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id="toc-Early_academic_career_and_pastoral_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Episcopal ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_General_Synod_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_General_Synod_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>2010 General Synod address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_General_Synod_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subsequent academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moral_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Moral theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War_and_possible_attack_on_Syria_or_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War_and_possible_attack_on_Syria_or_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Iraq War and possible attack on Syria or Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War_and_possible_attack_on_Syria_or_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unity_of_the_Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_of_the_Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Unity of the Anglican Communion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_of_the_Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_on_Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_on_Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Position on Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_on_Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_about_hijab_and_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_about_hijab_and_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Opinion about hijab and terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_about_hijab_and_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Creationism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interview_with_Emel_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interview_with_Emel_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Interview with <i>Emel</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interview_with_Emel_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharia_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharia_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Sharia law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharia_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_on_the_British_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_on_the_British_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Comments on the British government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_on_the_British_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_on_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_on_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Comments on antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_on_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_ecological_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_ecological_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Climate and ecological crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_ecological_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forewords_and_afterwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forewords_and_afterwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Forewords and afterwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forewords_and_afterwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rowan Williams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="روان ويليامز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روان ويليامز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Роўэн Уільямс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роўэн Уільямс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Douglas_Williams" title="Rowan Douglas Williams – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rowan Douglas Williams" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD_O%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Ρόουαν Oυίλιαμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόουαν Oυίλιαμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%99%84_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%94%EC%8A%A4" title="로완 윌리암스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로완 윌리암스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="רואן ויליאמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רואן ויליאמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റോവാൻ വില്യംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോവാൻ വില്യംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="روان ويليامز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روان ويليامز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA" title="ローワン・ウィリアムズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローワン・ウィリアムズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Уильямс, Роуэн Дуглас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уильямс, Роуэн Дуглас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rowan Williams" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Douglas_Williams" title="Rowan Douglas Williams – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rowan Douglas Williams" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%9B%B2%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="羅雲·威廉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅雲·威廉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archbishop of Canterbury from 2003 to 2012</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the boxer, see <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams_(boxer)" title="Rowan Williams (boxer)">Rowan Williams (boxer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Reverend" title="The Right Reverend">The Right Reverend</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">Right Honourable</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">The Lord Williams of Oystermouth</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Learned_Society_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales">FLSW</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_All_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of All England">Primate of All England</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg/220px-Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg/330px-Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg/440px-Rowan_Williams_-001b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="679" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Williams in 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elected</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 2002 <sup id="cite_ref-profile_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Installed</th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 2003</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 2012 (retired) <sup id="cite_ref-peer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a> (2000–2002) <br /><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Monmouth" title="Bishop of Monmouth">Bishop of Monmouth</a> (1992–2002)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 1977 (deacon) <br /> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wall" title="Eric Wall">Eric Wall</a> <br /> 2 July 1978 (priest) <br /> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker_(bishop)" title="Peter Walker (bishop)">Peter Walker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1992<br />by <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Rice_Jones" title="Alwyn Rice Jones">Alwyn Rice Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rowan Douglas Williams</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1950-06-14</span>) </span>14 June 1950<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 74)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Aneurin Williams</li><li>Delphine <i>née</i> Morris</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams_(theologian)" title="Jane Williams (theologian)">Jane Paul</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="4 July 1981">1981</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Bishop, theologian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>Cultus Dei Sapientia Hominis</i></li><li>(The worship of God is the wisdom of man)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lord Williams of Oystermouth's signature"><img alt="The Lord Williams of Oystermouth's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg/130px-Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg/195px-Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg/260px-Rowan_Williams_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lord Williams of Oystermouth's coat of arms"><img alt="The Lord Williams of Oystermouth's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge">Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2013 – October 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Robinson_(art_historian)" title="Duncan Robinson (art historian)">Duncan Robinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Greenwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Christopher Greenwood">Sir Christopher Greenwood</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2013 – 31 August 2020</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynevor_School,_Swansea" title="Dynevor School, Swansea">Dynevor School, Swansea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Resurrection" title="College of the Resurrection">College of the Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Theology of Vladimir Nikolaievich Lossky: An Exposition and Critique</i> (1975)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Theology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theology">moral theology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Affirming_Catholicism" title="Affirming Catholicism">Affirming Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>College of the Resurrection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westcott_House,_Cambridge" title="Westcott House, Cambridge">Westcott House, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Divinity,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge">Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology_and_Religion,_University_of_Oxford" title="Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford">Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rowan Douglas Williams, Baron Williams of Oystermouth</b> (born 14 June 1950) is a Welsh <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> bishop, theologian and poet, who served as the 104th <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> from 2002 to 2012. Previously the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Monmouth" title="Bishop of Monmouth">Bishop of Monmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a>, Williams was the first Archbishop of Canterbury in modern times not to be appointed from within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. </p><p>Williams's primacy was marked by speculation that the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> (in which the Archbishop of Canterbury is the leading figure) was on the verge of fragmentation over disagreements on contemporary issues such as <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion">homosexuality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>. Williams worked to keep all sides in dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable events during his time as Archbishop of Canterbury include the rejection by a majority of dioceses of his proposed <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report#Anglican_Communion_Covenant" title="Windsor Report">Anglican Covenant</a> and, in the final general synod of his tenure, his unsuccessful attempt to secure a sufficient majority for a measure to allow the appointment of women as bishops in the Church of England. </p><p>Having spent much of his earlier career as an academic at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> successively, Williams speaks three languages and reads at least nine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After standing down as archbishop, Williams took up the position of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">University of South Wales</a> in 2014 and served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge">master</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> between 2013 and 2020. He also delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in 2013. </p><p>Williams retired as Archbishop of Canterbury on 31 December 2012, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 December 2012, <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> announced Williams's elevation to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that he could continue to speak in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Following the creation of his title on 8 January and its gazetting on 11 January 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">temporal benches</a> of the House of Lords as Baron Williams of Oystermouth on 15 January 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sitting as a <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbencher</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oystermouth" title="Oystermouth">Oystermouth</a> is a district of Swansea. He retired from the House on 31 August 2020<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene College">Magdalene College</a> that Autumn, returning to <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>, in his former diocese (<a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-magd-ret_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magd-ret-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_ordination">Early life and ordination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams was born on 14 June 1950 in <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales, into a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>-speaking family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only child of Aneurin Williams and his wife Nancy Delphine (known as "Del")<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams (née Morris) – <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a> who became Anglicans in 1961. He was educated at the state sector <a href="/wiki/Dynevor_School,_Swansea" title="Dynevor School, Swansea">Dynevor School, Swansea</a>, before reading theology at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>, whence he graduated with <a href="/wiki/Starred_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Starred first">starred first-class honours</a>. