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OECD Regional Outlook 2014 Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People ... - OECD - Google Books
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Getting regions and cities “right”, adapting policies to the specificities of where people live and work, is vital to improving citizens’ well-being. This second edition of the OECD Regional Outlook aims to help countries do just that. Part I describes the main trends and challenges today. Part II has a special focus on cities, looking at public investment, urban framework policies, and rural-urban issues. Part III presents a Policy Forum on the future of cities, with five contributions from distinguished authors and policy makers. 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Foreword. Regions. and cities are on the front lines in the battle to achieve inclusive growth. They are where policies meet people in their daily lives. This second edition of the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA3\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e newly developed Principles on Effective Public Investment across Levels of Government highlights the best ... \u003cb\u003eoeCd\u003c/b\u003e secretary-general Acknowledgements The \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Regional Outlook 2014 was supervised by Joaquim. 4 \u003cb\u003eoeCd\u003c/b\u003e Regional\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA4\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e stretching back some 20 years . We are honoured to be \u003cb\u003epublishing\u003c/b\u003e what is perhaps his last paper . We are grateful to Brandon Fuller , Paul Romer and to the World Bank for their permission to reproduce the paper “ Urbanization as\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA5\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA6","page_number":"6","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. Readers \u0026#39; Guide ... \u003cb\u003eEditorial\u003c/b\u003e . Table of Contents Executive Summary Part I Trends in regions and cities : Evidence , policies and reforms Chapter 1. Regional trends across the \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA6\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 Sweden . Switzerland Turkey .. 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The. new. policy. imperative. this issue of the Regional Outlook has a special focus on cities. and for a good reason: in ... \u003cb\u003eoeCd\u003c/b\u003e 2014 \u003cb\u003eeditoRial\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA18\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; metropolitan areas \u0026quot; of more than 500 000 inhabitants generated more than 60 % of \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries \u0026#39; overall economic growth . Cities also have positive spill - over effects on the areas around them . In ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 19 \u003cb\u003eEDITORIAL\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA19\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Regional Outlook 2014 describes initiatives already taken in \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries in response to these challenges and offers ideas for the way ahead . Adapting cities for the future , in many \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 \u003cb\u003eEDITORIAL\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA20\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. cities. and. regions. the crisis affected urban and rural regions in different ways. Rural areas, particularly ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries since the crisis. inter-regional disparities in gDP per capita increased in 20 out of 33 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA28\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries Percentage change in the ratio between GDP per capita of the 10 % richest and 10 ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en . StatLink ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 I - 1 REGIONAL TRENDS ACROSS THE \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA30\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... OECD (2013), OECD Regions at a Glance 2013, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en. 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106268 and Catalonia alone contributed over 40% of the increase in the population of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA31\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Regions at a Glance 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106363 Box 1.1 . 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Fostering economic growth in rural regions : Important considerations for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA38\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries. however, even in regions where natural resources are abundant and sufficient investment ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264205390-en. Labour ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 39 i-1 REgiOnal tREnDs aCROss thE \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA39\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e regions with the highest GDP per capita growth rate during the decade ... ( \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e , 2013b ) . For the top 20 regions with the biggest drop in GDP per capita ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA40\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e regions Growth in GDP per capita Michigan ( USA ) Balearic Islands ( ESP ) 2000-10 , percentage change ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 41 I - 1 REGIONAL TRENDS ACROSS THE \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA41\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Regions at a Glance 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106420 Assessing regional performance on the basis of well - being : The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA42\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... OECD Promoting Growth in All Regions work included an analysis of the impact on regional GDP per capita growth ... OECD ( 2012 ) , Promoting Growth in All Regions , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264174634\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA43\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... OECD countries . Source : OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Regions at a Glance 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106458 Key policy implications Continued inter\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA44\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . Ahrend , R. , C. Gamper and A. Schumann ( forthcoming ) , “ The OECD Metropolitan Governance Database : A quantitative description of governance structures in large\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA45\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . OECD ( 2014a ) , OECD National Accounts Statistics ( database ) , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/na-data-en . OECD ( 2014b ) , OECD Regional Statistics ( database ) , http\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA46\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e as a combination of strong economic growth and improvements in living standards and outcomes that enhance ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e/Ford Foundation (2014), All on Board: Making Inclusive Growth Happen, www.