CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Child labor in the Philippines - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"233ea28b-1782-4911-892f-4773f206a4db","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Child_labor_in_the_Philippines","wgTitle":"Child labor in the Philippines","wgCurRevisionId":1255484076,"wgRevisionId":1255484076,"wgArticleId":36514314,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with obsolete information from May 2020","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2020","Child labour by country","Childhood in the Philippines","Labor in the Philippines", "Poverty in the Philippines","Human rights abuses in the Philippines"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Child_labor_in_the_Philippines","wgRelevantArticleId":36514314,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Child_labour_in_the_Philippines","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5097866","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Child labor in the Philippines - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Child_labor_in_the_Philippines rootpage-Child_labor_in_the_Philippines skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Child+labor+in+the+Philippines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Child+labor+in+the+Philippines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Child+labor+in+the+Philippines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Child+labor+in+the+Philippines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazardous_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazardous_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hazardous work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazardous_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permissible_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permissible_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Permissible work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permissible_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_legislation_on_child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_legislation_on_child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philippine legislation on child labor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philippine_legislation_on_child_labor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philippine legislation on child labor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philippine_legislation_on_child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_evolution_of_child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_evolution_of_child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical evolution of child labor laws in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_evolution_of_child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Child labor laws in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_regulations_related_to_child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_regulations_related_to_child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Laws and regulations related to child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_regulations_related_to_child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes and effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes and effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Educational status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Educational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Health and abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Department_of_Labor_and_Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_Labor_and_Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Department of Labor and Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Labor_and_Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippine_Program_Against_Child_Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Program_Against_Child_Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Philippine Program Against Child Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Program_Against_Child_Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_Labor_Prevention_and_Elimination_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_Labor_Prevention_and_Elimination_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_Labor_Prevention_and_Elimination_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_Labor-Free_Barangays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_Labor-Free_Barangays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3</span> <span>Child Labor-Free Barangays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_Labor-Free_Barangays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Barangays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Barangays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3.1</span> <span>List of Barangays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Barangays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HELP_ME_Convergence_Program_Against_Child_Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HELP_ME_Convergence_Program_Against_Child_Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.4</span> <span>HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HELP_ME_Convergence_Program_Against_Child_Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Angel_Tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Angel_Tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.5</span> <span>Project Angel Tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Angel_Tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_National_Strategic_Framework_for_Plan_Development_for_Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_National_Strategic_Framework_for_Plan_Development_for_Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.6</span> <span>Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_National_Strategic_Framework_for_Plan_Development_for_Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Secondary agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Department of Social Welfare and Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_for_the_Welfare_of_Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_for_the_Welfare_of_Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Council for the Welfare of Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_for_the_Welfare_of_Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-government_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-government_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-government organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-government_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-government organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-government_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamalayan_Development_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamalayan_Development_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kamalayan Development Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamalayan_Development_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visayan_Forum_Foundation_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visayan_Forum_Foundation_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Visayan Forum Foundation Inc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visayan_Forum_Foundation_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International partnerships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_partnerships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International partnerships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Labour_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Labour_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>International Labour Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Labour_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ChildFund_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChildFund_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>ChildFund Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChildFund_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Vision_Development_Foundation,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Vision_Development_Foundation,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World Vision Development Foundation, Inc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Vision_Development_Foundation,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ABK3_LEAP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABK3_LEAP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>ABK3 LEAP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABK3_LEAP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Child labor in the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="ফিলিপাইনে শিশুশ্রম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলিপাইনে শিশুশ্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Παιδική εργασία στις Φιλιππίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδική εργασία στις Φιλιππίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کودکان کار در فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودکان کار در فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბავშვთა შრომა ფილიპინებში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბავშვთა შრომა ფილიპინებში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5097866#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1255484076" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&id=1255484076&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChild_labor_in_the_Philippines"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChild_labor_in_the_Philippines"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5097866" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Philippines&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in the Philippines">Child labour in the Philippines</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></b> is the employment of children in hazardous occupations below the age of fifteen (15), or without the proper conditions and requirements below the age of fifteen (15), where children are compelled to work on a regular basis to earn a living for themselves and their families, and as a result are disadvantaged educationally and socially. So to make it short, it is called child labor when it is