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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sound correspondences between English accents</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_IPA_untuk_dialek_Inggeris" title="Carta IPA untuk dialek Inggeris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carta IPA untuk dialek Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جدول بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی لہجات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جدول بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی لہجات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Довідка:МФА/Англійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довідка:МФА/Англійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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(November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. These charts give a <a href="/wiki/Diaphoneme" title="Diaphoneme">diaphoneme</a> for each sound, followed by its <a href="/wiki/Realization_(linguistics)" title="Realization (linguistics)">realization</a> in different dialects. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations_list">Abbreviations list</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abbreviations list">edit</a>]</div> The following abbreviations are used in this article: <ul><li>AmE, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li>AuE, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian English</a></li> <li>BahE, <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">Bahamian English</a></li> <li>BarE, <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian English">Barbadian English</a></li> <li>CaE, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></li> <li>CIE, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Island English</a></li> <li>EnE, <a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">English English</a></li> <li>FiE, <a href="/wiki/Fiji_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji English">Fiji English</a></li> <li>InE, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a></li> <li>IrE, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a></li> <li>JSE, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></li> <li>NZE, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li>PaE, <a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palauan English</a></li> <li>ScE, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li>SIE, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands English</a></li> <li>SAE, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a></li> <li>SSE, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Singapore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Singapore English">Standard Singapore English</a></li> <li>WaE, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li></ul> See <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a> for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>English <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Diaphoneme</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[i]</a> </th> <th>Phones</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">p </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a> </td> <td>pen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td>spin, tip </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">b </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td>but </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">b̥</a> </td> <td>web </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">t </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> </td> <td>sting, two </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[ii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[iii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">t̞</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[iv]</a> </td> <td>better </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">d </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td>do </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">d̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[v]</a> </td> <td>odd, daddy </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">tʃ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a> </td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td>teach, nature </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">dʒ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td>gin, joy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">d̥ʒ̊</a> </td> <td>edge </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">k </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td>skin, unique, thick </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> </td> <td>cat, kill, queen </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ɡ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td>go, get </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɡ̊</a> </td> <td>beg </td></tr> <tr> <th>f </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[vi]</a> </td> <td>fool, enough, leaf, off, photo </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">v </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[vii]</a> </td> <td>voice, verve </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">v̥</a> </td> <td>have, of, verve </td></tr> <tr> <th>θ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[viii]</a> </td> <td>thing, teeth </td></tr> <tr> <th>ð </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ð̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[ix]</a> </td> <td>this, breathe, father </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td>see, city, pass </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">z </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td>zoo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">z̥</a> </td> <td>rose </td></tr> <tr> <th>ʃ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td>she, sure, session, emotion, leash </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ʒ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td>genre, pleasure, equation, seizure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ʒ̊</a> </td> <td>beige </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[x]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[xi]</a> </td> <td>ham, hue </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[xii]</a> </td> <td>man, ham </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td>no, tin </td></tr> <tr> <th>ŋ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td>ringer, sing,<a href="#cite_note-13">[xiii]</a> finger, drink </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[xiv]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">l̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɫ̥</a>,<a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-15">[xv]</a> <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[xvi]</a> </td> <td>left, bell, sable, please </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɹʷ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r-17">[xvii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[xviii]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɹ̥ʷ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɹ̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɾ̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">ɻ̊</a>,<a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-15">[xv]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[xix]</a> </td> <td>run, very, probably </td></tr> <tr> <th>w </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a><a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-15">[xv]</a> </td> <td>we, queen </td></tr> <tr> <th>j </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td>yes, <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>hw </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[xx]</a> </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)#Marginal_segments" title="Segment (linguistics)">Marginal</a> consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td> <td>loch,<a href="#cite_note-21">[xxi]</a> ugh<a href="#cite_note-22">[xxii]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ç </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[xxiii]</a> </td> <td>Hugh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ʔ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td>uh<big>-</big>oh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɬ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td>Llangefni,<a href="#cite_note-24">[xxiv]</a> hlala gahle<a href="#cite_note-Zulu-25">[xxv]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɮ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a> </td> <td>ibandla<a href="#cite_note-Zulu-25">[xxv]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[2]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> /t/, is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] in some positions in AmE, AuE, and sometimes in EnE. