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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alexander_the_Great_in_Bactria_and_India_(331–325_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_the_Great_in_Bactria_and_India_(331–325_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alexander the Great in Bactria and India (331–325 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_the_Great_in_Bactria_and_India_(331–325_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(322–183_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauryan_Empire_(322–183_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mauryan Empire (322–183 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(322–183_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_presence_in_Bactria_(325–125_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_presence_in_Bactria_(325–125_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Greek presence in Bactria (325–125 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_presence_in_Bactria_(325–125_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Greek_Kingdom_and_Buddhism_(180_BC_–_10_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Greek_Kingdom_and_Buddhism_(180_BC_–_10_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indo-Greek Kingdom and Buddhism (180 BC – 10 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Greek_Kingdom_and_Buddhism_(180_BC_–_10_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_empire_(1st–3rd_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_empire_(1st–3rd_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kushan empire (1st–3rd century AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_empire_(1st–3rd_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophical influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyrrhonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrrhonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pyrrhonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrrhonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cynicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyrenaicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrenaicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cyrenaicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrenaicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artistic influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropomorphic_representation_of_the_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropomorphic_representation_of_the_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropomorphic_representation_of_the_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenized_Buddhist_pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenized_Buddhist_pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hellenized Buddhist pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenized_Buddhist_pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exchanges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exchanges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exchanges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proselytism_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proselytism_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Proselytism in the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proselytism_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Buddhism_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Buddhism_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Greco-Buddhism in the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Buddhism_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Buddhism and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greco-Buddhism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بوذية إغريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوذية إغريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecobudismu" title="Grecobudismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grecobudismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="গ্রিকো-বৌদ্ধধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিকো-বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Гръко-будизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръко-будизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecobudisme" title="Grecobudisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grecobudisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Buddhismus" title="Graeco-Buddhismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graeco-Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελληνοβουδισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνοβουδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecobudismo" title="Grecobudismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grecobudismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_Budhismo" title="Greka Budhismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka Budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekobudismo" title="Grekobudismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grekobudismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9co-bouddhisme" title="Gréco-bouddhisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gréco-bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-budismo" title="Greco-budismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Greco-budismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="그리스 불교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_Helenistik" title="Buddhisme Helenistik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_greco" title="Buddismo greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ko-buddhizmus" title="Gréko-buddhizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gréko-buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രീക്കോ-ബുദ്ധമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീക്കോ-ബുദ്ധമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk-buddhisme" title="Gresk-buddhisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gresk-buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="يوناني-بودايي دين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوناني-بودايي دين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-budismo" title="Greco-budismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Greco-budismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Греко-буддизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греко-буддизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekobuddhalaisuus" title="Grekobuddhalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grekobuddhalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecobuddhism" title="Graecobuddhism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Graecobuddhism" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism in Greece</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural syncretism in Central and South Asia in antiquity</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist style</a>, 1st–2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (Peshawar basin, modern day Pakistan).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img 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style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/330px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/495px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/660px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhist expansion in Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#History" title="Chinese Buddhism">first entered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Religion,_cosmology,_and_metaphysics" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Era</a>. The overland and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime</a> "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Greco-Buddhism</b> or <b>Graeco-Buddhism</b> denotes a supposed cultural <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and parts of north-east <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> shows clear Hellenistic influences, the majority of scholars do not assume a noticeable Greek influence on <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> beyond the artistic realm.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural interactions between ancient Greece and Buddhism date back to Greek forays into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. A few years after Alexander's death, the Easternmost fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">empire of his general Seleucus</a> were lost in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. The Mauryan <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ashoka">Emperor Ashoka</a> would convert to Buddhism and spread the religious philosophy throughout his domain, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>. This spread to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a>, which itself seceded from the Seleucid Empire. </p><p>Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, Buddhism continued to flourish under the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek Kingdoms">Indo-Greek Kingdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> was spread from the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plains">Gangetic plains</a> in India into <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the Mauryan Era, where it became the most prevalent branch of Buddhism in Central Asia. Mahayana Buddhism was later <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">transmitted through the Silk Road</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> during the Kushan era under the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>. Buddhist tradition details the monk, <a href="/wiki/Majjhantika" title="Majjhantika">Majjhantika</a> of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, was made responsible for spreading Buddhism in the region by Emperor Ashoka. Later on, the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a>, who may have converted to Buddhism, stimulated the spread of the religion as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_outline">Historical outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/310px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/465px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/620px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>The Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100–150 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> to central Asia started after the conquest of that region by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> and his Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. He and his successors also conquered the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian peninsula">Anatolian peninsula</a>, which at the time was inhabited by many Greek cultures. When they rebelled, those Greeks were often ethnically cleansed by being relocated to the far end of the Persian Empire, those central Asian provinces. When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Achaemenid Empire and further regions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in 334 BC, he thus encountered many Greeks already established in the easternmost stretches of its empire. He then ventured into <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> (land of five rivers). Alexander crossed the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a> when defeating Porus and appointing him as a satrap following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a>. Alexander's army would mutiny and retreat along the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a> when confronted by the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a>, thus wouldn't conquer Punjab entirely. </p><p>Thanks to relocation by the Persian Empire, there was established Greek culture in the far east of Alexander's empire. He founded several cities in his new territories in the areas of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and Greek settlements further extended to the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Taxila_(modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (modern)">Taxila</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Following Alexander's death on June 10, 323 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> or "successors" founded their own kingdoms. General <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and extended as far as India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, would first <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Nanda Empire">conquer the Nanda Empire</a>. Chandragupta would then defeat the Seleucid Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid-Mauryan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid-Mauryan War">Seleucid-Mauryan War</a>. This resulted in the transfer of the Macedonian satraps in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> to the Mauryan Empire. Furthermore, a marriage alliance was enacted which granted Seleucus's daughter as Chandragupta's wife for diplomatic relations. The conflict additionally led to the transfer of 500 war elephants to the Seleucid Empire from the Mauryan Empire, presumably as reparations for lives lost and damages sustained. </p><p>The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka established the largest Indian empire. Following the destructive <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a>, Ashoka converted to Buddhism. Abandoning an expansionist agenda, Ashoka would adopt humanitarian reformation in place.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As ascribed in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, the Emperor spread <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> as Buddhism throughout his empire. Ashoka claims to have converted many, including the Greek populations within his realm to Buddhism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras, and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The decline and overthrow of the Mauryans by the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>, and of the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> in the Seleucid Empire led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> Kingdom (250–125 BC). To their north, the Greco-Bactrians were followed by the secession of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> (180 BC – 10 AD). Even when, centuries later, these <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> regions were conquered first by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, then by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (1st–3rd centuries AD), Buddhism continued to thrive there. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism in India</a> was a major religion for centuries until a major Hindu revival from around the 5th century, with remaining strongholds such as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> largely ended during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_invasions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic invasions of India">Islamic invasions of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_interaction">Cultural interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence on Indian art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic but also on the religious plane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_the_Great_in_Bactria_and_India_(331–325_BC)"><span id="Alexander_the_Great_in_Bactria_and_India_.28331.E2.80.93325_BC.29"></span>Alexander the Great in Bactria and India (331–325 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alexander the Great in Bactria and India (331–325 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg/170px-Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg/255px-Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg/340px-Alexander_victory_coin_Babylon_silver_c_322_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>"Victory coin" of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, minted in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> 322 BC, following his campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>.