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Donald_Allchin" title="Donald Allchin">A. M. Allchin</a> and graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975 with a thesis entitled <i>The Theology of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Nikolaievich Lossky</a>: An Exposition and Critique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams lectured and trained for ordination at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Resurrection" title="College of the Resurrection">College of the Resurrection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mirfield" title="Mirfield">Mirfield</a>, West Yorkshire, for two years (1975–1977). In 1977, he returned to Cambridge to teach theology as a tutor (as well as chaplain and Director of Studies) at <a href="/wiki/Westcott_House,_Cambridge" title="Westcott House, Cambridge">Westcott House</a>; he was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">made</a> a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in the chapel by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wall" title="Eric Wall">Eric Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Huntingdon" title="Bishop of Huntingdon">Bishop of Huntingdon</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> (2 October).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he was ordained a priest the <a href="/wiki/Petertide" title="Petertide">Petertide</a> following (2 July 1978), by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker_(bishop)" title="Peter Walker (bishop)">Peter Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 July 1981, Williams married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams_(theologian)" title="Jane Williams (theologian)">Jane Paul</a>, a writer and lecturer in theology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have two children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_academic_career_and_pastoral_ministry">Early academic career and pastoral ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early academic career and pastoral ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams did not have a formal <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curacy</a> until 1980, when he served at St George's, <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Cambridge" title="Chesterton, Cambridge">Chesterton, Cambridge</a>, until 1983, after having been appointed a university lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a> at Cambridge. In 1984 he became dean and chaplain of <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College</a> and, in 1986 at the age of 36, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity">Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity</a> at Oxford, a position which brought with it appointment to a residentiary <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canonry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral</a>. In 1989 he received the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> (DD) and, in 1990, was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (FBA).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopal_ministry">Episcopal ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Episcopal ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 December 1991, Williams was elected <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Monmouth" title="Bishop of Monmouth">Bishop of Monmouth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>: he was consecrated a bishop on 1 May 1992 at <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph_Cathedral" title="St Asaph Cathedral">St Asaph Cathedral</a> and enthroned at <a href="/wiki/Newport_Cathedral" title="Newport Cathedral">Newport Cathedral</a> on 14 May. He continued to serve as Bishop of Monmouth after he was elected to also be the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a> in December 1999, in which capacity he was enthroned again at Newport Cathedral on 26 February 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, he was announced as the successor to <a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> — the senior bishop in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. The Archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity recognised as <i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i> ("first among equals") but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside the Church of England. As a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">disestablished</a> Church in Wales, Williams was the first Archbishop of Canterbury since the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> to be appointed to this office from outside the Church of England. His election by the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">Chapter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> was confirmed by nine bishops in the customary ceremony in London on 2 December 2002, when he officially became Archbishop of Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Enthronement" title="Enthronement">enthroned</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> on 27 February 2003 as the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg/220px-Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg/330px-Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg/440px-Rowan_Williams_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Williams visiting the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, March 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Translation_(ecclesiastical)" title="Translation (ecclesiastical)">translation</a> of Williams to Canterbury was widely canvassed. As a bishop he had demonstrated a wide range of interests in social and political matters and was widely regarded, by academics and others, as a figure who could make Christianity credible to the intelligent unbeliever. As a patron of <a href="/wiki/Affirming_Catholicism" title="Affirming Catholicism">Affirming Catholicism</a>, his appointment was a considerable departure from that of his predecessor and his views, such as those expressed in a widely published lecture on homosexuality were seized on by a number of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">evangelical</a> and conservative Anglicans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The debate had begun to divide the Anglican Communion, however, and Williams, in his new role as its leader was to have an important role. </p><p>As Archbishop of Canterbury, Williams acted <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">visitor</a> of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford" title="Keble College, Oxford">Keble College, Oxford</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_School" title="Charterhouse School">Charterhouse School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since 2005, as (inaugural) <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University" title="Canterbury Christ Church University">Canterbury Christ Church University</a>. In addition to these <i>ex officio</i> roles, Cambridge University awarded him an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">doctorate in divinity</a> in 2006;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in April 2007, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trinity_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Trinity College">Trinity College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe College">Wycliffe College</a>, both associated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, awarded him a joint Doctor of Divinity degree during his first visit to Canada since being enthroned and he also received honorary degrees and fellowships from various universities including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roehampton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Roehampton University">Roehampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams speaks or reads eleven languages: English, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, Spanish, French, German, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and both <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Ancient (koine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learnt Russian in order to be able to read the works of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a> in the original.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Russian_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Russian-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has since described his spoken German as a "disaster area" and said that he is "a very clumsy reader and writer of Russian".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that he knows some Italian,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would mean he knows twelve languages. </p><p>Williams is also a poet and translator of poetry. His collection <i>The Poems of Rowan Williams</i>, published by Perpetua Press, was longlisted for the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Book_of_the_Year" title="Wales Book of the Year">Wales Book of the Year</a> award in 2004. Besides his own poems, which have a strong spiritual and landscape flavour, the collection contains several fluent translations from <a href="/wiki/Welsh_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh poets">Welsh poets</a>. He was criticised in the press for allegedly supporting a "<a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> organisation", the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_of_Bards" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd of Bards">Gorsedd of Bards</a>, which promotes Welsh language and literature and uses <a href="/wiki/Druidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Druidic">druidic</a> ceremonial but is actually not religious in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> married <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Parker_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Parker Bowles">Camilla Parker Bowles</a>, a divorcee, in a civil ceremony. Afterwards, Williams gave the couple a formal service of blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the arrangements for the wedding and service were strongly supported<sup id="cite_ref-guardianwed_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianwed-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Archbishop "consistent with the Church of England guidelines concerning remarriage".<sup id="cite_ref-rwsupport_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwsupport-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "strongly-worded"<sup id="cite_ref-foxwed_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxwed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> act of penitence by the couple, a confessional prayer written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury to <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-indepwed_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indepwed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was interpreted as a confession by the bride and groom of past sins, albeit without specific reference<sup id="cite_ref-foxwed_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxwed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and going "some way towards acknowledging concerns" over their past misdemeanours.<sup id="cite_ref-indepwed_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indepwed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams officiated at the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton" title="Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton">wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton</a> on 29 April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 2011, Williams attended a <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">special service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> celebrating the 400th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Bible</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a>, Patron of the King James Bible Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark the ending of his tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, Williams presented a BBC television documentary about <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, in which he reflected upon his time in office. Entitled <i>Goodbye to Canterbury</i>, the programme was screened on 1 January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_General_Synod_address">2010 General Synod address</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2010 General Synod address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion</a></div> <p>On 9 February 2010, in an address to the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">General Synod of the Church of England</a>, Williams warned that damaging infighting over <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">the ordination of women</a> as bishops and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Roman_Catholic_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests">gay priests</a> could lead to a permanent split in the Anglican Communion. He stressed that he did not "want nor relish" the prospect of division and called on the Church of England and Anglicans worldwide to step back from a "betrayal" of God's mission and to put the work of Christ before <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a>. But he conceded that, unless Anglicans could find a way to live with their differences over women as bishops and homosexual ordination, the church would change shape and become a multi-tier communion of different levels – a schism in all but name.<sup id="cite_ref-Times20100210_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times20100210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams also said that "it may be that the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> creates a situation in which there are different levels of relationship between those claiming the name of Anglican. I don’t at all want or relish this, but suspect that, without a major change of heart all round, it may be an unavoidable aspect of limiting the damage we are already doing to ourselves." In such a structure, some churches would be given full membership of the Anglican Communion, while others had a lower-level form of membership, with no more than observer status on some issues. Williams also used his keynote address to issue a profound apology for the way that he had spoken about "exemplary and sacrificial" gay Anglican priests in the past. "There are ways of speaking about the question that seem to ignore these human realities or to undervalue them," he said. "I have been criticised for doing just this, and I am profoundly sorry for the carelessness that could give such an impression."