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class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Proton" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Proton" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Proton" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Proton" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stabiliteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabiliteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stabiliteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabiliteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwarke_en_die_massa_van_’n_proton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwarke_en_die_massa_van_’n_proton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kwarke en die massa van ’n proton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwarke_en_die_massa_van_’n_proton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atoomgetal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atoomgetal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atoomgetal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atoomgetal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 151 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Iông-chú – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INelesi" title="INelesi – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Proton" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proton"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Vir ander betekenisse sien <a href="/wiki/Proton_(dubbelsinnig)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proton (dubbelsinnig)">proton (dubbelsinnig)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <table class="toccolours vatop infobox" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; width:240px; padding:3px; margin:1px 1px 1em 1em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#C6CB93; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3"><b><span style="font-size: 120%;">Proton</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Quark_structure_proton.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Die kwarksamestelling van ’n proton: twee opkwarke (u) en een afkwark (d). Die kleure van die individuele kwarke is arbitrêr, maar al drie kleure moet teenwoordig wees. Wisselwerkings tussen kwarke word bewerkstelling deur gluone."><img alt="Die kwarksamestelling van ’n proton: twee opkwarke (u) en een afkwark (d). Die kleure van die individuele kwarke is arbitrêr, maar al drie kleure moet teenwoordig wees. Wisselwerkings tussen kwarke word bewerkstelling deur gluone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/234px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/351px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/468px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="695" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3"><i>Die kwarksamestelling van ’n proton: twee opkwarke (<a href="/wiki/Opkwark" title="Opkwark"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>u<sub></sub></span></a>) en een afkwark (<a href="/wiki/Afkwark" title="Afkwark"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>d<sub></sub></span></a>). Die <a href="/wiki/Kleurlading" title="Kleurlading">kleure</a> van die individuele kwarke is arbitrêr, maar al drie kleure moet teenwoordig wees. Wisselwerkings tussen kwarke word bewerkstelling deur <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluone</a>.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Klassifikasie</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Samestelling</td> <td colspan="2">2 <a href="/wiki/Opkwark" title="Opkwark">opkwarke</a> (u), 1 <a href="/wiki/Afkwark" title="Afkwark">afkwark</a> (d) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Statistiek</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermionies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Groep</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Basiese_natuurkrag" class="mw-redirect" title="Basiese natuurkrag">Wisselwerking</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Swaartekrag" title="Swaartekrag">Swaartekrag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">elektromagnetiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swak_wisselwerking" title="Swak wisselwerking">swak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterk_wisselwerking" title="Sterk wisselwerking">sterk wisselwerking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Simbool</td> <td colspan="2">p, p+, N+ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Antideeltjie" title="Antideeltjie">Antideeltjie</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiproton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiproton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Antiproton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Geteoretiseer</td> <td colspan="2">William Prout (1815) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Ontdek</td> <td colspan="2">Waargeneem as H<sup>+</sup> deur Eugen Goldstein (1886). In ander kerns geïdentifiseer (en naam gegee) deur Ernest Rutherford (1917-1920). