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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical signs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_signs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical signs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lasting_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasting_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lasting signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasting_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Virology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Virology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Host range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine distemper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%83%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مرض كف القدم الخشبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض كف القدم الخشبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Гана (болест) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гана (болест)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psinka" title="Psinka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psinka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staupe" title="Staupe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staupe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerte_katk" title="Koerte katk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koerte katk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Μόρβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόρβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moquillo" title="Moquillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moquillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundopesto" title="Hundopesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hundopesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txakur-mukieri" title="Txakur-mukieri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txakur-mukieri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیستمپر سگ‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیستمپر سگ‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_de_Carr%C3%A9" title="Maladie de Carré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie de Carré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conslaod" title="Conslaod – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conslaod" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C_%ED%99%8D%EC%97%AD" title="개 홍역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개 홍역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Մսակերների ժանտախտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մսակերների ժանտախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="कैनाइन डिस्टेम्पर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैनाइन डिस्टेम्पर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distemper_anjing" title="Distemper anjing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distemper anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimurro" title="Cimurro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cimurro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%AA" title="כלבלבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלבלבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szopornyica" title="Szopornyica – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szopornyica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BB" title="നായ്പൊങ്ങൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നായ്പൊങ്ങൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distemper_anjing" title="Distemper anjing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Distemper anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC" title="犬ジステンパー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="犬ジステンパー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpesyke" title="Valpesyke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valpesyke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos%C3%B3wka" title="Nosówka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nosówka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinomose" title="Cinomose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinomose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Чума собак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чума собак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Мыкса – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мыкса" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canine distemper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psinka" title="Psinka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Psinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Штенећак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штенећак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penikkatauti_(virustauti)" title="Penikkatauti (virustauti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penikkatauti (virustauti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpsjuka" title="Valpsjuka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valpsjuka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pek_gen%C3%A7lik_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Köpek gençlik hastalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpek gençlik hastalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Чумка собак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чумка собак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_Car%C3%AA" title="Bệnh Carê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh Carê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canine_Distemper_Virus_Cytoplasmic_Inclusion_Body_(Blood_smear,_Wright%27s_stain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Canine distemper virus cytoplasmic inclusion body (blood smear, Wright's stain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canine_Distemper_Virus_Cytoplasmic_Inclusion_Body_%28Blood_smear%2C_Wright%27s_stain%29.jpg/220px-Canine_Distemper_Virus_Cytoplasmic_Inclusion_Body_%28Blood_smear%2C_Wright%27s_stain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canine_Distemper_Virus_Cytoplasmic_Inclusion_Body_%28Blood_smear%2C_Wright%27s_stain%29.jpg/330px-Canine_Distemper_Virus_Cytoplasmic_Inclusion_Body_%28Blood_smear%2C_Wright%27s_stain%29.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negarnaviricota" class="mw-redirect" title="Negarnaviricota"><i>Negarnaviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monjiviricetes" title="Monjiviricetes"><i>Monjiviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mononegavirales" title="Mononegavirales"><i>Mononegavirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae"><i>Paramyxoviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morbillivirus" title="Morbillivirus"><i>Morbillivirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Morbillivirus canis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-ICTVcm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTVcm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Canine distemper virus</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Canine distemper virus</b> (<b>CDV</b>) (sometimes termed "<b>footpad disease</b>") is a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> that affects a wide variety of mammal families,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including domestic and wild species of <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotes">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">pandas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrets">ferrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skunks">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoons">raccoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felines</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a>, some primates, and a variety of other species. CDV does not affect humans. </p><p>In canines, CDV affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, the spinal cord, and the brain. Common symptoms include high fever, eye inflammation and eye/nose discharge, labored breathing and coughing, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of appetite and <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, and hardening of the nose and footpads. The viral infection can be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections and can eventually present serious neurological symptoms. </p><p>Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a> of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i> (the same family of viruses that causes <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human respiratory syncytial virus">bronchiolitis</a> in humans). The disease is highly contagious via inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-Deemetal2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deemetal2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morbidity and mortality may vary greatly among animal species, with up to 100% mortality in unvaccinated populations of ferrets. In domestic dogs, while the acute generalized form of distemper has a high mortality rate, disease duration and severity depend mainly on the animal's age, immune status, and the virulence of the infecting strain of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Deemetal2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deemetal2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease in dogs and was the leading cause of infectious disease death in dogs prior to a vaccine becoming available.