\u003cb\u003eoecd\u003c/b\u003e. org/inclusive-growth/All-on\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA49\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2012 ) , Redefining Urban : A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174108-en for methodology . Source : OECD calculations based on population density as disaggregated\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA50\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... OECD countries \u0026quot; , OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2014/05 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en . areas has increased for metropolitan areas of all sizes , with smaller cities in the 450\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA55\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... OECD countries Percent of national gDP growth contributed by metropolitan areas (over 500 000), 2000-10 ... OECD (2013), OECD Regions at a Glance 2013, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en. 12\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA56\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106667 Figure 2.10 . Large cities have benefits but also costs Urban costs ( dis - economies ) Crime Inequality House prices\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA59\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA61","page_number":"61","snippet_text":"... OECD calculations based on the following definitions and data sources : functional urban area definition : OECD ( 2012 ) , Redefining Urban : A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http : //dx.doi . org\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA61\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, 2013b). Because the source of these CO2 emissions is not the same in ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Metropolitan Database; however estimates are that approximately 80 ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris. ahrend, R. and a.C. lembcke (forthcoming), “gross- and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA63\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA64","page_number":"64","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers, no. 2013/11, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787 ... Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance- 2013-en. OECD (2013b), Green Growth in Cities, OECD green\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA64\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... OECD (2010), Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/9789264087255-en. Over one-third of OECD countries channel their regional development approaches through a ministry that\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA67\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e ( 2013 ) , “ Sub - national governments in \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries : Key data \u0026quot; ( brochure ) , \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , www.\u003cb\u003eoecd\u003c/b\u003e.org/ regional / regional - policy . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106724 Box 3.2 . Local administrative\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA71\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA76","page_number":"76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e work shows that metropolitan cities in \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries with a higher level of governmental fragmentation ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106762 Austria ( 1950 ) Sweden ( 1952-63 ) Japan (. 76\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA76\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : A quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations \u0026quot; , OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2014/04 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA79\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2012 ) , Redefining Urban : A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174108-en , for the methodology of defining OECD metropolitan areas . Source : Kim , S.-J. , A\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA81\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... OECD (2012), Redefining Urban: A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174108-en, for the methodology of defining OECD metropolitan areas. Source: ahrend, R. and a. schumann\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA83\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris. Figure. 3.8. Metropolitan. governance. reform. involves. three. steps. Framework conditions for the reform Building the reform Source: kim, s.-J., a. schumann and R. ahrend\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA84\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA85","page_number":"85","snippet_text":"... OECD . Source : Kim , S.-J. , A. Schumann and R. Ahrend ( forthcoming ) , “ What governance for metropolitan areas ? ” , OECD Regional Development Working Papers , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA85\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : A quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations \u0026quot; , OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2014/04 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA86\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA88","page_number":"88","snippet_text":"... OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : A quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations ” , OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2014/04 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA88\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e - defined metropolitan areas found in European Union countries . Source : \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e calculations based on Eurostat ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris . Ahrend , R. and A.C. Lembcke ( forthcoming ) , “ Gross- and net - agglomeration benefits\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA89\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers, no. 2014/03, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz5j1q7s128-en. ahrend, R., C. gamper and a. schumann (2014), “the OECD Metropolitan governance survey: a quantitative description\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA90\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e metropolitan areas . At one end of the spectrum , some organisations are only responsible for strategic public ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2014 : REGIONS AND CITIES : WHERE POLICIES AND PEOPLE MEET O \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 I - 3 REGIONAL\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA92\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries that have been identified using the methodology described in \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e (2012a); and 11 large city-regions from australia and new Zealand (two \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries where no metropolitan areas have yet been defined). in order to be\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA93\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. table. 3.a2.1. Municipal. and. metropolitan. reforms. have. picked. up. pace. in. recent ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 95 i-3 REgiOnal gOVERnanCE: POliCiEs, institutiOnal aRRangEMEnts anD MuniCiPal\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA95\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet © \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 PaRt ii Chapter 4 Public investment: Smart, co‐ordinated and efficient This chapter highlights the importance of sub\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA99\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Regions at a Glance 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013-en . StatLinks http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933106971 sub - national governments responsible for nearly 90 % of that\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA102\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e analyses have noted that infrastructure investment alone has little impact on regional growth unless it is associated with human capital and innovation (\u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, 2009a). growth effects are likely to appear only when positive\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA104\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epublication\u003c/b\u003e, with data for each region. the platform is open to comments and inquiries from users to help meet their specific needs for information. Mexico: the national institute of statistics and geography (inEgi) has developed an\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA105\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA106","page_number":"106","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries ( \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e , 2013c ) and are common in federal as well as unitary countries ( e.g. Canada , France , Italy , Portugal , Spain ) . Contracts are often designed with high - level engagement and specifically earmarked multi year\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA106\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2010 ) , OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform : Australia 2010 : Towards a Seamless National Economy , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264067189-en . Table 4.1 . Examples of inter - governmental contractual\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA107\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries, contradictory interests often hinder the adoption of ... (\u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, 2012c). in singapore, lowering water consumption through conservation ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264102637-en; \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e (2013)\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA109\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Territorial Development Policy Committee , 4-5 December 2012 , www.\u003cb\u003eoecd\u003c/b\u003e.org/regional/ effectivenessofpublicinvestmentatsub - nationallevelintimesoffiscalconstraints.htm . The utility of these assessments also depends on the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA113\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers, no. 2013/04, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k49j2cjv5mq-en. Private sector actors can play different roles at different stages of the public investment cycle, but risks of capture\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA114\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e (2014c), \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Network on Fiscal Relations across Levels of Government (database), sub-national revenue ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en. Allain - Dupré , D. ( 2011 ) , “ \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REgiOnal OutlOOk\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA125\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2011/5 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http : //dx.doi . org ... Publishing , Paris . Charbit , C. ( 2011 ) , “ Governance of public policies in decentralised contexts : The multi\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA126\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, no. 18, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kmh2r7qpstj-en. global infrastructure anti-Corruption Centre (giaCC) (2013), “how corruption occurs”, giaCC website, www.giaccentre.org\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA127\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264048874-10-en. OECD (2014a), OECD National Accounts Statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/na-data-en. OECD (2014b), Water Governance in the Netherlands: Fit for the Future?,\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA128\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... OECD (2009a), How Regions Grow: Trends and Analysis, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264039469-en. OECD (2009b), Focus on Citizens: Public Engagement for Better Policy and Services, OECD studies on Public Engagement,\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA129\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2013/02 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http : //dx.doi . org / 10.1787 / 5k49m8cqkcf3 - en . Weingast , B. ( 2007 ) , “ Second generation fiscal federalism : Implications for decentralized\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA130\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... OECD countries Annual average change in unemployment rates in functional urban areas with populations of 500 ... OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Regions at a Glance 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2013\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA136\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2011 ) , Divided We Stand : Why Inequality Keeps Rising , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http : //dx.doi . org / 10.1787 / 9789264119536 - en . In many countries , there appears to be a relatively new and positive relationship between\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA137\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA144","page_number":"144","snippet_text":"... OECD ( 2010 ) , Cities and Climate Change , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264091375-en ; OECD ( 2013 ) , OECD Economic Surveys : China 2013 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-chn\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA144\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA145","page_number":"145","snippet_text":"... OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism, no. 7, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k97b11972bn-en; Johansson, Å., et al. (2008), “taxes and economic growth”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no. 620, OECD\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA145\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... ( OECD , 2013c ) .8 Box 5.3 . Guidelines for the reform of intergovernmental grants The table below summarises ... OECD Journal on Budgeting , Vol . 5 , No. 4 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/budget-v5-art24-en\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA147\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries, may also lead to costly and inefficient patterns of infrastructure provision, with additional negative effects on environmental and social cohesion (\u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, 2008). national governments can also assist lower levels of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA151\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA154","page_number":"154","snippet_text":"... OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD green growth studies, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264167865-en; OECD (2012), Redefining Urban: A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas, OECD\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA154\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries , 2007-08 United States Finland Czech Republic Austria New ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e questionnaire to the Employment , Labour and Social Affairs ... \u003cb\u003ePublishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264059528-en . StatLinks\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA158\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA159","page_number":"159","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, 2011d). Cross-sectorial co-ordination remains weak in many \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e countries, which is particularly problematic for urban areas. in Poland, for example, information on the government\u0026#39;s decisions on investment in various sectors\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA159\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA160","page_number":"160","snippet_text":"... OECD Regional Development Working Papers , No. 2009/02 , \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/218830433146 . tape , reducing transaction times and leveraging additional funds from the federal level ( US Economic\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA160\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism, no. 7, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5k97b11972bn-en. Blöchliger, h. and J. Pinero-Campos (2011), “tax competition between sub-central governments”, OECD Working Papers on\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA164\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... OECD Economics Department Working Paper, no. 620, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/241216205486. kamal-Chaoui, l. and M. Plouin (2012), “Cities and green growth: Case study of the Paris/ile-de- france region”, OECD\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA165\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... OECD (2013b), OECD Urban Policy Reviews, Chile 2013, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264191808-en. OECD (2013c), Investing Together: Working Effectively across Levels of Government, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA166\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... OECD (2010d), Dedicated PPP Units in OECD Countries: A Survey of Institutional and Governance Structures, \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264064843-en. OECD (2009), OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA167\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA174","page_number":"174","snippet_text":"... the population in Figure 6.1 . Observed and projected normalised population for more 174 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REgiOnal OutlOOk 2014: REgiOns anD CitiEs: WhERE POliCiEs anD PEOPlE MEEt © \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iii-6 uRBanisatiOn as OPPORtunitY The next 100 years.