forced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Office_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistics Office (Philippines)">National Statistics Office</a> (NSO) has said there are currently around 5.5 million child laborers aged 5–17 in the country, around 2.1 million of whom are exposed to environments that are considered hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">The International Labour Organization</a> estimates that 55.3% of these children undertake hazardous work in an agricultural setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Republic Act No. 7610, known as the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act, gives the followings definitions pertinent to understanding the Child Labor situation in the Philippines: </p> <ul><li><b>Children</b> – refers to persons below eighteen (18) years of age or those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves or protect themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability/condition. (Section 3)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Child labor</b> – refers to the illegal employment of children below the age of fifteen (15), where they are not directly under the sole responsibility of their parents or legal guardian, or the latter employs other workers apart from their children, who are not members of their families, or their work endangers their life, safety, health and morals or impairs their normal development including schooling. This also extends to the situation of children below the age of eighteen (18) who are employed in hazardous occupations. (Section 12)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The joint project of the Philippine National Statistics Office and International Labour Organization made distinctions on the kinds of work that children subjected to.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazardous_work">Hazardous work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hazardous work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Chemical</b> – work involves exposure to: Dust (e.g. silica, dust, standing dust), Liquid (e.g. oil, gasoline, mercury), Mist, fumes, or vapors (e.g. paint, insecticides or pesticide spraying), Gas (e.g. oxygen, ammonia), etc.</li> <li><b>Physical</b> – work involves exposure to: Noise, Temperature or humidity, Pressure, Inadequate illumination or lighting, Slip, trip, or fall hazards, Insufficient exit for prompt escape, Congested lay-out Radiation, ultraviolet, or microwave, etc.</li> <li><b>Biological</b> – work involves exposure to: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic (e.g. drinking water affected with amoeba), etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permissible_work">Permissible work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Permissible work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children are allowed to undertake work under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A child below 15 years old can be permitted to work if he/she is under supervision by family senior/ parents provided that the child works directly under the sole responsibility of his/her parents or legal guardian and where only members of his/her family are employed.</li> <li>The child's employment does not endangers his/her life, safety, health, and morals, or impairs his/her normal development.</li> <li>The parent or legal guardian shall provide the said child with the prescribed primary and/or secondary education.</li> <li>The employer first secures a work permit for the child from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).</li></ul> <p>Children aged 15 to below 18 years of age are permitted to work in any economic activity not considered child labor, but not more than eight (8) hours a day and in no case beyond forty (40) hours a week. They shall not be allowed to work between 10:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M. of the following day, and employer should provide the child with access to at least elementary and secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its report <i>Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor</i> in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> estimated the percentage of working children aged 5 to 14 to be around 11% which corresponds to about 2,180 million children. 65% of these children were found in the agricultural sector, 5% in the industrial sector and 29% engaged in domestic service.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a></i> reported 13 goods produced exclusively by child labor in the Philippines. These included 8 agricultural goods (namely sugarcane, bananas, coconuts, corn, hogs, rice, rubber, and tobacco). Gold mining, pornography and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> complete the list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_legislation_on_child_labor">Philippine legislation on child labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philippine legislation on child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_evolution_of_child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines">Historical evolution of child labor laws in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical evolution of child labor laws in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concern for the welfare of Children being employed to work started in the Philippines as early as 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">American colonial government</a> of that time enacted the very first set of rules and regulations in the country regarding Child-labor through Act No. 3071, also known as "An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Shops, Factories, Industrial, Agricultural and Mercantile Establishments, and Other Place of Labor in the Philippine Islands, to Provide Penalties for Violations Hereof and for Other Purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enforcement of this law was eventually overseen by the Woman and Child Labor Section of the Inspection Division of the then Bureau of Labor in 1925. When the Philippines declared independence from American rule in 1946, all existing laws enacted under the former regime were replaced by Republic Acts. Act No. 3071 was renamed R.A. 695 thereafter and the implementation was entrusted to the Women and Minors Division of the former Bureau of Labor Standards, in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, the Philippines enacted into law to codify its penal laws, they came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Penal_Code_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Penal Code of the Philippines">Revised Penal Code</a> (RPC).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RPC contains several provisions barring certain types of child work, such as "Exploitation of Child Labor" (Article 273) which prohibits an employer from retaining a child worker in service against his or her will under the pretext of reimbursing a debt incurred by the child's ascendants. The PRC also includes a clause regarding the "Exploitation of Minors" (Article 278). This provision prohibits the employment of a minor less than sixteen (16) years of age in what the code describes as "dangerous exhibits". Other provisions of the RPC relating to slavery, prostitution, corruption, illegal detention, and kidnapping of minors are all applicable to child workers. The RPC remains in effect to this day in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years after <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%9365)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1946–65)">Philippine independence</a> from American control, the Republic became a member state of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> on 15 June 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Philippines have ratified a number of international conventions adopted by ILO, relating to child labor. The country first ratified in 1953, ILO Convention No. 90, which prohibits the employment of children in industry during night time and in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government ratified ILO Convention No. 59, which fixes the minimum age of employment for industry at 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention, however, allows younger workers to be employed in undertakings which only members of the employer's family are employed, but only if the work in question is not a danger to the life, health, or morals of the children employed. ILO Convention No. 77, which requires the medical examination and subsequent re-examination of children as a prerequisite for their employment,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also put into effect in 1960. The ILO Convention No. 138 or the Minimum Age Convention of 1973<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not ratified in the Philippines until 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Martial Law</a>, a handful of Presidential Decrees (P.D.'s) were enforced concerning child labor laws in the Philippines. One of which is P.D. no. 148 which amended R.A. 679, the Woman and Child Labor Law. The new decree simplified the complex provisions of R.A. 679 regarding confusing age limits imposed by this law under different types of undertakings allowing "any person between 14 and 18 years of age may be employed in any non-hazardous undertaking."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to note that P.D. no 148 was in direct disagreement with ILO Convention No. 59. The new law didn't last that long since only a year after, P.D. no 148 was amended by the passage of P.D. no 442, otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Code_of_the_Philippines" title="Labor Code of the Philippines">Labor Code</a>. The new law raised the minimum age of employment from 14 to 15 years old, and has maintained the previous minimum age for hazardous undertakings at 18 years old. The Labor Code failed, however, to include the terms and conditions of employment of children previously provided by R.A. 679, as amended by P.D. no. 148 creating a huge gap in the new law. This was eventually addressed through P.D. 603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code, a codification of different provisions for the well-being of all children.