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Rusmassa" title="Rusmassa">Massa</a></td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">938,272<span style="margin-left:.25em">0</span>813(58) <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,007<span style="margin-left:.25em">2</span>76<span style="margin-left:.25em">4</span>66<span style="margin-left:.25em">8</span>79(91) u</span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Gem. leeftyd</td> <td colspan="2">> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2,1<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>29</sup> jaar</span> (stabiel) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_lading" title="Elektriese lading">Elektriese lading</a></td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">+1 e</span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,602<span style="margin-left:.25em">1</span>76<span style="margin-left:.25em">6</span>208(98)<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> C</span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Ladingradius</td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">0,8751(61) fm</span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Dipoolmoment</td> <td colspan="2">< <span style="white-space:nowrap">5,4<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−24</sup> <i>e</i>⋅cm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Elektriese polariseerbaarheid</td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,20(6)<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> fm<sup>3</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Magnetiese moment</td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,410<span style="margin-left:.25em">6</span>06<span style="margin-left:.25em">7</span>873(97)<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−26</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>⋅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_(eenheid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tesla (eenheid) (bladsy bestaan nie)">T</a><sup>−1</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,521<span style="margin-left:.25em">0</span>32<span style="margin-left:.25em">2</span>053(46)<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohrmagneton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohrmagneton (bladsy bestaan nie)">μ<sub>B</sub></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2,792<span style="margin-left:.25em">8</span>47<span style="margin-left:.25em">3</span>508(85) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernmagneton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernmagneton (bladsy bestaan nie)">μ<sub>N</sub></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Magnetiese polariseerbaarheid</td> <td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,9(5)<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> fm<sup>3</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fisika)" title="Spin (fisika)">Spin</a></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="_nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Swak isospin</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="_nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Pariteit</td> <td colspan="2">+1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Die <b>proton</b> is ’n <a href="/wiki/Subatomiese_partikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Subatomiese partikel">subatomiese deeltjie</a> met ’n positiewe <a href="/wiki/Elektriese_lading" title="Elektriese lading">elektriese lading</a> en ’n massa van 1 op die skaal van <a href="/wiki/Atoommassa" title="Atoommassa">atoommassas</a>; omtrent 1 836 keer die massa van ’n <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> en effens minder as dié van ’n <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Protone en neutrone is saam bekend as <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleone</a>. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern">kern</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofatoom</a> se mees algemene <a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">isotoop</a> is ’n enkele proton. Die kerns van ander atome bestaan uit protone en <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Sterk_kernkrag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterk kernkrag">sterk kernkrag</a> gebind word. Die getal protone in die kern word die <a href="/wiki/Atoomgetal" title="Atoomgetal">atoomgetal</a> (simbool: Z) genoem en bepaal die chemiese eienskappe van ’n atoom asook watter <a href="/wiki/Chemiese_element" title="Chemiese element">chemiese element</a> dit is. </p><p>Die woord "proton" is <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> vir "eerste" en dié naam is in 1920 deur die Britse fisikus <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> aan die <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofkern</a> gegee. In vorige jare het Rutherford ontdek die waterstofkern (die ligste kern) kan deur atoombotsings onttrek word van die kerns van <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstof</a>. Die proton was dus ’n kandidaat om ’n elementêre deeltjie te wees, en dus die bousteen van stikstof en alle ander swaarder kerns. </p><p>In die moderne <a href="/wiki/Standaardmodel" title="Standaardmodel">Standaardmodel</a> van <a href="/wiki/Deeltjiefisika" title="Deeltjiefisika">deeltjiefisika</a> is protone <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrone</a> en bestaan hulle nes neutrone, die ander soort nukleon, uit drie <a href="/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark">kwarke</a>. Hulle word dus nie meer as elementêre deeltjies beskou nie. </p><p>Dit is nou bekend hulle bestaan uit twee <a href="/wiki/Opkwark" title="Opkwark">opkwarke</a> met ’n lading van <span style="white-space:nowrap">+<span style="white-space:nowrap" class="template-frac"><sup>2</sup><big>⁄</big><sub>3</sub></span> e</span> en een <a href="/wiki/Afkwark" title="Afkwark">afkwark</a> met ’n lading van <span style="white-space:nowrap">-<span style="white-space:nowrap" class="template-frac"><sup>1</sup><big>⁄</big><sub>3</sub></span> e</span>. Die <a href="/wiki/Rusmassa" title="Rusmassa">rusmassas</a> van kwarke dra egter net sowat 1% van die proton se massa by.