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> /t/ is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] in some positions in ScE, EnE, AmE and AuE. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> /t/ is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">t̞</a>] non-initially in IrE. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> /d/ is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The labiodental fricative /f/ is often pronounced as bilabial [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in up-front <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ʌpˈɸɹʌnt], Cub fan <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˈkʰʌbɸæn], tomfoolery <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˌtʰɑmˈɸuɫəɹi]. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The labiodental fricative /v/ is often pronounced as bilabial [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in upvote <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˈʌpβəʊt], obviate <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˈɑbβiˌeɪt], Humvee <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˈhʌmβi]. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> /h/ is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The bilabial nasal /m/ is often pronounced as labiodental [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>] before /f/ and /v/, as in symphony <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">GA</a>: [ˌsʌɱ‿ˈvæɫju̟]. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In some dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a>, words like ringer [ˈɹɪŋə], sing [sɪŋ], which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": [ˈɹɪŋɡə]. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Velarized [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] in syllable onsets and dark [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] in syllable rimes. </li> <li id="cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_15-2">c</a> Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a> in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English. </li> <li id="cite_note-r-17"><a href="#cite_ref-r_17-0">^</a> /r/ is pronounced as a tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The alveolar trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R-labialization" class="mw-redirect" title="R-labialization">R-labialization</a>, in which r is pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>], is found in some accents in Southern England. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Some dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">American South</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England dialects</a>, distinguish voiceless [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>] from voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]; see <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiovelar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labiovelar approximant">voiceless labiovelar approximant</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see <a href="/wiki/Lock%E2%80%93loch_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock–loch merger">Lock–loch merger</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/ </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> /hj/ can be /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>/ in Conservative RP. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> exists in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> as an allophone of /l/ in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> loan words. Other dialects usually replace it with <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zulu-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zulu_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zulu_25-1">b</a> This sound exists in <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> loan words. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical sets</a>. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>English <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;left:0;z-index:9;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Dia- phoneme</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[i]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="19"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English"><abbr title="American English">AmE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English"><abbr title="Australian English">AuE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-29">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[4]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English"><abbr title="Bahamian English">BahE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian English"><abbr title="Barbadian English">BarE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English"><abbr title="Canadian English">CaE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-31">[5]</a> </th> <th rowspan="3" style="position:sticky;top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian English</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[6]</a> </th> <th rowspan="3" style="position:sticky;top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English"><abbr title="Channel Island English">CIE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="14"><a href="/wiki/England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="England English"><abbr title="English English">EnE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fiji_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji English"><abbr title="Fiji English">FiE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English"><abbr title="Indian English">InE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-33">[7]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English"><abbr title="Irish English">IrE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-34">[8]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English"><abbr title="New Zealand English">NZE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-Mannell_2009-35">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[10]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English"><abbr title="Palauan English">PaE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English"><abbr title="Scottish English">ScE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-37">[11]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English"><abbr title="Solomon Islands English">SIE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English"><abbr title="South African English">SAE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-38">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[13]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singapore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Singapore English"><abbr title="Standard Singapore English">SSE</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English"><abbr title="Welsh English">WaE</abbr></a><a href="#cite_note-40">[14]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">Keyword</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:0;" rowspan="3">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/AAVE" class="mw-redirect" title="AAVE">AAVE</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston accent</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mannell_2009-35">[9]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami accent</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic English">Mid-Atlantic English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia accent">Philadelphia accent</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[17]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Southern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England English">Southern England English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation"><abbr title="Received Pronunciation">RP</abbr></a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">West & South-West Irish English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2">Supraregional southern Irish English </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot English</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:29px;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff English</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Non-Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Older </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Younger </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Northern </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Southern </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Non-Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Older </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Non-Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Rhotic </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Cultivated </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">General </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Broad </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English (EE)</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">MLE</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[18]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbrian</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Conservative<a href="#cite_note-45">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[20]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Contemporary (SSBE)<a href="#cite_note-47">[21]</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Belfast </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Mid-Ulster </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">traditional </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a> </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Local Dublin English </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">New Dublin English </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Cultivated </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">General </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Broad </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Cultivated </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">General </th> <th style="position:sticky;top:63px;">Broad </th></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="3">æ </th> <td colspan="2">ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">eə~ɛə </td> <td>æ~ɛə̯~eə̯ </td> <td>eə̯~ɛə̯~æ<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">eə̯~ɪə̯ </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2">æ </td> <td colspan="3">ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td>æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td>æɛæ~eə </td> <td colspan="2">eə̯~æjə<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a><a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">æː~ɛː<a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː<a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~ɛə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">a̽ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">a </td> <td rowspan="2">æ~ɛ~ɛɪ </td> <td rowspan="3">æ~a~ɛ̞ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɐ̞ </td> <td rowspan="4">æː~aː </td> <td rowspan="4">a~ä </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4">a~ä </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">a~ä </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a><a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[22]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a><a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a><a href="#cite_note-badlad-49">[iii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>TRAP </td> <td>ham </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æ~ɛə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">æ~ɛə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~æ~a~ä </td> <td rowspan="3">æ~æ̞ </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">æ </td> <td rowspan="2">æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ </td> <td rowspan="3">æ~a̝ </td> <td>bad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td>a̝~æ </td> <td>æ~ɛ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~ɛ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td>lad </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɑː / æ </th> <td rowspan="2">ä~a </td> <td colspan="3">ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td>æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯<a href="#cite_note-shortatensing-48">[ii]</a> </td> <td>æɛ~æe </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">äː~ɐː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̟ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̟ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[23]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BATH </td> <td>pass </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɑː </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">a~ä~ɑ </td> <td>a~ä </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="5">ä~ɑ~ɒ </td> <td rowspan="5">ä~a </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">a~ä </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ </td> <td>ɑ̟ː </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">ɑ~ä </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2">ɑ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td>ɑː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td>äː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td colspan="3">äː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td>äː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PALM </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </th> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɒ~ɔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">ɔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ä~ɒ~ɔ̈~ɔ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ~ɒ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ~ɑ̠ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ɒ~ɔ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ~ɔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ɒ~ɑ~ä </td> <td rowspan="4">äː </td> <td rowspan="4">ɔː </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̟</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT </td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɒ / ɔː </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[iv]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɒ~ɑ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɑ~ɔ </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3">ɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ɑɒ̯~ɑ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔ </td> <td>ɒː </td> <td>ɒː </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">ɒː </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">aː~ä </td> <td>ɔː </td> <td>ɒ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̈</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CLOTH </td> <td>off<a href="#cite_note-53">[v]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">ɔː </th> <td rowspan="2">ɔː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">o̞ː~ɔː </td> <td>ɔː~ɔ̝ə̯~ɔuə̯ </td> <td>ɔə̯~ɔː~ɔ̝ː </td> <td rowspan="2">oː </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɒː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ɒː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒː~ɔː~oː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒː </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>ː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a>ː </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT </td> <td>law </td></tr> <tr> <td>oː~oʊ~ɔo </td> <td>o̟ː~o̞ː </td> <td>pause </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ə </th> <td colspan="25"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td>ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ </td> <td>ə </td> <td colspan="2">ə~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td>ə~ə̝ </td> <td>ə~ɐ </td> <td>ə~ɔː </td> <td>ə </td> <td>ə~ɐ </td> <td colspan="7">ə </td> <td>ɐ~a </td> <td colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td>ə~ɐ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a><a href="#cite_note-kit-54">[vi]</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">COMMA </td> <td>about </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">ɪ </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ~iə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̞</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="2">ɪ~ɪ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ~i </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ~i </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ~i </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ~ɪ̈ </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ̞ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɪ̈~ë </td> <td rowspan="2">ə~ɘ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛ </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ë̞</a>~<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td>ɪ̈<a href="#cite_note-kit-54">[vi]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̞</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">KIT </td> <td>bit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a><a href="#cite_note-kit-54">[vi]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a><a href="#cite_note-kit-54">[vi]</a> </td> <td>kit </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">i </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2">ɪ~<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td>ɪ~<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪi̯~i </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ɪi̯~i </td> <td>ɪ~ɪ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">ɪi̯~i </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td colspan="3">ɪ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪi̯~iː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪi̯~əi̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td>i </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>~i </td> <td>əi̯~i </td> <td>i </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪi̯~iː </td> <td rowspan="2">iː </td> <td>ei~ɪi </td> <td colspan="2">i </td> <td colspan="2">ɪ~e </td> <td colspan="2">i </td> <td>ɪ~e </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪi̯~iː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɪi̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɪi̯~əi̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">HAPPY </td> <td>city </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">iː </th> <td colspan="5">i </td> <td>i </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ɪi̯~i </td> <td>ɪi̯~i </td> <td>ɪi̯ </td> <td>ɪi̯~iː </td> <td>i </td> <td>əi̯~ɨi̯ </td> <td>əi~ɐi </td> <td>ɪi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>, ei̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɪi </td> <td>iː </td> <td>ɪi~iː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯ </td> <td>ɪi~iː </td> <td>ɪi̯ </td> <td colspan="2">iː </td> <td>ɪi̯ </td> <td>iː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FLEECE </td> <td>see </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">eɪ </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eː </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~e </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ~ei </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɛi̯~æ̠i̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~eː~ɛ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eː~ɛː </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛi̯~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æɪ~aɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ̯~eɪ̯~ë̞ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eː~eɪ̯ </td> <td>ɛː~e̞ː </td> <td rowspan="2">eː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯ </td> <td>ɛː~e̞ː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ~e̞ɪ </td> <td>ɛː~e̞ː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ~e̞ɪ </td> <td>ɛː~e̞ː </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">e̞ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4">eː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æe̯~ɐe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~eː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~eː </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a><a href="#cite_note-Singapore'_pp._93-99-55">[24]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ei̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FACE </td> <td>date </td></tr> <tr> <td>e̞ɪ </td> <td>e̞ɪ </td> <td>e̞ɪ </td> <td>e̞ɪ </td> <td colspan="2">eɪ̯ </td> <td>day </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="3">ɛ </th> <td colspan="2">ɛ~eə̯ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>~æ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ɛ~æ̝ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>~ɜ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~e </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~eiə </td> <td colspan="2">ɛ~ɛjə </td> <td rowspan="3">e̞ </td> <td rowspan="3">e̞~e </td> <td rowspan="3">e~e̝ </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~e </td> <td rowspan="3">e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~ɛ̞ </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ̝ə̯ </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e̝</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e̝</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e̝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[25]</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">DRESS </td> <td>bed<a href="#cite_note-collinse-57">[vii]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯ </td> <td>ɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛ~ɪ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td>pen </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>length </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ʌ </th> <td colspan="2">ʌ~ɜ </td> <td colspan="2">ʌ~ɐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a> </td> <td>ʌ~ɜ~ɛ̠ </td> <td>ɐ </td> <td>ʌ~ɜ~ɑ̈ </td> <td>ʌ~ɜ~ɐ </td> <td>ʌ~ɔ </td> <td>ʌ </td> <td>ɐ </td> <td colspan="3">ʌ̈ </td> <td>ʌ </td> <td colspan="3">ɜ </td> <td colspan="3">ä~ɐ </td> <td colspan="2">ʌ </td> <td>ʌ~ɜ~ɐ </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>~ɔ </td> <td>ɒ~ʌ~ə~ɤ~ʊ </td> <td>ɐ̟~a </td> <td>ɐ~ʌ̟~ɐ̟ </td> <td>ʌ~ʌ̝ </td> <td>ʌ~ʊ </td> <td rowspan="3">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="3">ʊ̞~ɤ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ʊ </td> <td>ʊ, ʌ̈ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ̈</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[viii]</a> </td> <td>ʌ~ɐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ̈</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ʌ~ɐ </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td>ä </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT </td> <td>run </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">ʊ </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~ɜ̠ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ʊ~ʊ̞ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ə~ɔ̝</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ʊ̈~ʏ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~u </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~u </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɤ~ʊ~ʊ̝ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~ʊ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~ʊ̜̈ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ʊ~ʊ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɵ~ɤ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">ʊ̈</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">ʊ~ʊ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FOOT </td> <td>put </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʉː~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td>ʊ </td> <td colspan="4">uː~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td>hood </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">uː </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ʊu̯~u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">uː~ʉː~yː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉ̠ː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ~uː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u̟</a>~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">u~ɵu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊu̯~ɵu̯~yː </td> <td rowspan="2">u̟ː </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉu̯ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ̈ʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">uː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">uː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">əʉ̯~əu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉː~ʉ̟ː~ʏː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʏ̝ː~ʉː </td> <td rowspan="2">uː~ʏː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉː </td> <td rowspan="2">u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊu~uː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʏː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʉː </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a>, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊu~uː </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʊ̈ʉ̯~ʉː~ɨ̞ɯ̯̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">ʊ̈ʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u̟ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a>~<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">GOOSE </td> <td>through </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ɪu̯<a href="#cite_note-Welshyou-59">[ix]</a> </td> <td>threw </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">juː </th> <td colspan="2">(j)ʊu̯~(j)u </td> <td colspan="2">(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ </td> <td>(j)uː~(j)ʉː~(j)yː </td> <td>(j)ʉ̠ː </td> <td>(j)ʊ~(j)u: </td> <td>(j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯ </td> <td>(j)u~(j)ɵu̯ </td> <td>(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯~(j)yː </td> <td>ju̟ː </td> <td