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor_laws_in_the_Philippines">Child labor laws in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Child labor laws in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%9386)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1965–86)">Marcos regime</a> in 1986, increasing demands for reforms in government policies, legislation and programs affecting children made the government respond by ratifying the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)</a> on 26 July 1990. The CRC entered into force as an international agreement on 2 September 1990. The convention directs the ratifying countries to "recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To comply with the mandate of the CRC, the government enacted R.A. 7610, "An Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its Violation and for Other Purposes" on 17 June 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the act was lauded for its innovation in promoting child welfare, especially those found in extremely difficult situations. However, the act was also severely criticized because of how its provisions severely changed existing policies regarding Child labor laws. Article VIII, Section 12, of R.A. 7610 legalized the employment of all children below 15 years of age, but only if the employer is able to secure a working permit from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labor_and_Employment_(Philippines)" title="Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)">Department of Labor and Employment</a> (DOLE).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public opinion and international organizations like the ILO and the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, along with the local <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Department of Justice (Philippines)">Department of Justice</a> pushed to amend R.A. 7610, Article VII, Section 12, as it was in flagrant violation of ILO convention no. 59. A new law called R.A. 7658 or "An Act Prohibiting the Employment of Children below 15 Years of Age in Public and Private Undertakings" was passed in October 1993 for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.A. 7658 allows only two exceptions to the prohibition on employment below the minimum age, first for the concerned child to "work directly under the sole responsibility of the child's parents or legal guardian and where only members of the employer's family are employed" and second, "where a child's employment in public entertainment or information through cinema, theater, radio or television is essential". Additionally, the new law requires the employers to first secure for the child a work permit from the DOLE before the child can begin to work.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the Philippines passed a new law known as R.A. 9231 or the "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law specifically limits the employment of children below 15 years old, with the same exceptions as R.A. 7658, with additional provisions regarding restrictions on the number of hours children are allowed to work, provisions on expanding working children's access to education, social, medical, and legal assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_regulations_related_to_child_labor">Laws and regulations related to child labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations related to child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard </th> <th>Yes/No </th> <th>Age </th> <th>Related Legislation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum age of work </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Labor Code; an act instituting policies for the protection and <p>welfare of domestic workers </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum age for hazardous work </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Labor Code </td></tr> <tr> <td>List of hazardous occupations <p>prohibited for children </p> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Republic Act No. 679, as further amended by Presidential Decree <p>No. 148, Woman and Child Labor Law, Department Order 4 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prohibition of forced labor </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, Republic Act <p>No. 10364 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prohibition of child trafficking </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Act providing for the elimination of the worst forms of child <p>labor and affording stronger protection for the working child, </p><p>Republic Act No. 9231; Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons </p><p>Act of 2012; Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, </p><p>Exploitation and Discrimination Act </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prohibition of commercial sexual <p>exploitation of children </p> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Act providing for the elimination of the worst forms of child <p>labor and affording stronger protection for the working child; </p><p>Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation </p><p>and Discrimination Act; Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, </p><p>Republic Act No. 9775; Cybercrime Prevention Act </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prohibition of using children in illicit <p>activities </p> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Act providing for the elimination of the worst forms of child <p>labor and affording stronger protection for the working child, </p><p>Republic Act No. 9231; Special Protection of Children Against </p><p>Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act; Comprehensive </p><p>Dangerous Drugs Act </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum age for compulsory military <p>recruitment </p> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Memorandum Circular No. 13 on Selective Enlistment/ <p>Reenlistment of the Department of National Defense and the </p><p>Armed Forces of the Philippines; Special Protection of Children </p><p>Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum age for voluntary military <p>service </p> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Combat: </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-combat: </td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>18/17 </td> <td>Memorandum Circular No. 13 on Selective Enlistment/ <p>Reenlistment of the Department of National Defense and the </p><p>Armed Forces of the Philippines; 2003 Declaration on Ratifying </p><p>the Optional Protocol </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compulsory education age </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Free public education </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>- </td> <td>Philippine Constitution </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite government efforts on amendments and ratification of laws and policies regarding child labor, the present policies and legislation responsible for the protection and rights of child workers in the Philippines still remain scattered among the different laws of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_effects">Causes and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Causes and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different reasons to why children are pushed to work below the legal age of 18. Listed below are some of the main problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poverty">Poverty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> or the NSCB in 2009 and released in 2011, 26.5% of the Filipino population is considered poor. This amounts to 23.1 million Filipinos who live below the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold refers to the minimum income a family or individual must earn in order to be considered "not poor". An individual is considered poor if he or she is below the annual per capita poverty threshold of P16,871. Recent research cites that poverty incidence among Filipino families have been increasing. Poverty incidence percentage declined from 21% in 2006 to 20.5% in 2009 and to 19.7% in 2012; however due to growing population the number of families rose from 3.8 million to 4.03 million and to 4.2 million respectively. Furthermore, a family of five would need an average of P7,890 to cover basic food and non-food needs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widespread poverty and unemployment rates in the country means that poor or low-income households are vulnerable to income and employment shocks. Lacking in physical assets that may be sold or offered as collateral in order to reduce or prevent interruptions to their income streams, poor households may resort to sending their younger members to work as a risk-reducing strategy. Especially during economic downturns when adult unemployment is rising and incomes are falling, child work provides a way for augmenting household incomes. It is thus reasonable to expect that the incidence of child labor will be higher among poor households than non-poor households and that such incidence should rise especially during periods of economic slowdown or decline.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_status">Educational status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Educational status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a study done by Anna Leah Colina for Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER), </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>"The study, which involved 3,859 households, found that children from poor families "are being forced by necessity to augment the family's coffers by working". Leaving school and working is a decision forced upon children by the reality they face each day, the study added. It further revealed that 96 percent of the households surveyed are living below the poverty threshold of their regions. At least 78 percent of respondents said they do not own or have access to land. Instead, most rely on other means to earn a living such as working in mines and plantations. Colina said a lack of access to education is also a "one push factor" to child labor. She said 60 percent of child laborers did not reach the sixth grade, while 44 percent reached Grade 6 before they left school to work.″</i><sup id="cite_ref-ucanews.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucanews.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This study has shown that most children are either forced to work at an early age or just work to have a steady income to help their families in their financial situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational">Educational</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Educational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the result of the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass media survey facilitated by the National Statistic Office, 10.6% of ages 6–24 of the country's population is out of school. One of the top reasons is poverty. Insufficient income to sustain schooling constitutes 19.2% of the out of school youth. Another alarming sign is that lack of interest which constitutes to 19.1%. Lastly, 5.5% of both male and female youths are out of school because they are either employed or looking for work. These factors affect the kids as they try to help their families earn more that resulted to the negligence of their education.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study indicated that school attendance among child workers tends to be sacrificed. Although schooling can be combined with work in many instances, various factors like poverty and the conditions of work may prevent working children from either attending school or benefiting to any significant degree from doing so. Children laboring under hazardous conditions are also at great risk of getting injured or contracting various diseases. Psychological and emotional problems have also been noted among children working under extreme conditions. These effects have implications on the future productive capacity and earning potential of working children. The failure to invest in human capital now means that the working children of today will be the impoverished parents of tomorrow, bearing children who like them will also be pushed prematurely into the labor market to make ends meet. Child labor, especially the worst forms, tends to reproduce the very same conditions that brought it about.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between child work, bad performance at school, and eventual non-attendance can take various routes as illustrated in many documented cases. In general, time divided between work and studying does not permit a child to focus on the latter, causing him to fall behind with his lessons and to get low grades. Conditions of work are, therefore, critical as they can affect a child's readiness to tackle schoolwork.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_and_abuse">Health and abuse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health and abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continuous exposure to various hazards in their work environments, especially chemical and biological ones that are invisible, places children's health and lives at great risk. While adults working under the same conditions face similar risks, an argument for minimum health and safety regulations would pose that children are especially vulnerable to work-related illnesses. Their yet undeveloped biological processes make their bodies less resistant to the chemicals and other toxic substances they are regularly exposed to. The lack of proper nutrition, so characteristic among the poor, moreover increases the vulnerability of working children to both the short, and long-term debilitating effects of work, which can cut short economically productive life.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_organizations">Government organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to progressively eliminate the proliferation of child labor cases in the Philippines, the following agencies, DOLE, DSWD, and CWC jointly collaborate on the programs and actions that assure the prevention of more child labor cases and the protection of the children in the society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_agency">Primary agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Department_of_Labor_and_Employment">Department of Labor and Employment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Department of Labor and Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) is the national government agency responsible for formulating policies, the implementation of programs, and they serve as the policy-coordinating program arm of the Executive Branch in the labor and employment field.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are leading the networks in the progressive eradication of child labor through protecting, preventing, and removing the children out of the hazardous and exploitative works, which also includes curing and redeeming them back into society.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their projects, programs, and activities are as follows: </p> <ol><li>Philippine Program Against Child Labor (PPACL)</li> <li>Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program</li> <li>H.E.L.P. M.E. or the Health, Education and training, Livelihood, Protection and prevention, and Monitoring and Evaluation Program</li> <li>Project Angel Tree</li> <li>KaSaMa Program</li> <li>Special Program for the Employment of Students (SPES)</li> <li>Child-Labor Free Barangays</li></ol> <p>DOLE also enforced national laws such as "The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act" (R.A. 9208) and "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act" (R.A. 9231). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philippine_Program_Against_Child_Labor">Philippine Program Against Child Labor</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippine Program Against Child Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippine Program Against Child Labor (PPACL) is the founded from the National Program Against Child Labor (NPACL) framework. Led by the Department of Labor and Employment, the latter framework was established for the period 2001–2004 to combat child labor. The program partners used it as a way to unify the goals, missions, visions, and other points needed of the programs to be established. When the period ended, the National Child Labor Committee added breadth to the framework by identifying new objectives that would help sustain the environment NPACL fostered and continue preventing the progressing situation of child labor in the Philippines. </p><p>In order to protect children and their rights, they proposed seven objectives to influence action: </p> <ul><li>Create a database system that upholds relevant information on the current events and news on child labor. This database system should be remained updated, inviting stakeholders and program partners to continually add significant studies and other resources.</li> <li>Ensure the role of the PPACL in all of the different partnerships and organizations geared to fight against child labor. This will help create a more responsive National Child Labor Committee.</li> <li>Engage the committee by creating awareness of the prevalent child labor issue through encouraging them to participate in the advocacies and other programs established for them.</li> <li>Encourage social workers and other entitled workers to participate in the programs to add more quality and authenticity.</li> <li>Provide opportunities for children in order to avoid the continuance of child labor while protecting their rights as children.</li> <li>Conventionalize the initiatives against child labor to ensure success and better implementation of laws and policies.</li> <li>Establish programs within laws and policies attributed and associated to child labor in order to proceed to a more national level, wherein all cities and provinces will be able to access the programs and initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Child_Labor_Prevention_and_Elimination_Program">Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For further progression in child labor elimination, DOLE established a program called Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. To be consistent with the PPACL framework, the objectives of the programs was founded on the framework to promote consistency and efficiency in combating child labor. Its five initiatives are as follows: </p> <ul><li>The Child Labor Knowledge Sharing System was created with updated information and resources contributed by 300 and counting users.</li> <li>The partnerships were strengthened through restructuring the National Child Labor Committee and its sub-committees, and creating the Sagip Batang Manggagawa Quick Action Team and other initiatives to focus on strengthening the regional committees.</li> <li>They provided authentic and effective service through projects such as Kabuhayan para sa Magulang ng Batang Manggagawa (KASAMA) Project, Project Angel Tree, Eliminating Child Labor in the Tobacco Industry (ECLTI) Project, and Integrated Services for Migratory Sugar Workers (I-SERVE SACADAS) Project.</li> <li>They strengthened campaigns and intensified implemented projects to promote the normalization of a child labor-free environment.</li> <li>Guided by the laws and policies enforced, the programs aided in working through the cases and provided legal actions such as creating the Working Child's Permit and closing establishments that promote child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Child_Labor-Free_Barangays">Child Labor-Free Barangays</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Child Labor-Free Barangays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consistent with the PPACL framework, the project Child Labor-Free Barangay aims what the name insinuates: eliminate child labor in every barangay in every country. Each labor-free barangay will be given a three-year certification and endorsement to DOLE programs once the barangay has completed the criteria and other requirements and submitted the proper documents in being enlisted as child labor-free. They should also have at least four agencies working within their area in order to promote child protection.