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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infancy_to_adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infancy_to_adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Infancy to adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infancy_to_adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Middle age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_age_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_age_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Old age and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_age_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_mortem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_mortem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Post mortem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_mortem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Values_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Values and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victory_odes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_odes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Victory odes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_odes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Chronological order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts,_shreds_and_quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts,_shreds_and_quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Manuscripts, shreds and quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts,_shreds_and_quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horace's_tribute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horace's_tribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Horace's tribute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horace's_tribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowra's_tribute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowra's_tribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bowra's tribute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowra's_tribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pindar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بندار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بندار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaro" title="Pindaro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pindaro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Піндар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Піндар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиндар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиндар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADndar" title="Píndar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Píndar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πίνδαρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίνδαρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADndaro" title="Píndaro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Píndaro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaro" title="Pindaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pindaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADndaru" title="Píndaru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Píndaru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaro" title="Pindaro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pindaro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پیندار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیندار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindare" title="Pindare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pindare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADndaro" title="Píndaro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Píndaro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%80%EB%8B%A4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="핀다로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핀다로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Պինդարոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պինդարոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaro" title="Pindaro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pindaro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaro" title="Pindaro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pindaro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פינדארוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פינדארוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პინდაროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პინდაროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиндар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пиндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindarus" title="Pindarus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pindarus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindars" title="Pindars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pindars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaras" title="Pindaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pindaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindarosz" title="Pindarosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pindarosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиндар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиндар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="പിണ്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിണ്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86)" title="بندار (كاتب اساطير من بويوتيان كونفيديراتيون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بندار (كاتب اساطير من بويوتيان كونفيديراتيون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindarus" title="Pindarus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pindarus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ピンダロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピンダロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ACndar" title="Pìndar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pìndar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πίνδαρος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πίνδαρος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADndaro" title="Píndaro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Píndaro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиндар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиндар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindari" title="Pindari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pindari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaru" title="Pindaru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pindaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پیندار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیندار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиндар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиндар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaros" title="Pindaros – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pindaros" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Піндар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піндар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pindar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%BE%BE" title="品达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="品达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E9%81%94" title="品達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="品達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%BE%BE" title="品达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="品达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134929#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th century BC Greek lyric poet from Thebes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pindar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pindar (disambiguation)">Pindar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Pindar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Pindar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pindar, Roman copy of Greek 5th century BC bust (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples)"><img alt="Pindar, Roman copy of Greek 5th century BC bust (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Pindar.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Pindar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Pindar.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Pindar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Pindar.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Pindar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5856" data-file-height="8676" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Pindar, Roman copy of Greek 5th century BC bust (<i><a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Museo Archeologico Nazionale</a></i>, Naples)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="grc">Πίνδαρος</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 518 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Cynoscephalae_(Boeotia)" title="Cynoscephalae (Boeotia)">Cynoscephalae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiotia">Boiotia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 438 BC</span> (aged approximately 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyric poet">Lyric poet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poetry</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pindar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πίνδαρος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pindaros</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[píndaros]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pindarus</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 518 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 438 BC</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">Ancient Greek lyric poet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. Of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Nine_lyric_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine lyric poets">nine lyric poets</a> of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> rightly held, make him inimitable."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems can also, however, seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright <a href="/wiki/Eupolis" title="Eupolis">Eupolis</a> once remarked that they "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least until the 1896 discovery of some poems by his rival <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>; comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of only the poet himself. His poetry, while admired by critics, still challenges the casual reader and his work is largely unread among the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pindar was the first Greek poet to reflect on the nature of poetry and on the poet's role.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poetry illustrates the beliefs and values of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other poets of the Archaic Age, he has a profound sense of the vicissitudes of life, but he also articulates a passionate faith in what men can achieve by the grace of the gods, most famously expressed in the conclusion to one of his <a href="/wiki/Epinikion" title="Epinikion">Victory Odes</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Creatures of a day! What is anyone?<br /> What is anyone not? A dream of a shadow<br /> Is our mortal being. But when there comes to men<br /> A gleam of splendour given of heaven,<br /> Then rests on them a light of glory<br /> And blessed are their days. (<i>Pythian 8</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five ancient sources contain all the recorded details of Pindar's life. One of them is a short biography discovered in 1961 on an Egyptian papyrus dating from at least 200 AD (<a href="/wiki/P.Oxy" class="mw-redirect" title="P.Oxy">P.Oxy</a>.2438).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other four are collections that were not finalized until some 1600 years after his death: </p> <ul><li>A brief biography of Pindar and his tomb in Boeotia, from Pausanias's “descriptions of Greece” [9.23.2]-[9.23.5].</li> <li><i>Commentaries on Pindar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a>;</li> <li><i>Vita Vratislavensis</i>, found in a manuscript at <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, author unknown;</li> <li>a text by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Magister" title="Thomas Magister">Thomas Magister</a>;</li> <li>some meagre writings attributed to the lexicographer Suidas.</li></ul> <p>Although these sources are based on a much older literary tradition, going as far back as <a href="/wiki/Chamaeleon_(philosopher)" title="Chamaeleon (philosopher)">Chamaeleon of Heraclea</a> in the 4th century BC, they are generally viewed with scepticism today: much of the material is clearly fanciful.<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars both ancient and modern have turned to Pindar's own work – his <a href="/wiki/Epinikion" title="Epinikion">victory odes</a> in particular – as a source of biographical information: some of the poems touch on historic events and can be accurately dated. The 1962 publication of Elroy Bundy's ground-breaking work <i>Studia Pindarica</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to a change in scholarly opinion: the Odes were no longer seen as expressions of Pindar's personal thoughts and feelings, but rather as public statements "dedicated to the single purpose of eulogizing men and communities."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that biographical interpretations of the poems are due to a "fatal conjunction" of historicism and Romanticism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, we know almost nothing about Pindar's life based on either traditional sources or his own poems. However, the pendulum of intellectual fashion has begun to change direction again, and cautious use of the poems for some biographical purposes is considered acceptable once more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200438_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200438-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200459_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200467_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200467-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολλὰ γὰρ πολλᾷ λέλεκται: νεαρὰ δ᾽ ἐξευ-<br /> ρόντα δόμεν βασάνῳ<br /> ἐς ἔλεγχον, ἅπας κίνδυνος.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1947_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1947-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> <p>Story is vast in range: new ways to find<br /> and test upon the touchstone,<br /> Here danger lies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19479_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19479-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life">Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infancy_to_adulthood">Infancy to adulthood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infancy to adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar was born circa 518 BC (the 65th <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Cynoscephalae_(Boeotia)" title="Cynoscephalae (Boeotia)">Cynoscephalae</a>, a village in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, not far from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. His father's name is variously given as Daiphantus, Pagondas or Scopelinus, and his mother's name was Cleodice.<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is told that in his youth, or possibly infancy, bees built a honeycomb in his mouth and this was the reason he became a poet of honey-like verses. (An identical fate has been ascribed to other poets of the archaic period.