<sup id="cite_ref-Times20100210_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times20100210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_academic_career">Subsequent academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsequent academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 January 2013, Williams was admitted as the 35th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge">Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> and served until September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magd-ret_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magd-ret-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also made an honorary <a href="/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (highest academic rank)">Professor</a> of Contemporary Christian Thought by the University of Cambridge in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_Mag_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio_Mag-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 June 2013, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">University of South Wales</a> announced his appointment as its new <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a>, the ceremonial head of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, it was reported that Williams had written a play called <i>Shakeshafte</i>, about a meeting between <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest and martyr. Williams suspects that <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Shakespeare was Catholic</a>, though not a regular churchgoer.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play took to the stage in July 2016 and was received favourably.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage">Patronage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams is patron of the Canterbury Open Centre run by <a href="/wiki/Catching_Lives" title="Catching Lives">Catching Lives</a>, a local charity supporting the destitute.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also been patron of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Mala" title="Peace Mala">Peace Mala Youth Project For World Peace</a> since 2002, one of his last engagements as Archbishop of Wales being to lead the charity's launch ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he is president of <a href="/wiki/WaveLength_Charity" class="mw-redirect" title="WaveLength Charity">WaveLength Charity</a>, a UK-wide organisation which gives TVs and radios to isolated and vulnerable people; every Archbishop of Canterbury since the charity's inception in 1939 has actively participated in this role. </p><p>Williams is also patron of the <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> Society<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and delivered the society's annual lecture in November 2013. </p><p>Williams was also patron of the Birmingham-based charity The Feast,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 2010 until his retirement as Archbishop of Canterbury. </p><p>Williams has been a patron of the Cogwheel Trust,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a local Cambridgeshire charity providing affordable counselling, since 2015 and is active in his support. </p><p>On 1 May 2013 he became chair of the board of trustees of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Aid" title="Christian Aid">Christian Aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the Chair of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Defence_of_the_British_Universities" title="Council for the Defence of the British Universities">Council for the Defence of the British Universities</a> (CDBU).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Grey_Ruthven,_2nd_Earl_of_Gowrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie">Grey Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>, Williams is a patron of the Wilfred Owen Association, formed in 1989 to commemorate the life and work of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is the visitor of the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Oratory of the Good Shepherd">Oratory of the Good Shepherd</a>, a dispersed Anglican religious community of male priests and lay brothers. He also acts as a visitor to the <a href="/wiki/New_monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="New monasticism">new monastic</a> Holywell Community in <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>. </p><p>He is also a patron of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Saint_Alban_and_Saint_Sergius" title="Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius">Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius</a> which promotes ecumenical relationships between the Anglican and Orthodox churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams, a scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> and a historian of Christian spirituality, wrote in 1983 that orthodoxy should be seen "as a tool rather than an end in itself..." It is not something which stands still. Thus "old styles come under increasing strain, new speech needs to be generated".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sees orthodoxy as a number of "dialogues": a constant dialogue with Christ, crucified and risen; but also that of the community of faith with the world – "a risky enterprise", as he writes. "We ought to be puzzled", he says, "when the world is not challenged by the gospel." It may mean that Christians have not understood the kinds of bondage to which the gospel is addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also written that "orthodoxy is inseparable from sacramental practice... The eucharist is the paradigm of that dialogue which is 'orthodoxy'".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stance may help to explain both his social radicalism and his view of the importance of the Church, and thus of the holding together of the Anglican communion over matters such as homosexuality: his belief in the idea of the Church is profound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">John Shelby Spong</a> once accused Williams of being a "neo-medievalist", preaching orthodoxy to the people in the pew but knowing in private that it is not true.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(magazine)" title="Third Way (magazine)">Third Way</a></i>, Williams responded: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am genuinely a lot more conservative than he would like me to be. Take the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a>. I think he has said that of course I know what all the reputable scholars think on the subject and therefore when I talk about the risen body I must mean something other than the empty tomb. But I don't. I don't know how to persuade him, but I really don't.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although generally considered an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a>, Williams has broad sympathies. One of his first publications, in the largely evangelical Grove Books series, has the title <i>Eucharistic Sacrifice: The Roots of a Metaphor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_theology">Moral theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moral theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_theology_of_Rowan_Williams" title="Moral theology of Rowan Williams">Moral theology of Rowan Williams</a></div> <p>Williams's contributions to <a href="/wiki/Anglican_views_of_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican views of homosexuality">Anglican views of homosexuality</a> were perceived as quite liberal before he became the Archbishop of Canterbury. These views are evident in a paper written by Williams called "The Body's Grace",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he originally delivered as the 10th Michael Harding Memorial Address in 1989 to the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Christian_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement">Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement</a>, and which is now part of a series of essays collected in the book <i>Theology and Sexuality</i> (ed. Eugene Rogers, Blackwells 2002). At the Lambeth Conference in July 1998, then Bishop Rowan Williams of Monmouth abstained and did not vote in favour of the conservative resolution on human sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions, combined with his initial support for openly gay Canon <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_John" title="Jeffrey John">Jeffrey John</a>, gained him support among liberals and caused frustration for conservatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_views">Social views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rowan_Williams" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Rowan Williams">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rowan_Williams" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rowan Williams">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg/220px-Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg/330px-Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg/440px-Rowan_D._Williams_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Williams speaking at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in Davos</figcaption></figure> <p>His interest in and involvement with social issues is longstanding. While chaplain of Clare College, Cambridge, Williams took part in <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear</a> demonstrations at United States bases. In 1985, he was arrested for singing <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a> as part of a protest organised by the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lakenheath" title="Lakenheath">Lakenheath</a>, an American air base in Suffolk; his <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fine</a> was paid by his college. At this time he was a member of the left-wing Anglo-Catholic Jubilee Group headed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Leech" title="Kenneth Leech">Kenneth Leech</a> and he collaborated with Leech in a number of publications including the anthology of essays to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> entitled <i>Essays Catholic and Radical</i> in 1983. </p><p>He was in New York at the time of <a href="/wiki/September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2001 attacks">September 2001 attacks</a>, only yards from <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> delivering a lecture; he subsequently wrote a short book, <i>Writing in the Dust</i>, offering reflections on the event. In reference to <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, he said that terrorists "can have serious moral goals"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "Bombast about evil individuals doesn't help in understanding anything."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently worked with Muslim leaders in England and on the third anniversary of 9/11 spoke, by invitation, at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> Institute in Cairo on the subject of the Trinity. He stated that the followers of the will of God should not be led into ways of violence. He contributed to the debate prior to the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a> criticising assertions that immigration was a cause of crime. Williams has argued that the provisional adoption of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law as a valid means of arbitration (in matters such as marriage) among Muslim communities in the United Kingdom is "unavoidable", and should not be resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg/330px-Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg/495px-Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg/660px-Syedna_Mohammed_Burhanuddin_Archbishop_Rowan_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="2826" /></a><figcaption>Williams in conversation with <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Burhanuddin</a>, an Indian Islamic leader, in London (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 November 2008 Williams visited the <a href="/wiki/Tividale_Tirupathy_Balaji_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tividale Tirupathy Balaji Temple">Balaji Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tividale" title="Tividale">Tividale</a>, West Midlands, on a goodwill mission to represent the friendship between Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 May 2010 Williams met Indian Islamic leader, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Mohammed Burhanuddin</a>, at <i>Huseini Mosque</i> in <a href="/wiki/Northolt" title="Northolt">Northolt</a>, London, to discuss the need for interfaith co-operation; and planted a "tree of faith" in the mosque's grounds to signify the many commonalities between the two religions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Williams delivered the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dimbleby" title="Richard Dimbleby">Richard Dimbleby</a> lecture and chose to talk about the problematic nature of the nation-state but also of its successors. He cited the "market state" as offering an inadequate vision of the way a state should operate, partly because it was liable to short-term and narrowed concerns (thus rendering it incapable of dealing with, for instance, issues relating to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation of the natural environment</a>) and partly because a public arena which had become value-free was liable to disappear amidst the multitude of competing private interests. (He noted the same moral vacuum in British society after his visit to China in 2006.) He is not uncritical of <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarianism</a>, but his reservations about <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> have been a constant theme. These views have often been expressed in quite strong terms; for example, he once commented that "Every transaction in the developed economies of the West can be interpreted as an act of aggression against the economic losers in the worldwide game."