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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كلود-لوي نافييه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلود-لوي نافييه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="کلود-لویی ناویه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلود-لویی ناویه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Marie_Henri_Navier" title="Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Henri_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Henri Navier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claude-Louis Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Navier" title="Henri Navier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="کلود-لویی ناویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلود-لویی ناویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Navier" title="Henri Navier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%82%98%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90" title="클로드 루이 나비에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클로드 루이 나비에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Անրի Նավիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անրի Նավիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="קלוד לואי מרי אנרי נאוויה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלוד לואי מרי אנרי נאוויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ludovicus_Maria_Henricus_Navier" title="Claudius Ludovicus Maria Henricus Navier – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Claudius Ludovicus Maria Henricus Navier" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Navier" title="Henri Navier – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كلود لوى نافييه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلود لوى نافييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8" title="アンリ・ナビエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンリ・ナビエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Marie_Henri_Navier" title="Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Навье, Анри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навье, Анри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ක්ලෝඩ්-ලුවිස් නේවියර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ලෝඩ්-ලුවිස් නේවියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Клод Луј Навје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клод Луј Навје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கிளாட்-லூயி நேவியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளாட்-லூயி நேவியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Claude-Louis Navier" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%27%D1%94" title="Клод-Луї Нав'є – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клод-Луї Нав'є" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4" title="克洛德-路易·纳维 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克洛德-路易·纳维" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313512#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Claude-Louis Navier</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg/225px-Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="303" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bust of Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1785-02-10</span>)</span>10 February 1785<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1836<span style="display:none">(1836-08-21)</span> (aged 51)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">Structural analysis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Linear_elasticity#Displacement_formulation" title="Linear elasticity">Navier–Cauchy equations</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Science">French Academy of Science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Joseph Fourier</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Claude-Louis Navier</b> (born <b>Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier</b>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[klod<span class="wrap"> </span>lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃ʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>navje]</a></span>; 10 February 1785 – 21 August 1836) was a French <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineer</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a> refer eponymously to him, with <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of his father in 1793, Navier's mother left his education in the hands of his uncle <a href="/wiki/%C3%89miland_Gauthey" title="Émiland Gauthey">Émiland Gauthey</a>, an engineer with the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Bridges_and_Roads_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Bridges and Roads (France)">Corps of Bridges and Roads</a> <i>(Corps des Ponts et Chaussées)</i>. In 1802, Navier enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a>, and in 1804 continued his studies at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a>, from which he graduated in 1806. He eventually succeeded his uncle as <i>Inspecteur general</i> at the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées. </p><p>He directed the construction of bridges at Choisy, Asnières and Argenteuil in the Department of the Seine, and built a footbridge to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. His 1824 design for the <a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Invalides" title="Pont des Invalides">Pont des Invalides</a> failed to leave a safety margin on top of his calculations, and after cracking the bridge had to be dismantled, destroying Navier's bridge-building reputation. He was chastised by a government committee for relying too much on mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-engines_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engines-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, Navier was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Science">French Academy of Science</a>. In 1830, he took up a professorship at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, and in the following year succeeded the exiled <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Louis_Cauchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Louis Cauchy">Augustin Louis Cauchy</a> as professor of <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> at the École polytechnique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Navier formulated the general <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_elasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of elasticity">theory of elasticity</a> in a mathematically usable form (1821), making it available to the field of construction with sufficient accuracy for the first time. In 1819 he succeeded in determining the <i>zero line</i> of mechanical stress, finally correcting <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>'s incorrect results, and in 1826 he established the <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> as a property of materials independent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_moment_of_area" title="Second moment of area">second moment of area</a>. Navier is therefore often considered to be the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">structural analysis</a>. </p><p>His major contribution, however, remains the <a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a> (1822), central to <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>. </p><p>His name is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rapport à Monsieur <a href="/wiki/Louis_Becquey" title="Louis Becquey">Becquey</a> et Mémoire sur les ponts suspendus. Notice sur le pont des Invalides</i>, chez Carillan Gœury, Paris, 1830 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWQUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1">(<i>read online</i> (French language))</a></li> <li><i>Résumé des leçons données à l'École des ponts et chaussées sur l'application de la mécanique à l'Établissement des constructions et des machines</i>, tome 1, <i>Première partie contenant des leçons sur la résistance des matériaux, et sur l'établissement des constructions en terre, en maçonnerie et en charpente</i>, chez Carilian-Gœury 2nd édition), Paris, 1833 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k241222p/f3.item.zoom">(<i>read online</i> (French language))</a></li> <li><i>Résumé des leçons données à l'École des ponts et chaussées sur l'application de la mécanique à l'Établissement des constructions et des machines</i>, tome 2, <i>Deuxième partie, leçons sur le mouvement et la résistance des fluides, la conduite et la distribution des eaux</i>, <i>Troisième partie, leçons sur l'établissement des machines</i>, chez Carilian-Gœury 2nd édition), Paris, 1838 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2412232/f3.item.r=.zoom">(<i>read online</i> (French language))</a></li> <li><i>De l'établissement d'un chemin de fer entre Paris et Le Havre</i>, imprimerie Firmin-Didot, 1826 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.enpc.fr/document/ENPC02_OUV_8_6191_C363_1826?image=8#bibnum">(<i>read online</i> (French language))</a></li> <li><i>Mémoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides</i>, lu à l'Académie royale des Sciences le 18 mars 1822, dans <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France - Année 1823</i>, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1827, p. 389-440 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3221x/f577.item.zoom">(<i>read online</i> (French language))</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-engines-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engines_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engines.egr.uh.edu/episode/2832">"Claude-Louis Navier | The Engines of Our Ingenuity"</a>. <i>engines.egr.uh.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engines.egr.uh.edu&rft.atitle=Claude-Louis+Navier+%7C+The+Engines+of+Our+Ingenuity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengines.egr.uh.edu%2Fepisode%2F2832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude-Louis+Navier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Louis_Navier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/15026476/claude_navier/">data BnF : Claude Navier (1785-1836)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Navier.html">"Claude-Louis Navier"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claude-Louis+Navier&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FNavier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude-Louis+Navier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080971106">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17504261">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht4jxcyFThHkqVXBfwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117548510">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85049064">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150264762">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150264762">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Navier, Claude"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V088313">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Navier, Claude"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20241227496&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1656724">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067581919">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8054073">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=237142">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597156505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/149078">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009748139205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517804606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:navier.claude">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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