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die res van die massa is vanweë die <a href="/wiki/Kwantumchromodinamika" title="Kwantumchromodinamika">kwantumchromodinamiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Bindingsenergie" title="Bindingsenergie">bindingsenergie</a>, wat insluit die <a href="/wiki/Kinetiese_energie" title="Kinetiese energie">kinetiese energie</a> van die kwarke en die energie van die <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluonvelde</a> wat die kwarke saambind. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stabiliteit">Stabiliteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Stabiliteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Stabiliteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>’n Vrye proton (’n proton wat nie aan <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a> gebind is nie) is ’n stabiele deeltjie en daar is nog nie waargeneem dat dit spontaan in ander deeltjies verval nie. Vrye protone word natuurlik in verskeie situasies aangetref waarin <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energieë</a> en <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperature</a> hoog genoeg is om hulle van elektrone te skei. Vrye protone kom voor in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasmas</a> waarvan temperature te hoog is dat hulle met elektrone kan bind. Vrye protone met ’n hoë energie en snelheid maak 90% uit van <a href="/wiki/Kosmiese_straling" title="Kosmiese straling">kosmiese straling</a>, wat in ’n vakuum vir interstellêre afstande voortplant. Vrye protone word direk vrygelaat uit <a href="/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern">atoomkerns</a> in sommige seldsame soorte <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiewe_verval" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiewe verval">radioaktiewe verval</a>. Protone ontstaan ook (saam met elektrone en <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">antineutrino's</a>) uit die radioaktiewe verval van vrye neutron, wat onstabiel is. </p><p>Die spontane verval van vrye protone is nog nie waargeneem nie en daarom word protone volgens die <a href="/wiki/Standaardmodel" title="Standaardmodel">Standaardmodel</a> as stabiele deeltjies beskou. Sommige teorieë in <a href="/wiki/Deeltjiefisika" title="Deeltjiefisika">deeltjiefisika</a> voorspel egter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonverval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonverval (bladsy bestaan nie)">protonverval</a> behoort plaas te vind ná tussen 10<sup>31</sup> en 10<sup>36</sup> jaar, en eksperimentele ondersoeke het gedui op laer grense vir die gemiddelde leeftyd van ’n proton vir verskeie veronderstelde vervalprodukte.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eksperimente by die Super-Kamiokande-detektor in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> dui op laer grense vir ’n proton se gemiddelde leeftyd van <span style="white-space:nowrap">6,6<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>33</sup> jaar</span> vir verval in ’n <a href="/wiki/Antimuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuon">antimuon</a> en ’n neutrale <a href="/wiki/Pion_(deeltjie)" title="Pion (deeltjie)">pion</a>, en <span style="white-space:nowrap">8,2<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>33</sup> jaar</span> vir verval in ’n <a href="/wiki/Positron" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron">positron</a> en ’n neutrale pion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nog ’n eksperiment by die Sudbury-neutrinosterrewag in <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> is gesoek na <a href="/wiki/Gammastraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gammastraal">gammastrale</a> wat die gevolg is van residu-kerns wat ontstaan uit die verval van ’n proton van suurstof-16. Dié eksperiment was bedoel om verval in enige produk op te spoor, en het gedui op ’n laer grens vir die lweensduur van ’n proton van <span style="white-space:nowrap">2,1<span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em">×</span>10<sup>29</sup> jaar</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dit is egter bekend dat protone in <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> verander ná <a href="/wiki/Elektronvangs" title="Elektronvangs">elektronvangs</a>. Vir vrye protone gebeur hierdie proses nie spontaan nie, maar slegs wanneer energie verskaf word. Die vergelyking is: </p> <dl><dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>p<sup>+</sup></span> + <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>e<sup>−</sup></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>n<sub></sub></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/Elektronneutrino" title="Elektronneutrino"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sub></sub>ν<sub>e</sub></span></a></dd></dl> <p>Die proses is omkeerbaar; neutrone kan terugverander in protone deur <a href="/wiki/Betaverval" title="Betaverval">betaverval</a>, ’n algemene vorm van radioaktiewe verval. Eintlik verval ’n vrye neutron op dié manier, met ’n gemiddelde leeftyd van sowat 15 minute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kwarke_en_die_massa_van_’n_proton"><span id="Kwarke_en_die_massa_van_.E2.80.99n_proton"></span>Kwarke en die massa van ’n proton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Kwarke en die massa van ’n proton" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kwarke en die massa van ’n proton"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kwantumchromodinamika" title="Kwantumchromodinamika">kwantumchromodinamika</a>, die moderne teorie van <a href="/wiki/Kernkrag" title="Kernkrag">kernkrag</a>, word die grootste deel van die <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> van protone en <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> verduidelik deur <a href="/wiki/Spesiale_relatiwiteit" title="Spesiale relatiwiteit">spesiale relatiwiteit</a>. Die proton se massa is sowat 80-100 keer so groot as die som van die <a href="/wiki/Rusmassa" title="Rusmassa">rusmassas</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark">kwarke</a> waaruit dit bestaan, terwyl die <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluone</a> geen rusmassa het nie. Die ekstra energie van die kwarke en gluone in ’n streek binne ’n proton maak amper 99% van die massa uit. Die rusmassa van ’n proton is dus die rusmassa van die stelsel van bewegende kwarke en gluone waaruit die deeltjie bestaan, en in sulke stelsels word selfs die energie van die massalose deeltjies steeds gemeet as deel van die rusmassa van die stelsel. </p><p>Twee terme word gebruik in verwysing na die massa van die kwarke waaruit protone bestaan: "Huidige kwarkmassa" verwys na die massa van die kwarke self, terwyl "samestellende kwarkmassa" verwys na die huidige kwarkmassa plus die massa van die gluonveld wat die kwarke omring.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:285–286</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Smith2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150–151</sup> Hierdie massas het gewoonlik heel verskillende waardes. Soos reeds gesê, kom die grootste deel van die proton se massa van die gluone wat die huidige kwarke saambind, eerder as van die kwarke self. Hoewel gluone nie massa het nie, besit hulle energie – meer spesifiek kwantumchromodinamiese <a href="/wiki/Bindingsenergie" title="Bindingsenergie">bindingsenergie</a> (KCBE) – en dit is wat so ’n groot deel van die massa van protone uitmaak. ’n Proton het ’n massa van sowat 938 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>, waarvan die rusmassas van sy drie kwarke net sowat 9,4 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> bydra.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atoomgetal">Atoomgetal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Atoomgetal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Atoomgetal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemie</a> is die getal protone in die kern van ’n atoom bekend as die <a href="/wiki/Atoomgetal" title="Atoomgetal">atoomgetal</a>, wat aandui tot watter <a href="/wiki/Chemiese_element" title="Chemiese element">element</a> die atoom behoort. Die atoomgetal van <a href="/wiki/Chloor" title="Chloor">chloor</a> is byvoorbeeld 17; dit beteken elke chlooratoom het 17 protone en elke atoom met 17 protone is ’n chlooratoom. Die chemiese eienskappe van elke atoom word bepaal deur die getal (negatief gelaaide) elektrone, wat in neutrale atome gelyk is aan die getal (positiewe) protone sodat die algehele lading nul is. ’n Neutrale chlooratoom het byvoorbeeld 17 protone en 17 elektrone, terwyl ’n chloor-<a href="/wiki/Anioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anioon">anioon</a> 17 protone en 18 elektrone het vir ’n algehele lading van <span style="white-space:nowrap">−1</span>. </p><p>Alle atome van ’n spesifieke element is egter nie identies nie omdat die getal neutrone kan wissel om verskillende <a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">isotope</a> te vorm, en energievlakke kan wissel om verskillende <a href="/wiki/Isomeer" title="Isomeer">kernisomere</a> te vorm. Daar is byvoorbeeld twee stabiele isotope van chloor: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">35</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">17</span></span>Cl<sub>18</sub></span> met 35 − 17 = 18 neutrone en <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">37</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">17</span></span>Cl<sub>20</sub></span> met 37 − 17 = 20 neutrone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2014_CODATA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-4">1,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-5">1,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_1-6">1,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N., Newell, D.B. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/constants">"The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"</a>, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, US.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mass-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mass_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCho2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cho, Adrian (2 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2010/04/mass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down">"Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down"</a>. <i>Science Magazine</i> (in Engels). American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827120227/http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2010/04/mass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Augustus 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mass+of+the+Common+Quark+Finally+Nailed+Down&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fphysics%2F2010%2F04%2Fmass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBuccellaMieleRosaSantorelli1989" class="citation journal cs1">Buccella, F.; Miele, G.; Rosa, L.; Santorelli, P.; Tuzi, T. (1989). "An upper limit for the proton lifetime in SO(10)". <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>233</b>: 178–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhLB..233..178B">1989PhLB..233..178B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2889%2990637-0">10.1016/0370-2693(89)90637-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=An+upper+limit+for+the+proton+lifetime+in+SO%2810%29&rft.volume=233&rft.pages=178-182&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2889%2990637-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989PhLB..233..178B&rft.aulast=Buccella&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Miele%2C+G.