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams has supported the <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax campaign</a> since March 2010, re-affirming his support in a November 2011 article he published in the <i>Financial Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a vocal opponent of tax avoidance and a proponent of corporate social responsibility, arguing that "economic growth and prosperity are about serving the human good, not about serving private ends".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War_and_possible_attack_on_Syria_or_Iran">Iraq War and possible attack on Syria or Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iraq War and possible attack on Syria or Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams was to repeat his opposition to American action in October 2002 when he signed a petition against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> as being against <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) ethics and Christian teaching, and "lowering the threshold of war unacceptably". Again on 30 June 2004, together with then-<a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a>, and on behalf of all 114 Church of England bishops, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> expressing deep concern about <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a> policy and criticising the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition</a> troops' conduct in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The letter cited the abuse of Iraqi detainees, which was described as having been "deeply damaging" — and stated that the government's apparent double standards "diminish the credibility of western governments".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2006 he expressed doubts in an interview on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 about whether he had done enough to oppose the war.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 2007, Williams visited Iraqi refugees in Syria. In a BBC interview after his trip he described advocates of a United States attack on Syria or Iran as "criminal, ignorant and potentially murderous".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said, "When people talk about further destabilization of the region and you read some American political advisers speaking of action against Syria and Iran, I can only say that I regard that as criminal, ignorant and potentially murderous folly."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days earlier, the former US ambassador to the UN <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John R. Bolton</a> had called for the bombing of Iran at a fringe meeting of the Conservative Party conference.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Williams's <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_Programme" title="Humanitas Programme">Humanitas Programme</a> lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in January 2014, he "characterized the impulse to intervene as a need to be seen to do something rather than nothing" and advocated for "a religiously motivated nonviolence which refuses to idolise human intervention in all circumstances."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_of_the_Anglican_Communion">Unity of the Anglican Communion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unity of the Anglican Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg/220px-Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg/330px-Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg/440px-Rowan-williams-pakistan1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Williams visiting Pakistan in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Williams became Archbishop of Canterbury at a particularly difficult time in the relations of the churches of the Anglican Communion. His predecessor, George Carey, had sought to keep the peace between the theologically conservative primates of the communion such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Akinola" title="Peter Akinola">Peter Akinola</a> of Nigeria and <a href="/wiki/Drexel_Gomez" title="Drexel Gomez">Drexel Gomez</a> of the West Indies and liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Griswold" title="Frank Griswold">Frank Griswold</a>, the then primate of the US Episcopal Church. </p><p>In 2003, in an attempt to encourage dialogue, Williams appointed <a href="/wiki/Robin_Eames" title="Robin Eames">Robin Eames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh" title="Archbishop of Armagh">Archbishop of Armagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_All_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of All Ireland">Primate of All Ireland</a>, as chairman of the Lambeth Commission on Communion, to examine the challenges to the unity of the Anglican Communion, stemming from the consecration of <a href="/wiki/Gene_Robinson" title="Gene Robinson">Gene Robinson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_Hampshire" title="Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire">Bishop of New Hampshire</a>, and the blessing of same-sex unions in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_New_Westminster" title="Anglican Diocese of New Westminster">Diocese of New Westminster</a>. (Robinson was in a same-sex relationship.) The <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report" title="Windsor Report">Windsor Report</a>, as it was called, was published in October 2004. It recommended solidifying the connection between the churches of the communion by having each church ratify an "Anglican Covenant" that would commit them to consulting the wider communion when making major decisions. It also urged those who had contributed to disunity to express their regret. </p><p>In November 2005, following a meeting of Anglicans of the "global south" in Cairo at which Williams had addressed them in conciliatory terms, 12 primates who had been present sent him a letter sharply criticising his leadership which said that "We are troubled by your reluctance to use your moral authority to challenge the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter acknowledged his eloquence but strongly criticised his reluctance to take sides in the communion's theological crisis and urged him to make explicit threats to those more liberal churches. Questions were later asked about the authority and provenance of the letter as two additional signatories' names had been added although they had left the meeting before it was produced. Subsequently, the Church of Nigeria appointed an American cleric to deal with relations between the United States and Nigerian churches outside the normal channels. Williams expressed his reservations about this to the General Synod of the Church of England. </p><p>Williams later established a working party to examine what a "covenant" between the provinces of the Anglican Communion would mean in line with the Windsor Report. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_Freemasonry">Position on Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Position on Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a leaked private letter, Williams said that he "had real misgivings about the compatibility of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonry</a> and Christian profession" and that while he was Bishop of Monmouth he had prevented the appointment of Freemasons to senior positions within his diocese. The leaking of this letter in 2003 caused a controversy, which he sought to defuse by apologising for the distress caused and stating that he did not question "the good faith and generosity of individual Freemasons", not least as his father had been a Freemason. However, he also reiterated his concern about Christian ministers adopting "a private system of profession and initiation, involving the taking of oaths of loyalty."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_about_hijab_and_terrorism">Opinion about hijab and terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opinion about hijab and terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams objected to a proposed French law banning the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, a traditional Islamic headscarf for women, in French schools. He said that the hijab and any other religious symbols should not be outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams also spoke up against the <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a> of Muslims in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a> on underground trains and a bus, which killed 52 and wounded about 700. <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_2005_London_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Response to the 2005 London bombings">The initial blame</a> was placed on <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, but Muslims at large were targeted for reprisals: four mosques in England were assaulted and Muslims were verbally insulted in streets and their cars and houses were vandalised. Williams strongly condemned the terrorist attacks and stated that they could not be justified. However, he added that "any person can commit a crime in the name of religion and it is not particularly Islam to be blamed. Some persons committed deeds in the name of Islam but the deeds contradict Islamic belief and philosophy completely."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creationism">Creationism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Creationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams responded to a controversy regarding <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> being taught in privately sponsored academies saying that it should not be presented in schools as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked if he was comfortable with the teaching of creationism, he said "I think creationism is, in a sense, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">category mistake</a>, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories" and "My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams has maintained traditional support amongst Anglicans and their leaders for the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">evolution as fully compatible with Christianity</a>. This support has dated at least back to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>'s tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interview_with_Emel_magazine">Interview with <i>Emel</i> magazine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interview with Emel magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2007, Williams gave an interview for <a href="/wiki/Emel_(magazine)" title="Emel (magazine)"><i>Emel</i> magazine</a>, a British Muslim magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams condemned the United States and certain Christian groups for their role in the Middle East, while his criticism of some trends within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> went largely unreported. As reported by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, he was greatly critical of the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionists</a>, yet made "only mild criticisms of the Islamic world".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed "the United States wields its power in a way that is worse than Britain during its imperial heyday". He compared Muslims in Britain to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritans" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Samaritans">Good Samaritans</a>, and praised the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> ritual of five prayers a day, but said in Muslim nations, the "present political solutions aren't always very impressive". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharia_law">Sharia law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sharia law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Williams was the subject of a media and press furore in February 2008 following a lecture he gave to the Temple Foundation at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a><sup id="cite_ref-rowanwilliamssharia_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowanwilliamssharia-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the subject of "Islam and English Law". He raised the question of conflicting loyalties which communities might have, cultural, religious and civic. He also argued that theology has a place in debates about the very nature of law "however hard our culture may try to keep it out" and noted that there is, in a "dominant human rights philosophy", a reluctance to acknowledge the liberty of conscientious objection. He spoke of "supplementary jurisdictions" to that of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting the anxieties which the word <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> provoked in the West, he drew attention to the fact that there was a debate within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> between what he called "primitivists" for whom, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> should still be punishable and those Muslims who argued that sharia was a developing system of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> and that such a view was no longer acceptable. He made comparisons with <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jewish</a> practice (<a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a>) and with the recognition of the exercise of conscience of Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-rowanwilliamssharia_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowanwilliamssharia-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams's words were critically interpreted as proposing a parallel jurisdiction to the civil law for Muslims (Sharia) and were the subject of demands from elements of the press and media for his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attracted criticism from elements of the Anglican Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-MSN_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, Williams stated in a BBC interview that "certain provision[s] of sharia are already recognised in our society and under our law; ... we already have in this country a number of situations in which the internal law of religious communities is recognised by the law of the land as justified conscientious objections in certain circumstances in providing certain kinds of social relations" and that "we have <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jewish</a> courts operating in this country legally and in a regulated way because there are modes of dispute resolution and customary provisions which apply there in the light of <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-rowanwilliamsbbc_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowanwilliamsbbc-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams also denied accusations of proposing a parallel Islamic legal system within Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-MSN_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams also said of sharia: "In some of the ways it has been <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> and practised across the world, it has been appalling and applied to women in places like <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, it is grim."