<br /><b>Obverse</b>: Alexander being crowned by <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>.<br /><b>Reverse</b>: Alexander attacking <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a> on his elephant.<br />Silver. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Alexander invaded <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and Gandhara, these areas may already have been under <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Sramanic</a> influence, likely Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a>. According to a legend preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> brothers from <a href="/wiki/Kamsabhoga" title="Kamsabhoga">Kamsabhoga</a> in Bactria, Tapassu and Bhallika, visited Gautama Buddha and became his disciples. The legend states that they then returned home and spread the Buddha's teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 326 BC, Alexander conquered the Northern region of India. King Ambhi of Taxila, known as <a href="/wiki/Taxiles" title="Taxiles">Taxiles</a>, surrendered his city, a notable Buddhist center, to Alexander. Alexander fought a battle against <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Pauravas</a> in Punjab, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a> in 326 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauryan_Empire_(322–183_BC)"><span id="Mauryan_Empire_.28322.E2.80.93183_BC.29"></span>Mauryan Empire (322–183 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mauryan Empire (322–183 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> would later defeat the successor Seleucid Empire, during the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid-Mauryan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid-Mauryan War">Seleucid-Mauryan War</a>. Resulting in the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, that had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucidian</a>, to the Mauryan Empire. However, contacts were kept with his Greco-Iranian neighbors in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> came to a marital agreement as part of a peace treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several Greeks, such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, resided at the Mauryan court. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg/170px-Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg/255px-Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg/340px-Pataliputra_Palace_capital_by_L_A_Waddell_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a>, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, dated to the 3rd century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka embraced the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, insisting on non-violence to humans and animals (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>), and general precepts regulating the life of laypeople. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, set in stone, some of them written in Greek<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>, the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenids" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenids">Achaemenids</a>, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The conquest by <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas [4,000 miles] away, where the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochos</a> (Antiyoga) rules, and beyond there where the four kings named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy</a> (Turamaya), <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonos</a> (Antikini), <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a> (Maka) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander</a> (Alikasu[n]dara) rule, likewise in the south among the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyas</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ashoka also claims he converted to Buddhism Greek populations within his realm: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Finally, some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a>, are described in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> sources as leading Greek ("<a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a>") Buddhist monks active in Buddhist proselytism (the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, XII<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), founding the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> school of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_presence_in_Bactria_(325–125_BC)"><span id="Greek_presence_in_Bactria_.28325.E2.80.93125_BC.29"></span>Greek presence in Bactria (325–125 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek presence in Bactria (325–125 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/220px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/330px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/440px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>–145 BC) was located at the doorstep of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander had established in Bactria several cities (such as <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a>) and an administration that were to last more than two centuries under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, all the time in direct contact with Indian territory. The Greeks sent ambassadors to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a> under his son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a>, who reported extensively on the civilization of the Indians. Megasthenes sent detailed reports on Indian religions, which were circulated and quoted throughout the Classical world for centuries:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds, one of which he calls the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brachmanes</a>, and the other the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sarmanes</a>...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> XV. 1. 58-60<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_XV.1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_XV.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Greco-Bactrians maintained a strong Hellenistic culture at the door of India during the rule of the Maurya Empire in India, as exemplified by the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>. When the Maurya Empire was toppled by the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> around 180 BC, the Greco-Bactrians expanded into India, where they established the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, under which Buddhism was able to flourish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Greek_Kingdom_and_Buddhism_(180_BC_–_10_AD)"><span id="Indo-Greek_Kingdom_and_Buddhism_.28180_BC_.E2.80.93_10_AD.29"></span>Indo-Greek Kingdom and Buddhism (180 BC – 10 AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indo-Greek Kingdom and Buddhism (180 BC – 10 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/330px-Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/495px-Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/660px-Greek_Gods_and_Dharmachakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Greek Gods and the "Wheel of the Law" or <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a>: <b>Left:</b> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>, who hands a victory <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> over a Dharmachakra (coin of <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>). <b>Right:</b> Divinity wearing <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petasus">petasus</a> pushing a Dharmachakra, with legend "He who sets in motion the Wheel of the Law" (<a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe_Buddhist_coin" title="Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin">Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> was the Indo-Greek Kingdom, centered approximately around <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a>. They controlled various areas of the northern Indian territory until 10 AD. Buddhism prospered under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a> (185–73 BC), who had overthrown the Mauryans. <a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a> was a śramana (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> while <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (died 14 AD) was ruling the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liv,_9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liv,_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coinage">Coinage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coins of the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (r. 160–135 BC), found from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to central India, bear the inscription "Saviour King Menander" in Greek on the front. Several Indo-Greek kings after Menander, such as <a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a> display on their coins the title "Maharajasa Dharmika" (lit. "King of the Dharma") in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a>. </p><p>Some of the coins of Menander I and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a> incorporate the Buddhist symbol of the eight-spoked wheel, associated with the Greek symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed over by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Pañha</a>, at the end of his reign Menander I became a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fact also echoed by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who explains that his relics were shared and enshrined.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderChakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/220px-MenanderChakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/330px-MenanderChakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/440px-MenanderChakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A coin of <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (r. 160–135 BC) with a <a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">dharmacakra</a> and a palm.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ubiquitous symbol of the elephant in Indo-Greek coinage may also have been associated with Buddhism, as suggested by the parallel between coins of <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>, where the elephant in the coins of Antialcidas holds the same relationship to Zeus and Nike as the Buddhist wheel on the coins of Menander II. When the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a> invaded North India in the 1st century AD, they adopted a large part of the symbolism of Indo-Greek coinage, but refrained from ever using the elephant, suggesting that its meaning was not merely geographical. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IGMudras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/170px-IGMudras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/255px-IGMudras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/340px-IGMudras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Vitarka_Mudr.C4.81" title="Mudra">Vitarka Mudra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a> on Indo-Greek coinage. Top: Divinities <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. Bottom: Depiction of the Indo-Greek kings <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Finally, after the reign of Menander I, several Indo-Greek rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas Nikator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>, depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a benediction gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of Buddha's teaching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities">Cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, Greek cities were founded by the Greco-Bactrians in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>. Menander established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sagala</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>) one of the centers of the blossoming <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist culture">Buddhist culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large Greek city built by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> and rebuilt by Menander has been excavated at the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a> near <a href="/wiki/Taxila_(modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (modern)">Taxila</a>, where Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> were standing side-by-side with <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Greek temples</a>, indicating religious tolerance and syncretism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <p>Evidence of direct religious interaction between Greek and Buddhist thought during the period include the <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Pa%C3%B1ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Milinda Pañha">Milinda Pañha</a></i> or "Questions of Menander", a Pali-language discourse in the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic style</a> held between Menander I and the Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg/220px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg/330px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg/440px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img11_Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6358" data-file-height="3179" /></a><figcaption>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, was dedicated by a 30,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a> delegation from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Caucasus">Alexandria on the Caucasus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130 BC</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, chapter 29, records that during Menander's reign, a Greek <i>thera</i> (elder monk) named <i><a href="/wiki/Mahadharmaraksita" title="Mahadharmaraksita">Mahadharmaraksita</a></i> led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alexandria" (possibly <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Caucasus">Alexandria on the Caucasus</a>, around 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of today's <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in Afghanistan), to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> for the dedication of a stupa, indicating that Buddhism flourished in Menander's territory and that Greeks took a very active part in it.