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pindar was about twenty years old in 498 BC when he was commissioned by the ruling family in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> to compose his first victory ode (<i>Pythian 10</i>). He studied the art of lyric poetry in Athens, where his tutor was <a href="/wiki/Lasos_of_Hermione" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasos of Hermione">Lasos of Hermione</a>, and he is also said to have received some helpful criticism from <a href="/wiki/Corinna" title="Corinna">Corinna</a>. </p><p>The early to middle years of Pindar's career coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a>. This period included the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">first Persian invasion of Greece</a>, which ended at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> in 490 BC, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">second Persian invasion of Greece</a> (480-479 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second invasion, when Pindar was almost forty years old, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> was occupied by Xerxes' general, <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)">Mardonius</a>, who with many Theban aristocrats subsequently perished at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a>. It is possible that Pindar spent much of this time at <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>. His choice of residence during the earlier invasion in 490 BC is not known, but he was able to attend the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a> of that year, where he first met the Sicilian prince, Thrasybulus, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a>. Thrasybulus had driven the winning chariot; and he and Pindar were to form a lasting friendship, paving the way for his subsequent visit to Sicily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_age">Middle age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIII.1.a,_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre,_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg/300px-VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg/450px-VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg/600px-VIII.1.a%2C_Pompeii._June_2017._Painted_panel_from_west_end_of_south_wall_of_enthroned_Pindar_with_lyre%2C_with_Muse_and_poetess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Enthroned Pindar with <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muse</a> and poetess. Antique fresco in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pindar seems to have used his odes to advance his, and his friends', personal interests.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 462 BC he composed two odes in honour of Arcesilas, king of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, (<i>Pythians 4 and 5</i>), pleading for the return from exile of a friend, Demophilus. In the latter ode Pindar proudly mentions his own ancestry, which he shared with the king, as an Aegeid or descendant of <a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a>, the legendary king of Athens. The clan was influential in many parts of the Greek world, having intermarried with ruling families in Thebes, in <a href="/wiki/Laconia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconia (ancient region)">Lacedaemonia</a>, and in cities that claimed Lacedaemonian descent, such as Cyrene and <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> considered the clan important enough to deserve mention (<i>Histories</i> IV.147). Membership of this clan possibly contributed to Pindar's success as a poet, and it informed his political views, which are marked by a conservative preference for oligarchic governments of the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Doric</a> kind. </p> <blockquote><p>Pindar might not actually claim to be an Aegeid since his 'I' statements do not necessarily refer to himself. The Aegeid clan did however have a branch in Thebes, and his reference to 'my ancestors' in Pythian 5 could have been spoken on behalf of both Arcesilas and himself – he may have used this ambivalence to establish a personal link with his patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was possibly the Theban <a href="/wiki/Proxenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxenos">proxenos</a> or consul for Aegina and/or <a href="/wiki/Molossia" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossia">Molossia</a>, as indicated in another of his odes, Nemean 7,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004177_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004177-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004178_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004178-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004179_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004179-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004180_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower2004180-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he glorifies <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a>, a national hero of Aegina and Molossia. According to tradition, Neoptolemus died disgracefully in a fight with priests at the temple in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> over their share of some sacrificial meat. Pindar diplomatically glosses over this and concludes mysteriously with an earnest protestation of innocence – "But shall my heart never admit that I with words none can redeem dishonoured Neoptolemus".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this is barely English (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Possibly he was responding to anger among Aeginetans and/or Molossians over his portrayal of Neoptolemus in an earlier poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a> 6</i>, which had been commissioned by the priests at Delphi and which depicted the hero's death in traditional terms, as divine retribution for his crimes. </p> <blockquote><p>Some doubt this biographical interpretation of <i>Nemean 7</i> since it is largely based on marginal comments by <a href="/wiki/Scholiast" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholiast">scholiasts</a> and Pindaric scholiasts are often unreliable. The fact that Pindar gave different versions of the myth may simply reflect the needs of different genres, and does not necessarily indicate a personal dilemma.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nemean 7</i> in fact is the most controversial and obscure of Pindar's victory odes, and scholars ancient and modern have been ingenious and imaginative in their attempts to explain it, so far with no agreed success.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his first Pythian ode, composed in 470 BC in honour of the Sicilian tyrant <a href="/wiki/Hieron_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron of Syracuse">Hieron</a>, Pindar celebrated a series of victories by Greeks against foreign invaders: Athenian and Spartan-led victories against Persia at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a>, and victories by the western Greeks led by <a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a> and Hieron against the Carthaginians and Etruscans at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Himera_(480_BC)" title="Battle of Himera (480 BC)">Himera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Cumae</a>. Such celebrations were not appreciated by his fellow Thebans: they had sided with the Persians and had incurred many losses and privations as a result of their defeat. His praise of Athens with such epithets as <i>bulwark of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellas</a></i> (<i>fragment 76</i>) and <i>city of noble name and sunlit splendour</i> (Nemean 5) induced the authorities in Thebes to fine him 5,000 drachmae, to which the Athenians are said to have responded with a gift of 10,000 drachmae. According to another account,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Athenians even made him their proxenus or consul in Thebes. His association with the fabulously rich Hieron was another source of annoyance at home. It was probably in response to Theban sensitivities over this issue that he denounced the rule of tyrants (i.e. rulers like Hieron) in an ode composed shortly after a visit to Hieron's sumptuous court in 476–75 BC (<i>Pythian 11</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Pindar's actual phrasing in <i>Pythian 11</i> was "I deplore the lot of tyrants" and though this was traditionally interpreted as an apology for his dealings with Sicilian tyrants like Hieron, an alternative date for the ode has led some scholars to conclude that it was in fact a covert reference to the tyrannical behaviour of the Athenians, although this interpretation is ruled out if we accept the earlier note about covert references. According to yet another interpretation Pindar is simply delivering a formulaic warning to the successful athlete to avoid <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200459_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is highly unlikely that Pindar ever acted for Athenians as their proxenus or consul in Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200457_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200457-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lyric verse was conventionally accompanied by music and dance, and Pindar himself wrote the music and choreographed the dances for his victory odes. Sometimes he trained the performers at his home in Thebes, and sometimes he trained them at the venue where they performed. Commissions took him to all parts of the Greek world – to the Panhellenic festivals in mainland Greece (Olympia, Delphi, Corinth and Nemea), westwards to Sicily, eastwards to the seaboard of Asia Minor, north to <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> (<i>Paean 2</i>) and south to Cyrene on the African coast. Other poets at the same venues vied with him for the favours of patrons. His poetry sometimes reflects this rivalry. For example, <i>Olympian 2</i> and <i>Pythian 2</i>, composed in honour of the Sicilian tyrants Theron and Hieron following his visit to their courts in 476–75 BC, refer respectively to <i>ravens</i> and an <i>ape</i>, apparently signifying rivals who were engaged in a campaign of smears against him – possibly the poets <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pindar's original treatment of narrative myth, often relating events in reverse chronological order, is said to have been a favourite target for criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simonides was known to charge high fees for his work and Pindar is said to have alluded to this in <i>Isthmian 2</i>, where he refers to the Muse as "a hireling journeyman". He appeared in many poetry competitions and was defeated five times by his compatriot, the poet <a href="/wiki/Corinna" title="Corinna">Corinna</a>, in revenge of which he called her <i>Boeotian sow</i> in one of his odes (<i>Olympian</i> 6. 89f.). </p> <blockquote><p>It was assumed by ancient sources that Pindar's odes were performed by a chorus, but this has been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that the odes were in fact performed solo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblower200416_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblower200416-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known how commissions were arranged, nor if the poet travelled widely: even when poems include statements like "I have come" it is not certain that this was meant literally.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncomplimentary references to Bacchylides and Simonides were found by <a href="/wiki/Scholiasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholiasts">scholiasts</a> but there is no reason to accept their interpretation of the odes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, some scholars have interpreted the allusions to fees in <i>Isthmian 2</i> as a request by Pindar for payment of fees owed to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His defeats by Corinna were probably invented by ancient commentators to account for the <i>Boeotian sow</i> remark, a phrase moreover that was completely misunderstood by scholiasts, since Pindar was scoffing at a reputation that all Boeotians had for stupidity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_age_and_death">Old age and death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old age and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His fame as a poet drew Pindar into Greek politics. Athens, the most important city in Greece throughout his poetic career, was a rival of his home city, <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, and also of the island state <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, whose leading citizens commissioned about a quarter of his Victory Odes. There is no open condemnation of the Athenians in any of his poems but criticism is implied. For example, the victory ode mentioned above (<i>Pythian 8</i>) describes the downfall of the giants <a href="/wiki/Porphyrion" title="Porphyrion">Porphyrion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> and this might be Pindar's way of covertly celebrating a recent defeat of Athens by Thebes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronea_(447_BC)" title="Battle of Coronea (447 BC)">Battle of Coronea</a> (447 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem ends with a prayer for Aegina's freedom, long threatened by Athenian ambitions. </p> <blockquote><p>Covert criticism of Athens (traditionally located in odes such as <i>Pythian</i> 8, <i>Nemean</i> 8 and <i>Isthmian</i> 7) is now dismissed as highly unlikely, even by scholars who allow some biographical and historical interpretations of the poems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of his last odes (<i>Pythian 8</i>) indicates that he lived near a shrine to the oracle <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_(mythology)" title="Alcmaeon (mythology)">Alcmaeon</a> and that he stored some of his wealth there. In the same ode he says that he had recently received a prophecy from Alcmaeon during a journey to Delphi ("...he met me and proved the skills of prophecy that all his race inherit")<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he does not reveal what the long-dead prophet said to him nor in what form he appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ode was written to commemorate a victory by an athlete from <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>Pindar doesn't necessarily mean himself when he uses the first person singular. Many of his 'I' statements are generic, indicating somebody engaged in the role of a singer i.e. a 'bardic' I. Other 'I' statements articulate values typical of the audience, and some are spoken on behalf of the subjects celebrated in the poems.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'I' that received the prophecy in <i>Pythian 8</i> therefore might have been the athlete from Aegina, not Pindar. In that case the prophecy must have been about his performance at the Pythian Games, and the property stored at the shrine was just a votive offering.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nothing is recorded about Pindar's wife and son except their names, Megacleia and Daiphantus.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About ten days before he died, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> appeared to him and complained that she was the only divinity to whom he had never composed a hymn. She said he would come to her soon and compose one then.