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams's position received more support from the legal community, following a speech given on 4 July 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Phillips,_Baron_Phillips_of_Worth_Matravers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers">Nicholas Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales</a>. He supported the idea that sharia could be reasonably employed as a basis for "mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution". He went further to defend the position Williams had taken earlier in the year, explaining that "It was not very radical to advocate embracing sharia law in the context of family disputes, for example, and our system already goes a long way towards accommodating the archbishop's suggestion."; and that "It is possible in this country for those who are entering into a contractual agreement to agree that the agreement shall be governed by a law other than English law."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some concerns have been raised over the question of how far "embracing" sharia law would be compliant with the UK's obligation under human rights law.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society of England and Wales</a> issued instructions on how to draft sharia-compliant wills for the network of sharia courts which has grown up in Islamic communities to deal with disputes between Muslim families, and so Williams's idea of sharia in the UK was, for a time, seen to bear fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instructions were withdrawn in November 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_on_the_British_government">Comments on the British government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comments on the British government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 June 2011, Williams said that the British government was committing Britain to "radical, long-term policies for which no-one voted". Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> magazine, Williams raised concerns about the coalition's health, education and welfare reforms. He said there was "indignation" due to a lack of "proper public argument". He also said that the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Society" title="Big Society">Big Society</a>" idea was viewed with "widespread suspicion", noting also that "we are still waiting for a full and robust account of what the Left would do differently and what a Left-inspired version of <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> would look like". The article also said there was concern that the government would abandon its responsibility for tackling child poverty, illiteracy and poor access to the best schools. He also expressed concern about the "quiet resurgence of the seductive language of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor" and the steady pressure to increase "what look like punitive responses to alleged <a href="/wiki/Abuses_of_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuses of the system">abuses of the system</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> said that he "profoundly disagreed" with Williams's claim that the government was forcing through "radical policies for which no one voted". Cameron said that the government was acting in a "good and moral" fashion and defended the "Big Society" and the coalition's deficit reduction, welfare and education plans. "I am absolutely convinced that our policies are about actually giving people a greater responsibility and greater chances in their life, and I will defend those very vigorously", he said. "By all means let us have a robust debate but I can tell you, it will always be a two-sided debate."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 2013, at Clare College, Cambridge, Williams gave the annual T. S. Eliot Lecture, with the title <i>Eliot's Christian Society and the Current Political Crisis</i>. In this, he recalled the poet's assertion that a competent agnostic would make a better prime minister than an incompetent Christian. "I don't know what he would make of our present prime minister", he said. "I have a suspicion that he might have approved of him. I don't find that a very comfortable thought."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_on_antisemitism">Comments on antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comments on antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2017, Williams condemned <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and backed a petition to remove the works of <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> books from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to the university, Williams said "At a time when there is, nationally and internationally, a measurable rise in the expression of extremist views I believe this question needs urgent attention."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_ecological_crisis">Climate and ecological crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Climate and ecological crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2018, he signed the call to action supporting <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2022, following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Williams urged senior leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> to call for an immediate ceasefire in Ukraine and the re-opening of diplomatic engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April, on BBC Radio 4's <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_(radio_programme)" title="Sunday (radio programme)">Sunday</a></i> programme, Williams said there was a strong case for expelling the Russian Orthodox Church from the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, saying, "When a Church is actively supporting a war of aggression, failing to condemn nakedly obvious breaches of any kind of ethical conduct in wartime, then other Churches do have the right to raise the question… I am still waiting for any senior member of the Orthodox hierarchy to say that the slaughter of the innocent is condemned unequivocally by all forms of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 April 2022, Williams called for an Easter ceasefire in Ukraine. He gave his remarks in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, at the "Faith in Ukraine" event, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Interfaith_Institute" title="Elijah Interfaith Institute">Elijah Interfaith Institute</a> and the Peace Department.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2022, Williams and several other UK religious leaders signed an open letter to the then-prime minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, urging him to include a ban on <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a> targeting <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people alongside planned legislation to ban conversion therapy targeting sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG/250px-Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG/375px-Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG/500px-Rowan_williams_garegin_ii_IMG_2506.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Williams and <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a> <a href="/wiki/Karekin_II" title="Karekin II">Karekin II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> for a torch lighting ceremony for the genocide victims in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>. The two men are standing on purple cloth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Williams did his doctoral work on the mid-20th-century Russian Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1975_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is currently patron of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Saint_Alban_and_Saint_Sergius" title="Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius">Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius</a>, an ecumenical forum for Orthodox and Western (primarily Anglican) Christians. He has expressed his continuing sympathies with Orthodoxy in lectures and writings since that time. </p><p>Williams has written on the Spanish Catholic mystic <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>. On the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, he accepted an invitation to attend his funeral, the first Archbishop of Canterbury to attend the funeral of a Pope since the break under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. He also attended the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Inauguration">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. During the Pope's <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI%27s_visit_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom">state visit to the United Kingdom</a> in September 2010, the two led a service together at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams said in April 2010 that the child <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse scandal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> had been a "colossal trauma" for Ireland in particular. His remarks were condemned by the second most senior Catholic bishop in Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)">Archbishop of Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Martin" title="Diarmuid Martin">Diarmuid Martin</a>, who said that "Those working for renewal in the Catholic Church in Ireland did not need this comment on this Easter weekend and do not deserve it".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/35px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/53px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/70px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="179" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a> (created 8 January 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif/35px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif/53px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif/70px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a> (2012)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/35px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/53px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/70px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="126" /></a></span> Chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of St John">Order of St John</a> (1999)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png/35px-Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png/53px-Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png/70px-Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross">Knight Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Francis_I" title="Royal Order of Francis I">Royal Order of Francis I</a> (2004)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_of_Friendship.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orden_of_Friendship.png/35px-Orden_of_Friendship.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orden_of_Friendship.png/53px-Orden_of_Friendship.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orden_of_Friendship.png/70px-Orden_of_Friendship.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a> of Russia (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png/35px-Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png/53px-Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png/70px-Star_of_Excellence_Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitara-e-Pakistan">Sitara-e-Pakistan</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tribune_Express,_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Membership in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a>, 2002</li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (FBA), 1990</li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a> (FRSL), 2003</li> <li>Founding Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Learned_Society_of_Wales" title="Learned Society of Wales">Learned Society of Wales</a> (FLSW), 2010</li> <li>Honorary doctorates: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>, DD, 2003; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>, DD, 2003; Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, Dr. theol. <i>honoris causa</i>, 2004; University of Oxford, DCL, 2005; University of Cambridge, DD, 2006; Wycliffe College, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, DD, 2007; Trinity College, University of Toronto, DD, 2007; <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, DD, 2007; <a href="/wiki/Rikkyo_University" title="Rikkyo University">Rikkyo University</a>, DD, 2009; <a href="/wiki/St._Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary">St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary</a>, DD, 2010; <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, DD, 2011; <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, DD, 2011; DUniv <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University" title="Canterbury Christ Church University">Canterbury Christ Church University</a>, 2012; University of South Wales, DUniv, 2013; University of Warwick, LLD, 2016; <a href="/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South" title="Sewanee: The University of the South">Sewanee: The University of the South</a>, DD, 2016; <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Sweden, teol. dr <i>honoris causa</i> 2017; <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, 2018; <a href="/wiki/The_General_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="The General Theological Seminary">The General Theological Seminary</a>, New York, D.D. 11 February 2019; <a href="/wiki/Huron_University_College" title="Huron University College">Huron University College</a>, London, Ontario, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">DD</a> 18 March 2019; <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Divinity_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Divinity School">Berkeley Divinity School</a>, DD <i>honoris causa</i> 21 February 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Student of Christ Church, Oxford</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of Glyndŵr University, Wrexham</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of St Chad's College, Durham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales: 31 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, Kent: 17 November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freeman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liveryman" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveryman">Liveryman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Wax_Chandlers" title="Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers">Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Medal_(British_Academy)" title="President's Medal (British Academy)">President's Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, he received an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>.