<sup id="cite_ref-McEvilley2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEvilley2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Buddhist dedications by Greeks in India are recorded, such as that of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Meridarch" title="Meridarch">meridarch</a> (civil governor of a province) named <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_(meridarch)" title="Theodorus (meridarch)">Theodorus</a>, describing in Kharosthi how he enshrined <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">relics of the Buddha</a>. The inscriptions were found on a vase inside a stupa, dated to the reign of Menander or one of his successors in the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarn2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarn2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Buddhist tradition recognizes Menander as one of the great benefactors of the faith, together with Ashoka and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a>. </p><p>Buddhist manuscripts in cursive Greek have been found in Afghanistan, praising various Buddhas and including mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> figure of "<a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lokesvararaja</a> Buddha" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λωγοασφαροραζοβοδδο</span></span>). These manuscripts have been dated later than the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_empire_(1st–3rd_century_AD)"><span id="Kushan_empire_.281st.E2.80.933rd_century_AD.29"></span>Kushan empire (1st–3rd century AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kushan empire (1st–3rd century AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, one of the five tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, settled in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> around 125 BC, displacing the Greco-Bactrians and invading the northern parts of Pakistan and India from around 1 AD. By that time they had already been in contact with Greek culture and the Indo-Greek kingdoms for more than a century. They used the Greek script to write their language, as exemplified by their <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> and their adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/220px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/330px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/440px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes, <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a>, wine and music. Detail from <a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 1st century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushan King Kanishka, who honored Zoroastrian, Greek and Brahmanic deities as well as the Buddha and was famous for his religious syncretism, convened the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a> around 100 in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in order to redact the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada#Canon" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivadin canon</a>. Some of Kanishka's coins bear the earliest representations of the Buddha on a coin (around 120), in Hellenistic style and with the word "Boddo" in Greek script. Kanishka also had the original Gandhari Prakrit <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_s%C5%ABtras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna sūtras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> translated into <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, "a turning point in the evolution of the Buddhist literary canon"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a>, dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127, was signed by a Greek artist named <i>Agesilas</i>, who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas (<a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">cetiya</a>), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_influences">Philosophical influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophical influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara Buddha"><img alt="Gandhara Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/100px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/150px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg/200px-Japanese_Gardens_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Statue of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Tea_Garden_(San_Francisco)" title="Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco)">Japanese Tea Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Europe" title="Buddhism in Europe">Buddhism in Europe</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In England</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe_Kelsang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshe Kelsang Gyatso">Geshe Kelsang Gyatso</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Anagarika_Govinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama Anagarika Govinda">Lama Anagarika Govinda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In England</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern Chinese Chán</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Rinzai Zen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Soto Zen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sanbo Kyodan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haku%27un_Yasutani" class="mw-redirect" title="Haku'un Yasutani">Haku'un Yasutani</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>White Plum Asanga</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Korean Seon</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seung_Sahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seung Sahn">Seung Sahn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Vietnamese Thiền</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists"><i><b>Listing of Zen Buddhists</b></i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land dissemination</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>In the UK</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Wheels_Temple" title="Three Wheels Temple">Three Wheels Temple</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In the USA</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honpa_Hongwanji_Mission_of_Hawaii" title="Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii">Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Canada</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu_Buddhist_Temples_of_Canada" title="Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada">Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Exchange</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and Western Philosophy">Buddhism and Western Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">Buddhism and Pyrrhonism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">General Buddhism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Traditions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Asian countries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism"><i><b>Listing of Buddhist topics</b></i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Buddhism" title="Template:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaxarchus" title="Anaxarchus">Anaxarchus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onesicritus" title="Onesicritus">Onesicritus</a> accompanied Alexander in his eastern campaigns. During the 18 months they were in India, they were able to interact with <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophers</a> who pursued <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, generally described as <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a> ("naked philosophers").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pyrrhonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism</a></div> <p>Pyrrho returned to Greece and founded <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>, considered by modern scholars as the first Western school of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">skepticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoneman_2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek biographer <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> explained that Pyrrho's equanimity and detachment from the world were acquired in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoneman_2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pyrrho was directly influenced by Buddhism in developing his philosophy, which is based on Pyrrho's interpretation of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoneman_2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cynicism">Cynicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cynicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another of these philosophers, Onesicritus, a <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a>, is said by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> to have learnt in India the following precepts: "That nothing that happens to a man is bad or good, opinions being merely dreams. ... That the best philosophy [is] that which liberates the mind from [both] pleasure and grief".<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_XV.1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_XV.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cynicism, particularly the Cynic <a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_Proteus" title="Peregrinus Proteus">Peregrinus Proteus</a> was further influenced by the tales of the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a>, particularly the examples set by <a href="/wiki/Kalanos" title="Kalanos">Kalanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandamis" title="Dandamis">Dandamis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrenaicism">Cyrenaicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cyrenaicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a>, from the city of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> where <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas of Cyrene</a> ruled, is thought by some to have been influenced by the teachings of Ashoka's Buddhist missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_influences">Artistic influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Artistic influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numerous works of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> display the intermixing of Greek and Buddhist influences in such creation centers as <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. The subject matter of Gandharan art was definitely Buddhist, while most motifs were of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asiatic</a> or Hellenistic origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropomorphic_representation_of_the_Buddha">Anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaraAssault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/170px-MaraAssault.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/255px-MaraAssault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/340px-MaraAssault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>An aniconic representation of <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>'s assault on the Buddha, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravathi village, Guntur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is still some debate, the first <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> representations of the Buddha himself are often considered a result of the Greco-Buddhist interaction. Before this innovation, Buddhist art was "<a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconic</a>": the Buddha was only represented through his symbols (an empty throne, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Buddha footprints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a>). </p><p>This reluctance towards anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, and the sophisticated development of aniconic symbols to avoid it (even in narrative scenes where other human figures would appear), seem to be connected to one of the Buddha's sayings reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a></i> that discouraged representations of himself after the extinction of his body.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably not feeling bound by these restrictions, and because of "their cult of form, the Greeks were the first to attempt a sculptural representation of the Buddha".<sup id="cite_ref-Linssen_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linssen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many parts of the Ancient World, the Greeks did develop <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> divinities, that could become a common religious focus for populations with different traditions: a well-known example is <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a>, who combined aspects of Greek and Egyptian Gods. In India as well, it was only natural for the Greeks to create a single common divinity by combining the image of a Greek <a href="/wiki/God-king" class="mw-redirect" title="God-king">god-king</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, or possibly the deified founder of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a>), with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">physical characteristics of the Buddha</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StandingBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StandingBuddha.jpg/125px-StandingBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StandingBuddha.jpg/188px-StandingBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StandingBuddha.jpg/250px-StandingBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Standing Buddha, Gandhara, 1st century AD.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/200px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/300px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/400px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Herculean</a> depiction of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> (right), as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> stance of the upright figures, such as the 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas, the stylized curly hair and <a href="/wiki/Ushnisha" title="Ushnisha">ushnisha</a> apparently derived from the style of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a> (330 BC) and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> combining Buddhist and purely Hellenistic styles and <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> were excavated at the modern site of <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda, Afghanistan</a>. The curly hair of Buddha is described in the famous list of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">physical characteristics of the Buddha</a> in the Buddhist sutras. The hair with curls turning to the right is first described in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli canon">Pāli canon</a>; we find the same description in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Dāsāṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, the nudity of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainist</a> sculptures might have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollonian</a> archetypes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek artists were most probably the authors of these early representations of the Buddha, in particular the standing statues, which display "a realistic treatment of the folds and on some even a hint of modelled volume that characterizes the best Greek work. This is Classical or Hellenistic Greek, not archaizing Greek transmitted by Persia or Bactria, nor distinctively <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek stylistic influence on the representation of the Buddha, through its idealistic realism, also permitted a very accessible, understandable and attractive visualization of the ultimate state of <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a> described by Buddhism, allowing it to reach a wider audience: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the distinguishing features of the Gandharan school of art that emerged in north-west India is that it has been clearly influenced by the naturalism of the Classical Greek style. Thus, while these images still convey the inner peace that results from putting the Buddha's doctrine into practice, they also give us an impression of people who walked and talked, etc. and slept much as we do. I feel this is very important. These figures are inspiring because they do not only depict the goal, but also the sense that people like us can achieve it if we try.