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pindar lived to about eighty years of age. He died around 438 BC while attending a festival at <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>. His ashes were taken back home to Thebes by his musically gifted daughters, Eumetis and Protomache. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_mortem">Post mortem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post mortem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Pindar's female relatives claimed that he dictated some verses to her in honour of Persephone after he had been dead for several days. Some of Pindar's verses were inscribed in letters of gold on a temple wall in <a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a>, Rhodes. At Delphi, where he had been elected a priest of Apollo, the priests exhibited an iron chair on which he used to sit during the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Theoxenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoxenia">Theoxenia</a>. Every night, while closing the temple doors, they intoned: "Let Pindar the poet go unto the supper of the gods!" </p><p>Pindar's house in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> became one of the city's landmarks. When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" title="Battle of Thebes">demolished Thebes</a> in 335 BC, as punishment for its resistance to Macedonian expansionism, he ordered the house be left intact out of gratitude for verses praising his ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values_and_beliefs">Values and beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Values and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar's values and beliefs have been inferred from his poetry. No other ancient Greek poet has left so many comments about the nature of his art. He justified and exalted <a href="/wiki/Choral_poetry" title="Choral poetry">choral poetry</a> at a time when society was turning away from it. It "... had for two centuries reflected and shaped the sentiments, the outlook, and the convictions of the Greek aristocracies ... and Pindar spoke up for it with passionate assurance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19642_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19642-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poetry is a meeting ground for gods, heroes and men – even the dead are spoken of as participants: "Deep in the earth their heart listens".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196438_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196438-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His view of the gods is traditional but more self-consistent than <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s and more reverent. He never depicts gods in a demeaning role. He seems indifferent to the intellectual reforms that were shaping the theology of the times. Thus an eclipse is not a mere physical effect, as contemplated by early thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, nor was it even a subject for bold wonder, as it was for an earlier poet, <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead Pindar treated an eclipse as a portent of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196483_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196483-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196484-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gods are the embodiment of power, uncompromisingly proud of their nature and violent in defense of their privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196442_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196442-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196443_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196443-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some rationalization of religious belief, but it is within a tradition at least as old as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, where abstractions are personified, such as "Truth the daughter of Zeus".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the wording suggests a belief in 'God' rather than 'a god' (e.g. "What is God? Everything"),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the implications are not given full expression and the poems are not examples of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nor do they vocalize a belief in Fate as the background to the gods, unlike the plays of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> for example. Pindar subjects both fortune and fate to divine will (e.g. "child of Zeus ... Fortune").<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196484-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196485_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196485-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196486_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196486-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196487_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196487-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heracles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Heracles.jpg/220px-Heracles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Heracles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A short Heracles: Pindar once ignored the traditional image of Heracles, the supreme example of the heroic physique, and described him as short in order to compare him with a short patron.</figcaption></figure> <p>He selects and revises traditional myths so as not to diminish the dignity and majesty of the gods. Such revisionism was not unique. <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> had castigated <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> for the misdeeds they ascribed to gods, such as theft, adultery and deception, and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> had envisioned those two poets being punished in Hades for blasphemy. A subtle example of Pindar's approach can be found in his treatment of the myth of Apollo's rape of the nymph <a href="/wiki/Cyrene_(mythology)" title="Cyrene (mythology)">Cyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the god of the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic oracle">Delphic oracle</a>, Apollo is all-knowing, yet in keeping with his anthropomorphic nature he seeks information about the nymph from a third party, in this case the centaur <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>. Chiron however affirms the god's omniscience with an elegant compliment, as if Apollo had only pretended to be ignorant: "You, Sire, who know the appointed end of all, and all paths..."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196461_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196461-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo's abduction of the nymph is not presented as a shameful act. Pindar's gods are above such ethical issues and it is not for men to judge them by ordinary human standards. Indeed, the finest breeds of men resulted from divine passions: "For Pindar a mortal woman who is loved by a god is an outstanding lesson in divine favours handsomely bestowed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196464_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196464-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196465_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196465-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being descendants of divine unions with privileged mortals, mythical heroes are an intermediate group between gods and men, and they are sympathetic to human ambitions. Thus, for example, Pindar not only invokes Zeus for help on behalf of the island of Aegina but also its national heroes <a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telamon" title="Telamon">Telamon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the gods, however, heroes can be judged according to ordinary human standards and they are sometimes shown in the poems to demean themselves. Even in that case, they receive special consideration. Thus Pindar refers obliquely to the murder of <a href="/wiki/Phocus" title="Phocus">Phocus</a> by his brothers Peleus and Telamon ("I am shy of speaking of a huge risk, hazarded not in right"), telling the audience that he will not talk of it ("silence is a man's wisest counsel").<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196467_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196467-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196468_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196468-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theban hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> was a favourite subject but in one poem he is depicted as small in order to be compared with a small Theban patron who had won the <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a> at the Isthmian Games:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a unique example of Pindar's readiness to shape traditional myths to fit the occasion, even if not always flattering to the mythical hero. A hero's status is not diminished by an occasional blemish but rests on a summary view of his heroic exploits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196447_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196447-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196448_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196448-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196471_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196471-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of his patrons claimed divine descent, such as <a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a>, but Pindar makes all men akin to gods if they realize their full potential: their innate gifts are divinely bestowed, and even then success still depends on the gods' active favour. In honouring such men, therefore, Pindar was honouring the gods too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196466_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196466-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196467_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196467-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196496_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196496-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His statements about life after death were not self-consistent but that was typical for the times. Traditional ambivalence, as expressed by Homer, had been complicated by a growth of religious sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusinian mysteries">Eleusinian mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>, representing various schemes of rewards and punishments in the next life. However, for the poet, glory and lasting fame were men's greatest assurance of a life well-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196489-96_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196489-96-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presents no theory of history apart from the view that Fortune is variable even for the best men, an outlook suited to moderation in success, courage in adversity. Notions of 'good' and 'bad' in human nature were not analysed by him in any depth nor did he arrive at anything like the <a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos#Ethics" title="Simonides of Ceos">compassionate ethics</a> of his near contemporary, Simonides of Ceos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196476_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196477_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196477-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964120_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964120-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems are indifferent to the ordinary mass of people. They are dismissed with phrases such as "the brute multitude" (<i>Pythian Ode</i> 2.87). Nor are the poems concerned with the fate of rich and powerful men once they lose their wealth and social status (compared for example with the bitter and disillusioned poems of <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a>). They are more interested in what successful men do with their good fortune: success brings obligations, and religious and artistic activities need patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964100_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964100-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964101_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964101-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964102_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964102-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964103_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964103-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> inspired Homer with relevant information and with the language to express it, Pindar seems to receive only their inspiration: his role is to shape that inspiration with his own wisdom and skill. Like his patrons, whom he immortalizes in verse, he owes his success to hard work as well as to innate gifts; though he hires himself out, he has a vocation. The Muses are to him as an oracle is to a prophet, and lesser poets are to him as ravens are to an eagle; the art of such men is as hackneyed as garland-making; his is magical:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19644_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19644-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19645_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19645-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19646_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19646-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19647_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19647-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἴρειν στεφάνους ἐλαφρόν: ἀναβάλεο: Μοῖσά τοι <br /> κολλᾷ χρυσὸν ἔν τε λευκὸν ἐλέφανθ᾽ ἁμᾷ <br /> καὶ λείριον ἄνθεμον ποντίας ὑφελοῖσ᾽ ἐέρσας.</span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p>To plait garlands is easy. Strike up! The Muse<br /> Welds together gold and white ivory<br /> And the lily-flower snatched from the sea's dew.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196416_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196416-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar's strongly individual genius is apparent in all his extant compositions but, unlike <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a> for example, he created no new lyrical genres.<sup id="cite_ref-j41_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j41-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was however innovative in his use of the genres he inherited – for example, in one of his victory odes (<i>Olympian</i> 3), he announces his invention of a new type of musical accompaniment, combining lyre, flute and human voice (though our knowledge of Greek music is too sketchy to allow us to understand the full nature of this innovation).<sup id="cite_ref-Conway72-17_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway72-17-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he probably spoke <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeotian Greek">Boeotian Greek</a>, he composed in a literary language that tended to rely more on the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> dialect than his rival <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, but less insistently than <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>. There is an admixture of other dialects, especially Aeolic and epic forms, and an occasional use of some Boeotian words.