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class="jd je" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div></div><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab ae"><span data-testid="storyReadTime">7 min read</span><div class="jz ka l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div><span data-testid="storyPublishDate">Nov 9, 2023</span></div></span></div></span></div></div></div><div class="ab cp kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq"><div class="h k w fg fh q"><div class="lg l"><div class="ab q lh li"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj jq lj lk ll"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" 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aria-hidden="false"><button aria-label="Listen" data-testid="audioPlayButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mq an ao ap ex mr ms mf mt mu mv mw mx s my mz na nb nc nd ne u nf ng nh"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3 12a9 9 0 1 1 18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mq an ao ap ex mr ms mf mt mu mv mw mx s my mz na nb nc nd ne u nf ng nh"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="c435" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Social connection is a fundamental human need. From both a developmental and evolutionary standpoint, <a class="af oe" href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/john-bowlby/attachment/9780465005437/?lens=basic-books" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">nurturing relationships matter</a>. Our social connections with others can help support our <a class="af oe" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375548/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">basic needs for survival</a>, provide a <a class="af oe" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-23915-002" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">source of resilience</a>, and enable us to gain a <a class="af oe" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8095671/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">sense of belonging</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07342829211057640" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">mattering</a> in our social and cultural world.</p><p id="a933" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">The U.S. Surgeon General recently released a <a class="af oe" href="https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">report</a> on an “epidemic of loneliness,” suggesting that a lack of social connection poses major threats to <a class="af oe" href="https://local.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/PerspectivesonPsychologicalScience-2015-Holt-Lunstad-227-37.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">individual</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X0400165X" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">societal health</a>. As noted in the report, the <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28880099/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">mortality impact</a> of feeling disconnected from others is similar to that of smoking 15 cigarettes every day. Research also <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32504808/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">indicates</a> that loneliness increases the risk of both anxiety and depression among children and adolescents and that such risks continued to exist nine years after loneliness was initially measured. Conversely, social connection can enhance individual-level <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23548810/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">physical</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28803484/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">mental well-being</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23074587" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">academic achievement</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29359473/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">attainment</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640811/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">work satisfaction</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://www.gallup.com/workplace/397058/increasing-importance-best-friend-work.aspx" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">performance</a>, and community-level <a class="af oe" href="https://knightfoundation.org/press/releases/got-love-for-your-community-it-may-create-economic/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">economic prosperity</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/103/1/18/97759/The-Effect-of-Social-Connectedness-on-Crime" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">safety</a>.</p><figure class="oi oj ok ol om on of og paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="oo op fj oq bh or"><div class="of og oh"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="Colorful silhouettes of diverse individuals are arranged suggestively, some alone, some in groups, on a beige background." class="bh mp os c" width="700" height="610" loading="lazy"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="ot ff ou of og ov ow bf b bg z du">Cover illustration from <a class="af oe" href="https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community</a> (2023).</figcaption></figure><p id="2a86" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Over the past year, there has been a rising interest in, and media coverage of, generative AI or what linguist Dr. Emily Bender terms “<a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK0md9tQ1KY" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">synthetic media machines</a>” — that is, systems by which one can generate images or, as with large language models (LLMs), “plausible-sounding” text. Despite the hype, these systems are not completely new. The 1940s <a class="af oe" href="https://sanketp.medium.com/language-models-the-beginnings-8824df2eacc0" rel="noopener">marked</a> initial forays into language models. What <em class="ox">is</em> <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSRN_3pkTsc&t=3137s" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">new</a> is how these systems — which are “<a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSRN_3pkTsc&t=3137s" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">more ‘auto-complete’ than ‘search engine</a>’” — are being promoted: they are being made available to the broader public.