</li></ul> <p>In 2024, he received an honorary Doctorate from The Teresianum Pontificia Facoltà Teologica Pontificio Istituto di Spiritualità, Roma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Rowan Williams </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rowan_Williams_-_Sodacan_Style.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Williams's family arms as archbishop.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Per Pale Gules and Azure a Chevron Ermine between three Lions Passant Guardant armed within Roundels Or all counterchanged</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd><i>Cultus Dei Sapientia Hominis</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: "The worship of God is the wisdom of man")</dd> <dt>Other elements</dt> <dd>The exterior heraldic ornaments pertaining to a Church of England archbishop.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:15b86a5d-21f4-44a3-95bb-b8543d326658">The Theology of Vladimir Nikolaievich Lossky: An Exposition and Critique</a></i> (1975 DPhil thesis)</li> <li><i>The Wound of Knowledge</i> (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1979)</li> <li><i>Resurrection: Interpreting the Easter Gospel</i> (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1982)</li> <li><i>Eucharistic Sacrifice: The Roots of a Metaphor</i> (Grove Books, 1982)</li> <li><i>Essays Catholic and Radical</i> ed. with K. Leech (Bowerdean, 1983)</li> <li><i>The Truce of God</i> (London: Fount, 1983)</li> <li><i>Peacemaking Theology</i> (1984)</li> <li><i>Open to Judgement: Sermons and Addresses</i> (1984)</li> <li><i>Politics and Theological Identity</i> (with David Nicholls) (Jubilee, 1984)</li> <li><i>Faith in the University</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Christianity and the Ideal of Detachment</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Teresa of Avila</i> (1991) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-225-66579-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-225-66579-4">0-225-66579-4</a></li> <li><i>Open to Judgement: Sermons and Addresses</i> (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1994)</li> <li><i>After Silent Centuries</i> (1994)</li> <li>"A Ray of Darkness" (1995)</li> <li><i>On Christian Theology</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Christ on Trial</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-710791-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-710791-9">0-00-710791-9</a></li> <li><i>Arius: Heresy and Tradition</i> (2nd ed., SCM Press, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02850-7">0-334-02850-7</a></li> <li><i>The Poems of Rowan Williams</i> (2002)</li> <li><i>Writing in the Dust: Reflections on 11 September and Its Aftermath</i> (Hodder and Stoughton, 2002)</li> <li><i>Ponder These Things: Praying With Icons of the Virgin</i> (Canterbury Press, 2002)</li> <li><i>Faith and Experience in Early Monasticism</i> (2002)</li> <li><i>Silence and Honey Cakes: The Wisdom of the Desert</i> (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7459-5170-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7459-5170-8">0-7459-5170-8</a></li> <li><i>Lost Icons: Essays on Cultural Bereavement</i> (T & T Clark, 2003)</li> <li><i>The Dwelling of the Light—Praying with Icons of Christ</i> (Canterbury Press, 2003 )</li> <li><i>Darkness Yielding</i>, co-authored with Jim Cotter, Martyn Percy, Sylvia Sands and W. H. Vanstone (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870652-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-870652-36-3">1-870652-36-3</a></li> <li><i>Anglican Identities</i> (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56101-254-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56101-254-8">1-56101-254-8</a></li> <li><i>Why Study the Past? The Quest for the Historical Church</i> (Eerdmans, 2005 )</li> <li><i>Grace and Necessity: Reflections on Art and Love</i> (2005)</li> <li><i>Tokens of Trust. An introduction to Christian belief.</i> (Canterbury Press, 2007 )</li> <li><i>Wrestling with Angels: Conversations in Modern Theology</i>, ed. Mike Higton (SCM Press, 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-04095-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-04095-7">0-334-04095-7</a></li> <li><i>Where God Happens: Discovering Christ in One Another</i> (New Seeds, 2007)</li> <li><i>Dostoevsky: Language, Faith and Fiction</i> (Baylor University Press, 2008); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84706-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84706-425-6">1-84706-425-6</a></li> <li><i>Choose Life</i> (Bloomsbury, 2009)</li> <li><i>Faith in the Public Square</i> (Bloomsbury, 2012)</li> <li><i>The Lion's World - A Journey into the Heart of Narnia</i> (SPCK, 2012); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0281068951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0281068951">978-0281068951</a></li> <li><i>Meeting God in Mark</i> (SPCK, 2014), reprinted as <i>Meeting God in Mark: Reflections for the Season of Lent</i> (Westminster John Knox Press, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664260521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664260521">978-0664260521</a></li> <li><i>Being Christian: Baptism, Bible, Eucharist, Prayer</i> (Eerdmans, 2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802871978" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802871978">978-0802871978</a></li> <li><i>The Edge of Words</i> (Bloomsbury, 2014)</li> <li><i>Meeting God in Paul</i> (SPCK, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0281073382" title="Special:BookSources/978-0281073382">978-0281073382</a></li> <li><i>On Augustine</i> (Bloomsbury, 2016)</li> <li><i>Being Disciples: Essentials of the Christian life</i> (SPCK, 2016)</li> <li><i>God With Us: The Meaning of the Cross and resurrection - then and now</i> (SPCK, 2017)</li> <li><i>Holy Living: The Christian Tradition for Today</i> (Bloomsbury, 2017)</li> <li><i>Christ the Heart of Creation</i> (Bloomsbury, 2018)</li> <li><i>Being Human: Bodies, Minds, Persons</i> (SPCK, 2018)</li> <li><i>Luminaries: Twenty Lives that Illuminate the Christian Way</i> (SPCK, 2019)</li> <li><i>The Book of Taliesin</i> (translation and introductions with Gwyneth Lewis; Penguin, 2019)</li> <li><i>The Way of St Benedict</i> (Bloomsbury, 2020)</li> <li><i>Looking East in Winter: Contemporary Thought and the Eastern Christian Tradition</i> (Bloomsbury, 2021)</li> <li><i>Passions of the Soul</i> (Bloomsbury, 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forewords_and_afterwords">Forewords and afterwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Forewords and afterwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foreword to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> in <i>Great Poets of the 20th century</i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 12 March 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan_Williams2019" class="citation book cs1">Rowan Williams (2019). "Afterword". In <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> (ed.). <i>This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook</i>. Penguin Books. pp. 181–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141991443" title="Special:BookSources/9780141991443"><bdi>9780141991443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterword&rft.btitle=This+Is+Not+a+Drill%3A+An+Extinction+Rebellion+Handbook&rft.pages=181-184&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780141991443&rft.au=Rowan+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-profile-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profile_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7234391.stm">"Profile: Dr Rowan Williams"</a>. BBC News. 8 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212195826/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7234391.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Dr+Rowan+Williams&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F7234391.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-21033783">"Rowan Williams joins House of Lords with nod to Swansea"</a>. BBC News. 15 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116232053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-21033783">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rowan+Williams+joins+House+of+Lords+with+nod+to+Swansea&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-21033783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/dr-rowan-williams564698/">Profile of Master</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005247/http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/dr-rowan-williams564698/">Archived</a> 27 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/entertainment/newsid_7724000/7724574.stm">BBC Russian.com interview with Williams</a>: ``Я читаю на девяти или десяти языках, но говорю только на трех.`` ("I read nine or ten languages, but speak only three.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/peerage-for-the-lord-archbishop-of-canterbury/">"Peerage for the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury - GOV.UK"</a>. <i>Number10.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Number10.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Peerage+for+the+Lord+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+-+GOV.UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeerage-for-the-lord-archbishop-of-canterbury%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette60389" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60389/page/477">"No. 60389"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 11 January 2013. p. 477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+60389&rft.pages=477&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F60389%2Fpage%2F477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldhansrd/text/130115-0001.htm#13011554000467">"Introduction: Lord Williams of Oystermouth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. UK: House of Lords. 15 January 2013. col. 585<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Lord+Williams+of+Oystermouth&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=col.-585&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201213%2Fldhansrd%2Ftext%2F130115-0001.htm%2313011554000467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125032452/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldhansrd/text/130115-0001.htm">"Lords Hansard text for 15 Jan 201315 Jan 2013 (Pt 0001)"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lords+Hansard+text+for+15+Jan+201315+Jan+2013+%28Pt+0001%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201213%2Fldhansrd%2Ftext%2F130115-0001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.parliament.uk/member/3620/career">"Lord Williams of Oystermouth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2018</span> – via UK Press Online archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Times&rft.atitle=Ordinations&rft.issue=5981&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1977-09-30&rft.issn=0009-658X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukpressonline.co.uk%2Fpage-link%2FChTm_1977_09_30_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1978_07_07_4">"Petertide ordinations"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Times" title="Church Times">Church Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>... он [Роуэн Уильямс] овладел русским специально для того, чтобы изучать Достоевского в оригинале.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Frussian%2Fentertainment%2Fnewsid_7720000%2F7720087.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/interviews/0023845-interview-rowan-williams.html">"Interview: Rowan Williams"</a>. <i>Tcs.cam.ac.uk</i>. 22 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcs.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Rowan+Williams&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcs.cam.ac.uk%2Finterviews%2F0023845-interview-rowan-williams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranslating_for_Europe2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Translating for Europe (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_v3A0QQ7tA"><i>Interview with Dr. Rowan Williams, Master of Magdalene College, University of Cambridge</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Dr.+Rowan+Williams%2C+Master+of+Magdalene+College%2C+University+of+Cambridge.&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.au=Translating+for+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dw_v3A0QQ7tA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2172918.stm">"Archbishop becomes druid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Archbishop+becomes+druid&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F2172918.