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He composed 'choral' songs yet it is by no means certain that they were all sung by choirs – the use of choirs is testified only by the generally unreliable scholiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> collected his compositions in seventeen books organized according to genre:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1 book of <i>hymnoi</i> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>"</i></li> <li>1 book of <i>paianes</i> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">paeans</a>"</i></li> <li>2 books of <i>dithyramboi</i> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambs</a>"</i></li> <li>2 books of <i>prosodia</i> – <i><a href="/wiki/Prosodion" title="Prosodion">"processionals"</a></i></li> <li>3 books of <i>parthenia</i> – <i>"songs for maidens"</i></li> <li>2 books of <i>hyporchemata</i> – <i><a href="/wiki/Hyporchema" title="Hyporchema">"songs for light dances"</a></i></li> <li>1 book of <i>enkomia</i> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">songs of praise</a>"</i></li> <li>1 book of <i>threnoi</i> – <i>"laments"</i></li> <li>4 books of <i>epinikia</i> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Epinikion" title="Epinikion">victory odes</a>"</i></li></ul> <p>Of this vast and varied corpus, only the <i>epinikia</i> – odes written to commemorate athletic victories – survive in complete form; the rest survive only by quotations in other ancient authors or from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> scraps unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Even in fragmentary form however, they reveal the same complexity of thought and language that are found in the victory odes.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> singled out Pindar's work as an outstanding example of austere style (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐστηρὰ ἁρμονία</span></span>) but he noted its absence in the maiden songs or <i>parthenia</i>. One surviving fragment of a maiden song does seem to be different in tone, due however to the fact that it is spoken in the character of a girl:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964193_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964193-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="300px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="300px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="300px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐμὲ δὲ πρέπει παρθενήια μὲν φρονεῖν<br /> γλώσσᾳ τε λέγεσθαι.</span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>emè dè prépei parthenḗia mèn phroneîn<br /> glṓssāi te légesthai.</i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p>I must think maidenly thoughts<br /> And utter them with my tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196484-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196425_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196425-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196426_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196426-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Enough of his dithyrambic poetry survives for comparison with that of Bacchylides, who used it for narrative. Pindar's dithyrambs are an exuberant display of religious feeling, capturing the wild spirit of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and pointing forward to the ecstatic songs of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i>. In one of these, dedicated to the Athenians and written to be sung in Spring, he depicts the divine energy of the revitalized world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196462_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196462-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196463_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196463-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="300px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="325px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="300px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φοινικοεάνων ὁπότ' οἰχθέντος Ὡρᾶν θαλάμου<br /> εὔοδμον ἐπάγοισιν ἔαρ φυτὰ νεκτάρεα.<br /> τότε βάλλεται, τότ' ἐπ' ἀμβρόταν χθόν' ἐραταί<br /> ἴων φόβαι, ῥόδα τε κόμαισι μείγνυται,<br /> ἀχεῖ τ' ὀμφαὶ μελέων σὺν αὐλοῖς<br /> οἰχνεῖ τε Σεμέλαν ἑλικάμπυκα χοροί.</span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>phoinikoeánōn hopót' oikhthéntos Hōrân thalámou<br /> eúodmon epágoisin eár phutà nektárea.<br /> tóte bálletai, tót' ep' ambrótan khthón' erataí<br /> íōn phóbai, rhóda te kómaisi meígnutai,<br /> akheî t' omphaì meléōn sùn auloîs<br /> oikhneî te Semélan helikámpuka khoroí.</i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p>When the chamber of the scarlet-clothed Hours is opened<br /> And the nectareous flowers usher in the fragrant spring,<br /> Then are scattered, then, on the immortal ground<br /> The lovely petals of violets; roses are wound in our hair;<br /> Loudly echo the voices of songs to the flutes,<br /> And choirs step in procession to dark-ribboned <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196463_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196463-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196415–20_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196415–20-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victory_odes">Victory odes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Victory odes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg/220px-Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg/330px-Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg/440px-Farnese_Diadumenos_BM_501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="4180" /></a><figcaption>The so-called 'Farnese Diadumenos' is a Roman copy of a Greek original attributed to <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> c. 440 BC, depicting an athlete tying a victory ribbon round his head.</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all Pindar's victory <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> are celebrations of triumphs gained by competitors in <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic festivals">Panhellenic festivals</a> such as the Olympian Games. The establishment of these athletic and musical festivals was among the greatest achievements of the Greek aristocracies. Even in the 5th century BC, when there was an increased tendency towards professionalism, they were predominantly aristocratic assemblies, reflecting the expense and leisure needed to attend such events either as a competitor or spectator. Attendance was an opportunity for display and self-promotion, and the prestige of victory, requiring commitment in time and/or wealth, went far beyond anything that accrues to athletic victories today, even in spite of the modern preoccupation with sport.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pindar's odes capture something of the prestige and the aristocratic grandeur of the moment of victory, as in this stanza from one of his Isthmian Odes, here translated by Geoffrey S. Conway: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>If ever a man strives</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>With all his soul's endeavour, sparing himself</dd> <dd>Neither expense nor labour to attain</dd> <dd>True excellence, then must we give to those</dd> <dd>Who have achieved the goal, a proud tribute <dl><dd><dl><dd>Of lordly praise, and shun</dd></dl></dd> <dd>All thoughts of envious jealousy.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>To a poet's mind the gift is slight, to speak</dd> <dd>A kind word for unnumbered toils, and build</dd> <dd>For all to share a monument of beauty. (<i>Isthmian</i> I, antistrophe 3)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>His victory odes are grouped into four books named after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a> – Panhellenic festivals held respectively at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a>. This reflects the fact that most of the odes were composed in honour of boys, youths, and men who had recently enjoyed victories in athletic (and sometimes musical) contests at those festivals. In a few odes however much older victories, and even victories in lesser games, are celebrated, often as a pretext for addressing other issues or achievements. For example, <i>Pythian 3</i>, composed in honour of Hieron of Syracuse, briefly mentions a victory he had once enjoyed at the Pythian Games, but it is actually intended to console him for his chronic illness (similarly, <i>Pythian</i> 2 is like a private letter in its intimacy).<sup id="cite_ref-Conway72-88-96_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway72-88-96-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nemean 9</i> and <i>Nemean 10</i> celebrate victories in games at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, and <i>Nemean 11</i> celebrates a victory in a municipal election on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tenedos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tenedos">Tenedos</a> (though it also mentions some obscure athletic victories). These three odes are the final odes in the <i>Nemean</i> book of odes, and there is a reason for their inclusion. In the original manuscripts, the four books of odes were arranged in the order of importance assigned to the festivals, with the Nemean festival, considered least important, coming last. Victory odes that lacked a Panhellenic subject were then bundled together at the end of the book of <i>Nemean</i> odes.<sup id="cite_ref-Conway72-xx_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway72-xx-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Style">Style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar's poetic style is very distinctive, even when the peculiarities of the genre are set aside. The odes typically feature a grand and arresting opening, often with an architectural metaphor or a resounding invocation to a place or goddess. He makes rich use of decorative language and florid compound adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentences are compressed to the point of obscurity, unusual words and periphrases give the language an esoteric quality, and transitions in meaning often seem erratic, the images seem to burst out – it is a style that sometimes baffles but also makes his poetry vivid and unforgettable.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pindar's power does not lie in the pedigrees of ... athletes ... It lies in a splendour of phrase and imagery that suggests the gold and purple of a sunset sky. – <a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">F. L. Lucas</a><sup id="cite_ref-greekpoetry_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekpoetry-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He has that force of imagination which can bring clear-cut and dramatic figures of gods and heroes into vivid relief...he has that peculiar and inimitable splendour of style which, though sometimes aided by magnificent novelties of diction, is not dependent on them, but can work magical effects with simple words; he has also, at frequent moments, a marvellous swiftness, alike in the succession of images, and in the transitions from thought to thought; and his tone is that of a prophet who can speak with a voice as of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Richard Claverhouse Jebb</a><sup id="cite_ref-j41_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j41-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His odes were animated by... </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>one burning glow which darted out a shower of brilliant images, leapt in a white-hot spark across gaps unbridgeable by thought, passed through a commonplace leaving it luminous and transparent, melted a group of heterogeneous ideas into a shortlived unity and, as suddenly as a flame, died. – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Highet" title="Gilbert Highet">Gilbert Highet</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some of these qualities can be found, for example, in this stanza from <i>Pythian 2</i>, composed in honour of Hieron: </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <div title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><div lang="grc"><p>θεὸς ἅπαν ἐπὶ ἐλπίδεσσι τέκμαρ ἀνύεται,<br /> θεός, ὃ καὶ πτερόεντ᾽ αἰετὸν κίχε, καὶ θαλασ-<br /> :σαῖον παραμείβεται δελφῖνα, καὶ ὑψιφρόνων τιν᾽ ἔκαμψε βροτῶν,<br /> ἑτέροισι δὲ κῦδος ἀγήραον παρέδωκ᾽. ἐμὲ δὲ χρεὼν<br /> φεύγειν δάκος ἀδινὸν κακαγοριᾶν.<br /> εἶδον γὰρ ἑκὰς ἐὼν τὰ πόλλ᾽ ἐν ἀμαχανίᾳ<br /> ψογερὸν Ἀρχίλοχον βαρυλόγοις ἔχθεσιν<br /> πιαινόμενον: τὸ πλουτεῖν δὲ σὺν τύχᾳ πό-<br /> :τμου σοφίας ἄριστον.</p></div></div><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <p>God achieves all his purpose and fulfills his every hope,<br /> God who can overtake the winged eagle, or upon the sea<br /> </p> <dl><dd>outstrip the dolphin;</dd></dl> <p>and he bends the arrogant heart of many a man,<br /> But gives to others eternal glory that will never fade. Now for me<br /> Is it needful that I shun the fierce and biting tooth of slanderous words.<br /> For from old have I seen sharp-tongued Archilochus in want and struggling,<br /> Grown fat on the harsh words of hate.<br /> The best that fate can bring is wealth<br /> </p> <dl><dd>joined with the happy gift of wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The stanza begins with a celebration of divine power, and then abruptly shifts to a darker, more allusive train of thought, featuring condemnation of a renowned poet, <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>, <i>Grown fat on the harsh words of hate</i>. Archilochus was an <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">iambic</a> poet, working within a genre that licensed abusive and scurrilous verse – a regrettable tendency from the viewpoint of Pindar, whose own persona is intensely earnest, preaching to Hieron the need for moderation (wealth with wisdom) and submission to the divine will. The reference to the embittered poet appears to be Pindar's meditative response to some intrigues at Hieron's court, possibly by his rivals, condemned elsewhere as <i>a pair of ravens</i> (<i>Olympian 2</i>). The intensity of the stanza suggests that it is the culmination and climax of the poem. In fact, the stanza occupies the middle of <i>Pythian 2</i> and the intensity is sustained throughout the poem from beginning to end. It is the sustained intensity of his poetry that Quintilian refers to above as a <i>rolling flood of eloquence</i> and Horace below refers to as the <i>uncontrollable momentum</i> of a river that has burst its banks. <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a> likens him to <i>a vast fire</i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> refers to him as <i>the great-voiced Pindar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pindar's treatment of myth is another unique aspect of his style, often involving variations on the traditional stories,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since his original audience was familiar with the myths and this allowed him to concentrate on unique and surprising effects. Reversing the chronological order was one such effect, as in <i>Olympian VII</i> dedicated to Diagoras of Rhodes, but this could also resemble a circular pattern, beginning with a culminating event, followed by scenes leading up to it, and ending with its restatement, as in his account of the <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a> in <i>Nemean 10</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964310_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964310-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myths enabled him to develop the themes and lessons that pre-occupy him – in particular mankind's exulted relation with the gods via heroic ancestors and, in contrast, the limitations and uncertainties of human existence – but sometimes the traditional stories were an embarrassment and were carefully edited, as for example: "Be still my tongue: here profits not / to tell the whole truth with clear face unveiled," (<i>Nemean 5</i>, epode 1); "Away, away this story! / Let no such tale fall from my lips! / For to insult the gods is a fool's wisdom," (<i>Olympian 9</i>, strophe 2); "Senseless, I hold it, for a man to say / the gods eat mortal flesh. / I spurn the thought," (<i>Olympian 1</i>, epode 2).