</p><p id="4882" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">How do different users perceive these systems? Preliminary <a class="af oe" href="https://www.ideo.com/journal/will-ai-interfere-with-relationships-gen-z-thinks-so" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">research from IDEO</a> sought out the perspectives of twelve participants ages 13 to 21 in the U.S. around the ways generative AI may impact social connection (among other themes). The company first distilled key sentiments associated with these systems based on large quantities of social media posts and then presented participants with AI-driven hypothetical <a class="af oe" href="https://www.ideo.com/journal/is-gen-z-ready-to-embrace-ai-its-complicated" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">products</a>, such as “Build a FrAInd: Your ideal bestie come to life, based on celebs and influencers you love” and “New AI, New Me: An avatar trained on your preferences that has experiences for you.” Participants had varying levels of familiarity with generative AI and diverse life experiences (e.g., some participants were in school and others not, some had international backgrounds, etc.). When asked for their thoughts on these products, they emphasized that relationships are all “about you learning as you go,” that humans must “<a class="af oe" href="https://www.ideo.com/journal/will-ai-interfere-with-relationships-gen-z-thinks-so" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">remain at the helm</a>.”</p><p id="ebe9" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">In IDEO’s <a class="af oe" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/publication/2021/youth-participation-in-a-digital-world" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">youth-focused</a> research, respondents also voiced concern around <em class="ox">trust.</em></p><blockquote class="oy"><p id="118c" class="oz pa gu bf pb pc pd pe pf pg ph od du">In the context of<em class="pi"> human-to-human </em>connection, an important question arises: How will generative AI, such as LLMs, <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUCUNvu8QUg" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">influence the trust we have in other people</a>?</p></blockquote><p id="c8b3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs pj nm nn hv pk np nq nr pl nt nu nv pm nx ny nz pn ob oc od gn bk">A study from a Stanford and Cornell research team <a class="af oe" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2208839120" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">demonstrated</a> that when asked to discern whether online dating, professional, and lodging profiles were generated by an LLM or a human, participants only selected the correct answer about half of the time. Whereas participants could sometimes identify specific markers of text generated by LLMs (i.e. <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpE40jwMilU" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">synthetic text</a>) such as repetitive wording, they also pointed to cues such as grammatical mistakes or long words, which, in the study’s data, were more representative of language written by a human. Additional features that participants used to discern human-written text, including first-person pronouns or references to family, were equally present in both synthetic and human-written profiles. Rather than interpreting results as evidence of machine “<a class="af oe" href="https://techwontsave.us/episode/163_chatgpt_is_not_intelligent_w_emily_m_bender" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">intelligence,</a>” the Cornell and Stanford team suggested that individuals may use flawed heuristics to detect synthetic text.</p><p id="9ae8" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">The authors <a class="af oe" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2208839120" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">proposed</a> that such heuristics may be indicative of human vulnerability: “People are unprepared for their encounters with language-generating AI technologies, and the heuristics developed through . . . social contexts are dysfunctional when applied to . . . AI language systems.” Concerningly, individuals are <a class="af oe" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/44537255/Ischen2020_Chapter_PrivacyConcernsInChatbotIntera.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">more likely</a> to share personal information and follow recommendations by nonhuman entities that they view as “human,” raising key privacy questions. At the same time — <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUCUNvu8QUg&t=1632s" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">at least in the short term</a> — they may begin to distrust those who they think are using synthetic text in their communication.</p><p id="3846" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Issues of bias are also central given that systems such as LLMs absorb and amplify the biases in training data. Against the backdrop of the race towards ever larger LLMs, as outlined in Bender and colleagues’ ground-breaking paper “<a class="af oe" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?</a>,” the wider web is not representative of the ways that different people view the world. A number of factors impact 1) who has access to the Internet, 2) who feels comfortable sharing their thoughts and worldviews online, 3) who is represented in the parts of the Internet chosen for the training data, and 4) how the basic filtering applied to training data produces more distortion.