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class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoclassical_compound" title="Special:EditPage/Neoclassical compound">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neoclassical_compound" title="Talk:Neoclassical compound">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoclassical_compound" title="Special:EditPage/Neoclassical compound">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Neoclassical+compound%22">"Neoclassical compound"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Neoclassical+compound%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Neoclassical+compound%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Neoclassical+compound%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Neoclassical+compound%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Neoclassical+compound%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neoclassical compounds</b> are <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a> composed from combining forms (which act as <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a>) derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_language#Classical_studies" title="Classical language">classical languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>) <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> comprises many such words and is a substantial component of the <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other languages, via <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a> (ISV). For example, Greek <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bio-#Prefix" class="extiw" title="wikt:bio-">bio-</a></i> combines with <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-graphy#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-graphy">-graphy</a></i> to form <i><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a></i> ("life" + "writing/recording"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_of_international_technical_vocabulary">Source of international technical vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Source of international technical vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></div> <p>Neoclassical compounds represent a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> vocabulary. Moreover, since these words are composed from <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a> whose prestige is or was respected throughout the Western European culture, these words typically appear in many different languages. Their widespread use makes <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">technical writing</a> generally accessible to readers who may only have a smattering of the language in which it appears. </p><p>Not all European languages have been equally receptive to neoclassical technical compounds. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Language">Russian</a>, for instance, have historically attempted to create their own technical vocabularies from native elements. Usually, these creations are German and Russian <a href="/wiki/Calques" class="mw-redirect" title="Calques">calques</a> on the international vocabulary, such as <i>Wasserstoff</i> and "водород" (<i>vodoród</i>) for <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></i>. Like any exercise in <a href="/wiki/Prescription_and_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription and description">language prescription</a>, this endeavour has been only partially successful, so while official German may still speak of a <i>Fernsprecher</i>, public <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a> will be labelled with the internationally recognized <i>Telefon</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation,_spelling,_and_pronunciation"><span id="Formation.2C_spelling.2C_and_pronunciation"></span>Formation, spelling, and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation, spelling, and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_English_pronunciation_of_Latin" title="Traditional English pronunciation of Latin">Traditional English pronunciation of Latin</a></div> <p>These words are compounds formed from Latin and Ancient Greek root words. Ancient Greek words are almost invariably romanized (see <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Greek_into_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Ancient Greek into English">transliteration of Ancient Greek into English</a>). In English: </p> <ul><li>Ancient Greek <i>αι</i> becomes <i>e</i> or <i>æ</i>/<i>ae</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek groups with <i>γ</i> plus a velar <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> such as <i>γγ</i>, <i>γκ</i> or <i>γξ</i> become <i>ng</i>, <i>nc</i> (or <i>nk</i> in more recent borrowings) and <i>nx</i> respectively;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>ει</i> often becomes <i>i</i> (occasionally it is retained as <i>ei</i>);</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>θ</i> becomes <i>th</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>κ</i> becomes <i>c</i> (subject to <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> in English pronunciation) or <i>k</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>οι</i> becomes <i>e</i> or sometimes <i>œ</i>/<i>oe</i> in British English;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>ου</i> usually becomes <i>u</i>, or occasionally <i>ou</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥ</span></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">spiritus asper</a></i>) becomes <i>rh</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>υ</i> becomes <i>y</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>φ</i> becomes <i>ph</i> or, very rarely, <i>f</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>χ</i> becomes <i>ch</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>ψ</i> becomes <i>ps</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek <i>ω</i> becomes <i>o</i>;</li> <li>Ancient Greek rough breathing becomes <i>h-</i>.