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mythical accounts are edited for dramatic and graphic effects, usually unfolding through a few grand gestures against a background of large, often symbolic elements such as sea, sky, darkness, fire or mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar's odes typically begin with an invocation to a god or the Muses, followed by praise of the victor and often of his family, ancestors and home-town. Then follows a narrated myth, usually occupying the central and longest section of the poem, which exemplify a moral, while aligning the poet and his audience with the world of gods and heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ode usually ends in more eulogies, for example of trainers (if the victor is a boy), and of relatives who have won past events, as well as with prayers or expressions of hope for future success.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event where the victory was gained is never described in detail, but there is often some mention of the hard work needed to bring the victory about. </p><p>A lot of modern criticism tries to find hidden structure or some unifying principle within the odes. 19th century criticism favoured 'gnomic unity' i.e. that each ode is bound together by the kind of moralizing or philosophic vision typical of archaic <a href="/wiki/Gnomic_poetry" title="Gnomic poetry">Gnomic poetry</a>. Later critics sought unity in the way certain words or images are repeated and developed within a particular ode. For others, the odes are just celebrations of men and their communities, in which the elements such as myths, piety, and ethics are stock themes that the poet introduces without much real thought. Some conclude that the requirement for unity is too modern to have informed Pindar's ancient approach to a traditional craft.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great majority of the odes are triadic in structure – i.e., stanzas are grouped together in three's as a lyrical unit. Each triad comprises two stanzas identical in length and meter (called 'strophe' and 'antistrophe') and a third stanza (called an 'epode'), differing in length and meter but rounding off the lyrical movement in some way. The shortest odes comprise a single triad, the largest (<i>Pythian 4</i>) comprises thirteen triads. Seven of the odes however are monostrophic (i.e., each stanza in the ode is identical in length and meter). The monostrophic odes seem to have been composed for victory marches or processions, whereas the triadic odes appear suited to choral dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pindar's metrical rhythms are nothing like the simple, repetitive rhythms familiar to readers of English verse – typically the rhythm of any given line recurs infrequently (for example, only once every ten, fifteen or twenty lines). This adds to the aura of complexity that surrounds Pindar's work. In terms of meter, the odes fall roughly into two categories – about half are in <a href="/wiki/Greek_prosody#Dactylo-epitrite" title="Greek prosody">dactylo-epitrites</a> (a meter found for example in the works of <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, Simonides and Bacchylides) and the other half are in <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse#Choral_Aeolics" title="Aeolic verse">Aeolic metres</a> based on iambs and choriambs.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronological_order">Chronological order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronological order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern editors (e.g., Snell and Maehler in their <a href="/wiki/Teubner" class="mw-redirect" title="Teubner">Teubner</a> edition), have assigned dates, securely or tentatively, to Pindar's victory odes, based on ancient sources and other grounds. The date of an athletic victory is not always the date of composition but often serves merely as a <i>terminus post quem</i>. Many dates are based on comments by ancient sources who had access to published lists of victors, such as the Olympic list compiled by <a href="/wiki/Hippias_of_Elis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippias of Elis">Hippias of Elis</a>, and lists of Pythian victors made by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a>. There were however no such lists for the Isthmian and Nemean Games<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (6.13.8) complained that the Corinthians and Argives never kept proper records. The resulting uncertainty is reflected in the chronology below, with question marks clustered around Nemean and Isthmian entries, and yet it still represents a fairly clear general timeline of Pindar's career as an epinician poet. The code <b>M</b> denotes monostrophic odes (odes in which all stanzas are metrically identical) and the rest are triadic (i.e. featuring strophes, antistrophes, epodes): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Victory odes in estimated chronological order </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date<br />(BC) </th> <th>Ode </th> <th>Victor </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Focusing myth </th></tr> <tr> <td>498 </td> <td>Pythian 10 </td> <td>Hippocles of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(running_race)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolichos (running race)">Boy's long foot-race</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>490 </td> <td>Pythian 6 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Xenocrates of <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Acragas</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>490 </td> <td>Pythian 12 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Midas of <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Acragas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Flute-Playing</a> </td> <td>Perseus, <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>488 (?) </td> <td>Olympian 14 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Asopichus of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> </td> <td>Boys' foot-race </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>486 </td> <td>Pythian 7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megacles" title="Megacles">Megacles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>485 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 2 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Timodemus of <a href="/wiki/Acharnae" title="Acharnae">Acharnae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pancration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancration">Pancration</a> </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>485 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 7 </td> <td>Sogenes of <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> </td> <td>Boys' Pentathlon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>483 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 5 </td> <td>Pythias of Aegina </td> <td>Youth's Pancration </td> <td>Peleus, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>480 </td> <td>Isthmian 6 </td> <td>Phylacides of Aegina </td> <td>Pancration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telamon" title="Telamon">Telamon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>478 (?) </td> <td>Isthmian 5 </td> <td>Phylacides of Aegina </td> <td>Pancration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>478 </td> <td>Isthmian 8 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Cleandrus of Aegina </td> <td>Pancration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, Thetis </td></tr> <tr> <td>476 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pindar%27s_First_Olympian_Ode" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindar's First Olympian Ode">Olympian 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hieron_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron of Syracuse">Hieron of Syracuse</a> </td> <td>Horse-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>476 </td> <td>Olympians 2 & 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Isles of the Blessed">Isles of the Blessed</a><br />3. Heracles, <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>476 </td> <td>Olympian 11 </td> <td>Agesidamus of <a href="/wiki/Locri_Epizephyrii" title="Locri Epizephyrii">Locri Epizephyrii</a> </td> <td>Boys' Boxing Match </td> <td>Heracles, founding of Olympian Games </td></tr> <tr> <td>476 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 1 </td> <td>Chromius of <a href="/wiki/Aetna_(city)" title="Aetna (city)">Aetna</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td>Infant Heracles </td></tr> <tr> <td>475 (?) </td> <td>Pythian 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hieron_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron of Syracuse">Hieron of Syracuse</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>475 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristocleidas" title="Aristocleidas">Aristocleidas</a> of Aegina </td> <td>Pancration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacides</a>, Achilles </td></tr> <tr> <td>474 (?) </td> <td>Olympian 10 </td> <td>Agesidamus of <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Epizephyrian Locris</a> </td> <td>Boys' Boxing Match </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>474 (?) </td> <td>Pythian 3 </td> <td>Hieron of Syracuse </td> <td>Horse-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>474 </td> <td>Pythian 9 </td> <td>Telesicrates of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> </td> <td>Foot-race in armour </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrene_(mythology)" title="Cyrene (mythology)">Cyrene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>474 </td> <td>Pythian 11 </td> <td>Thrasydaeus of <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a> </td> <td>Boys' short foot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>474 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 9 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Chromius of Aetna </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>474/3 (?) </td> <td>Isthmian 3 & 4 </td> <td>Melissus of Thebes </td> <td>Chariot race & pancration </td> <td>3.None 4.Heracles, <a href="/wiki/Antaeus" title="Antaeus">Antaeus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>473 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 4 (<b>M</b>) </td> <td>Timisarchus of Aegina </td> <td>Boys' Wrestling Match </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacids</a>, Peleus, Thetis </td></tr> <tr> <td>470 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pindar%27s_First_Pythian_Ode" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindar's First Pythian Ode">Pythian 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hieron_I_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron I of Syracuse">Hieron of Aetna</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>470 (?) </td> <td>Isthmian 2 </td> <td>Xenocrates of Acragas </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>468 </td> <td>Olympian 6 </td> <td>Agesias of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race with mules </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>466 </td> <td>Olympian 9 </td> <td>Epharmus of <a href="/wiki/Opous" class="mw-redirect" title="Opous">Opous</a> </td> <td>Wrestling-Match </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrha" title="Pyrrha">Pyrrha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>466 </td> <td>Olympian 12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera" title="Ergoteles of Himera">Ergoteles of Himera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(running_race)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolichos (running race)">Long foot-race</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Fortune</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>465 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 6 </td> <td>Alcimidas of Aegina </td> <td>Boys' Wrestling Match </td> <td>Aeacides, Achilles, <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>464 </td> <td>Olympian 7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a> </td> <td>Boxing-Match </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlepolemus" title="Tlepolemus">Tlepolemus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>464 </td> <td>Olympian 13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth" title="Xenophon of Corinth">Xenophon of Corinth</a> </td> <td>Short foot-race & pentathlon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>462/1 </td> <td>Pythian 4 & 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_IV_of_Cyrene" title="Arcesilaus IV of Cyrene">Arcesilas of Cyrene</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td>4.<a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> 5.<a href="/wiki/Battus_I_of_Cyrene" title="Battus I of Cyrene">Battus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>460 </td> <td>Olympian 8 </td> <td>Alcimidas of Aegina </td> <td>Boys' Wrestling-Match </td> <td>Aeacus, <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>459 (?) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pindar%27s_Eighth_Nemean_Ode" title="Pindar's Eighth Nemean Ode">Nemean 8</a> </td> <td>Deinis of Aegina </td> <td>Foot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>458 (?) </td> <td>Isthmian 1 </td> <td>Herodotus of Thebes </td> <td>Chariot-race </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>460 or 456 (?) </td> <td>Olympian 4 & 5 </td> <td>Psaumis of <a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Camarina</a> </td> <td>Chariot-race with mules </td> <td>4.