</p><p id="9cb0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">For instance, per the second factor, whereas user-generated content sites (e.g., Reddit) portray themselves as welcoming platforms, structural elements (e.g., moderation practices) may make these sites less accessible to underrepresented communities. Harassment on X (formerly Twitter), for example, is <a class="af oe" rel="noopener" href="/@agua.carbonica/twitter-wants-you-to-know-that-youre-still-sol-if-you-get-a-death-threat-unless-you-re-a5cce316b706">experienced</a> by “a wide range of overlapping groups including domestic abuse victims, sex workers, trans people, queer people, immigrants, medical patients (by their providers), neurodivergent people, and visibly or vocally disabled people.” As the authors of “Stochastic Parrots” point out, there are selected subgroups that can more easily contribute data, which produces a systemic pattern that exacerbates inclusion and diversity. In turn, this pattern initiates and perpetuates a feedback loop that diminishes the impact of data from underrepresented communities and <a class="af oe" href="https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2021/hash/2e855f9489df0712b4bd8ea9e2848c5a-Abstract.html#:~:text=We%20propose%20a%20Process%20for,predetermined%20set%20of%20target%20values." rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">privileges</a> hegemonic viewpoints.</p><p id="a5ab" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Automated facial recognition software is another example. Before the widespread use of generative AI, Dr. Joy Buolamwini and Dr. Timnit Gebru found that popular facial recognition systems exhibited <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__chicagounbound.uchicago.edu_cgi_viewcontent.cgi-3Farticle-3D1052-26context-3Duclf&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=0yugrTPkekTevS7UIYctxBI92gb_jA-3P8jDEAoxmcw&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">intersectional biases</a>: the systems <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__proceedings.mlr.press_v81_buolamwini18a_buolamwini18a.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=3LfrQHN6bCUgvfAhVFsYfXifcs5ISiNLKErJzkxZqvk&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">performed significantly worse</a> on individuals of color and, in particular, on women of color. Biases in AI systems have major <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.penguinrandomhouse.com_books_670356_unmasking-2Dai-2Dby-2Djoy-2Dbuolamwini_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=_FH3KXOum2_5OIkrmnIApRtax7BGCgh0nc4gd9BksGY&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">real-world harms</a> across areas like <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.brookings.edu_articles_for-2Dsome-2Demployment-2Dalgorithms-2Ddisability-2Ddiscrimination-2Dby-2Ddefault_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=ug9Nk0g8dIU5tCv8DuTJOoDNoXdZBy_m7qEC13Vj008&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">employment</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__amnesty.ca_podcast-2Dfacial-2Drecognition-2Dand-2Dpolicing-2Dprotesters_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=yNFiqRD23Aplx6cIzRpaa5_VYVsK1k9at2RmZmmmmhI&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">law enforcement</a>, and <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.hrw.org_news_2019_06_21_facial-2Drecognition-2Dtechnology-2Dus-2Dschools-2Dthreatens-2Drights&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=Y1JLpFN9oFm9p5aMXkEWGB2wn4Yubczmd3EWEflEeHo&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">education</a>. As more synthetic media is produced, such content is then fed back into future systems, creating a pernicious cycle and <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nyupress.org_9781479837243_algorithms-2Dof-2Doppression_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=QTr0RrANr1k2kEFos3HWYwHKD4_EMSzcKLDvfRTPMi7o6e5QDaOrida18UOTWEHy&s=Uo0fOBA_BsvcwPZ36EL6_BNKGpTi5F6-tfSF3MjdCh4&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">perpetuating biases</a> connected to, as a few examples, <a class="af oe" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.taylorfrancis.com_books_mono_10.4324_9780203900055_black-2Dfeminist-2Dthought-2Dpatricia-2Dhill-2Dcollins&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=QTr0RrANr1k2kEFos3HWYwHKD4_EMSzcKLDvfRTPMi7o6e5QDaOrida18UOTWEHy&s=NKyYkSLpkqyMKs0Qz14hyfQzGqhfpUTNMHuE15QmTYw&e=" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">race, class, and gender</a>.</p><p id="9587" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">In practical terms, what might considerations like these mean for human-to-human connection?</p><p id="43ed" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Let’s imagine you are a parent emailing your child’s school counselor to begin a conversation about a behavioral challenge your child is experiencing. You receive a response, but wonder: Was part of this email produced by ChatGPT? If so, which part(s)? Why would the system be used to respond to such a sensitive concern? What might that indicate about the counselor? Perhaps about the school as a whole? Would you fully trust the counselor to assist in the referral of your child?</p><p id="f394" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Furthermore, what if you knew about the significant biases built into and amplified by generative AI? Or about other <a class="af oe" href="https://www.dair-institute.org/blog/letter-statement-March2023/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">ongoing harms</a> connected to these systems, such as <a class="af oe" href="https://www.noemamag.com/the-exploited-labor-behind-artificial-intelligence/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">labor force</a> exploitation, <a class="af oe" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">environmental costs</a> that exacerbate <a class="af oe" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ADAFOE-2" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">environmental racism</a>, and <a class="af oe" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-chatgpt-dall-e-microsoft-rutkowski-github-artificial-intelligence-11675466857" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">massive data theft</a>? Would this knowledge further erode your trust in communicating with someone whom you suspect <em class="ox">may</em> have responded with synthetic text, and, if so, to what degree? Whereas trust may not be the ultimate end goal of human communication, it is still a <em class="ox">vital</em> part and outcome of a positive, healthy connection.