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="List_of_Barangays">List of Barangays</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of Barangays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2014, the Child Labor-Free Barangay has already saved 53 barangays in 10 regions:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regions </th> <th>Barangays </th></tr> <tr> <th>National Capital Region </th> <td> <ul><li>Pasong Putik, Quezon City</li> <li>Bagong Barrio, Caloocan City</li> <li>Brgy. 176 (Bagong Silang), Caloocan City</li> <li>Pinagbuhatan, Pasig</li> <li>Sampaloc, Manila</li> <li>Sitio Damayan, Manila</li> <li>Brgy. 91, Manila</li> <li>Brgy. 109, Manila</li> <li>Almanza Uno, las Piñas</li> <li>Brgy. 14 (San Jose), Pasay</li> <li>Brgy. 201 (Kalayaan), Pasay</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cordillera Administrative Region </th> <td> <ul><li>Pide, Sagada</li> <li>Tanulong, Sagada</li> <li>Fidelisan, Sagada</li> <li>Banga-an, Sagada</li> <li>Aguid, Sagada</li> <li>Madongo, Sagada</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 1 </th> <td> <ul><li>Valbuena, Pinili</li> <li>Macayo, Alcala</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 3 </th> <td> <ul><li>Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan</li> <li>Pandacaqui, Mexico, Pampanga</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 4-A </th> <td> <ul><li>Sta. Maria, Calauag, Batangas</li> <li>Madulao, Catanauan, Batangas</li> <li>Sta. Ana, Taytay, Rizal</li> <li>San Juan, Taytay, Rizal</li> <li>Mahabang Parang, Angono, Rizal</li> <li>Kalayaan, Angono, Rizal</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negros Island Region (NIR) </th> <td> <ul><li>Brgy. Canggohob, Mabinay, Negros Oriental</li> <li>Brgy. Manlingay, Mabinay, Negros Oriental</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 10 </th> <td> <ul><li>San Jose, Quezon, Bukidnon</li> <li>Poblacion, Quezon, Bukidnon</li> <li>Salawagan, Quezon, Bukidnon</li> <li>Merangeran, Quezon, Bukidnon</li> <li>Butong, Quezon, Bukidnon</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 11 </th> <td> <ul><li>Kiblawan, Pasig, Davao del Sur</li> <li>Kibuaya, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur</li> <li>Matina Pangi, Davao City, Davao del Sur</li> <li>New Barili, Maco, Compostela Valley</li> <li>New Leyte, Maco, Compostela Valley</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Region 12 </th> <td> <ul><li>Kematu, T’boli, South Cotabato</li> <li>Poblacion, Malungon, Saranggani</li> <li>Libi, Malapatan, Saranggani</li> <li>Colon, Maasim, Saranggani</li> <li>Bula, Gen. Santos City</li> <li>City Heights, Gen. Santos City</li> <li>Poblacion, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat</li> <li>EJC Montilla, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat</li> <li>Saguing, Makilala, North Cotabato</li> <li>Presbitero, Pigcawayan, North Cotabato</li> <li>Poblacion Mother, Cotabato City</li> <li>Rosary Heights 2, Cotabato City</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Caraga </th> <td> <ul><li>Doongan, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte</li> <li>Las Navas, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="HELP_ME_Convergence_Program_Against_Child_Labor">HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor mainly aims to provide converged strategies to address issues concerning child labor. HELP ME stands for: H for Health services; E for Education and training, L for Livelihood opportunities for people involved; P for Prevention, protection, and prosecution; M for Monitoring; and lastly, E for Evaluation. It is founded by Cabinet's Human Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster (HDPRC) together with President Benigno S. Aquino III., Department of Labor and Employment, and Department of Social Welfare and Development. The whole program will keep in line through the following objectives: keeping a monitoring system for the child laborers and the services provided to them, delivering services fitting to the situations of the child laborers, and finally, collaborating with different departments and program partners such as DOLE, DSWD, DepEd, DOH, DILG, DA, DOJ, TESDA, NEDA, CWC, PIA and NCIP. </p><p>This convergence program was implemented in the period of 2013 to 2016 with the proposed budget of 9 billion, hoping that by the end of the project, child labor will be eliminated by 75%, or more specifically, to move out at least 893,000 children from the worst forms of child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Project_Angel_Tree">Project Angel Tree</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Project Angel Tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced by the Bureau of Women and Young Workers, the Project Angel Tree works as a connection for child laborers and those stakeholders who wish to collaboratively partake in protecting their rights. This project also contributes to the program Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. The primary objective of the project is to create an "Angel Tree Community", wherein Angels, which are the donors and contributors, grant the "wishes" of the child laborers. The Angel Tree itself is an image for the cause, wherein it is targeted that through this project, the Angels will continue to "bear fruit" for the children who need them. They call this system value networks, where through them, positive social interaction would be formed and child laborers would be granted access to resources. </p><p>In 2010, Project Angel Tree has already helped 15,902 victims of child labor in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philippine_National_Strategic_Framework_for_Plan_Development_for_Children">Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children, otherwise known as Child 21, serves as a guide for initiatives and programs established to promote and protect the rights of the children. The framework includes different activities and strategies in order to provide child-friendly environments, education, protection from threats including sexual exploitation, child labor, and child-trafficking, and other modes of development for the children.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_agencies">Secondary agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development">Department of Social Welfare and Development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Department of Social Welfare and Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is the government agency who provides direction to the intermediaries and implementers concerned with the delivery and development of social welfare and development services. They also develop and enrich existing programs and services for specific groups which includes the children and youth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold Child Protection Services in which they reach out on the children for them to recover from the experience of labor and be reintegrated back to their families. They also have Therapeutic Services for the Abused Children for the children to overcome the negative effects of abuse and for them to be able to live a normal and productive life by maximizing every potential a child has.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from their services, they are working together with DOLE in H.E.L.P. M.E. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_for_the_Welfare_of_Children">Council for the Welfare of Children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Council for the Welfare of Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) actively advocates against <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">trafficking of children</a>. They incorporate issues and concerns affecting trafficking in children in its development and strategic frameworks and ensures the adoption of such by the LGUs and other stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not directly implement programs for the children; they facilitate or support other agencies and service providers through activities that are in line with their functions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-government_organizations">Non-government organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Non-government organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamalayan_Development_Foundation">Kamalayan Development Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kamalayan Development Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995–1997, with the help of International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Kamalayan Development Foundation progressed from Kamalayan Development Center through establishing anti-child recruitment agencies in Davao City, Cebu City, and Ormoc City. This started numerous initiatives which granted children freedom from work enslavement. The organization founded rescue operations, participated in governmental and international campaigns and advocacy activities, imprisoned child labors, and finally, identified and rescued child laborers in plantations, factories, prostitution facilities, and other exploitative locations. The Kamalayan Development Foundation seeks to expand nationwide through the continuous support of ILO.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visayan_Forum_Foundation_Inc.">Visayan Forum Foundation Inc.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Visayan Forum Foundation Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a child laborer herself, Ma. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda spearheaded the Visayan Forum Foundation Inc. (VFI) in order to eradicate slavery and human trafficking. Its actions revolve around providing residential care to victims, mainly women and children, of difficult circumstances such as exploitation and child labor. The organization has established programs such as: </p> <ul><li>Centers of Hope: These are safe houses that aim to provide protection and shelter to girl-children and women victims.</li> <li>iFight Movement: This movement seeks to train, equip, and empower the youth with a better mentality for change and information on fighting against human trafficking.</li> <li>Policy and Advocacy Resource Center: This provides volunteers and partners a space to share information in order to develop the current campaigns and update information on the current environment on human trafficking and domestic work.