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/divorce-and-the-church-how-charles-married-camilla-cf88k667xa">"Divorce and the church: how Charles married Camill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 28 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Divorce+and+the+church%3A+how+Charles+married+Camill&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fdivorce-and-the-church-how-charles-married-camilla-cf88k667xa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianwed-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardianwed_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeft2005" class="citation news cs1">Left, Sarah (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/10/monarchy.constitution">"Charles and Camilla to Marry"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Charles+and+Camilla+to+Marry&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.aulast=Left&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fmonarchy.constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rwsupport-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rwsupport_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Rowan (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603001436/http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/1552/archbishop-statement-on-the-marriage-of-hrh-prince-of-wales-and-mrs-camilla-parker-bowles">"Statement of support"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/1552/archbishop-statement-on-the-marriage-of-hrh-prince-of-wales-and-mrs-camilla-parker-bowles">the original</a> on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+support&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org%2Farticles.php%2F1552%2Farchbishop-statement-on-the-marriage-of-hrh-prince-of-wales-and-mrs-camilla-parker-bowles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foxwed-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxwed_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxwed_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/charles-and-camilla-to-confess-past-sins">"Charles and Camilla to confess past sins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 9 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org&rft.atitle=The+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+on+the+Royal+Wedding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org%2Farticles.php%2F1769%2Fthe-archbishop-of-canterbury-on-the-royal-wedding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15754581">"King James Bible: Queen marks 400th anniversary"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianaid.org.uk/aboutus/who/board/index.aspx">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianaid.org.uk&rft.atitle=Our+people%2C+partners+and+sponsors+-+Christian+Aid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianaid.org.uk%2Faboutus%2Fwho%2Fboard%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdbu.org.uk/who-we-are/">"Who we are"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdbu.org.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072629/http://www.wilfredowen.org.uk/wilfred-owen-association">"The Wilfred Owen Association"</a>. <i>Wilfred Owen</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilfredowen.org.uk/wilfred-owen-association">the original</a> on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilfred+Owen&rft.atitle=The+Wilfred+Owen+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilfredowen.org.uk%2Fwilfred-owen-association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essays Catholic and Radical</i> (Bowerdean 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics and Theological Identity</i> (Jubilee 1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essays Catholic and Radical,</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anthony" title="Andrew Anthony">Anthony, Andrew</a> (10 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/10/anglicanism.religion">"Profile: Rowan Williams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Rowan+Williams&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fanglicanism.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, Rowan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfG242FGuNwC">"Grace under Pressure?"</a>. <i>Third Way</i>. Vol. 23, no. 1. Interviewed by Holt, Douglas. London. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-3492">0309-3492</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+Way&rft.atitle=Grace+under+Pressure%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0309-3492&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfG242FGuNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516132202/http://people.bu.edu/joeld/eucharistic-sacrifice.pdf">"The Roots of a Metaphor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>People.bu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/joeld/eucharistic-sacrifice.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People.bu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+a+Metaphor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bu.edu%2Fjoeld%2Feucharistic-sacrifice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212191035/http://www.igreens.org.uk/bodys_grace.htm">"The Body's Grace"</a>. <i>Igreens.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igreens.org.uk/bodys_grace.htm">the original</a> on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Igreens.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Body%27s+Grace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igreens.org.uk%2Fbodys_grace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2005" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Stephen (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchatwar00step"><i>A Church At War: Anglicans And Homosexuality</i></a></span>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchatwar00step/page/176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845110932" title="Special:BookSources/9781845110932"><bdi>9781845110932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Church+At+War%3A+Anglicans+And+Homosexuality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845110932&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchatwar00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031029055649/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F10%2F15%2Fwbish15.xml">Terrorists can have serious moral goals, says Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph.co.uk">Telegraph.co.uk</a> 15 October 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/taste/?id=110001981">Tales of Canterbury's Future? A terror apologist may soon lead the Church of England.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, 12 July 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7232661.stm">Sharia law in UK is 'unavoidable'</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 7 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Libby Purves, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesonline.typepad.com/faith/2008/02/sharia-in-brita.html">Sharia in Britain? We think not..</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080707024804/http://timesonline.typepad.com/faith/2008/02/sharia-in-brita.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Online">Times Online</a>, 7 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"The Times & The Sunday Times"</a>. <i>Thetimes.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thetimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Times+%26+The+Sunday+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212024105/http://www.birminghammail.net/news/birmingham-news/2008/11/13/archbishop-of-canterbury-dr-rowan-williams-will-visit-the-shri-venkateswara-balaji-temple-in-tividale-97319-22248728/">"Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Rowan Williams will visit the Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) temple in Tividale"</a>. <i>Birmingham Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghammail.net/news/birmingham-news/2008/11/13/archbishop-of-canterbury-dr-rowan-williams-will-visit-the-shri-venkateswara-balaji-temple-in-tividale-97319-22248728/">the original</a> on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Canterbury+Dr+Rowan+Williams+will+visit+the+Shri+Venkateswara+%28Balaji%29+temple+in+Tividale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammail.net%2Fnews%2Fbirmingham-news%2F2008%2F11%2F13%2Farchbishop-of-canterbury-dr-rowan-williams-will-visit-the-shri-venkateswara-balaji-temple-in-tividale-97319-22248728%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2010" class="citation news cs1">Kirk, Tristan (6 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512155217/https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/8160278.archbishop-of-canterbury-visits-northolt-mosque/">"Archbishop of Canterbury visits Northolt mosque"</a>. <i>harrowtimes.co.uk</i>. Newsquest Media Group Private Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-4938">1741-4938</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/8160278.archbishop-of-canterbury-visits-northolt-mosque/">the original</a> on 12 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=harrowtimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Canterbury+visits+Northolt+mosque&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.issn=1741-4938&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrowtimes.co.uk%2Fnews%2F8160278.archbishop-of-canterbury-visits-northolt-mosque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2004" class="citation news cs1">Mullen, Peter (7 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103163932/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3284-1249948,00.html">"I despair at the 9/11 naivety of Rowan Williams -Times Online"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3284-1249948,00.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=I+despair+at+the+9%2F11+naivety+of+Rowan+Williams+-Times+Online&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C3284-1249948%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan_Williams_and_Richard_Curtis2010" class="citation news cs1">Rowan Williams and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a> (14 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7061026.ece">"Think tank: Hit the City with a Robin Hood tax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Think+tank%3A+Hit+the+City+with+a+Robin+Hood+tax&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.au=Rowan+Williams+and+Richard+Curtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle7061026.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Rowan (1 November 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a561a4f6-0485-11e1-ac2a-00144feabdc0.html">"Time for Us to Challenge the Idols of High Finance"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a561a4f6-0485-11e1-ac2a-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Time+for+Us+to+Challenge+the+Idols+of+High+Finance&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa561a4f6-0485-11e1-ac2a-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation news cs1">Parker, George (2 November 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/85ab605c-04a8-11e1-91d9-00144feabdc0.html">"Archbishop Backs 'Robin Hood Tax'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/85ab605c-04a8-11e1-91d9-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Backs+%27Robin+Hood+Tax%27&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F85ab605c-04a8-11e1-91d9-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_White2014" class="citation news cs1">Josh White (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224193712/http://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/i/former-archbishop-canterbury-rowan-williams-talks-world-weekly-about-good-tax-citizenship/2546">"Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams talks to The World Weekly about good tax citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Weekly" title="The World Weekly">The World Weekly</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+Rowan+Williams+talks+to+The+World+Weekly+about+good+tax+citizenship&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.au=Josh+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldweekly.com%2Freader%2Fi%2Fformer-archbishop-canterbury-rowan-williams-talks-world-weekly-about-good-tax-citizenship%2F2546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3852127.stm">Archbishops slam Iraq jail abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 30 June 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050412221442/http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=3142630">"Archbishops Warn Blair over Iraq Prisoner Abuse"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. 29 June 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.com&rft.atitle=Archbishop+home+for+city+honour&rft.date=2010-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-10817352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-20379118">"Archbishop of Canterbury receives freedom of city"</a>. BBC. 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Canterbury+receives+freedom+of+city&rft.date=2012-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-20379118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burkespeerage.com/">"Burke's Peerage - The Official Website"</a>. <i>Burkespeerage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Burkespeerage.com&rft.atitle=Burke%27s+Peerage+-+The+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burkespeerage.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/british-academy-presidents-medal">"The British Academy President's Medal"</a>. <i>British Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Academy&rft.atitle=The+British+Academy+President%27s+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fbritish-academy-presidents-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/26-january/books-arts/book-reviews/book-review-passions-of-the-soul-by-rowan-williams">"Book review: Passions of the Soul by Rowan Williams"</a>. <i>www.churchtimes.