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>During the following centuries, this anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha defined the canon of Buddhist art, but progressively evolved to incorporate more Indian and Asian elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenized_Buddhist_pantheon">Hellenized Buddhist pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hellenized Buddhist pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A Buddhist coin of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>, with legend ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo" (=the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>) in Greek script on the reverse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several other Buddhist deities may have been influenced by Greek gods. For example, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> with a lion-skin, the protector deity of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a>, "served as an artistic model for <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, a protector of the Buddha".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, this expression further translated into the wrath-filled and muscular <a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Niō</a> guardian gods of the Buddha, standing today at the entrance of many Buddhist temples. </p><p>According to Katsumi Tanabe, professor at Chūō University, Japan, besides Vajrapani, Greek influence also appears in several other gods of the Mahayana pantheon such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a>, inspired from the Greek divinity <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a> through the Greco-Buddhist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wardo (page does not exist)">Wardo</a>, or the mother deity <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, forms such as <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a>, and such semihuman creatures as the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">triton</a>, are part of the repertory of Hellenistic art introduced by Greco-Roman artists in the service of the Kushan court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exchanges">Exchanges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Greco-Buddhism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proselytism_in_the_East">Proselytism in the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proselytism in the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/170px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/255px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/340px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asian</a> monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a>, dated to the 9th-10th century CE (<a href="/wiki/Kara-Khoja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khoja Kingdom">Kara-Khoja Kingdom</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Greek monks played a direct role in the upper hierarchy of Buddhism, and in its early dissemination. During the rule (165–135 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>: "Milinda"), <a href="/wiki/Mahadharmaraksita" title="Mahadharmaraksita">Mahadharmaraksita</a> (literally translated as 'Great Teacher/Preserver of the Dharma') was "a Greek (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a>, lit. <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a>) Buddhist head monk," according to the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> (Chap. XXIX), who led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria of the Caucasus">Alexandria of the Caucasus</a>, around 150 km north of today's <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Great Stupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), or Dhammarakkhita (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>: <i>Protected by the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i>), was one of the <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> sent by the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan">Mauryan</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> to proselytize the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> faith. He is described as being a Greek (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a>", lit. "<a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a>") in the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, and his activities are indicative of the strength of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> involvement during the formative centuries of Buddhism. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> was famously converted to Buddhism by <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a>, who was a student of the Greek Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a>. Menander is said to have reached enlightenment as an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> under Nagasena's guidance and is recorded as a great patron of Buddhism. The dialogue of the Greek King Menander I (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> "Milinda") with the monk <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a> comprises the Pali Buddhist work known as the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>. </p><p>Buddhist monks from the region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, where Greco-Buddhism was most influential, later played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia. Greco-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> monks such as <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 178 CE</span>) travelled to the Chinese capital of <a href="/wiki/Loyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyang">Loyang</a>, where they became the first translators of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges until around the 10th century, as indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a> frescos from the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. In legend too <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a>-Buddhism, which later became <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, and the legendary originator of the physical training of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin</a> monks that led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Shaolin Kung Fu</a>, is described as a Buddhist monk from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in the first Chinese references to him (Yan Xuan-Zhi in 547).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian, and he is referred as "The Blue-Eyed <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a>" (<span lang="zh">碧眼胡</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bìyǎn hú</span></i>) in Chinese Chan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 485 CE, according to the 7th-century Chinese historical treatise <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Shu">Liang Shu</a>, five monks from Gandhara travelled to the country of <a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a> ("The country of the extreme East" beyond the sea, probably eastern <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), where they introduced Buddhism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a> is located to the east of China, 20,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">li</a></i> [1,500 km] east of the state of <i>Da Han</i> (itself east of the state of <i>Wa</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>). (...) In former times, the people of Fusang knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, but in the second year of Da Ming of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> [AD 485], five monks from Kipin (<a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> region of Gandhara) travelled by ship to Fusang. They propagated Buddhist doctrine, circulated scriptures and drawings, and advised the people to relinquish worldly attachments. As a result the customs of Fusang changed." (Chinese: "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">扶桑在大漢國東二萬餘里,地在中國之東(...)其俗舊無佛法,宋大明二年,罽賓國嘗有比丘五人游行至其國,流通佛法,經像,教令出家,風俗遂改.</span></span>")</p></blockquote> <p>Two half-brothers from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> (4th century), created the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> or "Mind-only" school of Mahayana Buddhism, which through one of its major texts, the <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a>, became a founding block of Mahayana, and particularly Zen, philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Buddhism_in_the_West">Greco-Buddhism in the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greco-Buddhism in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/170px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/255px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/340px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>) 3rd century BC by Indian Buddhist King Ashoka. This edict advocates the adoption of "godliness" using the Greek term <a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Intense westward physical exchange at that time along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> is confirmed by the Roman craze for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> from the 1st century BC to the point that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> issued, in vain, several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk, on economic and moral grounds. This is attested by at least three authors: <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64/63 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 24 AD</span>), <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3 BC</span> – 65 AD), and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 AD). The aforementioned Strabo and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 45</span>–125 AD) also wrote about Indo-Greek Buddhist king <a href="/wiki/Milinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Milinda">Menander</a>, confirming that information about the Indo-Greek Buddhists was circulating throughout the Hellenistic world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a> (Zarmarus) (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) was a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas of Damascus">Nicholas of Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> while Augustus (d. 14 AD) was ruling the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to Athens where he burnt himself to death.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liv,_9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liv,_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His story and tomb in Athens were well-known over a century later. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (d. 120 AD) in his Life of Alexander, after discussing the self-immolation of <a href="/wiki/Calanus_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Calanus of India">Calanus of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalanos" title="Kalanos">Kalanos</a>) witnessed by Alexander writes: "The same thing was done long after by another Indian who came with Caesar to Athens, where they still show you 'the Indian's Monument,'"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to Zarmanochegas' tomb in Roman Athens. </p><p>Another century later the Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">church father</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (d. 215 AD) mentioned Buddha by name in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV): "The Indian <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a> are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called Sarmanæ and others Brahmins. And those of the Sarmanæ who are called "Hylobii" neither inhabit cities, nor have roofs over them, but are clothed in the bark of trees, feed on nuts, and drink water in their hands. Like those called Encratites in the present day, they know not marriage nor begetting of children. Some, too, of the Indians obey the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (Βούττα) whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honours."<sup id="cite_ref-ccel.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian gravestones from the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic period">Ptolemaic period</a> have been found in Alexandria in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Buddhists in Alexandria at this time is important, since "It was later in this very place that some of the most active centers of Christianity were established".<sup id="cite_ref-Linssen_A_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linssen_A-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Christian monastic order of the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutae" title="Therapeutae">Therapeutae</a> is possibly a deformation of the Pāli word "<i><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></i>",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of Buddhism, and the movement may have "almost entirely drawn (its) inspiration from the teaching and practices of Buddhist asceticism".<sup id="cite_ref-Linssen_A_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linssen_A-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may even have been descendants of <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>'s emissaries to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>'s description of the doctrines and practices of the Therapeutae leaves great ambiguity about what religion they are associated with, analysis by religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel indicates that the most likely religion the Therapeutae practiced was Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism_and_Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Buddhism and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Buddhist influences on Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MayaDream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MayaDream.jpg/220px-MayaDream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MayaDream.jpg/330px-MayaDream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MayaDream.jpg/440px-MayaDream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Queen Māyā's white elephant dream, and the conception of the Buddha. <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 2nd–3rd century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the philosophical systems of Buddhism and Christianity have evolved in rather different ways, the moral precepts advocated by Buddhism from the time of Ashoka through his edicts do have some similarities with the Christian moral precepts developed more than two centuries later: respect for life, respect for the weak, rejection of violence, pardon to sinners, tolerance. </p><p>One theory is that these similarities may indicate the propagation of Buddhist ideals into the Western World, with the Greeks acting as intermediaries and religious syncretists.