</li> <li>Ventures for Freedom: This educates and provides communities innovative strategies in order to stray away from the possibility of human trafficking and domestic work, tackling the cause to prevent the problem from progressing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_partnerships">International partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: International partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Labour_Organization">International Labour Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International Labour Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, the Philippines joined the International Labour Organization (ILO) and has remained one of the active participants in its advocacy. As the country face problems on employment, more specifically, child labor, the partnership paved way to projects that will help in the elimination of child labor. The organization supports the country through promoting growth and developing their skills through quality education, especially for the children who remain victims to employment. </p><p>Its social partners include the DOLE, employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP), Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL), Associated Labor Unions-TUCP (ALU-TUCP), Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Public Services Labor Independent Confederation (PSLINK) and Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour">International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) varies from one country after another, dependent on the current situations of child labor persisting in the country specified. It aims to eliminate child labor in its different sectors, such as direct action, advocacy and awareness, institutional development, social services and poverty alleviation, and legislation and policy development.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ChildFund_Philippines">ChildFund Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: ChildFund Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/ChildFund" title="ChildFund">ChildFund</a> began by partnering with religious organizations, and eventually, the communities in the Philippines. The organization helps secure the future of children vulnerable to exploitation, child labour, and other causes, and builds a community that would ensure their safety and protection. Each year, they contribute $8 million to their partnerships worldwide, including the Philippines, directly helping 250,000 children and counting. </p><p>ChildFund is notable for two projects: Child Protection Committees (CPCs), wherein they protect children from dangerous and harmful acts such as bullying, child abuse, exploitation, and other measures in schools. Another would be the Conditional Socialized Education Assistance: Provide educational assistance to children who face inabilities to meet their educational needs. </p><p>Currently, their target provinces are: Ifugao, Benguet, Baguio City, Mountain Province, Quezon, Batangas, Laguna, National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Cebu, Ormoc, Misamis Oriental, North Cotobato, South Cotobato, Cotobato, Maguindanao, Sulu, Zamboanga del Norte.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Vision_Development_Foundation,_Inc."><span id="World_Vision_Development_Foundation.2C_Inc."></span>World Vision Development Foundation, Inc.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: World Vision Development Foundation, Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World Vision Development Foundation Inc. performs through partnering with Christians all over the world to seek justice and promote human welfare through various activities and programs such as spreading awareness, changing unjust structures, and transforming the youth by encouraging involvement and protecting their rights. The partnership with organization started when its founder, Robert Willard Pierce, initiated the China Challenge, which led to sponsoring and caring for the poor and needy. It first helped an orphanage called The Good Shepherd's Fold in 1957, and since then, it has continued to move to foster a healthy environment for the children and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ABK3_LEAP">ABK3 LEAP</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: ABK3 LEAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pag-Aaral ng Bata para sa Kinabukasan (ABK) LEAP Livelihoods, Education, Advocacy and Protection to Reduce Child Labor in Sugarcane Areas is the third phase of the ABK Initiative that aims to withdraw children from exploitative labor. In four years, 2011–2015, ABK3 LEAP intends to provide education, raise awareness, support research, contribute to the continuous development, and support data collection on child labor. The project mainly focuses on 11 provinces, namely Batangas, Bukidnon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cebu, Davao del Sur, Iloilo, Leyte, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, and North Cotabato. It targets to provide for 52,000 children at ages 5–17 years old and 25,000 households. </p><p>The project is implemented by the following organizations: World Vision Development Foundation Inc., ChiWorld Vision Development Foundation, Inc. ChildFund Philippines, Educational Research and Development Assistance Foundation, Inc. (ERDA), Sugar Industry Foundation, Inc. (SIFI), Community Economic Ventures, Inc. (CEVI), and University of the Philippines Social Action and Research for Development Foundation (UPSARDF).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_jail_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in jail in Philippines">Children in jail in Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816110128/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/17/republic-act-no-7610/">"Republic Act No. 7610 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/17/republic-act-no-7610/">the original</a> on 16 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+Act+No.+7610+%7C+Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1992%2F06%2F17%2Frepublic-act-no-7610%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">"What is child labour (IPEC)"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=What+is+child+labour+%28IPEC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Ffacts%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023221521/http://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/number-working-children-5-17-years-old-estimated-55-million-preliminary-results-2011-survey">"The number of working children 5 to 17 years old is estimated at 5.5 million (Preliminary Results of the 2011 Survey on Children) | National Statistics Office"</a>. <i>Philippine Statistics Authority</i>. 18 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/number-working-children-5-17-years-old-estimated-55-million-preliminary-results-2011-survey">the original</a> on 23 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.atitle=The+number+of+working+children+5+to+17+years+old+is+estimated+at+5.5+million+%28Preliminary+Results+of+the+2011+Survey+on+Children%29+%7C+National+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb0.psa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fnumber-working-children-5-17-years-old-estimated-55-million-preliminary-results-2011-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-manila/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_184097.pdf">"2011 Survey on Children – A Joint Project of the Philippine National Statistics Office and International Labour Organization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Labour Organization</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Organization&rft.atitle=2011+Survey+on+Children+%E2%80%93+A+Joint+Project+of+the+Philippine+National+Statistics+Office+and+International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F%40asia%2F%40ro-bangkok%2F%40ilo-manila%2Fdocuments%2Fmeetingdocument%2Fwcms_184097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704020458/http://www.dole.gov.ph/news/view/1789">"Department of Labor and Employment"</a>. <i>dole.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dole.gov.ph/news/view/1789">the original</a> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dole.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Department+of+Labor+and+Employment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dole.gov.ph%2Fnews%2Fview%2F1789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408212654/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/philippines.htm">"Philippines, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/philippines.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines%2C+2013+Findings+on+the+Worst+Forms+of+Child+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Fphilippines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"International Labour Organization-International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO-IPEC)." International Labour Organization-International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO-IPEC). 1998. Retrieved 1 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ipecphils.tripod.com/phillaws//p2_1.htm#top">http://ipecphils.tripod.com/phillaws//p2_1.htm#top</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702124433/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act3071.html">"Act No. 3071, An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Shops, Factories, Industrial, Agricultural and Mercantile Establishments, and Other Place of Labour in the Philippine Islands, to Provide Penalties for Violations Hereof and for Other Purposes"</a>. <i>PhilippineLaw.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act3071.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhilippineLaw.info&rft.atitle=Act+No.+3071%2C+An+Act+to+Regulate+the+Employment+of+Women+and+Children+in+Shops%2C+Factories%2C+Industrial%2C+Agricultural+and+Mercantile+Establishments%2C+and+Other+Place+of+Labour+in+the+Philippine+Islands%2C+to+Provide+Penalties+for+Violations+Hereof+and+for+Other+Purposes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippinelaw.info%2Fstatutes%2Fact3071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf">"The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Penal+Code+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FPHL_revised_penal_code.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The ILO in the Philippines." Asia Pacific Decent Work Decade 2006-2015, 2015, 3. Retrieved 1 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ilo.org/manila/publications/WCMS_371657/lang--en/index.htm">http://www.ilo.org/manila/publications/WCMS_371657/lang--en/index.htm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312235">"Convention C090 – Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1948 (No. 90)"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Convention+C090+%E2%80%93+Night+Work+of+Young+Persons+%28Industry%29+Convention+%28Revised%29%2C+1948+%28No.