&rft.au=Rosa%2C+L.&rft.au=Santorelli%2C+P.&rft.au=Tuzi%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLeeMohapatraParidaRani1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, D. G.; Mohapatra, R.; Parida, M.; Rani, M. (1995). "Predictions for the proton lifetime in minimal nonsupersymmetric SO(10) models: An update". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>51</b>: 229–235. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9404238">hep-ph/9404238</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvD..51..229L">1995PhRvD..51..229L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.51.229">10.1103/PhysRevD.51.229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Predictions+for+the+proton+lifetime+in+minimal+nonsupersymmetric+SO%2810%29+models%3A+An+update&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=229-235&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9404238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.51.229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvD..51..229L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft.au=Mohapatra%2C+R.&rft.au=Parida%2C+M.&rft.au=Rani%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/whatsnew/new-20091125-e.html">"Proton lifetime is longer than 10<sup>34</sup> years"</a>. Kamioka Observatory. November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512192701/http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/whatsnew/new-20091125-e.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Mei 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proton+lifetime+is+longer+than+10%3Csup%3E34%3C%2Fsup%3E+years&rft.pub=Kamioka+Observatory&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fwhatsnew%2Fnew-20091125-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNishinoClarkAbeHayato2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nishino, H.; Clark, S.; Abe, K.; Hayato, Y.; Iida, T.; Ikeda, M.; Kameda, J.; Kobayashi, K.; Koshio, Y.; Miura, M.; Moriyama, S.; Nakahata, M.; Nakayama, S.; Obayashi, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Sekiya, H.; Shiozawa, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Takeda, A.; Takenaga, Y.; Takeuchi, Y.; Ueno, K.; Ueshima, K.; Watanabe, H.; Yamada, S.; Hazama, S.; Higuchi, I.; Ishihara, C.; Kajita, T.; et al. (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via p→e<sup>+</sup>π<sup>0</sup> and p→μ<sup>+</sup>π<sup>0</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>102</b> (14): 141801. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0903.0676">0903.0676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102n1801N">2009PhRvL.102n1801N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.141801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19392425">19392425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Search+for+Proton+Decay+via+p%E2%86%92e%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%CF%80%3Csup%3E0%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+p%E2%86%92%CE%BC%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%CF%80%3Csup%3E0%3C%2Fsup%3E+in+a+Large+Water+Cherenkov+Detector&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=141801&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0903.0676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19392425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.141801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PhRvL.102n1801N&rft.aulast=Nishino&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Clark%2C+S.&rft.au=Abe%2C+K.&rft.au=Hayato%2C+Y.&rft.au=Iida%2C+T.&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kameda%2C+J.&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+K.&rft.au=Koshio%2C+Y.&rft.au=Miura%2C+M.&rft.au=Moriyama%2C+S.&rft.au=Nakahata%2C+M.&rft.au=Nakayama%2C+S.&rft.au=Obayashi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Ogawa%2C+H.&rft.au=Sekiya%2C+H.&rft.au=Shiozawa%2C+M.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Y.&rft.au=Takeda%2C+A.&rft.au=Takenaga%2C+Y.&rft.au=Takeuchi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Ueno%2C+K.&rft.au=Ueshima%2C+K.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+H.&rft.au=Yamada%2C+S.&rft.au=Hazama%2C+S.&rft.au=Higuchi%2C+I.&rft.au=Ishihara%2C+C.&rft.au=Kajita%2C+T.&rft.au=Kaneyuki%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedAnthonyBeierBellerive2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, S.; Anthony, A.; Beier, E.; Bellerive, A.; Biller, S.; Boger, J.; Boulay, M.; Bowler, M.; Bowles, T.; Brice, S.; Bullard, T.; Chan, Y.; Chen, M.; Chen, X.; Cleveland, B.; Cox, G.; Dai, X.; Dalnoki-Veress, F.; Doe, P.; Dosanjh, R.; Doucas, G.; Dragowsky, M.; Duba, C.; Duncan, F.; Dunford, M.; Dunmore, J.; Earle, E.; Elliott, S.; Evans, H.; et al. (2004). "Constraints on Nucleon Decay via Invisible Modes from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>92</b> (10): 102004. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0310030">hep-ex/0310030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..92j2004A">2004PhRvL..92j2004A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.102004">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15089201">15089201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Constraints+on+Nucleon+Decay+via+Invisible+Modes+from+the+Sudbury+Neutrino+Observatory&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=102004&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F0310030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15089201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.102004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvL..92j2004A&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+A.