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Scholars have often considered the possibility that Buddhism influenced the early development of Christianity. They have drawn attention to many parallels concerning the births, lives, doctrines, and deaths of the Buddha and Jesus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> (4th century AD) mentions the birth of the Buddha, who he says "was born from the side of a virgin,"<sup id="cite_ref-McEvilley,_p391_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEvilley,_p391-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the influential early Christian church father <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (d. 215) mentioned Buddha (Βούττα) in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV).<sup id="cite_ref-ccel.org_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of Christian saints <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_and_Josaphat" title="Barlaam and Josaphat">Barlaam and Josaphat</a> draws on the life of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a Greek influence on the development of Buddhism has been particularly advocated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte" title="Étienne Lamotte">Étienne Lamotte</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a>, who has speculated that “like the Gandharan art style, the Gandharan Buddhist style must have had a prominent Hellenic factor”,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he does not employ the term "Greco-Buddhism" for this. McEvilley's theory has been met by skepticism by other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Hellenistic influences in Gandharan Buddhist art have been widely accepted<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remains a matter of controversy among art historians whether the non-Indian characteristics of Gandhāran sculpture reflect a continuous Greek tradition rooted in Alexander’s conquests in Bactria, subsequent contacts with later traditions of the Hellenistic east, direct communication with contemporary artists from the Roman empire, or some complex conjunction of such sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include statues of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> adorned with royal jewellery (bracelets and torques) and amulet boxes, the <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> stance, an emphasis on draperies, and a plethora of <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Dionysian themes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the artistic realm, however, most scholars do not assume a noticeable Greek influence on <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have identified a need for further rearch in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olga Kubica has criticised the term "Greco-Buddhism" as "inadequate" since a "reconciliation or union of differing systems of belief" did not occur here. She states that she does "not exclude the possibility that some phenomena within Buddhism may be interpreted as a manifestation of syncretism between Greek and Buddhist elements, but the term Greco-Buddhism applies only to certain aspects and not to the entirety of Greco-Buddhist relations".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Greco-Buddhist art" has also been criticised among art historians.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Stewart, it is "deeply deceptive in several ways and should be avoided".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Hanink" title="Johanna Hanink">Johanna Hanink</a> has attributed the concept of "Greco-Buddhist art" to a European scholarly inability to accept that natives could have developed "the pleasing proportions and elegant poses of sculptures from ancient Gandhara", citing Michael Falser and arguing that the entire notion of "Buddhist art with a Greek 'essence'" is a colonial imposition that originated during British rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist Art">Greco-Buddhist Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manicheanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Pa%C3%B1ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Milinda Pañha">Milinda Pañha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāgasena">Nāgasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of the Indo-Greeks">Religions of the Indo-Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_road_transmission_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk road transmission of Buddhism">Silk road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAcri2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">"Maritime Buddhism"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Acri&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubica2023" class="citation book cs1">Kubica, Olga (2023). <i>Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East. Sources and Contexts</i>. Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19302-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19302-1"><bdi>978-1-032-19302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greco-Buddhist+Relations+in+the+Hellenistic+Far+East.+Sources+and+Contexts&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19302-1&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalkias2014" class="citation book cs1">Halkias, Georgios T. (2014). "When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures". In Wick, Peter; Rabens, Volker (eds.). <i>Religions and trade: religious formation, transformation and cross-cultural exchange between East and West</i>. Dynamics in the history of religions. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25528-9"><bdi>978-90-04-25528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+the+Greeks+Converted+the+Buddha%3A+Asymmetrical+Transfers+of+Knowledge+in+Indo-Greek+Cultures&rft.btitle=Religions+and+trade%3A+religious+formation%2C+transformation+and+cross-cultural+exchange+between+East+and+West&rft.place=Leiden+Boston+%28Mass.%29&rft.series=Dynamics+in+the+history+of+religions&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25528-9&rft.aulast=Halkias&rft.aufirst=Georgios+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskar2009" class="citation book cs1">Bhaskar, V. S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C19Pn4HKq-MC&pg=PA197"><i>Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-722-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-722-5"><bdi>978-81-7835-722-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070730/https://books.google.com/books?id=C19Pn4HKq-MC&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-722-5&rft.aulast=Bhaskar&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC19Pn4HKq-MC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2007" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Sieglinde (2007). "Buddhism in Gandhara". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.). <i>The spread of Buddhism</i>. Handbook of Oriental studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+Gandhara&rft.btitle=The+spread+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+studies&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15830-6&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Sieglinde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2018" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (2018). <i>The Buddhist literature of ancient Gandhāra: an introduction with selected translations</i>. Classics of Indian Buddhism. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61429-168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61429-168-8"><bdi>978-1-61429-168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+literature+of+ancient+Gandh%C4%81ra%3A+an+introduction+with+selected+translations&rft.place=Somerville%2C+MA&rft.series=Classics+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61429-168-8&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1999" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1999). <i>Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Ghandāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments</i>. Washington (Wash.): University of Washington Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97769-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97769-0"><bdi>978-0-295-97769-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Buddhist+Scrolls+from+Ghand%C4%81ra%3A+The+British+Library+Kharosth%C4%AB+Fragments&rft.place=Washington+%28Wash.%29&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97769-0&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fussman, Gerard (1994). "Upaya-kausalya: l'implantation du bouddhisme au Gandhara". In Fukui, Fumimasa; Fussman, Gérard (eds.). <i>Bouddhisme et cultures locales: quelques cas de réciproques adaptations: actes du colloque franco-japonais de septembre 1991</i>. Etudes thématiques / Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-601-9"><bdi>978-2-85539-601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Upaya-kausalya%3A+l%E2%80%99implantation+du+bouddhisme+au+Gandhara&rft.btitle=Bouddhisme+et+cultures+locales%3A+quelques+cas+de+r%C3%A9ciproques+adaptations%3A+actes+du+colloque+franco-japonais+de+septembre+1991&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Etudes+th%C3%A9matiques+%2F+Ecole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-601-9&rft.aulast=Fussman&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Jens (2017). "Gandhara". In Sarao, Karam Tej Singh; Long, Jeffery D. (eds.). <i>Buddhism and Jainism: with 187 figures and 1 table</i>. Encyclopedia of indian religions. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 500–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5"><bdi>978-94-024-0851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gandhara&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Jainism%3A+with+187+figures+and+1+table&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+indian+religions&rft.pages=500-502&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-94-024-0851-5&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunen2017" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen, Klaus (2017). "Greeks". In Sarao, Karam Tej Singh; Long, Jeffery D. (eds.). <i>Buddhism and Jainism: with 187 figures and 1 table</i>. Encyclopedia of indian religions. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 526–530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5"><bdi>978-94-024-0851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greeks&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Jainism%3A+with+187+figures+and+1+table&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+indian+religions&rft.pages=526-530&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-94-024-0851-5&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (d). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005120122/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28d%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain1976" class="citation book cs1">Narain, A.K. (1976). <i>The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C</i>. Ares. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89005-109-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89005-109-7"><bdi>0-89005-109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coin+Types+of+the+Indo-Greek+Kings%2C+256-54+B.C.&rft.pub=Ares&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-89005-109-7&rft.aulast=Narain&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierKirstenAner1978" class="citation book cs1">Stier, Hans Erich; Kirsten, Ernst; Aner, Ekkehard (1978). <i>Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit, Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit</i>. Georg Westermann Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-14-100919-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-14-100919-8"><bdi>3-14-100919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grosser+Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte%3A+Vorzeit%2C+Altertum%2C+Mittelalter%2C+Neuzeit&rft.pub=Georg+Westermann+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-14-100919-8&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Hans+Erich&rft.au=Kirsten%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Aner%2C+Ekkehard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1995" class="citation journal cs1">Draper, Gerald (1995). "The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare". <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i>. <b>35</b> (305): 192–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020860400090604">10.1017/S0020860400090604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+the+Emperor+Asoka+Maurya+to+the+Development+of+the+Humanitarian+Ideal+in+Warfare&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=305&rft.pages=192-206&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020860400090604&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Rock Edict Nb13</a></i> (S. Dhammika)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> <i>History of Rome</i>, The Syrian Wars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html">55</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020015612/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an English translation of the Greek edicts: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West</i></a>. BRILL. 2 December 2013. pp. 65–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25530-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25530-2"><bdi>978-90-04-25530-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+and+Trade%3A+Religious+Formation%2C+Transformation+and+Cross-Cultural+Exchange+between+East+and+West&rft.pages=65-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25530-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXdfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Rock Edict Nb.13</a>, Full text of the Edicts of Ashoka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html">See Rock Edict 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020052522/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html">"Chapter XII"</a>. 20 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XII&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Fchap012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218065734/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62">"Abstract Sujato: Sects & Sectarianism"</a>. <i>www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62">the original</a> on 2019-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org&rft.atitle=Abstract+Sujato%3A+Sects+%26+Sectarianism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress-on-buddhist-women.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surviving fragments of Megasthenes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm">Full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo_XV.1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_XV.1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_XV.1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, XV.I.65: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119">"Strabo XV.