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the word <i>distemper</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">distemperen</i></span>, 'to upset the balance of the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humors</a>,' which is from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">destemprer</i></span><i>,</i> 'to disturb,' which is from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">distemperare</i></span>, 'to not mix properly.'<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, the first report of CDV occurred in Spain in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel_1972_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> described the disease in 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-Appel_1972_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and French veterinarian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Carr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Carré (page does not exist)">Henri Carré</a> determined that the disease was caused by a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel_1972_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carré's findings were disputed by researchers in England until 1926, when <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Laidlaw" title="Patrick Laidlaw">Patrick Laidlaw</a> and G.W. Dunkin confirmed that the disease was, in fact, caused by a virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel_1972_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first vaccine against canine distemper was developed by the Italian Vittorio Puntoni.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizzard_1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizzard_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923 and 1924, Puntoni published two articles in which he added <a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">formalin</a> to brain tissue from infected dogs to create a vaccine that successfully prevented the disease in healthy dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizzard_1999_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizzard_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commercial vaccine was developed in 1950, yet owing to its limited use, the virus remains prevalent in many populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomeroy2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The domestic dog has largely been responsible for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife and now causes a serious conservation threat to many species of <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivores</a> and some species of <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>. The virus contributed to the near-extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">black-footed ferret</a>. It also may have played a considerable role in the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (Tasmanian tiger) and recurrently causes mortality among <a href="/wiki/African_Wild_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="African Wild Dog">African wild dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993–1994, the lion population in the Serengeti, Tanzania, experienced a 20% decline as a result of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Assessment2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assessment2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease has also mutated into the <a href="/wiki/Phocid_distemper_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocid distemper virus">phocine distemper virus</a>, which affects <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_signs">Clinical signs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinical signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In dogs, signs of CDV vary widely, from no signs to mild respiratory signs indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Kennel_cough" title="Kennel cough">kennel cough</a> to severe pneumonia with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene_2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly observed signs are a runny nose, vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, excessive salivation, coughing and/or labored breathing, loss of appetite, and weight loss. If neurological signs develop, incontinence may ensue.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central nervous system signs include a localized involuntary twitching of muscles or groups of muscles, seizures with salivation, and jaw movements commonly described as "chewing-gum fits," or more appropriately as "distemper myoclonus." As the condition progresses, the seizures worsen and progress to <a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">grand mal convulsions</a>, followed by the death of the animal. The animal may also show signs of sensitivity to light, incoordination, circling, increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as pain or touch, and deterioration of motor capabilities. Less commonly, they may lead to blindness and paralysis. The length of the systemic disease may be as short as 10 days, or the start of neurological signs may not occur until several weeks or months later. Those few that survive usually have a small tic or twitch of varying degrees of severity. With time, this tic usually diminishes somewhat in its severity.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasting_signs">Lasting signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lasting signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A dog that survives distemper can have complications afterwards. The most prevalent complication is hard pad disease, in which the skin on paw pads and skin on end of the nose thicken. Another lasting symptom that is common is <a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia" title="Enamel hypoplasia">enamel hypoplasia</a>. Puppies can have damage to the enamel of teeth that are not completely formed or have not yet grown through the gums. This results from the virus killing the cells responsible for manufacturing the tooth enamel. These affected teeth tend to erode quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Insider2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insider2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/220px--Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-(Canis-lupus)-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-(Canis-lupus)-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv/Arctic-Lineage-Canine-Distemper-Virus-as-a-Cause-of-Death-in-Apennine-Wolves-%28Canis-lupus%29-in-Italy-pone.0082356.s001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> in advanced stage of infection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Life-threatening complications can include nervous-system degeneration. Dogs that have been infected with distemper can have a progressive deterioration of mental abilities and motor skills. With time, the dog can develop seizures, paralysis, a reduction in sight, and incoordination. These dogs are usually humanely euthanized because of the immense pain and suffering they face.