</p><p id="22af" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">There are a number of key questions moving forward. How can we <a class="af oe" href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2126417" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">counter the generative AI hype</a> and educate individuals to be critical consumers of these systems — with the understanding that, as Dr. Rumman Chowdhury has pointed out, AI <a class="af oe" href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/the-recast/2023/07/14/bias-ai-rumman-chowdhury-twitter-00106412" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">“is not inherently neutral, trustworthy, nor beneficial</a>”? While acknowledging this <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRFaow12xo0&t=980s" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">nuanced landscape</a>, how do we develop regulations that emphasize <a class="af oe" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445918" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">accountability</a> on the part of the companies that develop and deploy generative AI (especially through a lens of <a class="af oe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g0l8iDyCSw&t=3096s" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">algorithmic justice</a> as described by Deborah Raji); <a class="af oe" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/172454/great-ai-hallucination-chatgpt" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">transparency</a> (e.g., the knowledge that one has encountered synthetic media and an understanding of how the system was trained; e.g., “<a class="af oe" href="https://www.consentfultech.io/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">consentful tech</a>”); and the <a class="af oe" href="https://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/letter_to_artificial_intelligence_companies_on_data_worker_labor_conditions_-_091323pdf1.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">prevention of exploitative labor</a>?</p><p id="fcec" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Returning to social connection and human-to-human communication, when we use language, we do so for a given purpose — to ask another person a question, explain an idea to someone, or just to socialize. In the context of LLMs, it is important <a class="af oe" href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.463.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">not to conflate word form and meaning</a>. Referents, actual things and ideas in the world around us, like tulips or compassion, are needed to produce<em class="ox"> meaning</em>. This meaning is unable to be learned from form alone. Given that LLMs are trained on form, these systems do not necessarily learn “meaning,” but instead some “<a class="af oe" href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.463.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">reflection of meaning into the linguistic form</a>.” As Dr. Bender <a class="af oe" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-chatbots-emily-m-bender.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">notes</a>, language is relational by its very nature.</p><p id="eb3f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Moving forward, it is essential that we preserve the sanctity of genuine human-to-human connection, with its conflicts, its awkwardness, and its spaces for cultivating relationships built on consistent trust, belonging, and mattering to those in one’s life.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb po pp pq pr" role="separator"><span class="ps by bm pt pu pv"></span><span class="ps by bm pt pu pv"></span><span class="ps by bm pt pu"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="b225" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk">Are you interested in continuing the conversation around social connection? Please fill out the following <a class="af oe" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeFbWj5E-2cqa7a5hQYqOO1WTr2uht9DAUN0165wPKdiwdHgg/viewform" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">form</a>! In addition, would you recommend resources that should be included in this piece? Other feedback? Please feel free to reach out to me at any time (alexandra.hasse2556@gmail.com); I am still learning in this space and I so much value learning from you.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb po pp pq pr" role="separator"><span class="ps by bm pt pu pv"></span><span class="ps by bm pt pu pv"></span><span class="ps by bm pt pu"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="713e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ni nj gu nk b hs nl nm nn hv no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od gn bk"><em class="ox">This essay is part of the </em><a class="af oe" rel="noopener" href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/generative-futures/home"><em class="ox">Co-Designing Generative Futures series</em></a><em class="ox">, a collection of multidisciplinary and transnational reflections and speculations about the transformative shifts brought on by generative artificial intelligence. These articles are authored by members of the Berkman Klein Center community and expand on discussions that began at the </em><a class="af oe" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/workshops/gai2023/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="ox">Co-Designing Generative Futures conference</em></a><em class="ox"> in May 2023. All opinions expressed are solely those of the author.</em></p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="pw px ab jm"><div class="py ab"><a class="pz ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/artificial-intelligence?source=post_page-----abcaebd45c3d--------------------------------"><div class="qa fj cx qb ge qc qd bf b bg z bk qe">Artificial Intelligence</div></a></div><div class="py ab"><a class="pz ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/generative-ai?source=post_page-----abcaebd45c3d--------------------------------"><div class="qa fj cx qb ge qc qd bf b bg z bk qe">Generative Ai</div></a></div><div class="py ab"><a class="pz ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/trust?source=post_page-----abcaebd45c3d--------------------------------"><div class="qa fj cx qb ge qc qd bf b bg z bk qe">Trust</div></a></div><div class="py ab"><a class="pz ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" 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Our social connections with others can help support our basic needs for survival, provide a source of resilience, and enable us to gain a sense of belonging and mattering in our social and cultural world.