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchtimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Passions+of+the+Soul+by+Rowan+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F2024%2F26-january%2Fbooks-arts%2Fbook-reviews%2Fbook-review-passions-of-the-soul-by-rowan-williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowan+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rowan_Williams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/">Archbishop of Canterbury official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7234391.stm">BBC profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308152131/http://www.icjs-online.org/index.php?article=1161">"The Archbishop's guide to Muslim intolerance"</a> – critical op-ed originally published in <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=744">"Early Christianity and Today: Some Shared Questions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219204938/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=744">Archived</a> 19 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, lecture for <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> on 4 June 2008 (available in text, MP3 and MP4 formats).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunden-chart-williams/">Documents of the Early Arian Controversy: Chronology according to Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/25/religion.creditcrunch">"Archbishops attack profiteers and 'bank robbers' in City"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2008/12/williams-archbishop-lambeth">Interview of Williams by James Macintyre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233643/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/02/29/3442363.htm">Text of lecture delivered at the World Council of Churches Ecumenical Centre, Geneva on 28 February 2012.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/pages/archbishop-as-patron.html">www.rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161143/http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/pages/archbishop-as-patron.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://envisionation.co.uk/index.php/blogs/nick-breeze-blogs/153-rowan-williams-interview">Interview on climate change with Nick Breeze, London 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/2057051">Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 1 July 2015 (video)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Wright_(bishop)" title="Clifford Wright (bishop)">Clifford Wright</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Monmouth" title="Bishop of Monmouth">Bishop of Monmouth</a> </b><br />1992–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Walker_(bishop)" title="Dominic Walker (bishop)">Dominic Walker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Rice_Jones" title="Alwyn Rice Jones">Alwyn Rice Jones</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a> </b><br />1999–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Barry Morgan (bishop)">Barry Morgan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> </b><br />2002–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Macquarrie" title="John Macquarrie">John Macquarrie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity">Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity</a> </b><br />1986–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Webster_(theologian)" title="John Webster (theologian)">John Webster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Robinson_(art_historian)" title="Duncan Robinson (art historian)">Duncan Robinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Magdalene_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Magdalene College">Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />2013–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Greenwood" title="Christopher Greenwood">Christopher Greenwood</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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of Magdalene)">Robert Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carre" title="Richard Carre">Richard Carre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kelke" title="Roger Kelke">Roger Kelke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howland" title="Richard Howland">Richard Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degory_Nicholls" title="Degory Nicholls">Degory Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nevile" title="Thomas Nevile">Thomas Nevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clayton_(dean_of_Peterborough)" title="Richard Clayton (dean of Peterborough)">Richard Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_(Master_of_Magdalene_College)" title="John Palmer (Master of Magdalene College)">John Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Gooch" title="Barnabas Gooch">Barnabas Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smyth_(Master_of_Magdalene_College)" title="Henry Smyth (Master of Magdalene College)">Henry Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rainbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rainbow">Edward Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(1615-1674)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sadler (1615-1674)">John Sadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rainbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rainbow">Edward Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howorth" title="John Howorth">John Howorth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duport" title="James Duport">James Duport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peachell" title="John Peachell">John Peachell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Quadring" title="Gabriel Quadring">Gabriel Quadring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Waterland" title="Daniel Waterland">Daniel Waterland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbott_(Master_of_Magdalene_College)" title="Edward Abbott (Master of Magdalene College)">Edward Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chapman_(Master_of_Magdalene_College)" title="Thomas Chapman (Master of Magdalene College)">Thomas Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sandby" title="George Sandby">George Sandby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Wallop" title="Barton Wallop">Barton Wallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Peckard" title="Peter Peckard">Peter Peckard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gretton" title="William Gretton">William Gretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville-Grenville" title="George Neville-Grenville">George Neville-Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latimer_Neville,_6th_Baron_Braybrooke" title="Latimer Neville, 6th Baron Braybrooke">Latimer Neville (Lord Braybrooke)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Alexander_Donaldson" title="Stuart Alexander Donaldson">Stuart Alexander Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Benson" title="A. C. Benson">A. C. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Beville_Ramsay" title="Allen Beville Ramsay">Allen Beville Ramsay</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hamilton_(Master_of_Magdalene_College)" title="Walter Hamilton (Master of Magdalene College)">Walter Hamilton</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Derman_Christopherson" title="Derman Christopherson">Derman Christopherson</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Calcutt" title="David Calcutt">David Calcutt</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Robinson_(art_historian)" title="Duncan Robinson (art historian)">Duncan Robinson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lord Williams of Oystermouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template talk:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="List of archbishops of Canterbury">List of archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wighard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatwine" title="Tatwine">Tatwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregowine" title="Bregowine">Bregowine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6nberht" title="Jænberht">Jænberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feologild" title="Feologild">Feologild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(archbishop)" title="Æthelred (archbishop)">Æthelred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhelm" title="Wulfhelm">Wulfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhthelm_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Byrhthelm (bishop of Wells)">Byrhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(bishop)" title="Sigeric (bishop)">Sigeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conquest to <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Corbeil" title="William de Corbeil">William de Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Bailleul" title="Roger de Bailleul">Roger de Bailleul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_(sub-prior)" title="Reginald (sub-prior)">Reginald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_d%27Eynsham" title="Walter d'Eynsham">Walter d'Eynsham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_le_Grant" title="Richard le Grant">Richard le Grant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_of_Sittingbourne" title="John of Sittingbourne">John of Sittingbourne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Blund" title="John Blund">John Blund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Abingdon" title="Edmund of Abingdon">Edmund of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Chillenden" title="William Chillenden">William Chillenden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mepeham" title="Simon Mepeham">Simon Mepeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Potter_(bishop)" title="John Potter (bishop)">John Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_Sumner" title="John Bird Sumner">John Bird Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archbishops_of_Wales" title="Template:Archbishops of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archbishops_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Archbishops of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishops of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Edwards_(bishop)" title="A. G. Edwards (bishop)">A. G. Edwards</a> <small>(Bishop of St Asaph)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(bishop)" title="Charles Green (bishop)">Charles Green</a> <small>(Bishop of Bangor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Prosser_(bishop)" title="David Prosser (bishop)">David Prosser</a> <small>(Bishop of St Davids)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_(archbishop_of_Wales)" title="John Morgan (archbishop of Wales)">John Morgan</a> <small>(Bishop of Llandaff)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Morris_(bishop)" title="Edwin Morris (bishop)">Edwin Morris</a> <small>(Bishop of Monmouth)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Simon" title="Glyn Simon">Glyn Simon</a> <small>(Bishop of Llandaff)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Williams" title="Gwilym Williams">Gwilym Williams</a> <small>(Bishop of Bangor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Childs" title="Derrick Childs">Derrick Childs</a> <small>(Bishop of Monmouth)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Noakes" title="George Noakes">George Noakes</a> <small>(Bishop of St Davids)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Rice_Jones" title="Alwyn Rice Jones">Alwyn Rice Jones</a> <small>(Bishop of St Asaph)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowan Williams</a> <small>(Bishop of Monmouth)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Barry Morgan (bishop)">Barry Morgan</a> <small>(Bishop of Llandaff)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(archbishop_of_Wales)" title="John Davies (archbishop of Wales)">John Davies</a> <small>(Bishop of Swansea and Brecon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_John" title="Andy John">Andy John</a> <small>(Bishop of Bangor)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Monmouth" 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowan Williams</a> (Archbishop of Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Walker_(bishop)" title="Dominic Walker (bishop)">Dominic Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pain" title="Richard Pain">Richard Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Vann" title="Cherry Vann">Cherry Vann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/19px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/28px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/37px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="223" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/21px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/42px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121477340">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/110810708">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/58851/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4bHj8xX8MW79bydvGpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124692400">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80101047">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12188959b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12188959b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001288723">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Williams, Rowan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV033741">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35239730">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005959&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1160374">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075100061">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90349251">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000031543&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201515283">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs69g49d3xjtwvj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543176005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/294045">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304905305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524417406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13914729">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04056969?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e7cd1bcc-96cb-425f-9b8b-69b67a5b08be">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/cwWbHi7M">UK Parliament</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124692400">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030484154">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&oldid=1259013622">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowan_Williams&oldid=1259013622</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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