<a href="/wiki/Erginus_(Argonaut)" title="Erginus (Argonaut)">Erginus</a> 5.None </td></tr> <tr> <td>454 (?) </td> <td>Isthmian 7 </td> <td>Strepsiades of Thebes </td> <td>Pancration </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>446 </td> <td>Pythian 8 </td> <td>Aristomenes of Aegina </td> <td>Wrestling-Match </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>446 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 11 </td> <td>Aristagoras of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tenedos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tenedos">Tenedos</a> </td> <td>Inauguration as <a href="/wiki/Prytanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytanis">Prytanis</a> </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>444 (?) </td> <td>Nemean 10 </td> <td>Theaius of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> </td> <td>Wrestling-Match </td> <td>Castor, <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Pollux</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts,_shreds_and_quotes"><span id="Manuscripts.2C_shreds_and_quotes"></span>Manuscripts, shreds and quotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manuscripts, shreds and quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pindar's verses have come down to us in a variety of ways. Some are only preserved as fragments via quotes by ancient sources and papyri unearthed by archeologists, as at <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> – in fact the extant works of most of the other <a href="/wiki/Nine_lyric_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine lyric poets">canonic lyric poets</a> have survived only in this tattered form. Pindar's extant verses are unique in that the bulk of them – the victory odes – have been preserved in a manuscript tradition, i.e., generations of scribes copying from earlier copies, possibly originating in a single archetypal copy and sometimes graphically demonstrated by modern scholars in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Stemmatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemmatics">stemma codicum</a>, resembling a 'family tree'. Pindar's victory odes are preserved in just two manuscripts, but incomplete collections are located in many others, and all date from the mediaeval period. Some scholars have traced a stemma through these manuscripts, for example <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a>, who inferred from them the existence of a common source or archetype dated no earlier than the 2nd century AD, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/C.M._Bowra" class="mw-redirect" title="C.M. Bowra">C.M. Bowra</a>, have argued that there are too many discrepancies between manuscripts to identify a specific lineage, even while accepting the existence of an archetype. Otto Schroeder identified two families of manuscripts but, following on the work of Polish-born classicist, Alexander Turyn,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowra rejected this also.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different scholars interpret the extant manuscripts differently. Bowra for example singled out seven manuscripts as his primary sources (see below), all featuring errors and/or gaps due to loss of folios and careless copying, and one arguably characterized by the dubious interpolations of Byzantine scholars. These he cross-referenced and then supplemented or verified by reference to other, still more doubtful manuscripts, and some papyrus fragments – a combination of sources on which he based his own edition of the odes and fragments. His general method of selection he defined as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where all the codices agree, there perhaps the true reading shines out. Where however they differ, the preferred reading is that which best fits the sense, meter, <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> and grammatic conventions. Wherever moreover two or more readings of equal weight are found in the codices, I have chosen that which smacks most of Pindar. Yet this difficulty rarely occurs, and in many places the true reading will be found if you examine and compare the language of the codices with that of other Greek poets and especially of Pindar himself.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Selected manuscripts: a sample of preferred sources (Bowra's choice, 1947) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code </th> <th style="width:16em;">Source </th> <th style="width:10em;">Format </th> <th>Date<br />(century) </th> <th>Odes contained </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>codex Ambrosianus C 222inf. </td> <td>Paper 35×25.5 cm </td> <td>13th–14th </td> <td>Olympian 1–12, with some unique readings that Bowra considered reliable, and including <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>codex Vaticanus graeca 1312 </td> <td>Silk 24.3×18.4 cm </td> <td>13th </td> <td>Olympian 1 to Isthmian 8 (entire corpus), but with some leaves and verses missing, and includes scholia; <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Calliergi" title="Zacharias Calliergi">Zacharias Callierges</a> based his 1515 Roman edition on it, possibly with access to the now missing material. </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>codex Parisinus graecus 2774 </td> <td>Silk 23×15 cm </td> <td>14th </td> <td>Olympian 1 to Pythian 5, including some unique readings but also with many Byzantine interpolations/conjectures (Turyn rejected this codex accordingly), and written in a careless hand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>codex Laurentianus 32, 52 </td> <td>Silk 27×19 cm </td> <td>14th </td> <td>Olympian 1 to Isthmian 8 (entire corpus), including a fragment (Frag. 1) and scholia, written in a careless hand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>codex Laurentianus 32, 37 </td> <td>Silk 24×17 cm </td> <td>14th </td> <td>Olympian 1 to Pythian 12, largely in agreement with B, including scholia but with last page removed and replaced with paper in a later hand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>codex Gottingensis philologus 29 </td> <td>Silk 25×17 cm </td> <td>13th </td> <td>Olympian 2 to Pythian 12, largely in agreement with B (thus useful for comparisons), including Olympian 1 added in the 16th century. </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>codex Parisinus graecus 2403 </td> <td>Silk 25×17 cm </td> <td>14th </td> <td>Olympian 1 to Nemean 4, including some verses from Nemean 6; like G, useful for supporting and verifying B. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The influential Alexandrian poet <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> was fascinated by Pindar's originality. His masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Aetia_(Callimachus)" title="Aetia (Callimachus)">Aetia</a></i> included an elegy in honour of Queen <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice</a>, celebrating a chariot victory at the Nemean Games, composed in a style and presented in a manner that recall Pindar.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hellenistic epic <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, was influenced by some aspects of Pindar's style and his use of episodic vignettes in narrative. The epic concerns the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, also touched on by Pindar in <i>Pythian</i> 4, and both poems link the myth to a Greek audience in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There seems to have been a vogue for Pindaric-style lyrics following the 'publication' of Horace's <i>Odes</i> 1–3. Horace had mastered other styles such as Sapphic and Alcaeic, which had discouraged his contemporaries from attempting anything in the same form, but he had not composed anything in triadic stanzas in the manner of Pindar.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pindar was much read, quoted, and copied during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Era">Byzantine Era</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Christophoros_Mytilenaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Christophoros Mytilenaios">Christophoros Mytilenaios</a> of the 11th century parodied a chariot race in his sixth poem, employing explicit allusions to Pindar.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the 17th and 18th centuries, literary theorists in Europe distinguished between two types of lyric poetry, loosely associated with Horace and Pindar. Regular verses in four line stanzas were associated with Horace's Odes, which did in fact inspire and influence poets of the period. Irregular verses in longer stanzas were termed <a href="/wiki/Pindarics" title="Pindarics">Pindarics</a>, though the association with Pindar was largely fanciful. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cowley" title="Abraham Cowley">Abraham Cowley</a> was considered the main exponent of English Pindarics. In fact, the two styles were not always easy to distinguish and many 'Pindaric' odes were quite Horatian in content, as in some poems by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 'Pindaric Ode' was composed for the revived 1896 Olympic Games in Athens by the Oxford scholar George Stuart Robinson, and similar compositions were commissioned from and composed by classicist <a href="/wiki/Armand_D%27Angour" title="Armand D'Angour">Armand D'Angour</a> for the Athens Olympics in 2004 and the London Olympics in 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horace's_tribute"><span id="Horace.27s_tribute"></span>Horace's tribute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Horace's tribute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin poet, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Quintus Horatius Flaccus</a>, was an admirer of Pindar's style. He described it in one of his <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sapphic</a> poems, addressed to a friend, <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a>: </p> <table style="border: 0px; margin-left:100px; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th> <th scope="col" width="400px"> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p>Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari,<br /> Iule, ceratis ope Daedalea<br /> nititur pennis vitreo daturus<br /> nomina ponto.<br /> <br /> monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres<br /> quem super notas aluere ripas,<br /> fervet immensusque ruit profundo<br /> Pindarus ore. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horatius.net/index.xps?2.402">C.IV.II</a>) </p> </td> <td> <p>Julus, whoever tries to rival Pindar,<br /> Flutters on wings of wax, a rude contriver<br /> Doomed like the son of Daedalus to christen<br /> Somewhere a shining sea.<br /> <br /> A river bursts its banks and rushes down a<br /> Mountain with uncontrollable momentum,<br /> Rain-saturated, churning, chanting thunder –<br /> There you have Pindar's style.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowra's_tribute"><span id="Bowra.27s_tribute"></span>Bowra's tribute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bowra's tribute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/C._M._Bowra" class="mw-redirect" title="C. M. Bowra">C. M. Bowra</a>, the leading Pindaric scholar of his generation and the editor of the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a> edition of his poems, summarized Pindar's qualities in the following words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His innate, unquestioning pride in his poetical mission means that he gives to it all his gifts and all his efforts. The result is a poetry that by any standards deserves the name because it is based on a radiant vision of reality and fashioned with so subtle, so adventurous, and so dedicated an art that it is worthy to be an earthly counterpart of the songs which Pindar regards as the archetype of music on those lofty occasions when all discords are resolved and all misgivings obliterated by the power of the life-giving word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964401_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964401-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wolcot" title="John Wolcot">John Wolcot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) p. 212. The three lines here, and in Bowra's Greek, are actually two lines or stichoi in Greek prosody. Stichoi however are often too long to be preserved as single lines in published form, and they are then broken into metrical units, or cola, the break indicated by indentation. This practice is observed both in Greek and in translations, but it is a modern convenience or preference and it has no historical authority: "...nullam habet apud codices auctoritatem neque veri simile est Pindarum ita carmina manu propria conscripsisse."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are several other accounts of supernatural visitations relating to Pindar (see for example C.M. Bowra, <i>Pindar</i>, pages 49-51). According to a <a href="/wiki/Scholium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholium">scholium</a>, he and a pupil, Olympichus, once saw a mysterious flame on a mountain, attended by strange noises. Pindar then beheld <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, the Mother of the Gods, advancing in the form of a wooden image. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (9.25.3) reported that he set up a monument near his home, dedicated conjointly to Pan and the Mother of the Gods (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δινδυμήνη</span></span>). According to <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius</a> (<i>Proem.</i> 27, p. 298. 9 Dr) and <i>Vit. Ambr.</i> (p. 2. 2 Dr.), Pan was once heard between <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Helicon</a> singing a <a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">paean</a> composed to him by Pindar (fr. 85).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paean</i> 9.13-20). The eclipse is mentioned in a fragment quoted by <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, addressed to the Thebans:<br />Is it some sign of war you bring? / Or blight on crops, or snow-fall's strength / Beyond all telling, or murderous strife at home, / Or emptying of the sea on land, / Or frost binding the earth, or south-wind in summer / With a flood of furious rain, / Or will you drown the land and raise / A new breed of men from the beginning?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">fr. 129: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τί θεός; τὸ πάν</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiron's compliment to Apollo:<br />"You, Sire, who know / The appointed end of all, and all paths: / How many leaves in April the earth puts forth, / How many grains of sand / In the sea and rivers / Are troubled by the waves and the swirling winds, / And what shall be, and whence it shall come / You see with clear eyes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nemean Odes</i> 5.14–18:<br />I am shy of speaking of a huge risk / Hazarded not in right, / How they left the famous island, / And what fate drove strong men from the Vineland. / I shall halt. Truth does not always / Gain more if unflinching / She reveals her face; / And silence is often a man's wisest counsel.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Greek and Roman critics</i>: "The odes of Pindar (522-443B.C.), written for the most part to celebrate victories in athletic contests, are interspersed with moral and philosophical reflections"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.61">10.1.61</a>; cf. <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Pseudo-Longinus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/longinus/desub011.htm#xxxiii">33.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806092832/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/longinus/desub011.htm#xxxiii">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eupolis</i> F366 Kock, 398 K/A, from Athenaeus 3a, (<i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i>, epitome of book I)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Henry_Baker1923" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence Henry Baker (1923). "Some Aspects of Pindar's Style". <i>The Sewanee Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 100–110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27533621">27533621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Pindar%27s+Style&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-110&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27533621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Lawrence+Henry+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) Introduction p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Romilly, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowra, Pythia VIII, lines 95–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Race, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_Lyric_Poets'_1997_page_253_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morice, pp. 211–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2g79p68q">Escholarship.