colspan="3">(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯ </td> <td>(j)ʉu̯ </td> <td>jʊu~jɵu~jʊ̈y~jʏy~jʉ̞u̟ </td> <td colspan="2">(j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟ </td> <td>jʊu̯ </td> <td>jʊ̈ʉ̯ </td> <td>jʊ̈ʉ̯~jəʉ̯ </td> <td>jʉː </td> <td>juː </td> <td>(j)ʉu̯ </td> <td>juː </td> <td>juː~jʉ </td> <td>jəʉ̯~jəu̯ </td> <td>jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː </td> <td>jʉː~jʉ̟ː~jʏː </td> <td>jʏ̝ː~jʉː </td> <td>(j)uː </td> <td>jʉː </td> <td>ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯ </td> <td>jʊu~juː </td> <td>jʏː </td> <td>jʉː </td> <td>jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯ </td> <td>jʊu~juː </td> <td>jʊu̯ </td> <td>jʊ̈ʉ̯~jʉː~jɨ̞ɯ̯̈ </td> <td>ju </td> <td>juː </td> <td colspan="3">jʉ </td> <td>jʊ̈ </td> <td colspan="4">juː </td> <td colspan="3">jʊ̈ʉ̯ </td> <td>ju </td> <td>jʉ </td> <td>ju </td> <td>ju̟ː </td> <td>jʉː~jyː </td> <td>jʉː </td> <td>ju </td> <td>cute </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">aɪ </th> <td colspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɐɪ̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯~aː </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ~aɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">æɪ~aɪ~äɪ </td> <td>ɐɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">aɪ̯~äː </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="3">äɪ̯ </td> <td>ɐɪ̯ </td> <td>ai~aæ </td> <td colspan="2">ɐi~äɪ~äɛ~äː </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑe̯~ɒe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʌɪ̯ </td> <td>ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">a̽i </td> <td rowspan="2">aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">aɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɔɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɑ̟ə̯~ɑ̟ː </td> <td rowspan="2">a̠ɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɑ̹ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æː~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~əɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aɪ~äɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">äi̯ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">aɪ~äɪ </td> <td rowspan="2">aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ~äː </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̈ɪ̯~ʌ̞ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="4">ɐi̯~ɜi̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̟ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜi̯, äe̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äɪ̯~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑɪ̯~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ̟ː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ai̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐ̟ɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜi̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PRICE </td> <td>flight </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">äː~äe̯~aː </td> <td colspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">äɪ̯ </td> <td>aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="3">ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯ </td> <td>äɪ̯ </td> <td>aɪ~æɛ~aæ </td> <td colspan="2">äː~äɛ </td> <td>ɑɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="4">äe̯~ɜi̯ </td> <td>my </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɔɪ </th> <td colspan="2">oɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="4">ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="4">ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔoɪ </td> <td colspan="2">oi̯ </td> <td>o̞ɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">oɪ̯ </td> <td>oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ </td> <td>oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>oi </td> <td>ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔ̝ɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ </td> <td>oe̯ </td> <td colspan="3">ɔɪ </td> <td>oɪ </td> <td>ɔɪ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>oɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="6">ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ </td> <td>aɪ̯~äɪ̯ </td> <td>ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ </td> <td>ɒɪ̯ </td> <td>oɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">oe̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>oi̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>ɔi̯ </td> <td>ɔɪ̯ </td> <td>ɒɪ̯ </td> <td>ʌ̈i̯ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CHOICE </td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="3">oʊ </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞ </td> <td rowspan="3">o̞~o </td> <td rowspan="2">oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞ </td> <td rowspan="3">ʌo̯~oʊ̯~<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">oʊ̯~oː </td> <td rowspan="3">oʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔu~ɒu </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ~ɘʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɵ̞ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~oə̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td rowspan="3">əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ʌʊ̯~ɐʊ̯~aʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈ </td> <td rowspan="2">əʏ̯~əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">oː~oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">oʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~ʊə̯~ɵː </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔʊ~ɔo </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~ɔː </td> <td rowspan="3">əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">əʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="7">oː </td> <td rowspan="3">ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oʊ̯~əʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɵʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~oʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">o̝</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">oː~oʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3">œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː </td> <td rowspan="3">ʌʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a><a href="#cite_note-Singapore'_pp._93-99-55">[24]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">oː </td> <td rowspan="3">ɘu̯ </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">GOAT </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ou̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">oʊ̯ </td> <td>tow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">ɔʊ̯~<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td>oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~oː </td> <td colspan="3">ɔʊ̯~oː </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>~oʊ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔu̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ </td> <td>ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ </td> <td>ɒʊ̯~ɒɤ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔʊ̯ </td> <td>ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔo̯ </td> <td>soul </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">aʊ </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">æɔ̯~æə̯ </td> <td colspan="2">ɐʊ̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ̯~aː </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">äʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äʊ̯~aʊ̯~æʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̈ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">aʊ̯~æʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æɒ~æɔ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">æɒ̯~ɛjɔ~ɜʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʌʊ̯ </td> <td>ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯<a href="#cite_note-canadianraising-60">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">a̽u </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æə̯~æʊ̯~ɛʉ̯~ɛ̝̈ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiə </td> <td rowspan="2">æʊ̯~æʏ̯~aʊ̯~aʏ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑʊ̯~aː </td> <td rowspan="2">æy~ɐʏ̯~ɐʊ̯~ɛɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">aʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐʊ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">aʊ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̟ʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aɔ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4">ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɛʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">aʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">æo̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɛo̯~ɛə̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜʉ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">äʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">æʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">au̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐu̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɜʊ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ̟u̯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">MOUTH </td> <td>about </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">ɑ̟ʊ̯ </td> <td>äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯ </td> <td>now </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɑːr </th> <td>ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑɹ~ɒɹ </td> <td colspan="2">a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɑɹ </td> <td>ɑɹ~ɒɹ </td> <td>ɑɹ </td> <td>äɻ~ɐɻ </td> <td>ɑɹ </td> <td>ɑ̟ə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɒə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>äə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑɹ~ɒɹ </td> <td>ɑɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɑː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑɹ~ɒɹ </td> <td>äː(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">äː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td>aːɹ </td> <td>ɑɹ~ɐɹ </td> <td>a̽~a̽ː </td> <td>ɑː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑː(ɹ)~ɑ̟ː(ɹ)~ɑ̹ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td>äɻ </td> <td>äː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3">äː(ɹ) </td> <td>aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ) </td> <td>äː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑ̟ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑ̈ː(ɹ)~ʌ̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td>äː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="4">ɑɻ </td> <td colspan="2">æːɹ~aɹ </td> <td colspan="2">äːɹ~ɑɹ </td> <td colspan="3">ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑɹ </td> <td>äɾ </td> <td>ɑː(ɾ) </td> <td>ɑ̟ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɑː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ) </td> <td>ä(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">aː(ɾ) </td> <td>aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">START </td> <td>arm </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɪər </th> <td>iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ̯(ɹ) </td> <td>iɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td>i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="4">ɪɹ~iɹ </td> <td>iɻ~iə̯ɻ </td> <td>iɹ </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪɹ~iɹ </td> <td>iɹ </td> <td colspan="2">i(ɹ) </td> <td>iɹ </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">eːɹ </td> <td>ɪɹ </td> <td>ia̽ </td> <td>iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ) </td> <td>ɘiɐ(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) </td> <td>iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪiɐ(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪː(ɹ) </td> <td>iɻ </td> <td>ɪə(ɹ) </td> <td>iɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3">ɪə </td> <td>iɛ̯(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪ̞ː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɾ)~iː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="8">iːɹ </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ɪə̯(ɹ)<a href="#cite_note-NZE_centering-61">[xi]</a> </td> <td>ɪɹ~iɹ </td> <td>iə̯ɾ </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɪə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɪə̯(ɾ)~ɪː(ɾ) </td> <td>iə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">iːə(ɾ)~jøː(ɾ) </td> <td>iːə(ɹ)~jøː(ɹ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NEAR </td> <td>deer </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ɛər </th> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">eɹ </td> <td colspan="2">eɹ~ɛɹ </td> <td>eə̯ɻ~eɻ </td> <td>eɹ </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɛə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛɹ~eɹ </td> <td>eɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɛ(j)(ɹ) </td> <td>e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)ɹ </td> <td>e̞ə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>e̞ː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) </td> <td>eː(ɹ)~e̝ː(ɹ) </td> <td>eə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛɹ </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɾ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛiə(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛ̝ː(ɹ)~e̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛː(ɹ) </td> <td>eɻ </td> <td colspan="5">ɛː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="4">ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ) </td> <td>ɛː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛː(ɹ)~ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɾ)~eː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="4">ɚː </td> <td colspan="3">ɛːɹ </td> <td colspan="4">eːɹ </td> <td>e̞ə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛɹ </td> <td>eə̯ɾ </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) </td> <td>eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ) </td> <td>ɛ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɛː(ɾ) </td> <td>ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">SQUARE </td> <td>mare </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="3">ɜːr </th> <td rowspan="3">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ɝ </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚ~ɝ </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a>~əɻ </td> <td rowspan="5">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="3">əɪ̯ </td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">ɜ(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚ~ɐɹ </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ)~ɘː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="5">ɤ </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɛ~ɔ </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɵ̝ː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜɻ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː~ɛ </td> <td rowspan="3">øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3">ɜː~ɛ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː~ɛ </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚː </td> <td rowspan="2">ɚː<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">ɚː </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ʊːɹ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">ɚː </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3">ɵː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td>ʌɾ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="5">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">əː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="3">øː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="3">øː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE </td> <td>burn </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪɾ~ʌɾ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">əɹ </td> <td>ɛːɹ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ɛːɹ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td>ɛɾ<a href="#cite_note-FFFM-62">[xii]</a> </td> <td>earth </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">ər </th> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɚ </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɚ </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ </td> <td rowspan="2">œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɹ)~ə̝(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">əɻ </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">əɾ </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ə(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ə(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LETTER </td> <td>winner<a href="#cite_note-r-colored_schwa-63">[xiii]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ </td> <td>donor </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;" rowspan="2">ɔːr </th> <td rowspan="3">oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">oɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɔɹ~oɹ </td> <td rowspan="3">oɹ~ɔɹ </td> <td rowspan="2">oɹ~ɔɹ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔɻ~oɻ </td> <td rowspan="2">oɹ~ɔɹ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔə̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">oɹ~ɔɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɔɹ </td> <td rowspan="2">o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">oː(ɹ) </td> <td>ɔə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔɹ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔ </td> <td>ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) </td> <td>o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">o̟ː~o̞ː, ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ː </td> <td rowspan="3">oː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔɻ~oɻ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">oː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="4">ɔːɹ </td> <td colspan="2">äːɹ~ɑːɹ </td> <td colspan="2">ɒːɹ~oːɹ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">oː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">oɹ </td> <td>ɔɾ </td> <td rowspan="2">oː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="2">o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">oː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="3">oː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɒː(ɾ) </td> <td rowspan="2">ʌ̈ː(ɹ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NORTH </td> <td>sort </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">o(u)ə(ɹ) </td> <td>o(u)ɹ </td> <td>oə̯(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2">oːɹ </td> <td>oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) </td> <td>o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ), ʌʊ̯ə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="4">oːɹ </td> <td>ɔːɹ </td> <td>ɒːɹ </td> <td colspan="2">oːɹ </td> <td>o̝(ə̯)ɾ </td> <td colspan="2">oː(ɾ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FORCE </td> <td>tore </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">ʊər </th> <td colspan="2">ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td>uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ </td> <td>ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ </td> <td>uɻ~oɻ </td> <td>uɹ~ɚ </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">uə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>uɹ~ɚ </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ) </td> <td>uə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ʊɹ~ɔɹ </td> <td>uə̯(ɾ) </td> <td>ɘua(ɹ)~ɘʉa(ɹ)~ʊa̯(ɹ)~ʊə̯(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) </td> <td>ʊə(ɹ) </td> <td>uɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3">ʊə(ɹ) </td> <td>uɛ̯(ɾ)~ɪ̈u̯ə(ɾ)~ɪ̈ʊ̯ə(ɾ)~ o̞ː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2">ʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ɵː(ɹ)~ɤ̈ː(ɹ), o̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>oə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɾ)~uː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="8">uːɹ </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ) </td> <td>oɚ </td> <td>ʉɾ </td> <td>oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ) </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>ʊə̯(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) </td> <td>uə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">uːə(ɾ) </td> <td>uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ) </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CURE </td> <td>tour </td></tr> <tr> <th style="position:sticky;left:0;">jʊər </th> <td>juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>juɹ~jʊɹ </td> <td colspan="2">jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td>juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ </td> <td>jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ </td> <td>jʊɹ~juɹ~jɚ </td> <td>jɚ </td> <td>jʊ~juɹ~jɚ </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>juɹ </td> <td>jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ </td> <td colspan="2">juə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>juɹ~jɚ </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ) </td> <td>juə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>joːɹ </td> <td>jɚ~jʊɹ~jɵɹ </td> <td>jɔ </td> <td>juə̯(ɾ) </td> <td>jɘua(ɹ)~jɘʉa(ɹ)~jʊa̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jo̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)~joʊ(ɹ)~jɔo(ɹ) </td> <td>jʉ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jʊ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jɔ̝ː(ɹ) </td> <td>joː(ɹ) </td> <td>jʊɻ </td> <td>jʊə(ɹ) </td> <td>juɐ̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="3">jʊə(ɹ) </td> <td>jo̞ː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="2">jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>jɵː(ɹ)~jɤ̈ː(ɹ), jo̞ː(ɹ) </td> <td>joə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɾ)~juː(ɾ) </td> <td colspan="8">juːɹ </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ) </td> <td>joɚ </td> <td>jʉɾ </td> <td>joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ) </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɹ) </td> <td>jʊə̯(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) </td> <td>joː(ɾ) </td> <td>jɔ(ɹ) </td> <td colspan="2">ɪuːə(ɾ) </td> <td>juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ) </td> <td>pure </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English. </li> <li id="cite_note-shortatensing-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shortatensing_48-8">i</a> In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special <a href="/wiki/%C3%86_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Æ tensing">/æ/ tensing systems</a> occur. </li> <li id="cite_note-badlad-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-badlad_49-5">f</a> See <a href="/wiki/Bad%E2%80%93lad_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad–lad split">bad–lad split</a> for this distinction. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> occurs in American accents without the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a> (about half of today's speakers); the rest have <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In American accents without the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CLOTH words (usually words with a vowel written ⟨o⟩ preceding the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/, e.g. off, cloth, boss, long), are pronounced with the vowel of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT, rather than the vowel of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT as is the case in most other dialects of English, see <a href="/wiki/Lot%E2%80%93cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot–cloth split">Lot–cloth split</a>. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CLOTH and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT all have the same vowel. </li> <li id="cite_note-kit-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kit_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kit_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kit_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kit_54-3">d</a> It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see <a href="/wiki/Kit%E2%80%93bit_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Kit–bit split">Kit–bit split</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-collinse-57"><a href="#cite_ref-collinse_57-0">^</a> Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/strut-for-dummies/">'STRUT for Dummies'</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welshyou-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Welshyou_59-0">^</a> In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones. </li> <li id="cite_note-canadianraising-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadianraising_60-5">f</a> Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called <a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a>, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not. </li> <li id="cite_note-NZE_centering-61"><a href="#cite_ref-NZE_centering_61-0">^</a> Merging <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NEAR and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders. </li> <li id="cite_note-FFFM-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFM_62-6">g</a> See <a href="/wiki/Fern%E2%80%93fir%E2%80%93fur_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fern–fir–fur merger">Fern–fir–fur merger</a> for this distinction in some varieties. </li> <li id="cite_note-r-colored_schwa-63"><a href="#cite_ref-r-colored_schwa_63-0">^</a> Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)]. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">List of dialects of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems#Phonetic_alphabets" title="List of writing systems">Phonetic alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English" title="SAMPA chart for English">SAMPA chart for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">Help:IPA/Conventions for English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDictionary_Unit_for_South_African_English2023" class="citation web cs1">Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/hlala-kahle/e03036?q=hlala">"‖hlala kahle"</a>. Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+South+African+English&rft.atitle=%E2%80%96hlala+kahle&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Dictionary+Unit+for+South+African+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsae.co.za%2Fentry%2Fhlala-kahle%2Fe03036%3Fq%3Dhlala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDictionary_Unit_for_South_African_English2023" class="citation web cs1">Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/ibandla/e03149">"ibandla"</a>. Dictionary of South African English. 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The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cockney%3A+New+Ethnicities+and+Adolescent+Speech+in+the+Traditional+East+End+of+London&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004</a>:241–243) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074019/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/%20">"Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/">the original</a> on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+%E2%80%93+Received+Pronunciation+Phonology+%E2%80%93+RP+Vowel+Sounds&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Fsounds%2Fcase-studies%2Freceived-pronunciation%2Fvowel-sounds-rp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/british-vowels/">"The British English vowel system"</a>. 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+English+vowel+system&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Fbritish-vowels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-2598-8" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-2598-8">981-04-2598-8</a>, pp. 84–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeterding2007" class="citation book cs1">Deterding, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uiqBgAAQBAJ">Singapore English</a>. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3096-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3096-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-3096-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+English&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3096-7&rft.aulast=Deterding&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uiqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore'_pp._93-99-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore'_pp._93-99_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore'_pp._93-99_55-1">b</a> Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_W.J._Tay1982" class="citation journal cs1">Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.3.2.02tay">10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=%27The+phonology+of+educated+Singapore+English%27&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-45&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.3.2.02tay&rft.au=Mary+W.J.+Tay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721">"New Zealand English"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830">10.1017/S0025100306002830</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002830&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Warren%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bardsley%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Major%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282778721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boberg" title="Charles Boberg">Boberg, Charles</a> (2004). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Burridge" title="Kate Burridge">Burridge, Kate</a>; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+in+Canada%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.pages=351-365&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017532-5&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2008" class="citation web cs1">Bekker, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/2003/phdmain.pdf?sequence=1">"The vowels of South African English"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+vowels+of+South+African+English&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nwu.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10394%2F2003%2Fphdmain.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouplandThomas1990" class="citation cs2">Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Gimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred C. Gimson">Gimson, A. C.</a> (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6287-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6287-2"><bdi>0-7131-6287-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7131-6287-2&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17 (2): 155–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268609708599550">10.1080/07268609708599550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=An+acoustic+phonetic+study+of+broad%2C+general%2C+and+cultivated+Australian+English+vowels&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-84&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268609708599550&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Cox%2C+F.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007" class="citation cs2">Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clas.mq.edu.au/felicity/Papers/Illustration_Australian.pdf">"Australian English"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100307003192">10.1017/S0025100307003192</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Australian+English&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-350&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100307003192&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft.au=Palethorpe%2C+Sallyanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclas.mq.edu.au%2Ffelicity%2FPapers%2FIllustration_Australian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Samuel_Kenyon" title="John Samuel Kenyon">Kenyon, John S.</a> (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pronunciation&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=George+Wahr&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+correspondences+between+English+accents" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyonKnott1953" class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. <a href="/wiki/A_Pronouncing_Dictionary_of_American_English" title="A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English">A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English</a>. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the IPA (JIPA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;">Non-pulmonic consonants <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> (top: velar; bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ qʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ qǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ qǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊 q𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ qǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ ɢʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ ɢǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ ɢǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ ɢǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ ɴʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ ɴǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ ɴǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ ɴǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a>   </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ qǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ ɢǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ ɴǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">Sj-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> [w̃]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> [j̃]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> [h̪͆]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> [t̪ʙ̥]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> [h̃]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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386.395 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 12.96% 291.876 4 Template:IPA_common"," 11.24% 253.017 3 Template:Reflist"," 7.43% 167.364 68 Template:Efn-lr"," 7.26% 163.522 1 Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants"," 7.11% 159.973 68 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.344","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9541070,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBekker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouplandThomas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeterding2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDictionary_Unit_for_South_African_English2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFox2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenyon1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenyonKnott1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_W.J._Tay1982\"] = 1,\n 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