&rft.au=Beier%2C+E.&rft.au=Bellerive%2C+A.&rft.au=Biller%2C+S.&rft.au=Boger%2C+J.&rft.au=Boulay%2C+M.&rft.au=Bowler%2C+M.&rft.au=Bowles%2C+T.&rft.au=Brice%2C+S.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+T.&rft.au=Chan%2C+Y.&rft.au=Chen%2C+M.&rft.au=Chen%2C+X.&rft.au=Cleveland%2C+B.&rft.au=Cox%2C+G.&rft.au=Dai%2C+X.&rft.au=Dalnoki-Veress%2C+F.&rft.au=Doe%2C+P.&rft.au=Dosanjh%2C+R.&rft.au=Doucas%2C+G.&rft.au=Dragowsky%2C+M.&rft.au=Duba%2C+C.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+F.&rft.au=Dunford%2C+M.&rft.au=Dunmore%2C+J.&rft.au=Earle%2C+E.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+S.&rft.au=Evans%2C+H.&rft.au=Ewan%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Watson, A. (2004). <i>The Quantum Quark</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-82907-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-521-82907-0"><bdi>0-521-82907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quantum+Quark&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-82907-0&rft.au=Watson%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2003_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Paul_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Paul Smith (2003). <i>Hidden Worlds: Hunting for Quarks in Ordinary Matter</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-05773-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-05773-7"><bdi>0-691-05773-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Worlds%3A+Hunting+for+Quarks+in+Ordinary+Matter&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-05773-7&rft.au=Timothy+Paul+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWeise,_W.Green,_A.M.1984" class="citation book cs1">Weise, W.; Green, A.M. (1984). <i>Quarks and Nuclei</i>. World Scientific. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9971-966-61-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9971-966-61-1"><bdi>9971-966-61-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarks+and+Nuclei&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9971-966-61-1&rft.au=Weise%2C+W.&rft.au=Green%2C+A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation web cs1">Ball, Philip (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081120/full/news.2008.1246.html">"Nuclear masses calculated from scratch"</a>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1246">10.1038/news.2008.1246</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Augustus</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+masses+calculated+from+scratch&rft.pub=Nature&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1246&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F081120%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.1246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Mark (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1410.htm">"Calculating the Mass of a Proton"</a>. <i>CNRS international magazine</i>. CNRS (13). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2270-5317">2270-5317</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Augustus</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNRS+international+magazine&rft.atitle=Calculating+the+Mass+of+a+Proton&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2009-04&rft.issn=2270-5317&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2F1410.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/24px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiwoordeboek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiwoordeboek">Wikiwoordeboek</a> het 'n inskrywing vir <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/proton" class="extiw" title="wikt:proton">proton</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" class="extiw" title="en:Proton">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deeltjies_in_fisika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Deeltjie" title="Sjabloon:Deeltjie"><abbr title="Lees hierdie 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Element%C3%AAre_deeltjie" title="Elementêre deeltjie">Elementêr</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermione</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark">Kwarke</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Opkwark" title="Opkwark">Opkwark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Afkwark" title="Afkwark">Afkwark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjarmekwark" title="Sjarmekwark">Sjarmekwark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vreemdkwark" title="Vreemdkwark">Vreemdkwark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bokwark" title="Bokwark">Bokwark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Onderkwark" title="Onderkwark">Onderkwark</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Positron" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron">Positron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antimuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuon">Antimuon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tau_(deeltjie)" title="Tau (deeltjie)">Tau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitau">Antitau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektronneutrino" title="Elektronneutrino">Elektronneutrino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektron-antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron-antineutrino">Elektron-antineutrino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muonneutrino" title="Muonneutrino">Muonneutrino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muon-antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Muon-antineutrino">Muon-antineutrino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tauneutrino" title="Tauneutrino">Tauneutrino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tau-antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau-antineutrino">Tau-antineutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ykboson" title="Ykboson">Ykbosone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">Foton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a> • <a