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227232800/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+XV.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0239%26query%3Dhead%253D%2523119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, xv, 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73">on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73">Archived</a> 2008-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liv,_9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liv,_9_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liv,_9_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#9">liv, 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090709/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54%2A.html#9">Archived</a> 2022-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extract of the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>: "And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the houseless state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arahatship</a>!" (<a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">The Questions of King Milinda</a>, Translation by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">T. W. Rhys Davids</a>, 1890)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch on Menander: "But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him." (Plutarch, "Political Precepts" Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6) p147–148 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220090138/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Plutarch0206/Morals/0062-05_Bk.pdf">Full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>, Chap. I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEvilley2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McEvilley2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_McEvilley2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas McEvilley (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&pg=PT558"><i>The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies</i></a>. Constable & Robinson. pp. 558–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-933-2"><bdi>978-1-58115-933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Greek+and+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pages=558-&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-933-2&rft.au=Thomas+McEvilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbjelOMYyN8C%26pg%3DPT558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarn2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarn2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn2010" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC"><i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00941-6"><bdi>978-1-108-00941-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-00941-6&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=William+Woodthorpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HeJS3nE9cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Sims-Williams, "A Bactrian Buddhist Manuscript"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2019" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">"The Indian Philosophers and the Greeks"</a>. <i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 289–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691185385-015">10.1515/9780691185385-015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15403-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwg5">j.ctv3znwg5</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018958249">2018958249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166488882">166488882</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Philosophers+and+the+Greeks&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.place=Oxford+and+Princeton&rft.pages=289-331&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3znwg5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691185385-015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018958249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166488882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15403-9&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNp5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoneman_2019-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoneman_2019_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2019" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346">"Two Hundred Years of Debate: Greek and Indian Thought"</a>. <i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 346–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691185385-016">10.1515/9780691185385-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15403-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwg5">j.ctv3znwg5</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018958249">2018958249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166488882">166488882</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Hundred+Years+of+Debate%3A+Greek+and+Indian+Thought&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.place=Oxford+and+Princeton&rft.pages=346-355&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3znwg5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691185385-016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018958249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166488882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15403-9&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNp5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He would withdraw from the world and live in solitude, rarely showing himself to his relatives; this is because he had heard an Indian reproach <a href="/wiki/Anaxarchus" title="Anaxarchus">Anaxarchus</a>, telling him that he would never be able to teach others what is good while he himself danced attendance on kings in their court. He would maintain the same composure at all times." (Diogenes Laertius, IX.63 on Pyrrhon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf"><i>Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150905/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs10500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafont2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafont, Jean-Marie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-254/berceau-bouddhisme/decouverte-bouddhisme-monde-europeen.3211.php#article_3211">"La découverte du bouddhisme par le monde européen"</a>. <i>Les Dossiers d'Archéologie</i> (in French). <b>254</b>: 78–85 [p. 78]. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1141-7137">1141-7137</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083642/https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-254/berceau-bouddhisme/decouverte-bouddhisme-monde-europeen.3211.php#article_3211">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>. <q>The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed <i>Peisithanatos</i>, "The advocate of death") was a contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohibited from teaching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Dossiers+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.atitle=La+d%C3%A9couverte+du+bouddhisme+par+le+monde+europ%C3%A9en&rft.volume=254&rft.pages=78-85+p.+78&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1141-7137&rft.aulast=Lafont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dossiers-archeologie.com%2Fnumero-254%2Fberceau-bouddhisme%2Fdecouverte-bouddhisme-monde-europeen.3211.php%23article_3211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Due to the statement of the Master in the <i>Dighanikaya</i> disfavouring his representation in human form after the extinction of body, reluctance prevailed for some time". Also "<i>Hinayanis</i> opposed image worship of the Master due to canonical restrictions". R.C. Sharma, in "The Art of Mathura, India", Tokyo National Museum 2002, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linssen-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linssen_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinssenRobert1958" class="citation book cs1">Linssen; Robert (1958). <i>Living Zen</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Zen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Linssen&rft.au=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2021" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4"><i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21747-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071305/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21747-5&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMx4OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span> Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2021" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21747-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071309/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21747-5&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMx4OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalkias2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Halkias" title="Georgios Halkias">Halkias, Georgios T.</a> (2014). "When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures". In Wick, Peter; Rabens, Volker (eds.). <i>Religions and trade: religious formation, transformation and cross-cultural exchange between East and West</i>. Dynamics in the history of religions. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25528-9"><bdi>978-90-04-25528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+the+Greeks+Converted+the+Buddha%3A+Asymmetrical+Transfers+of+Knowledge+in+Indo-Greek+Cultures&rft.btitle=Religions+and+trade%3A+religious+formation%2C+transformation+and+cross-cultural+exchange+between+East+and+West&rft.place=Leiden+Boston+%28Mass.%29&rft.series=Dynamics+in+the+history+of+religions&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25528-9&rft.aulast=Halkias&rft.aufirst=Georgios+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, foreword to "Echoes of Alexander the Great", 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2010" class="citation book cs1">Foltz (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt"><i>Religions of the Silk Road</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt/page/n50">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230621251" title="Special:BookSources/9780230621251"><bdi>9780230621251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230621251&rft.au=Foltz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionssilkroa00folt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Images of the Herakles-influenced Vajrapani: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216205740/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg">"Image 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg">the original</a> on December 16, 2013,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fartimages%2FBuddhaImage%2Fgreece_sm.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040313155937/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Heracles-Vajrapani.jpg">"Image 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Heracles-Vajrapani.jpg">the original</a> on March 13, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.maxwell.syr.edu%2Fgaddis%2FHST210%2FOct21%2FHeracles-Vajrapani.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanabe2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanabe, Katsumi (2003). <i>Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contact from Greece to Japan</i>. Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937316326">937316326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+East-West+Cultural+Contact+from+Greece+to+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=NHK+Purom%C5%8Dshon+and+Tokyo+National+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937316326&rft.aulast=Tanabe&rft.aufirst=Katsumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt"><i>Religions of the Silk Road</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt/page/n52">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62125-1&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionssilkroa00folt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1999" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bodhidharmaantho00brou"><i>The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bodhidharmaantho00brou/page/n24">54</a>–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4"><bdi>0-520-21972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhidharma+Anthology%3A+The+Earliest+Records+of+Zen&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21972-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbodhidharmaantho00brou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoothillHodous1995" class="citation book cs1">Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+Terms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Soothill&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Hodous%2C+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw%2Fglossaries%2Ffiles%2Fsoothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. "Life of Alexander". <i>The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans</i>. The Modern Library. Translated by Dryden, John; Clough, Arthur Hugh. New York: Random House. p. 850.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Alexander&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Noble+Grecians+and+Romans&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Modern+Library&rft.pages=850&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccel.org-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.i.xv.html">"Clement of Alexandria Stromata. BkI, Ch XV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022194044/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.i.xv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Dec</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clement+of+Alexandria+Stromata.+BkI%2C+Ch+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf02.vi.iv.i.xv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn" class="citation book cs1">Tarn. <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i>. p. 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pages=370&rft.au=Tarn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linssen_A-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linssen_A_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linssen_A_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinssenRobert1958" class="citation book cs1">Linssen; Robert (1958). <i>Living Zen</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Zen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Linssen&rft.au=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the linguist Zacharias P. Thundy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruberKersten1995" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Elmar R.; Kersten, Holger (1995). <i>The Original Jesus</i>. Shaftesbury: Element Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85230-835-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85230-835-4"><bdi>1-85230-835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Jesus&rft.place=Shaftesbury&rft.pub=Element+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85230-835-4&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Elmar+R.