+90%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP12100_INSTRUMENT_ID%3A312235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312204:NO">"Convention C059 – Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937 (No. 59)"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Convention+C059+%E2%80%93+Minimum+Age+%28Industry%29+Convention+%28Revised%29%2C+1937+%28No.+59%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A12100%3AP12100_INSTRUMENT_ID%3A312204%3ANO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312222:NO">"Convention C077 – Medical Examination of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1946 (No. 77)"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Convention+C077+%E2%80%93+Medical+Examination+of+Young+Persons+%28Industry%29+Convention%2C+1946+%28No.+77%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A12100%3AP12100_INSTRUMENT_ID%3A312222%3ANO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C138">"Convention C138 – Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Convention+C138+%E2%80%93+Minimum+Age+Convention%2C+1973+%28No.+138%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP12100_ILO_CODE%3AC138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312283">"Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Ratifications+of+ILO+conventions%3A+Ratifications+by+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3D1000%3A11300%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A11300%3AP11300_INSTRUMENT_ID%3A312283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1952/ra_679_1952.html">"R.A. 679"</a>. <i>lawphil.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lawphil.net&rft.atitle=R.A.+679&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fstatutes%2Frepacts%2Fra1952%2Fra_679_1952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3, available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html">http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html</a> [accessed 1 July 2015]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215730/http://www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%252065-04.pdf">"Rules and Regulations Implementing Republic Act No. 9231 Amending R.A. 7610, as amended"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dole.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%252065-04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dole.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Rules+and+Regulations+Implementing+Republic+Act+No.+9231+Amending+R.A.+7610%2C+as+amended&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dole.gov.ph%2Ffndr%2Fbong%2Ffiles%2FDO%25252065-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2003/ra_9231_2003.html">"R.A. 9231"</a>. <i>lawphil.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lawphil.net&rft.atitle=R.A.+9231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fstatutes%2Frepacts%2Fra2003%2Fra_9231_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704032913/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/philippines.pdf">"Philippines SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dol.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/philippines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dol.gov&rft.atitle=Philippines+SIGNIFICANT+ADVANCEMENT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Ffindings%2F2013TDA%2Fphilippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115015213/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/presentation/Presentation%20on%20the%202012%20Full%20Year%20Official%20Poverty%20Statistics.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/presentation/Presentation%20on%20the%202012%20Full%20Year%20Official%20Poverty%20Statistics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscb.gov.ph%2Fpoverty%2Fpresentation%2FPresentation%2520on%2520the%25202012%2520Full%2520Year%2520Official%2520Poverty%2520Statistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuel_F._Esguerra" class="citation web cs1">Emmanuel F. Esguerra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo">"An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Child Labor in the Philippines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Child+Labor+in+the+Philippines&rft.au=Emmanuel+F.+Esguerra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipecinfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucanews.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucanews.com_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2015" class="citation news cs1">Torres, Joe (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153231/https://www.ucanews.com/news/chronic-poverty-is-fueling-child-labor-in-the-philippines/72891">"Chronic poverty is fueling child labor in the Philippines"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/news/chronic-poverty-is-fueling-child-labor-in-the-philippines/72891">the original</a> on 14 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Chronic+poverty+is+fueling+child+labor+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fnews%2Fchronic-poverty-is-fueling-child-labor-in-the-philippines%2F72891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234240/http://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/out-school-children-and-youth-philippines-results-2013-functional-literacy-education-and">"Out-of-School Children and Youth in the Philippines (Results from the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey) | Philippine Statistics Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/out-school-children-and-youth-philippines-results-2013-functional-literacy-education-and">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out-of-School+Children+and+Youth+in+the+Philippines+%28Results+from+the+2013+Functional+Literacy%2C+Education+and+Mass+Media+Survey%29+%26%23124%3B+Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb0.psa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fout-school-children-and-youth-philippines-results-2013-functional-literacy-education-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702121604/http://www.dole.gov.ph/pages/view/7">"Department of Labor and Employment – Pages"</a>. <i>dole.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dole.gov.ph/pages/view/7">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dole.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Department+of+Labor+and+Employment+%E2%80%93+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dole.gov.ph%2Fpages%2Fview%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/sites/pep-net.org/files/typo3doc/pdf/CBMS_country_proj_profiles/Philippines/8thCBMS/Presentations/Day_3/DOLE_programs_for_CBMS_conference.pdf">"ENHANCING THE USE OF THE CBMS STUDY RESULTS THRU DOLE PROGRAMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pep-net.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pep-net.org&rft.atitle=ENHANCING+THE+USE+OF+THE+CBMS+STUDY+RESULTS+THRU+DOLE+PROGRAMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-net.org%2Fsites%2Fpep-net.org%2Ffiles%2Ftypo3doc%2Fpdf%2FCBMS_country_proj_profiles%2FPhilippines%2F8thCBMS%2FPresentations%2FDay_3%2FDOLE_programs_for_CBMS_conference.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmat" class="citation web cs1">Amat, Zoren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704042129/http://ilsdole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Amat_DominoChildLabor.pdf">"ILS Discussion Paper Series 10-2010: Not Letting a Single Domino Fall: Towards a Child Labor-Free Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilsdole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Amat_DominoChildLabor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILS+Discussion+Paper+Series+10-2010%3A+Not+Letting+a+Single+Domino+Fall%3A+Towards+a+Child+Labor-Free+Philippines&rft.aulast=Amat&rft.aufirst=Zoren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filsdole.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FAmat_DominoChildLabor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084122/http://www.bwsc.dole.gov.ph/files/DOLE_CLPEP_2011_Accomplishment_Report.pdf">"DOLE Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program: 2011 Accomplishment Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwsc.dole.gov.ph/files/DOLE_CLPEP_2011_Accomplishment_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOLE+Child+Labor+Prevention+and+Elimination+Program%3A+2011+Accomplishment+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwsc.dole.gov.ph%2Ffiles%2FDOLE_CLPEP_2011_Accomplishment_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725031552/http://bwsc.dole.gov.ph/programs-and-projects-submenu1/clpep/child-labor-free-barangays.html">"Child Labor Free Barangays"</a>. <i>GOVPH</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwsc.dole.gov.ph/programs-and-projects-submenu1/clpep/child-labor-free-barangays.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOVPH&rft.atitle=Child+Labor+Free+Barangays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwsc.dole.gov.ph%2Fprograms-and-projects-submenu1%2Fclpep%2Fchild-labor-free-barangays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221331/http://www.bwsc.dole.gov.ph/images/ppacl/CLFB/C1-List-of-Child-Labor-Free-Barangays-2014-Accomplishment.pdf">"CERTIFIED CHILD LABOR FREE BARANGAYS IN 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bwsc.dole.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwsc.dole.gov.ph/images/ppacl/CLFB/C1-List-of-Child-Labor-Free-Barangays-2014-Accomplishment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bwsc.dole.gov.ph&rft.atitle=CERTIFIED+CHILD+LABOR+FREE+BARANGAYS+IN+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwsc.dole.gov.ph%2Fimages%2Fppacl%2FCLFB%2FC1-List-of-Child-Labor-Free-Barangays-2014-Accomplishment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705013100/http://ro7.dole.gov.ph/default.php?retsamlakygee=380&resource=096b5dbdd0efe5fdefa4e357e9a7225c">"DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT"</a>. <i>ro7.dole.