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":102,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com\u002Ftitles\u002Fjohn-bowlby\u002Fattachment\u002F9780465005437\u002F?lens=basic-books","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":190,"end":214,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4375548\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":226,"end":246,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2016-23915-002","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":272,"end":290,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8095671\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":295,"end":304,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F07342829211057640","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_3","name":"a933","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The U.S. Surgeon General recently released a report on an “epidemic of loneliness,” suggesting that a lack of social connection poses major threats to individual and societal health. As noted in the report, the mortality impact of feeling disconnected from others is similar to that of smoking 15 cigarettes every day. Research also indicates that loneliness increases the risk of both anxiety and depression among children and adolescents and that such risks continued to exist nine years after loneliness was initially measured. Conversely, social connection can enhance individual-level physical and mental well-being, academic achievement and attainment, work satisfaction and performance, and community-level economic prosperity and safety.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":45,"end":51,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hhs.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fsurgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":151,"end":161,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Flocal.psy.miami.edu\u002Ffaculty\u002Fdmessinger\u002Fc_c\u002Frsrcs\u002Frdgs\u002Femot\u002FPerspectivesonPsychologicalScience-2015-Holt-Lunstad-227-37.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":166,"end":181,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1054139X0400165X","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":211,"end":227,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28880099\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":333,"end":342,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32504808\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":590,"end":598,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23548810\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":603,"end":620,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28803484\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":622,"end":642,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F23074587","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":647,"end":657,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29359473\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":659,"end":676,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F14640811\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":681,"end":692,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fworkplace\u002F397058\u002Fincreasing-importance-best-friend-work.aspx","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":714,"end":733,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fknightfoundation.org\u002Fpress\u002Freleases\u002Fgot-love-for-your-community-it-may-create-economic\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":738,"end":744,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdirect.mit.edu\u002Frest\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F103\u002F1\u002F18\u002F97759\u002FThe-Effect-of-Social-Connectedness-on-Crime","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg","originalHeight":1977,"originalWidth":2272,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":"Colorful silhouettes of diverse individuals are arranged suggestively, some alone, some in groups, on a beige background."},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_4","name":"e572","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*ZkFTjbNHdVc12MOg-4TEaw.jpeg"},"text":"Cover illustration from Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community (2023).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":24,"end":154,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hhs.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fsurgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_5","name":"2a86","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Over the past year, there has been a rising interest in, and media coverage of, generative AI or what linguist Dr. Emily Bender terms “synthetic media machines” — that is, systems by which one can generate images or, as with large language models (LLMs), “plausible-sounding” text. Despite the hype, these systems are not completely new. The 1940s marked initial forays into language models. What is new is how these systems — which are “more ‘auto-complete’ than ‘search engine’” — are being promoted: they are being made available to the broader public.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":135,"end":159,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=eK0md9tQ1KY","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":348,"end":354,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fsanketp.medium.com\u002Flanguage-models-the-beginnings-8824df2eacc0","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":400,"end":403,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=gSRN_3pkTsc&t=3137s","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":438,"end":478,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=gSRN_3pkTsc&t=3137s","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":397,"end":399,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_6":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_6","name":"4882","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"How do different users perceive these systems? Preliminary research from IDEO sought out the perspectives of twelve participants ages 13 to 21 in the U.S. around the ways generative