&rft.au=Kersten%2C+Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ullrich R . Kleinhempel, "Traces of Buddhist Presence in Alexandria: Philo and the "Therapeutae"", <i>Научно-теоретический журнал</i> 2019 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_">https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200301/https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_">Archived</a> 2021-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz" class="citation book cs1">Foltz. <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>. p. 44. <q>Certain Indian notions may have made their way westward into the budding Christianity of the Mediterranean world through the channels of the Greek diaspora</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=44&rft.au=Foltz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEvilley,_p391-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McEvilley,_p391_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McEvilley, p391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbridge2001" class="citation book cs1">Walbridge, John (2001). <i>The Wisdom of the Mystic East: Suhrawardī and Platonic Orientalism</i>. p. 129. <q>The form Būdhīsaf is the original, as shown by Sogdian form Pwtysfi and the early New Persian form Bwdysf</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+the+Mystic+East%3A+Suhraward%C4%AB+and+Platonic+Orientalism&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Walbridge&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span> On the Christian versions see A. S. Geden, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. "Josaphat, Barlaam and," and M. P. Alfaric, ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamotte1988" class="citation book cs1">Lamotte, Étienne (1988). <i>History of Indian Buddhism: from the origins to the Śaka era</i>. Publications de l'Institut orientaliste de Louvain. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique: Institut orientaliste. pp. 426–442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-100-6"><bdi>978-90-6831-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Buddhism%3A+from+the+origins+to+the+%C5%9Aaka+era&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve%2C+Belgique&rft.series=Publications+de+l%27Institut+orientaliste+de+Louvain&rft.pages=426-442&rft.pub=Institut+orientaliste&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-100-6&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation book cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The shape of ancient thought: comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies</i>. 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Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum, 2003.</li> <li>Baums, Stefan. 2012. “Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions.” In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, <i>Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries</i>, p. 204, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).</li> <li>Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhari.org/catalog"><i>Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts</i></a>, no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhari.org/a_inscription.php?catid=CKI0032">CKI 32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160402/https://gandhari.org/a_inscription.php?catid=CKI0032">Archived</a> 2018-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Jerry H. Bentley. <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-modern Times</i>. Oxford–NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507639-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507639-7">0-19-507639-7</a></li> <li>John Boardman. <i>The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2">0-691-03680-2</a></li> <li>Shravasti Dhammika, trans. <i>The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering</i>. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0104-6" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0104-6">955-24-0104-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>. <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i>, 2nd edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a></li> <li>Georgios T. Halkias, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures">When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures</a>”, in <i>Trade and Religions: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West</i>, ed. Volker Rabens. Leiden: Brill, 2013, p. 65–115.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubica2023" class="citation book cs1">Kubica, Olga (2023). <i>Greco-Buddhist relations in the Hellenistic Far East : sources and contexts</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003258575" title="Special:BookSources/9781003258575"><bdi>9781003258575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greco-Buddhist+relations+in+the+Hellenistic+Far+East+%3A+sources+and+contexts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781003258575&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Linssen. <i>Living Zen</i>. NY: Grove Press, 1958. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3136-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3136-0">0-8021-3136-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenstein,_Tom1996" class="citation book cs1">Lowenstein, Tom (1996). <i>The vision of the Buddha</i>. Duncan Baird Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903296-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-903296-91-9"><bdi>1-903296-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vision+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-903296-91-9&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a>. <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies</i>. NY: Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5">1-58115-203-5</a></li> <li>William Woodthorpe Tarn. <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0220-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0220-9">81-215-0220-9</a></li> <li>Marian Wenzel. <i>Echoes of Alexander the Great: Silk Route Portraits from Gandhara</i>, foreword by the Dalai Lama. Eklisa Anstalt, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58886-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58886-014-0">1-58886-014-0</a></li> <li>Paul Williams. <i>Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations</i>. London–NY: Routledge, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02537-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02537-0">0-415-02537-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greco-Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020329185452/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/taliban-crisis.shtml">UNESCO: Threatened Greco-Buddhist art</a> (archived 29 March 2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306132952/http://event.yomiuri.co.jp/2003/S0172/alex_works.htm">Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural contacts from Greece to Japan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> (archived 6 March 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204191249/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/hst210/oct21/default.htm">The Hellenistic age</a> (archived 4 February 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817052335/http://www.bpmurphy.com/COTW/week2.htm">The Kanishka Buddhist coins</a> (archived 17 August 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910124530/http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/interim-period.php">Interim period: Mathura as the Vaishnava-Buddhist seat of culture and learning</a> (archived 10 September 2006)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gandhara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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invasion of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence on Indian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_of_Gandhara_by_museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Art of Gandhara by museum">Art of Gandhara by museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi" title="Takht-i-Bahi">Takht-i-Bahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahr-i-Bahlol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahr-i-Bahlol">Sahr-i-Bahlol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baho_Dheri" title="Baho Dheri">Baho Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Dheri" title="Aziz Dheri">Aziz Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaji-ki-Dheri" title="Shaji-ki-Dheri">Shaji-ki-Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Garhi" title="Jamal Garhi">Jamal Garhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yusufzai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yusufzai">Yusufzai‎</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikri_Yusufzai_stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sikri Yusufzai stupa">Sikri Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhamala_Stupa" title="Bhamala Stupa">Bhamala</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aziz_Dheri_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aziz Dheri Stupa">Aziz Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shingardara_stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shingardara stupa">Shingardara</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ali_Masjid_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ali Masjid Stupa">Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sphola_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sphola Stupa">Sphola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_art_of_the_Swat_valley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient art of the Swat valley">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Sharif_Stupa" title="Saidu Sharif Stupa">Saidu Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" title="File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg">Chakpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barikot" title="Barikot">Barikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranigat" title="Ranigat">Ranigat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtnagar" title="Hashtnagar">Hashtnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikri_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikri stupa">Sikri stupa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmarajika">Dharmarajika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaulian" title="Jaulian">Jaulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawan" title="Kalawan">Kalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Muradu" title="Mohra Muradu">Mohra Muradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandial" title="Jandial">Jandial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunala_Stupa" title="Kunala Stupa">Kunala Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Lalchak_Monastery_in_Taxila.jpg" title="File:Lalchak Monastery in Taxila.jpg">Lalchak monastery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Badalpur_Buddhist_stupa_and_monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Badalpur Buddhist stupa and monastery">Badalpur</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_remains_around_Bhallar_stupa,_Taxila" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddhist remains around Bhallar stupa, Taxila">Bhallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiala_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankiala stupa">Mankiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphola_Stupa" title="Sphola Stupa">Sphola Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Maranjan" title="Tepe Maranjan">Tepe Maranjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Taxila">Aramaic Inscription of Taxila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_reliquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka reliquary">Kanishka reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone palettes">Stone palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buner_reliefs" title="Buner reliefs">Buner reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi_Tila_statue" title="Saptarishi Tila statue">Saptarishi Tila statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Mauryan_coinage_of_Gandhara" title="Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara">Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkot_casket" title="Shinkot casket">Shinkot casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukhuna_reliquary" title="Rukhuna reliquary">Rukhuna reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Begram" title="Treasure of Begram">Treasure of Begram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buddha">Standing Buddha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Buddha" title="Brussels Buddha">Brussels Buddha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_casket" title="Bajaur casket">Bajaur casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Reliquary_of_Indravarman" title="Silver Reliquary of Indravarman">Silver Reliquary of Indravarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_religion" title="Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Religion_and_religious_practice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a> and religious practice</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Main beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod#Classical" title="Demigod">Hemitheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">Paradoxography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state_patron_gods" title="Greek city-state patron gods">Patron gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome:_theia_mania" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Texts / <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretalogy" title="Aretalogy">Aretalogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses"><i>Golden Verses</i> of Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerica">Homerica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Astrampsychi" title="Sortes Astrampsychi">Sortes Astrampsychi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism#Classical_antiquity" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hellenistic_religion" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Ancient_Greece" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Relationship with Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Late_Antiquity" title="Western esotericism">Esoteric</a> systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Hellenistic_Egypt" title="Alchemy">Early alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">Syncretic</a> religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Deified_Alexander" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Religious_issues" title="Julian (emperor)">Religious views of emperor Julian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery religions<br />and sacred mysteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbrian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries#Samothracian_Mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Samothracian Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship <br />/ rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotoi_Hieroi" title="Arotoi Hieroi">Arotoi Hieroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptes" title="Baptes">Baptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">Heroon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hymns_in_ancient_Greek" title="Category:Hymns in ancient