuclear-energy-ts-no102021">UK/EAEC: Agreement for Cooperation on the Safe and Peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy [TS No.10/2021]</a> – Draft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948106/EU_UK_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement_24.12.2020.pdf">Nuclear Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukeu-agreement-concerning-security-procedures-for-exchanging-and-protecting-classified-information-ts-no92021">UK/EU: Agreement concerning Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information [TS No.9/2021]</a> – Draft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948107/EU_UK_Security_of_Information_Agreement_24.12.2020.pdf">Agreement on Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information</a>.</li> <li>European Commission publication: EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/eu-uk_trade_and_cooperation_agreement-a_new_relationship_with_big_changes-overview_of_consequences_and_benefits.pdf">Overview of consequences and benefits</a> (24 December 2020)</li> <li>European Commission publication: EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/eu-uk_relations_from_the_uk_referendum_to_a_new_trade_and_cooperation_agreement_-_infographic.pdf">Infographic</a> (24 December 2020)</li> <li>United Kingdom government: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948093/TCA_SUMMARY_PDF.pdf">Summary Explainer of the TCA</a> (24 December 2020)</li> <li>European Union initial draft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/200318-draft-agreement-gen.pdf">EU – UK CFTA (Draft)</a> (20 March 2020)</li> <li>United Kingdom initial draft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/886010/DRAFT_UK-EU_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Agreement.pdf">UK – EU CFTA (Draft)</a> (undated, public release 19 May 2020)</li> <li>UK <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948181/20201229_Draft_Gov.uk_EU__Future_Relationship__Bill_.pdf"><i>Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill</i> 29 December 2020</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_&amp;_Brexit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics" title="Template talk:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_&amp;_Brexit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom EU membership referendum</a> & <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">results</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland protocol">NI protocol</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972 Accession Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> <ul><li>Amendments: <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993" title="European Economic Area Act 1993">European Economic Area Act 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed bills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Repeal)_Bills" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills">European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">2014 Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">2014 Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">UK accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 EC enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK Opt-outs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">The European Union: In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Unlawful campaigning allegations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">Pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaign<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Remain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Aftermath of<br />referendum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political party<br />leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conservative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election" title="February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election">Scottish, Feb 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">UKIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition to Brexit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Petition to revoke Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2017 United Kingdom local elections">2017 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">2018 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2019 United Kingdom local elections">2019 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election" title="2016 Witney by-election">2016 Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election" title="2016 Richmond Park by-election">2016 Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election" title="2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election">2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election" title="2017 Copeland by-election">2017 Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election" title="2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election">2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election" title="2019 Peterborough by-election">2019 Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election" title="2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election">2019 Brecon and Radnorshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_Leave" class="mw-redirect" title="March to Leave">March to Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Alliance" title="Brexit Alliance">Brexit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Independent Alliance for Reform">Independent Alliance for Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller I</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Invocation of Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer" title="Operation Yellowhammer">Operation Yellowhammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland"><i>Miller II / Cherry</i> case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit<br />and<br />potential effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on Northern Ireland and<br />the Republic of Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation" title="2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation">2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">proposed changes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Brexit withdrawal agreement plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"> Internal Market Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin" title="Brexit 50p coin">Brexit 50p coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband" title="Chaos with Ed Miliband">Chaos with Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">Enemies of the People</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit" title="Rue du Brexit">Rue du Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Terminology (Glossary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Street" title="Tufton Street">Tufton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Media depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Remainiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Remainiacs">Remainiacs</a> </i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Tonight_(video_game)" title="Not Tonight (video game)">Not Tonight</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorderIrish" title="BorderIrish">@BorderIrish</a> (2018–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">partners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Historical_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Previous enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> (Greece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a> (Portugal, Spain)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a> (Austria, Finland, Sweden)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a> (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a> (Bulgaria, Romania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a> (Croatia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Western_Balkans" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Negotiating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire#Chapters" title="Acquis communautaire">Screened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Suspended negotiations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (<i>suspended</i>)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographically<br />European countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Current membership</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Criteria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Founding_treaties_of_the_European_Communities_(1951–1993)_and_Union_(since_1993)_and_related_political_documents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations" title="Template:EU treaties and declarations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_treaties_and_declarations" title="Template talk:EU treaties and declarations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU treaties and declarations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Founding_treaties_of_the_European_Communities_(1951–1993)_and_Union_(since_1993)_and_related_political_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Founding treaties</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">Communities</a> (1951–1993) and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">Union</a> (since 1993) and related political documents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Founding treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Consolidated versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">Treaty on European Union</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">In force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">Paris</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_association_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_with_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community">Netherlands Antilles Association Convention</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities" title="Budgetary treaties of the European Communities">First Budgetary Treaty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities" title="Budgetary treaties of the European Communities">Second Budgetary Treaty</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (2007)</li> <li>Protocol 36 (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism#Treaty_basis" title="European Stability Mechanism">Article 136</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation of UK membership</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Changes in membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Accession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979" title="Treaty of Accession 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985" title="Treaty of Accession 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994" title="Treaty of Accession 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005" title="Treaty of Accession 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011" title="Treaty of Accession 2011">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Secession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">Greenland (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">United Kingdom (“Brexit” 2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">Treaty establishing the European Defence Community</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community_(1952)" title="European Political Community (1952)">Treaty establishing the European Political Community</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Expired or terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a>, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification" title="Treaty of Brussels">Modified Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>, 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Paris</a> (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951)</li> <li>Declarations at the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">London and Paris Conferences</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux_memorandum" title="Benelux memorandum">Benelux memorandum</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaak_Report" title="Spaak Report">Spaak Report</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davignon_report" title="Davignon report">Davignon report</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copenhagen report (page does not exist)">Copenhagen report</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London report (page does not exist)">London report</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Declaration" title="Rome Declaration">Rome Declaration</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Convention</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Declaration" title="Petersberg Declaration">Petersberg Declaration</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo_declaration" title="Saint-Malo declaration">Saint-Malo declaration</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_acquis" title="Schengen acquis">Schengen acquis of the EU</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_declaration" title="Bologna declaration">Bologna declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFI_Convention" title="PFI Convention">PFI Convention</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Declarations_on_the_Treaty_of_Nice" title="Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice">Seville Declarations</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(2007)" title="Berlin Declaration (2007)">Berlin Declaration</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Stability_Mechanism" title="Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Agreement on a Unified Patent Court</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Fund Agreement</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Declaration_(European_Union)" title="Malta Declaration (European Union)">Malta Declaration</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_declaration" title="Versailles declaration">Versailles declaration</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Trade_Continuity_Agreement" title="Canada–United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Vietnam_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United Kingdom–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">Crown Dependencies Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negotiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Gulf Cooperation Council–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="India–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Israel–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Mexico–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="South Korea–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Switzerland–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Turkey–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United Kingdom–United States Free Trade Agreement">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_CPTPP" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">France</a> (1860–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Belgian_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Belgium</a> (1862–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (1960–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (1973–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">European Union</a> (1993–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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