AI may impact social connection (among other themes). The company first distilled key sentiments associated with these systems based on large quantities of social media posts and then presented participants with AI-driven hypothetical products, such as “Build a FrAInd: Your ideal bestie come to life, based on celebs and influencers you love” and “New AI, New Me: An avatar trained on your preferences that has experiences for you.” Participants had varying levels of familiarity with generative AI and diverse life experiences (e.g., some participants were in school and others not, some had international backgrounds, etc.). When asked for their thoughts on these products, they emphasized that relationships are all “about you learning as you go,” that humans must “remain at the helm.”","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":59,"end":77,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ideo.com\u002Fjournal\u002Fwill-ai-interfere-with-relationships-gen-z-thinks-so","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":417,"end":425,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ideo.com\u002Fjournal\u002Fis-gen-z-ready-to-embrace-ai-its-complicated","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":952,"end":970,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ideo.com\u002Fjournal\u002Fwill-ai-interfere-with-relationships-gen-z-thinks-so","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_7","name":"ebe9","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In IDEO’s youth-focused research, respondents also voiced concern around trust.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":10,"end":23,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcyber.harvard.edu\u002Fpublication\u002F2021\u002Fyouth-participation-in-a-digital-world","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":73,"end":79,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_8","name":"118c","type":"PQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In the context of human-to-human connection, an important question arises: How will generative AI, such as LLMs, influence the trust we have in other people?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":113,"end":156,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XUCUNvu8QUg","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":17,"end":33,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_9","name":"c8b3","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A study from a Stanford and Cornell research team demonstrated that when asked to discern whether online dating, professional, and lodging profiles were generated by an LLM or a human, participants only selected the correct answer about half of the time. Whereas participants could sometimes identify specific markers of text generated by LLMs (i.e. synthetic text) such as repetitive wording, they also pointed to cues such as grammatical mistakes or long words, which, in the study’s data, were more representative of language written by a human. Additional features that participants used to discern human-written text, including first-person pronouns or references to family, were equally present in both synthetic and human-written profiles. Rather than interpreting results as evidence of machine “intelligence,” the Cornell and Stanford team suggested that individuals may use flawed heuristics to detect synthetic text.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":50,"end":62,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2208839120","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":350,"end":364,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=qpE40jwMilU","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":804,"end":817,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftechwontsave.us\u002Fepisode\u002F163_chatgpt_is_not_intelligent_w_emily_m_bender","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_10","name":"9ae8","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The authors proposed that such heuristics may be indicative of human vulnerability: “People are unprepared for their encounters with language-generating AI technologies, and the heuristics developed through . . . social contexts are dysfunctional when applied to . . . AI language systems.” Concerningly, individuals are more likely to share personal information and follow recommendations by nonhuman entities that they view as “human,” raising key privacy questions. At the same time — at least in the short term — they may begin to distrust those who they think are using synthetic text in their communication.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":12,"end":20,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2208839120","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":321,"end":332,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpure.uva.nl\u002Fws\u002Ffiles\u002F44537255\u002FIschen2020_Chapter_PrivacyConcernsInChatbotIntera.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":488,"end":514,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XUCUNvu8QUg&t=1632s","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_11","name":"3846","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Issues of bias are also central given that systems such as LLMs absorb and amplify the biases in training data. Against the backdrop of the race towards ever larger LLMs, as outlined in Bender and colleagues’ ground-breaking paper “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?,” the wider web is not representative of the ways that different people view the world. A number of factors impact 1) who has access to the Internet, 2) who feels comfortable sharing their thoughts and worldviews online, 3) who is represented in the parts of the Internet chosen for the training data, and 4) how the basic filtering applied to training data produces more distortion.