href="/wiki/W-_en_Z-bosone" title="W- en Z-bosone">W-boson</a> • <a href="/wiki/W-_en_Z-bosone" title="W- en Z-bosone">Z-boson</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Skalaar" title="Skalaar">Skalaar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Higgsboson" title="Higgsboson">Higgsboson</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Ander</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Spoke</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hipoteties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/S-deeltjie" title="S-deeltjie">S-deeltjies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugino's</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gluino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ander</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Aksino • Chargino • Higgsino • Neutralino • Sfermion</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ander</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Aksion • Dilaton • <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a> • Majoron • Majorana-fermion • Magnetiese monopool • Tachion • <a href="/wiki/X-_en_Y-bosone" title="X- en Y-bosone">X-boson</a> • <a href="/wiki/X-_en_Y-bosone" title="X- en Y-bosone">X-boson|Y-boson</a> • W'-boson • Z'-boson • <a href="/wiki/Steriele_neutrino" title="Steriele neutrino">Steriele neutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saamgestelde_deeltjie" class="mw-redirect" title="Saamgestelde deeltjie">Saamgestel</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrone" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barione</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiperon" title="Hiperon">Hiperone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">Nukleon</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Delta-barion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiperon" title="Hiperon">Lambda-barion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiperon" title="Hiperon">Sigma-barion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiperon" title="Hiperon">Xi-barion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiperon" title="Hiperon">Omega-barion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kwarkonium" title="Kwarkonium">Kwarkoniums</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pion_(deeltjie)" title="Pion (deeltjie)">Pion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Rho-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Eta-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Phi-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Omega-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">J/Psi-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Upsilon-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Theta-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">B-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">D-meson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">T-meson</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Ander</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">Atoomkerns</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">Atome</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dikwark" title="Dikwark">Dikwarke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eksotiese_atoom" title="Eksotiese atoom">Eksotiese atome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Positronium">Positronium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Muonium">Muonium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Onium" class="mw-redirect" title="Onium">Oniums</a>) • Superatome • <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">Molekules</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hipoteties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eksotiese_hadron" title="Eksotiese hadron">Eksotiese hadrone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eksotiese_hadron" title="Eksotiese hadron">Eksotiese barione</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dibarion" title="Dibarion">Dibarion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pentakwark" title="Pentakwark">Pentakwark</a> • Skirmion</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eksotiese_hadron" title="Eksotiese hadron">Eksotiese mesone</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluonbal" title="Gluonbal">Gluonbal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tetrakwark" title="Tetrakwark">Tetrakwark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;font-weight:normal;">Ander</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Meson-molekule • Pomeron</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">cb11951081z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137643-2">4137643-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85107796">sh85107796</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574364">00574364</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137953&CON_LNG=ENG">ph137953</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=2428518">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=2428518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Chemie" title="Kategorie:Chemie">Chemie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Deeltjiefisika" 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