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro7.dole.gov.ph/default.php?retsamlakygee=380&resource=096b5dbdd0efe5fdefa4e357e9a7225c">the original</a> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ro7.dole.gov.ph&rft.atitle=DEPARTMENT+OF+LABOR+AND+EMPLOYMENT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fro7.dole.gov.ph%2Fdefault.php%3Fretsamlakygee%3D380%26resource%3D096b5dbdd0efe5fdefa4e357e9a7225c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Cynthia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704071547/http://ilsdole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Cruz_Project-ANGEL-TREE.pdf">"Project Angel Tree: Value Networks as a Strategy Toward Improving Outcomes for Child Laborers and their Families"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilsdole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Cruz_Project-ANGEL-TREE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Angel+Tree%3A+Value+Networks+as+a+Strategy+Toward+Improving+Outcomes+for+Child+Laborers+and+their+Families&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filsdole.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FCruz_Project-ANGEL-TREE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>cpunet.plesk.freepgs.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704120616/http://cpunet.plesk.freepgs.com/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=9&Itemid=30">https://web.archive.org/web/20150704120616/http://cpunet.plesk.freepgs.com/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=9&Itemid=30</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpunet.plesk.freepgs.com/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=9&Itemid=30">the original</a> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpunet.plesk.freepgs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpunet.plesk.freepgs.com%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D9%26Itemid%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dswd.gov.ph/about-us/organization-and-functions/">"Department of Social Welfare and Development | Organizational Structure"</a>. <i>dswd.gov.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dswd.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Department+of+Social+Welfare+and+Development+%7C+Organizational+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dswd.gov.ph%2Fabout-us%2Forganization-and-functions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703070455/http://www.dswd.gov.ph/programs/community-based/for-children-and-youth/">"Department of Social Welfare and Development | For Children and Youth"</a>. <i>dswd.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dswd.gov.ph/programs/community-based/for-children-and-youth/">the original</a> on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dswd.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Department+of+Social+Welfare+and+Development+%7C+For+Children+and+Youth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dswd.gov.ph%2Fprograms%2Fcommunity-based%2Ffor-children-and-youth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713204004/http://iacat.gov.ph/index.php/about-us-2/36-about-us-members/roles-and-responsibilities-of-other-relevant-national-government-agencies/30-council-for-the-welfare-of-children-cwc">"Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC)"</a>. <i>iacat.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iacat.gov.ph/index.php/about-us-2/36-about-us-members/roles-and-responsibilities-of-other-relevant-national-government-agencies/30-council-for-the-welfare-of-children-cwc">the original</a> on 13 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iacat.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Council+for+the+Welfare+of+Children+%28CWC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiacat.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us-2%2F36-about-us-members%2Froles-and-responsibilities-of-other-relevant-national-government-agencies%2F30-council-for-the-welfare-of-children-cwc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704112733/http://www.aijc.com.ph/crc/crc_directory_council.php#programs">"CRC Directory – Council for the Welfare of Children ( CWC )"</a>. <i>aijc.com.ph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aijc.com.ph/crc/crc_directory_council.php#programs">the original</a> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aijc.com.ph&rft.atitle=CRC+Directory+%E2%80%93+Council+for+the+Welfare+of+Children+%28+CWC+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aijc.com.ph%2Fcrc%2Fcrc_directory_council.php%23programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=key_workplace">"By the Sweat & Toil of Children Volume V: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+the+Sweat+%26+Toil+of+Children+Volume+V%3A+Efforts+to+Eliminate+Child+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1146%26context%3Dkey_workplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091715/http://www.visayanforum.org/wp/about-us/">"About Us | Visayan Forum"</a>. <i>visayanforum.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visayanforum.org/wp/about-us/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visayanforum.org&rft.atitle=About+Us+%7C+Visayan+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visayanforum.org%2Fwp%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/lang--en/index.htm">"Projects"</a>. <i>International Labour Organization: Protecting Jobs, Protecting People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Organization%3A+Protecting+Jobs%2C+Protecting+People&rft.atitle=Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Fprojects%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703230831/http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/ipec_philippines.pdf">"The Philippines at a Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/ipec_philippines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humantrafficking.org%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Fipec_philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704172058/https://www.childfund.org.au/sites/default/files/publications/Philippines%20Country%20Field%20Report%20-%20FY13.pdf">"Overview of Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.childfund.org.au/sites/default/files/publications/Philippines%20Country%20Field%20Report%20-%20FY13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.childfund.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FPhilippines%2520Country%2520Field%2520Report%2520-%2520FY13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704190154/http://www.worldvision.org.ph/who-we-are/our-history">"Our History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvision.org.ph/who-we-are/our-history">the original</a> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvision.org.ph%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704063229/http://abk3leap.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/OSH-Analysis-on-Hazardous-Work-of-Child-Workers-in-Sugarcane-Farms_Preliminary-Findings-2014-ABK3-UPSARDF.pdf">"Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Analysis on Hazardous Work of Child Workers in Sugarcane Farms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abk3leap.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/OSH-Analysis-on-Hazardous-Work-of-Child-Workers-in-Sugarcane-Farms_Preliminary-Findings-2014-ABK3-UPSARDF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28OSH%29+Analysis+on+Hazardous+Work+of+Child+Workers+in+Sugarcane+Farms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabk3leap.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FOSH-Analysis-on-Hazardous-Work-of-Child-Workers-in-Sugarcane-Farms_Preliminary-Findings-2014-ABK3-UPSARDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labor+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Child_labour_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Child_labour_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Child labour in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Bangladesh" title="Child labour in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia" title="Child labour in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iraq" title="Child labour in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Uzbekistan" title="Child labour in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Vietnam" title="Child labour in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1255484076">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1255484076</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_labour_by_country" title="Category:Child labour by country">Child labour by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Childhood_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Childhood in the Philippines">Childhood in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Labor in the Philippines">Labor in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">Human rights abuses in the Philippines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_obsolete_information_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with obsolete information from May 2020">Articles with obsolete information from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_May_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 04:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labor_in_the_Philippines&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5w7wd","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.732","walltime":"0.863","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15981,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":116877,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9374,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":158464,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 776.323 1 -total"," 35.84% 278.226 1 Template:Reflist"," 32.17% 249.709 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 31.54% 244.856 1 Template:Navbox"," 29.30% 227.459 40 Template:Cite_web"," 17.00% 131.957 56 Template:Iso2country"," 14.05% 109.064 61 Template:Main_other"," 10.94% 84.952 1 Template:Update"," 10.37% 80.517 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.10% 78.418 1 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.385","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6306823,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4ws7h","timestamp":"20241122153712","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Child labor in the Philippines","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5097866","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5097866","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-07-23T00:09:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T04:58:11Z","headline":"overview about child labour in the Philippines"}</script> </body> </html>