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":232,"end":301,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1145\u002F3442188.3445922","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_12","name":"9cb0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"For instance, per the second factor, whereas user-generated content sites (e.g., Reddit) portray themselves as welcoming platforms, structural elements (e.g., moderation practices) may make these sites less accessible to underrepresented communities. Harassment on X (formerly Twitter), for example, is experienced by “a wide range of overlapping groups including domestic abuse victims, sex workers, trans people, queer people, immigrants, medical patients (by their providers), neurodivergent people, and visibly or vocally disabled people.” As the authors of “Stochastic Parrots” point out, there are selected subgroups that can more easily contribute data, which produces a systemic pattern that exacerbates inclusion and diversity. In turn, this pattern initiates and perpetuates a feedback loop that diminishes the impact of data from underrepresented communities and privileges hegemonic viewpoints.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":303,"end":314,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@agua.carbonica\u002Ftwitter-wants-you-to-know-that-youre-still-sol-if-you-get-a-death-threat-unless-you-re-a5cce316b706","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":874,"end":884,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fproceedings.neurips.cc\u002Fpaper\u002F2021\u002Fhash\u002F2e855f9489df0712b4bd8ea9e2848c5a-Abstract.html#:~:text=We%20propose%20a%20Process%20for,predetermined%20set%20of%20target%20values.","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_13","name":"a5ab","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Automated facial recognition software is another example. Before the widespread use of generative AI, Dr. Joy Buolamwini and Dr. Timnit Gebru found that popular facial recognition systems exhibited intersectional biases: the systems performed significantly worse on individuals of color and, in particular, on women of color. Biases in AI systems have major real-world harms across areas like employment, law enforcement, and education. As more synthetic media is produced, such content is then fed back into future systems, creating a pernicious cycle and perpetuating biases connected to, as a few examples, race, class, and gender.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":198,"end":219,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__chicagounbound.uchicago.edu_cgi_viewcontent.cgi-3Farticle-3D1052-26context-3Duclf&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=0yugrTPkekTevS7UIYctxBI92gb_jA-3P8jDEAoxmcw&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":233,"end":262,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=http-3A__proceedings.mlr.press_v81_buolamwini18a_buolamwini18a.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=3LfrQHN6bCUgvfAhVFsYfXifcs5ISiNLKErJzkxZqvk&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":358,"end":374,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__www.penguinrandomhouse.com_books_670356_unmasking-2Dai-2Dby-2Djoy-2Dbuolamwini_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=_FH3KXOum2_5OIkrmnIApRtax7BGCgh0nc4gd9BksGY&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":393,"end":403,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__www.brookings.edu_articles_for-2Dsome-2Demployment-2Dalgorithms-2Ddisability-2Ddiscrimination-2Dby-2Ddefault_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=ug9Nk0g8dIU5tCv8DuTJOoDNoXdZBy_m7qEC13Vj008&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":405,"end":420,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__amnesty.ca_podcast-2Dfacial-2Drecognition-2Dand-2Dpolicing-2Dprotesters_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=yNFiqRD23Aplx6cIzRpaa5_VYVsK1k9at2RmZmmmmhI&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":426,"end":435,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__www.hrw.org_news_2019_06_21_facial-2Drecognition-2Dtechnology-2Dus-2Dschools-2Dthreatens-2Drights&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=oq9V0pH7AbByOZQmAdv8WH8CWhGqM_PXViaGWXuws7yCagXC_wEq0m5a9M2U2plK&s=Y1JLpFN9oFm9p5aMXkEWGB2wn4Yubczmd3EWEflEeHo&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":557,"end":576,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__nyupress.org_9781479837243_algorithms-2Dof-2Doppression_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=QTr0RrANr1k2kEFos3HWYwHKD4_EMSzcKLDvfRTPMi7o6e5QDaOrida18UOTWEHy&s=Uo0fOBA_BsvcwPZ36EL6_BNKGpTi5F6-tfSF3MjdCh4&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":610,"end":633,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Furldefense.proofpoint.com\u002Fv2\u002Furl?u=https-3A__www.taylorfrancis.com_books_mono_10.4324_9780203900055_black-2Dfeminist-2Dthought-2Dpatricia-2Dhill-2Dcollins&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=3yoMkF0b_gwqt7HwvTSFQzixfJIAZc4UvuZy3uNIbYI&m=QTr0RrANr1k2kEFos3HWYwHKD4_EMSzcKLDvfRTPMi7o6e5QDaOrida18UOTWEHy&s=NKyYkSLpkqyMKs0Qz14hyfQzGqhfpUTNMHuE15QmTYw&e=","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_14","name":"9587","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In practical terms, what might considerations like these mean for human-to-human connection?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_15","name":"43ed","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Let’s imagine you are a parent emailing your child’s school counselor to begin a conversation about a behavioral challenge your child is experiencing. You receive a response, but wonder: Was part of this email produced by ChatGPT? If so, which part(s)? Why would the system be used to respond to such a sensitive concern? What might that indicate about the counselor? Perhaps about the school as a whole? Would you fully trust the counselor to assist in the referral of your child?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_16","name":"f394","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Furthermore, what if you knew about the significant biases built into and amplified by generative AI? Or about other ongoing harms connected to these systems, such as labor force exploitation, environmental costs that exacerbate environmental racism, and massive data theft? Would this knowledge further erode your trust in communicating with someone whom you suspect may have responded with synthetic text, and, if so, to what degree? Whereas trust may not be the ultimate end goal of human communication, it is still a vital part and outcome of a positive, healthy connection.