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.Bundy, <i>Studia Pindarica</i>, Berkeley (1962), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd-Jones,_Hugh1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=68p139&session=479879E&type=header">"Pindar"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>. <b>68</b>: 139–163 (145).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Pindar&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=139-163+%28145%29&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lloyd-Jones%2C+Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proc.britac.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsomsid.cgi%3Fpage%3D68p139%26session%3D479879E%26type%3Dheader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/war/home_set.html">"Ancient Greece - War - The British Museum"</a>. <i>www.ancientgreece.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Campbell, <i>Greek Lyric IV</i>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972), p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Segal, 'Choral Lyric in the Fifth Century', in Easterling, pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Currie, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, pp. 268–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004217614/BP000022.xml">"Brill Academic Publishers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fpreviewpdf%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004217614%2FBP000022.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Life of Alexander</i> 11.6; <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri">Anabasis Alexandri</a></i> 1.9.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19642-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19642_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196438-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196438_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archilochus fr. 122 West</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196483-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196483_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196484-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196484_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196442-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196442_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196443-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196443_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Olympic Ode</i> 10.3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Olympic Ode</i> 12.1-2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196485-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196485_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196486-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196486_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196487-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196487_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pythian Ode</i> 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196461-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196461_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196464-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196464_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196465-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196465_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pythian Ode</i> 8.99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196467-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196467_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196467_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196468-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196468_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Isthmian Odes</i> 4.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196447-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196447_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196448-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196448_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196471-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196471_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196466-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196466_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196496-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196496_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196489-96-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196489-96_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 89-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196476-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196476_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196477-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196477_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964120-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964120_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964100-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964100_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964101-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964101_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964102-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964102_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964103-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964103_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19644-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19644_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19645-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19645_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19646-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19646_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra19647-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra19647_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nemean Ode</i> 7.77-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196416-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196416_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j41-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j41_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j41_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jebb, Richard (1905) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20591590M/Bacchylides_The_Poems_and_Fragments"><i>Bacchylides: the poems and fragments</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway72-17-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conway72-17_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_E._Gerber_1997_page_255_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Nagy, <i>Greek Literature in the Hellenistic Period</i>, Routledge (2001), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.M. Willcock: <i>Pindar: Victory Odes</i> (1995). Cambridge University Press, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowie, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, <i>de Comp.</i> 22, <i>de Dem.</i> 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964193-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964193_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964363_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196425-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196425_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196426-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196426_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196462-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196462_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196463-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196463_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196463_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra196415–20-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra196415–20_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, pp. 15–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Andrewes, <i>Greek Society</i>, Pelican Books (1971), pp. 219–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway72-88-96-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conway72-88-96_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972), p. 88. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway72-xx-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conway72-xx_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) Introduction p. xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Segal_1985_page_232_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Segal, 'Choral Lyric in the Fifth Century', in Easterling, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Romilly, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greekpoetry-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greekpoetry_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas,_F._L." class="citation book cs1">Lucas, F. L. <i>Greek Poetry for Everyman</i>. Macmillan Company, New York. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Poetry+for+Everyman&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company%2C+New+York&rft.au=Lucas%2C+F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Highet, <i>The Classical Tradition</i>, Oxford University Press (1949), p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowra, Pythia II 49–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) pp. 92–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Subl.</i> 33.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athenaeus 13.5.64c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowie, pp. 107–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964310-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964310_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972) pp. 192, 54, 4, respectively</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowie, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_S._Conway_1972_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar (1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Currie, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroslav_Marcovich1982" class="citation journal cs1">Miroslav Marcovich (1982). "Alexander Turyn". <i>Gnomon</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 97–98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27688007">27688007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gnomon&rft.atitle=Alexander+Turyn&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27688007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Miroslav+Marcovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowra, Praefatio iii–iv, vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowra, Praefatio iv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.W. Bulloch, 'Hellenistic Poetry', in Easterling, pp. 556–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, Loeb Classical Library (2008), page xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Tarrant, 'Ancient receptions of Horace', in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Horace</i>, Stephen Harrison (ed.), Cambridge university Press (2007), page 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Lauritzen, Readers of Pindar and students of Mitylinaios, <i>Byzantion </i> 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Money, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ5Ep2tR8R8C&pg=PA327">'The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries'</a>, in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Horace</i>, Stephen Harrison (ed), Cambridge University Press (2007), pp. 327–28 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83002-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83002-8">0-521-83002-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Odes of Horace</i> James Michie (translator), Penguin Classics 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowra1964401-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowra1964401_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowra1964">Bowra 1964</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowie, Ewen, 'Lyric and Elegiac Poetry' in <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>, J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-872112-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-872112-9">0-19-872112-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowra1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._M._Bowra" class="mw-redirect" title="C. M. Bowra">Bowra, C. M.</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carminacumfragme0000pind_a8w5/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Pindari Carmina Cum Fragmentis, Editio Altera</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pindari+Carmina+Cum+Fragmentis%2C+Editio+Altera&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Bowra&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarminacumfragme0000pind_a8w5%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowra1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Maurice_Bowra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Maurice Bowra">Bowra, Cecil Maurice</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pindar0000bowr"><i>Pindar</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pindar0000bowr/page/446">446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814338-3"><bdi>978-0-19-814338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pindar&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814338-3&rft.aulast=Bowra&rft.aufirst=Cecil+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpindar0000bowr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1992" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, David A. (1992). <i>Greek Lyric IV: Bacchylides, Corinna and Others</i>. Loeb Classical Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99508-6"><bdi>978-0-674-99508-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+IV%3A+Bacchylides%2C+Corinna+and+Others&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99508-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Conway, Geoffrey Seymour (1972), <i>The Odes of Pindar</i>, Dent <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-01017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-01017-7">978-0-460-01017-7</a></li> <li>Currie, Bruno (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSD6_jyM2-8C"><i>Pindar and the Cult of Heroes</i></a>, Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-161516-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-161516-1">0-19-161516-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Romilly" title="Jacqueline de Romilly">De Romilly, Jacqueline</a> (1985), <i>A Short History of Greek Literature</i>, University of Chicago Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterlingKnox1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">Easterling, P. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Knox, Bernard</a>, eds. (1985). "Greek Literature". <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Greek Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Classical+Greek+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gerber, Douglas E. (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzlnqb_64SYC"><i>A Companion to the Greek lyric poets</i></a>, Brill <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09944-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09944-1">90-04-09944-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFETDAAAQBAJ"><i>Thucydides and Pindar: Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929828-0"><bdi>978-0-19-929828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thucydides+and+Pindar%3A+Historical+Narrative+and+the+World+of+Epinikian+Poetry&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929828-0&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFETDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morice, Francis David (2009), <i>Pindar</i>, Bibliobazaar, LLC <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-148-33210-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-148-33210-3">1-148-33210-3</a></li> <li>Race, William H. (1997), <i>Pindar: Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes</i>, Loeb Classical Library <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99564-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99564-3">0-674-99564-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nisetich, Frank J., Pindar's Victory Songs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980: translations and extensive introduction, background and critical apparatus.</li> <li>Revard, Stella P., <i>Politics, Poetics, and the Pindaric Ode 1450–1700</i>, Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52896-0">978-2-503-52896-0</a></li> <li>Race, W. H. Pindar. 2 vols. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundy2006" class="citation book cs1">Bundy, Elroy L. (2006) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucbclassics/bundy/"><i>Studia Pindarica</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (digital version ed.). Berkeley, California: Department of Classics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Berkeley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+Pindarica&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.edition=digital+version&rft.pub=Department+of+Classics%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bundy&rft.aufirst=Elroy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.cdlib.org%2Fucbclassics%2Fbundy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Barrett" title="W. S. Barrett">Barrett, W. S.</a>, <i>Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism: Collected Papers</i>, edited M. L. West (Oxford & New York, 2007): papers dealing with Pindar, <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li>Kiichiro Itsumi, <i>Pindaric Metre: 'The Other Half'</i> (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Pippin_Burnett" title="Anne Pippin Burnett">Burnett, Anne Pippin</a>, <i>Pindar</i> (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2008) (Ancients in action).</li> <li>Wells, James Bradley. <i>Pindar's Verbal Art: An Enthnographic Study of Epinician Style</i>, Hellenic Studies Series 40. Washington, DC, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies" title="Center for Hellenic Studies">Center for Hellenic Studies</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03627-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03627-7">978-0-674-03627-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pindar</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Pindar" class="extiw" title="c:category:Pindar">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pindar" class="extiw" title="q:Pindar">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pindar" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pindar">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134929" class="extiw" title="d:Q134929">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Odes_of_Pindar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Odes of Pindar">Portal:Odes of Pindar</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Pindar</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pindar&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pindar">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pindar&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Pindar</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pindar&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pindar">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Pindar&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/pindar">Works by Pindar in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Pindar&redirect=true">Works by Pindar at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3650">Works by Pindar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pindar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pindar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pindar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pindar%22%29%20OR%20%28%22517-437%22%20AND%20Pindar%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pindar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL74058A">Works by Pindar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080126161508/http://omni.cc.purdue.edu/~corax/pindar.html">Selected odes</a>, marked up to show selected rhetorical and poetic devices</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721024654/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/PindarOlympia.htm">Olympian 1</a>, read aloud in Greek, with text and English translation provided</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/pindar.pdf">Pythian 8</a>, 'Approaching Pindar' by William Harris (text, translation, analysis)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Dpindar">Pindar</a> by Gregory Crane, in the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0101%3Aid%3Di2s1">Pindar's Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lanneau_Gildersleeve" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve">Basil L. Gildersleeve</a>, in <i>Pindar: The Olympian and Pythian Odes</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721024654/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/PindarOlympia.htm">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a>, Pindar, Olympian Odes, I, 1–64; read by William Mullen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072&redirect=true">Perseus Digital Library Lexicon to Pindar</a>, William J. Slater, De Gruyter 1969: scholarly dictionary for research into Pindar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/hellenisticbibliography/pre-hellenistic/pindar">Pindar-A Hellenistic Bibliography</a> compiled by Martine Cuypers</li> <li>William J. Slater, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0072">Lexicon to Pindar</a></i>, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1969 on the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historic editions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odespindar00conggoog">The Odes of Pindar</a> translated into English with notes, D.W.Turner, A Moore, Bohm Classical Library (1852), digitalized by Google</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pindar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pindar">"Pindar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 617–620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pindar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=617-620&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APindar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pindar00pindgoog">Pindar</a> – translations and notes by Reverend C.A.Wheelwright, printed by A.J.Valpy, M.A., London (1830): digitalized by Google</li> <li><i>Pindari carmina</i>, adnotationem criticam addidit <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Mommsen" class="extiw" title="de:Tycho Mommsen">Tycho Mommsen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carminaadfidemop01pind">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carminaadfidemop02pind">vol. 2</a>, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1864.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a> of Pindar: <ul><li><i>Pindari opera quae supersunt. Scholia integra</i>, Augustus Boeckhius (ed.), 2 voll., Lipsiae apud Ioann. August. Gottlob Weigen, 1811: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pindaroutasozome01pinduoft">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pt1pindaroutasoz02pind">vol. 2</a>.</li> <li><i>Scholia vetera in Pindari carmina</i>, <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Bj%C3%B8rn_Drachmann" class="extiw" title="da:Anders Bjørn Drachmann">Anders Bjørn Drachmann</a> (ed.), 3 voll., Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1903-27: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scholiaveterainp01drac">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scholiaveterainp02drac">vol. 2</a>, vol. 3.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pindar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pindar" title="Template:Pindar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pindar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pindar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pindar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pindar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pindar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pindar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olympian odes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_1" title="Olympian 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_2" title="Olympian 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_3" title="Olympian 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_4" title="Olympian 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_5" title="Olympian 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_6" title="Olympian 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_7" title="Olympian 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_8" title="Olympian 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_9" title="Olympian 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympian_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympian 10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympian_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympian 11 (page does not exist)">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympian 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_13" title="Olympian 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympian_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympian 14 (page does not exist)">14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pythian odes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_1" title="Pythian 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 2 (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 4 (page does not exist)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 5 (page does not exist)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 6 (page does not exist)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 7 (page does not exist)">7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 8 (page does not exist)">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 9 (page does not exist)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 11 (page does not exist)">11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pythian_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pythian 12 (page does not exist)">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isthmian odes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 1 (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 2 (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 3 (page does not exist)">3</a> / 3a</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 4 (page does not exist)">4</a> / 3b</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 5 (page does not exist)">5</a> / 4</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 6 (page does not exist)">6</a> / 5</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 7 (page does not exist)">7</a> / 6</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmian_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmian 8 (page does not exist)">8</a> / 7</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nemean odes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 1 (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 2 (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 4 (page does not exist)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 5 (page does not exist)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 6 (page does not exist)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 7 (page does not exist)">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemean 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 9 (page does not exist)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemean_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemean 11 (page does not exist)">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epinikion" title="Epinikion">Epinikion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nine_Lyric_Poets_—_Ancient_Greek_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyric_poets" title="Template:Lyric poets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyric_poets" title="Template talk:Lyric poets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyric_poets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyric poets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nine_Lyric_Poets_—_Ancient_Greek_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lyric_Poets" title="Nine Lyric Poets">Nine Lyric Poets</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134929#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121451036">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100181310">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/460158790509738850461">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100181334">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/408144647701949521542">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2019159474073727660526">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/256285529">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7979168850963367620007">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46487/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjt9CGCKWvhFkkvfT66KcX">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594427">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138879">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119920037">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119920037">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00854552">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pindarus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV071419">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35423594">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210493&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX922653">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5545533">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/717700">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068852568">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90130028">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054600&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048442&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=27813">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000050357">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmn1jr574lpdf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578092805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/19544">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266544905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521584706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/16928278">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13950952">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01200140?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24821410-659b-4da5-8bb8-04e11eb5fda4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947519">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118594427.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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