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA174\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA183","page_number":"183","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. Regions and Cities : Where Policies and People Meet O \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 PART III Chapter 7 Urbanisation and economic development in Asia Amitabh Kundu , Professor of Economics at the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA183\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA185","page_number":"185","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e, there does appear to be an explosion, but in relation to total asian population, this is simply not the case ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REgiOnal OutlOOk 2014: REgiOns anD CitiEs: WhERE POliCiEs anD PEOPlE MEEt © \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 185 iii-7\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA185\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. Introduction. the future of cities is not simply a question ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iii-8 thE futuRE Of us CitiEs: aDDREssing sOCial, ECOnOMiC, anD EnviROnMEntal REsiliEnCE Introduction\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA194\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. in Bridgeport\u0026#39;s distressed East End and East side ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iii-8 thE futuRE Of us CitiEs: aDDREssing sOCial, ECOnOMiC, anD EnviROnMEntal REsiliEnCE New tools to help\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA198\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA200","page_number":"200","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. our cities and our nation. Every year, the united states loses half a ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iii-8 thE futuRE Of us CitiEs: aDDREssing sOCial, ECOnOMiC, anD EnviROnMEntal REsiliEnCE.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA200\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epublication\u003c/b\u003e of a far-reaching report, Cities of Tomorrow: Challenges, Visions, Ways Forward (European Commission, 2011). the report presents a forward-looking vision of the opportunities and potential of European cities. it points to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA205\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA215","page_number":"215","snippet_text":"Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e. Transport options for peri - urban areas The ... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 215 III - 10 CREATING TRANSPORT CORRIDORS : REFRESHING THE PLACES OTHER TRANSPORT HASN\u0026#39;T REACHED Transport\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA215\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA218","page_number":"218","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e (2014), “Metropolitan areas”, \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 218 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2014 : REGIONS AND CITIES : WHERE POLICIES AND PEOPLE MEET O \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 III - 10 CREATING TRANSPORT CORRIDORS : REFRESHING THE PLACES OTHER TRANSPORT HASN\u0026#39;T REACHED.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA218\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA223","page_number":"223","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Highest rate in 2012 Vienna 7.9 % Lowest rate in 2012 Tyrol 2.5 % % 9 8 7 CO 6 LO 5 The importance of urban areas % 100 80 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Other urban 60 areas 50 000 AUT \u003cb\u003eOECD OECD\u003c/b\u003e AUT to 500 000 Largest contributor : Vienna AUT 40 Metro\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA223\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA232","page_number":"232","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epublications\u003c/b\u003e). ○ several initiatives have been taken to address the depopulation of rural and remote areas and agglomeration in large cities, including: introducing growth plans for tourism (2014) and food products (2013); reserving\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA232\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA235","page_number":"235","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 8.1 % The importance of urban areas % 100 80 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Largest contributor : Tallinn EST Other urban EST \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 60 EST \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e areas 50 000 to 500 000 40 Metro areas 500 000 + 20 0 2012 2 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Compared to the other \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA235\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA238","page_number":"238","snippet_text":"... zones” and provides new social and fiscal support. Urban population GDP of metropolitan areas 500 000+ Contribution of 238 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REgiOnal OutlOOk 2014: REgiOns anD CitiEs: WhERE POliCiEs anD PEOPlE MEEt © \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iV. COuntRy nOtEs France.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA238\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA246","page_number":"246","snippet_text":"... are not available for Iceland . Ireland Recent policy developments ○ a review of the national 246 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2014 : REGIONS AND CITIES : WHERE POLICIES AND PEOPLE MEET O \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 IV . 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OCDE 100 % Highest rate in 2012 North East England 10.2 % Lowest rate in 2012 South West England 5.8 %高品% 80 GBR 12 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Other urban 60 areas 50 000 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e Largest contributor : GBR \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 10 to 500 000 GBR London 8 40 Metro areas 500 000\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA285\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA286","page_number":"286","snippet_text":"... law or strategy document. Urban population GDP of metropolitan areas 500 000+ Contribution of 286 \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e REgiOnal OutlOOk 2014: REgiOns anD CitiEs: WhERE POliCiEs anD PEOPlE MEEt © \u003cb\u003eOECD\u003c/b\u003e 2014 iV. COuntRy nOtEs United States.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA286\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA288","page_number":"288","snippet_text":"... OECD. \u003cb\u003eOECD Publishing\u003c/b\u003e disseminates widely the results of the Organisation\u0026#39;s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. OECD\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA288\u0026vq=OECD+Publishing"},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"... OECD books , periodicals and statistical databases . 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