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":117,"end":130,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dair-institute.org\u002Fblog\u002Fletter-statement-March2023\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":167,"end":178,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.noemamag.com\u002Fthe-exploited-labor-behind-artificial-intelligence\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":193,"end":212,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F1906.02243","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":229,"end":249,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fphilpapers.org\u002Frec\u002FADAFOE-2","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":255,"end":273,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fai-chatgpt-dall-e-microsoft-rutkowski-github-artificial-intelligence-11675466857","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":368,"end":371,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":521,"end":526,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_17","name":"22af","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"There are a number of key questions moving forward. How can we counter the generative AI hype and educate individuals to be critical consumers of these systems — with the understanding that, as Dr. Rumman Chowdhury has pointed out, AI “is not inherently neutral, trustworthy, nor beneficial”? While acknowledging this nuanced landscape, how do we develop regulations that emphasize accountability on the part of the companies that develop and deploy generative AI (especially through a lens of algorithmic justice as described by Deborah Raji); transparency (e.g., the knowledge that one has encountered synthetic media and an understanding of how the system was trained; e.g., “consentful tech”); and the prevention of exploitative labor?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":63,"end":93,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzsprout.com\u002F2126417","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":235,"end":290,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.politico.com\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fthe-recast\u002F2023\u002F07\u002F14\u002Fbias-ai-rumman-chowdhury-twitter-00106412","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":318,"end":335,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=gRFaow12xo0&t=980s","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":382,"end":396,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1145\u002F3442188.3445918","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":494,"end":513,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=7g0l8iDyCSw&t=3096s","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":545,"end":557,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fnewrepublic.com\u002Farticle\u002F172454\u002Fgreat-ai-hallucination-chatgpt","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":679,"end":694,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.consentfultech.io\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":706,"end":738,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.markey.senate.gov\u002Fimo\u002Fmedia\u002Fdoc\u002Fletter_to_artificial_intelligence_companies_on_data_worker_labor_conditions_-_091323pdf1.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_18","name":"fcec","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Returning to social connection and human-to-human communication, when we use language, we do so for a given purpose — to ask another person a question, explain an idea to someone, or just to socialize. In the context of LLMs, it is important not to conflate word form and meaning. Referents, actual things and ideas in the world around us, like tulips or compassion, are needed to produce meaning. This meaning is unable to be learned from form alone. Given that LLMs are trained on form, these systems do not necessarily learn “meaning,” but instead some “reflection of meaning into the linguistic form.” As Dr. Bender notes, language is relational by its very nature.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":242,"end":279,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Faclanthology.org\u002F2020.acl-main.463.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":557,"end":603,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Faclanthology.org\u002F2020.acl-main.463.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":620,"end":625,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fnymag.com\u002Fintelligencer\u002Farticle\u002Fai-artificial-intelligence-chatbots-emily-m-bender.html","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":388,"end":396,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_19","name":"eb3f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Moving forward, it is essential that we preserve the sanctity of genuine human-to-human connection, with its conflicts, its awkwardness, and its spaces for cultivating relationships built on consistent trust, belonging, and mattering to those in one’s life.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_20","name":"b225","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Are you interested in continuing the conversation around social connection? Please fill out the following form! In addition, would you recommend resources that should be included in this piece? Other feedback? Please feel free to reach out to me at any time (alexandra.hasse2556@gmail.com); I am still learning in this space and I so much value learning from you.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":106,"end":110,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fforms\u002Fd\u002Fe\u002F1FAIpQLSeFbWj5E-2cqa7a5hQYqOO1WTr2uht9DAUN0165wPKdiwdHgg\u002Fviewform","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1c99418f3479_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1c99418f3479_21","name":"713e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"This essay is part of the Co-Designing Generative Futures series, a collection of multidisciplinary and transnational reflections and speculations about the transformative shifts brought on by generative artificial intelligence. These articles are authored by members of the Berkman Klein Center community and expand on discussions that began at the Co-Designing Generative Futures conference in May 2023. All opinions expressed are solely those of the 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