Greek">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">Komos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">Omophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">Orgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyris" title="Panegyris">Panegyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">Hecatomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)#Greek_sacrifice" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">Pharmakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Amphictyonic league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">Archon basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinna" title="Basilinna">Basilinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiereiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiereiai">Hiereiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">Hierophant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierophylakes" title="Hierophylakes">Hierophylakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatromantis" title="Iatromantis">Iatromantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">Mystagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture#Cult_images" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Cult image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine statue">Chryselephantine statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">Xoanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">Sacrificial tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre#Greco-Roman_world" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the Graeco-Roman world">Magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy#Antiquity" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Greco-Roman_magic)" title="Philia (Greco-Roman magic)">Philia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals <br />/ feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrionia" title="Agrionia">Agrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apellai" title="Apellai">Apellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boedromia" title="Boedromia">Boedromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphonia" title="Buphonia">Buphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilichios" title="Meilichios">Diasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_(festival)" title="Delia (festival)">Delia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinia" title="Delphinia">Delphinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysia" title="Ecdysia">Ecdysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelia" title="Gamelia">Gamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Heracleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaea_(festival)" title="Hermaea (festival)">Hermaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromenia" title="Hieromenia">Hieromenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Leucophryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykaia" title="Lykaia">Lykaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metageitnia" title="Metageitnia">Metageitnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichia_(festival)" title="Munichia (festival)">Munichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oschophoria" title="Oschophoria">Oschophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(festival)" title="Pandia (festival)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaieia">Ptolemaieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skira" title="Skira">Skira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoikia" title="Synoikia">Synoikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(festival)" title="Soteria (festival)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauropolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauropolia">Tauropolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseia" title="Theseia">Theseia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhieia" title="Rhieia">Rhieia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinion" title="Delphinion">Delphinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panionium" title="Panionium">Panionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesterion" title="Telesterion">Telesterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis, Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos" title="Amphiareion of Oropos">Amphiareion of Oropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Oracle of Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Great_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Great Gods">Sanctuary of the Great Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretea" title="Cretea">Cretea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus,_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Cave of Zeus, Aydın">Cave of Zeus, Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Pan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave of Pan (disambiguation)">Caves of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vari_Cave" title="Vari Cave">Vari Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Island of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Diomedes" title="Islands of Diomedes">Islands of Diomedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrene" title="Hippocrene">Hippocrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_sacred_ships" title="Athenian sacred ships">Athenian sacred ships</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralus_(ship)" title="Paralus (ship)">Paralus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaminia" title="Salaminia">Salaminia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathos" title="Kanathos">Kanathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Way" title="Sacred Way">Sacred Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Myths_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myths and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures#Immortals" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Deities</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">Family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamides" title="Potamides">Potamides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Love deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Erotes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Himeros" title="Erotes">Himeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)"> Hymen/Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecothoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecothoenas">Gynaecothoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(goddess)" title="Ma (goddess)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychopomps" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampad" title="Lampad">Lampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sleep deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Messenger deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trickster deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Other major deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Heroes / <br />heroines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderus" title="Abderus">Abderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academus" title="Academus">Akademos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzyges" title="Bouzyges">Bouzyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Elis" title="Chrysippus of Elis">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamites" title="Cyamites">Cyamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Polydeuces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetlus" title="Echetlus">Echetlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis_(mythology)" title="Eleusis (mythology)">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus_(hero)" title="Eunostus (hero)">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(hero)" title="Pandion (hero)">Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt#The_hunters" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> <br />/ seers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuas" title="Aleuas">Aleuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilochus_I_of_Argos" title="Amphilochus I of Argos">Amphilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyx" title="Ampyx">Ampyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anius" title="Anius">Anius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbolus" title="Asbolus">Asbolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnus" title="Carnus">Carnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatus" title="Elatus">Elatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennomus" title="Ennomus">Ennomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyidus">Polyeidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypheides" title="Polypheides">Polypheides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemus" title="Telemus">Telemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theiodamas" title="Theiodamas">Theiodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Other <br /> mortals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysothemis" title="Chrysothemis">Chrysothemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocasta" title="Jocasta">Jocasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Phoenix (son of Agenor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_of_Corinth" title="Polybus of Corinth">Polybus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrances to <br /> the underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(river_of_Hades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (river of Hades)">Eridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes/swamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acherusia" title="Acherusia">Acherusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Avernus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charoniums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion_at_Hierapolis" title="Ploutonion at Hierapolis">Ploutonion at Hierapolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necromanteion (necromancy temple)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Fields of Asphodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Isles of the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld#Mourning_Fields" title="Greek underworld">Mourning Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocnus" title="Ocnus">Ocnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoneus" title="Salmoneus">Salmoneus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katabasis#Trip_into_the_underworld" title="Katabasis">Visitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols/objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">Bident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">Cap of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">Charon's obol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals, daemons, <br />and spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuthonymus" title="Ceuthonymus">Ceuthonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynomos_(daemon)" title="Eurynomos (daemon)">Eurynomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Mythical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_creatures" title="List of Greek mythological creatures">Greek mythological creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek mythological figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of minor Greek mythological figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_War_characters" title="List of Trojan War characters">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts /<br /> creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaurides" title="Centaurides">Centaurides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyocentaur">Ichthyocentaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatonchires" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatonchires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrois">Horses of Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured <br />/ slain by <br /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerynian_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerynian Hind">Cerynian Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Bull" title="Cretan Bull">Cretan Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Khalkotauroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_of_Diomedes" title="Mares of Diomedes">Mares of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stymphalian_birds" title="Stymphalian birds">Stymphalian birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophage" title="Anthropophage">Anthropophagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebryces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curetes_(tribe)" title="Curetes (tribe)">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halizones" title="Halizones">Halizones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pygmy (Greek mythology)">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places <br />/ Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)#History" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#In_mythology" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya (mythology)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaia_(island)" title="Panchaia (island)">Panchaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Apollo and Daphne">Apollo and Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Eros and Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice" title="Orpheus and Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_War" title="Attic War">Attic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">Adamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">Apple of Discord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diipetes" title="Diipetes">Diipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidolon" title="Eidolon">Eidolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_of_Aphrodite" title="Girdle of Aphrodite">Girdle of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Cretan_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_tree" title="Lotus tree">Lotus tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">Moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged helmet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria#The_Phaeacian_ships" title="Scheria">Phaeacian ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus" title="Shirt of Nessus">Shirt of Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria" title="Talaria">Talaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Trident of Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnowing_Oar" title="Winnowing Oar">Winnowing Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_fire" title="Wheel of fire">Wheel of fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic egg">Orphic egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">Swan song</a></li> <li>Wind <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_wind" title="East wind">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_wind" title="North wind">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Modern<br />treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology_in_western_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical mythology in western art and literature">Classical mythology in western art and literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Greek mythology in popular culture">Greek mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_understanding_of_Greek_mythology" title="Modern understanding of Greek mythology">Modern understanding of Greek mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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