</li></ul> <p>Thus, for example, Ancient Greek <i>σφιγξ</i> becomes English (and Latin) <i><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a></i>. Exceptions to these romanizing rules occur, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> (leukaemia)</i>; compare <i><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocyte</a></i>, also <i>leucocyte</i>. In Latin, and in the target languages, the Greek vowels are given their neoclassical values rather than their contemporary values in <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">demotic Greek</a>. </p><p>Ancient Greek words often contain <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> which are foreign to the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of contemporary English and other languages that incorporate these words into their lexicon: <i><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">pneumatology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">phthisis</a></i>. The traditional response in English is to treat the unfamiliar cluster as containing one or more <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letters</a> and suppress their pronunciation, more <i>modern</i> speakers tend to try and pronounce the unusual cluster. This adds to the irregularities of <a href="/wiki/English_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="English spelling">English spelling</a>; moreover, since many of these words are encountered in writing more often than they are heard spoken, it introduces uncertainty as to how to pronounce them when encountered. </p><p>Neoclassical compounds frequently vary their stressed syllable when <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a> are added: <i><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture"><b>á</b>griculture</a>, agric<b>ú</b>ltural.</i> This also gives rise to uncertainty when these words are encountered in print. Once a classical compound has been created and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic borrowing">borrowed</a>, it typically becomes the foundation of a whole series of related words: e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, astrological, astrologer/astrologist/astrologian, astrologism</i>. </p><p>Mainstream medical and ISV pronunciation in English is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> pronunciation. Like <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>, it has a regularity of its own, and individual sounds can be mapped or compared. Although the Classical Latin pronunciation of <i>venae cavae</i> would be approximately <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, the standard English medical pronunciation is <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter or <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></th> <th>Restored Pronunciation in English of Latin <br /> (default)</th> <th>Medical/ISV <br /> pronunciation in English (default)</th> <th>Example term </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramus_of_the_mandible" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramus of the mandible">ramus</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ae</td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_terminology#Mesial" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental terminology">mesial</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinus</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_reception">History and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English began incorporating many of these words in the sixteenth century; <i><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a></i> first appeared in an English text in 1535. Other early adopted words that still survive include <i><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">mystagogue</a></i>, from the 1540s, and <i><a href="/wiki/Androgyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgyne">androgyne</a></i>, from the 1550s. The use of these technical terms predates the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>; the several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> all take their names from neoclassical compounds, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alectryomancy" title="Alectryomancy">alectryomancy</a></i>, divination by the pecking of <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>. </p><p>Not all English writers have been friendly to the inflow of classical vocabulary. The Tudor period writer Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am of this opinion that our own tung should be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borrowing of other tunges; wherein if we take not heed by tiim, ever borowing and never paying, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt.</p></blockquote> <p>and therefore rejected what he called "<a href="/wiki/Inkhorn_term" title="Inkhorn term">inkhorn terms</a>". </p><p>Similar sentiments moved the nineteenth century author <a href="/wiki/William_Barnes" title="William Barnes">William Barnes</a> to write "pure English," in which he avoided Greco-Latin words and found <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Anglo-Saxon</a> equivalents for them: for Barnes, the newly invented art of the <i><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a></i> became a <i>sun-print</i>. Unlike this one, some of Barnes's coinages caught on, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">foreword</a></i>, Barnes's replacement for the <i><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">preface</a></i> of a book. Later, <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> wrote a jocular piece called <i><a href="/wiki/Uncleftish_Beholding" title="Uncleftish Beholding">Uncleftish Beholding</a></i> in a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> based on English which others have called "Ander-Saxon"; this attempted to create a pure English vocabulary for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="More_recent_developments">More recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: More recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many such words, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendron</a></i>, are thoroughly incorporated into the English lexicon and are the ordinary words for their referents. Some are prone to <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> shortening; <i>rhinoceros</i> often becomes <i>rhino</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> is a major source for these items of vocabulary; for many unfamiliar species that lack a common English name, the name of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> becomes the English word for that life form. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">metric system</a>, prefixes that indicate <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">multipliers</a> are typically Greek in origin, such as <i>kilogram</i>, while those that indicate <a href="/wiki/Divisor" title="Divisor">divisors</a> are Latin, as in <i>millimeter</i>: the base roots resemble Greek words, but in truth are <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>. These metric and other suffixes are added to native English roots as well, resulting in creations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a></i>. Words of mixed Latin and Greek lineage, or words that combine elements of the classical languages with English – so-called <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">hybrid words</a> – were formerly castigated as "<a href="/wiki/Barbarism_(linguistics)" title="Barbarism (linguistics)">barbarisms</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Prescription_and_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription and description">prescriptionist</a> usage commentators; this disapproval has mostly abated. Indeed, in scientific nomenclature, even more exotic hybrids have appeared, such as for example the dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i>. Personal <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">names</a> appear in some scientific names such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia" title="Fuchsia">Fuchsia</a></i>. </p><p>Neoclassical compounds are sometimes used to lend grandeur or the impression of scientific rigour to humble pursuits: the study of <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmetology" title="Cosmetology">cosmetology</a></i> will not help anyone become an <i><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a></i>. Compounds along these models are also sometimes coined for humorous effect, such as <i>odontopodology</i>, the science of putting your foot into your mouth. These humorous coinages sometimes take on a life of their own, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">garbology</a></i>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">garbage</a>. </p><p>Some neoclassical compounds form <a href="/wiki/Classical_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical plural">classical plurals</a>, and are therefore irregular in English. Others do not, while some vacillate between classical and regular plurals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are hundreds of neoclassical compounds in English and other European languages. As traditionally defined, combining forms cannot stand alone as free words, but there are many exceptions to this rule, and in the late 20th century such forms are increasingly used independently: <i>bio</i> as a clipping of <i>biography</i>, <i>telly</i> as a respelt clipping of <i>television</i>. Most neoclassical combining forms translate readily into everyday language, especially nouns: <i>bio-</i> as 'life' <i>-graphy</i> as 'writing, description'. </p><p>Because of this, the compounds of which they are part (usually <i>classical</i> or <i>learned compounds</i>) can be more or less straightforwardly paraphrased: <i>biography</i> as 'writing about a life', <i>neurology</i> as 'the study of the nervous system'. Many classical combining forms are designed to take initial or final position: <i>autobiography</i> has the two initial or preposed forms <i>auto-</i> and <i>bio-</i>, and one postposed form <i>-graphy</i>. Although most occupy one position or the other, some can occupy both: <i>-graph-</i> as in <i>graphology</i> and <i>monograph</i>; <i>-phil-</i> as in <i>philology</i> and <i>Anglophile</i>. Occasionally, the same base is repeated in one word: <i>logology</i> the study of words, <i>phobophobia</i> the fear of fear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preposed_and_postposed">Preposed and postposed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preposed and postposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixes include: <i>aero-</i> air, <i>crypto-</i> hidden, <i>demo-</i> people, <i>geo-</i> earth, <i>odonto-</i> tooth, <i>ornitho-</i> bird, <i>thalasso-</i> sea. Many have both a traditional simple meaning and a modern telescopic meaning: in <i>biology</i>, <i>bio-</i> means 'life', but in <i><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">bio-degradable</a></i> it telescopes 'biologically'; although <i>hypno-</i> basically means 'sleep' (<i>hypnopaedia</i> learning through sleep), it also stands for 'hypnosis' (<i>hypnotherapy</i> cure through hypnosis). </p><p>When a form stands alone as a present-day word, it is usually a telescopic abbreviation: <i>bio</i> biography, <i>chemo</i> chemotherapy, <i>hydro</i> hydroelectricity, <i>metro</i> metropolitan. Some telescoped forms are shorter than the original neoclassical combining form: <i>gynie</i> is shorter than <i>gyneco-</i> and stands for both <i>gynecology</i> and <i>gynecologist</i>; <i>anthro</i> is shorter than <i>anthropo-</i> and stands for <i>anthropology</i>. </p><p>Suffixes include: <i>-ectomy</i> cutting out, <i>-graphy</i> writing, description, <i>-kinesis</i> motion, <i>-logy</i> study, <i>-mancy</i> divination, <i>-onym</i> name, <i>-phagy</i> eating, <i>-phony</i> sound, <i>-therapy</i> healing, <i>-tomy</i> cutting. They are generally listed in dictionaries without the interfixed vowel, which appears however in such casual phrases as 'ologies and isms'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some classical combining forms are variants of one base. </p><p>Some are also free words, such as <i>mania</i> in <i>dipsomania</i> and <i>phobia</i> in <i>claustrophobia</i>. </p><p>Some are composites of other elements, such as <i>encephalo-</i> brain, from <i>en-</i> in, <i>-cephal-</i> head; and <i>-ectomy</i> cutting out, from <i>ec-</i> out, <i>-tom-</i> cut, <i>-y</i>, a noun-forming suffix that means "process of". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greek and Latin grammar, combining bases usually require a thematic or stem-forming vowel. In <i>biography</i>, from Greek, the thematic is -<i>o</i>-; in <i>agriculture</i>, from Latin, it is <i>-i-</i>. In English morphology, this vowel can be considered as an <a href="/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix">interfix</a>: in biology, the interfix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-o-#Interfix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-o-">-o-</a></i>; in <i>miniskirt</i>, the interfix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i-#Interfix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-i-">-i-</a></i>. It is usually regarded as attached to the initial base (<i>bio-</i>, <i>mini-</i>) rather than the final base (<i>-graphy</i>, <i>-skirt</i>), but in forms where it is conventionally <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">stressed</a>, it is sometimes considered as part of the final base (<i>-ography</i>, <i>-ology</i>). If the final element begins with a vowel (for example, <i>-archy</i> as in <i>monarchy</i>), the mediating vowel has traditionally been avoided (not *<i>monoarchy</i>), but in recent coinages it is often kept, sometimes accompanied by a hyphen (<i>auto-analysis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a></i>, not *<i>autanalysis</i>, *<i>bienergy</i>, *<i>hydrelectricity</i>). </p><p>Its presence helps to distinguish neoclassical compounds like <i>biography</i> and <i>agriculture</i> from vernacular compounds like <i>teapot</i> and <i>blackbird</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, English has acquired its neoclassical compounds in three ways: through French from Latin and Greek, directly from Latin and Greek, and by coinage in English on Greek and Latin patterns. An exception is <i>schizophrenia</i>, which came into English through German, and is therefore pronounced 'skitso', not 'skyzo'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminological_variation">Terminological variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terminological variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most dictionaries follow the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> in using <i>combining form</i> (<i>comb. form</i>) to label such classical elements. In appendices to dictionaries and grammar books, classical combining forms are often loosely referred to as roots or affixes: 'a logo …, properly speaking, is not a word at all but a prefix meaning word and short for logogram, a symbol, much as telly is short for television' (Montreal <i>Gazette</i>, 13 Apr. 1981). They are often referred to as affixes because some come first and some come last. But if they were <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> proper, a word like <i>biography</i> would have no base whatever. </p><p>While affixes are grammatical (like prepositions), classical combining forms are <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> (like nouns, adjectives, and verbs): for example, <i>bio-</i> translates as a noun (life), <i>-graphy</i> as a verbal noun (writing). This is why some reference works also call them <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a>. They are also often loosely called roots because they are ancient and have a basic role in word formation, but functionally and often structurally they are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> proper: the <i>-graph</i> in <i>autograph</i> is both a root and a classical combining form, while the <i>-graphy</i> in <i>cryptography</i> consists of root <i>-graph-</i> and suffix <i>-y</i>, and is only a classical combining form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philology">Philology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_philological_tradition">Conservative philological tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservative philological tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> until the mid-20th century, the concept of derivational purity has often regulated the use of classical compounds, with a <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> goal of like with like (Greek with Greek, Latin with Latin) and a minimum of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">hybridization</a>. For example, <i>biography</i> is Greek, <i>agriculture</i> Latin; but this ideal has seen only limited realization in practice, as for example the word <i>television</i> is a hybrid of Greek <i>tele-</i> and Latin <i>-vision</i> (probably so coined because the 'pure' form <i>telescope</i> had already been adopted for another purpose). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_developments">Contemporary developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, classical compounds were a closed system from the 16th century to the earlier 20th century: the people who used them were <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classically educated</a>, their teachers and exemplars generally took a purist's view on their use, contexts of use were mainly technical, and there was relatively little seepage into the language at large. However, with the decline of classical education and the spread of technical and quasitechnical jargon in the media, a continuum has evolved, with at least five stages: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pure_classical_usage">Pure classical usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pure classical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the older sciences, classical combining forms are generally used to form such strictly classical and usually Greek compounds as <i>anthocyanin</i>, <i>astrobleme</i>, <i>chemotherapy</i>, <i>chronobiology</i>, <i>cytokinesis</i>, <i>glossolalia</i>, <i>lalophobia</i>, <i>narcolepsy</i>, <i>osteoporosis</i>, <i>Pliohippus</i>, <i>sympathomimetic</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_classical_usage">Hybrid classical usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hybrid classical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In technical, semitechnical, and quasitechnical usage at large, coiners of compounds increasingly treat Latin and Greek as one resource to produce such forms as <i>accelerometer</i>, <i>aero-generator</i>, <i>bioprospector</i>, <i>communicology</i>, <i>electroconductive</i>, <i>futurology</i>, <i>mammography</i>, <i>micro-gravity</i>, <i>neoliberal</i>, <i>Scientology</i>, <i>servomechanism</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_classical/vernacular_usage"><span id="Hybrid_classical.2Fvernacular_usage"></span>Hybrid classical/vernacular usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid classical/vernacular usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later 20th century, many forms have cut loose from ancient moorings: <i>crypto-</i> as in preposed <i>Crypto-Fascist</i> and <i>pseudo-</i> as in <i>pseudoradical</i>; postposed <i>-meter</i> in <i>speedometer</i>, <i>clapometer</i>. Processes of analogy have created coinages like <i><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrodollar">petrodollar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psycho-warfare</a></i>, <i>microwave</i> on such models as <i><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a></i>, <i>psychology</i>, <i>microscope</i>. Such stunt usages as <i>eco-doom</i>, <i>eco-fears</i>, <i>eco-freaks</i>, common in journalism, often employ classical combining forms telescopically: <i>eco-</i> standing for <i>ecology</i> and <i>ecological</i> and not as used in <i>economics</i>. In such matters, precision of meaning is secondary to compactness and vividness of expression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combining_forms_as_separate_words">Combining forms as separate words</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Combining forms as separate words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the orthography of many word forms has changed, usually without affecting pronunciation and stress. The same spoken usage may be written <i>micro-missile</i>, <i>micro missile</i>, <i>micromissile</i>, reflecting the same uncertainty or flexibility as in <i>businessman</i>, <i>business-man</i>, <i>business man</i>. When used in such ways, classical compounds are often telescopic: <i>Hydro substation</i> Hydro-Electricity Board substation, <i>Metro highways</i> Metropolitan highways, <i>porno cult</i> pornography cult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_classical_compounds">New classical compounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New classical compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mix of late 20th century techno-commercial coinages includes three groups of post- and non-classical forms: </p> <ol><li><i>Established forms</i>: <i>econo-</i> from 'economic', as in <i>econometric</i>, <i>Econo-Car</i>; <i>mini-</i> from 'miniature', as in <i>miniskirt</i>, <i>mini-boom</i>; <i>-matic</i> from 'automatic', as in <i>Adjustamatic</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Instamatic" title="Instamatic">Instamatic</a></i>, <i>Stackomatic</i>.</li> <li>Less established forms, often created by blending: <i>accu-</i> from 'accurate', as in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accuvision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accuvision (page does not exist)">Accuvision</a></i>; <i>compu-</i> from 'computer', as in <i>Compucorp</i>; <i>docu-</i> from 'documentary', as in <i>docudrama</i>; <i>perma-</i> from 'permanent', as in <i>permafrost</i> and <i>permaban</i>; <i>dura-</i> from 'durable', as in <i>Duramark</i>.</li> <li>Informal vernacular material in pseudo-classical form: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Easibird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Easibird (page does not exist)">Easibird</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthitone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthitone (page does not exist)">Healthitone</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redi-pak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redi-pak (page does not exist)">Redi-pak</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Relax-A-Cizor" class="mw-redirect" title="Relax-A-Cizor">Relax-A-Cizor</a></i> (relax, exerciser).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_systems">Similar systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Similar systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies" title="Sino-Xenic vocabularies">Sino-Xenic vocabularies</a></div> <p>In East Asia, a similar role to Latin and Greek has been played by Chinese, with non-Chinese languages both borrowing a significant number of words from Chinese and using morphemes borrowed from Chinese to coin new words, particularly in formal or technical language. See <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean vocabulary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary</a> for discussion. </p><p>The coinage of new native terms on Chinese roots is most notable in Japanese, where it is referred to as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wasei_kango" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasei kango">wasei kango</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和製漢語</span></span>, Japanese-made Chinese-words)</span>. Many of these have been subsequently borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, with the same (or corresponding) characters being pronounced differently according to language, just as happens in European languages – compare English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biology#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:biology">biology</a></i> and French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biologie#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:biologie">biologie</a>.</i> </p><p>For example, 自動車 (Japanese <i>jidōsha,</i> Korean <i>jadongcha,</i> Mandarin <i>zìdòngchē</i>) is a Japanese-coined word meaning "automobile", literally self-move-car; compare to <i>auto</i> (self) + <i>mobile</i> (moving). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">Hybrid word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ism">-ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English" title="Latin influence in English">Latin influence in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-ology" class="mw-redirect" title="-ology">-ology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies" title="Sino-Xenic vocabularies">Sino-xenic vocabularies</a>, for similar constructs in Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents_in_English" title="List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English">List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives" title="List of Latin words with English derivatives">List of Latin words with English derivatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McArthur, Tom (ed.): <i>The Oxford Companion to the English Language</i>, (Oxford University Press, 1992). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214183-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-214183-X">0-19-214183-X</a></li> <li>Plag, Ingo "Word-Formation in English", Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN à0521525632, 9780521525633</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_compound&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998</i> entries on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-CLASSICALCOMPOUND.html">classical compound</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-COMBININGFORM.html">combining form</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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