<sup id="cite_ref-Insider2012_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insider2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif/lossless-page1-170px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif/lossless-page1-255px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif/lossless-page1-340px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Paramixoviruses_with_CDV.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Canine distemper virus position in the phylogenetic tree of Paramyxoviruses</figcaption></figure> <p>Distemper is caused by a single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a> of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>, and is a very close relative of the viruses of the same genus that cause <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> in humans and <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a> in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_diversity">Genetic diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographically distinct lineages of the canine distemper virus are genetically diverse. This diversity arises from <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> and, when two genetically distinct viruses infect the same cell, from <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_range">Host range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Host range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distemper, or hardpad disease in canines,<sup id="cite_ref-RadostitsEtalMerck_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadostitsEtalMerck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affects animals in the following families and species: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a> (red panda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> (dog, fox, wolf, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">Chinese raccoon dog</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> (large cats,<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">domestic cats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaenidae">Hyaenidae</a> (hyena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a> (ferret, mink, skunk, wolverine, marten, badger, otter)<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RadostitsEtalMerck_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadostitsEtalMerck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a> (seals, walrus, sea lion, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate (some)</a> (e.g., Japanese monkey, but not humans)<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> (raccoon, coati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a> (bear)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a> (raccoon-like South Asian binturong, palm civet)<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Animals in the family Felidae, including many species of large cat as well as domestic cats, were long believed to be resistant to canine distemper until some researchers reported the prevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in large felids.<sup id="cite_ref-Ikeda2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeda2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both large and domestic cats are now known to be capable of infection, usually through close housing with dogs <sup id="cite_ref-Ikeda2001_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeda2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreeneAppel2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreeneAppel2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly blood transfusion from infected cats,<sup id="cite_ref-Ikeda2001_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeda2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but such infections appear to be self-limiting and largely without symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-GreeneAppel2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreeneAppel2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a captive population of <a href="/wiki/Giant_pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant pandas">giant pandas</a> in China (Shanxi Rare Wild Animal Rescue and Research Center), six of 22 captive pandas were infected by CDV. All but one infected panda died; the survivor had previously been vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp/220px-12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp/330px-12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp/440px-12985_2019_1136_Fig4_HTML.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Principal routes of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection and transmission in hosts</figcaption></figure> <p>The canine distemper virus affects nearly all body systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Beineke_2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beineke_2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puppies from 3–6 months old are particularly susceptible.<sup id="cite_ref-remedys_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remedys-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDV spreads through aerosol droplets and through contact with infected bodily fluids, including nasal and ocular secretions, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, 6 to 22 days after exposure. It can also be spread by food and water contaminated with these fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time between infection and disease is 14 to 18 days, although a fever can appear from 3 to 6 days after infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmichael_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canine distemper virus tends to direct its infection toward the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous tissues</a>. The virus initially replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract. The virus then enters the blood stream and infects the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urogenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital">urogenital</a>, epithelial, and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous systems</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the typical pathologic features of canine distemper include lymphoid depletion (causing <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> and leading to secondary infections), interstitial <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Demyelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Demyelination">demyelination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a> of the nose and foot pads. </p><p>The virus first appears in bronchial lymph nodes and tonsils two days after exposure. The virus then enters the bloodstream on the second or third day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch1999_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A first round of acute fever tends to begin around 3–8 days after infection, which is often accompanied by a low white blood cell count, especially of <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a>, as well as a low platelet count. These signs may or may not be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a>, a runny nose, or discharge from the eye. This first round of fever typically recedes rapidly within 96 hours, and then a second round of fever begins around the 11th or 12th day and lasts at least a week. Gastrointestinal and respiratory problems tend to follow, which may become complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">encephalomyelitis</a>, either is associated with this, subsequently follows, or comes completely independently of these problems. A thickening of the footpads sometimes develops, and vesicular pustular lesions on the abdomen usually develop. Neurological signs are typically found in animals with thickened footpads from the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of sufferers experience <a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">meningoencephalitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 50% of the adult dogs that contract the disease die from it. Among puppies, the death rate often reaches 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg/170px-Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg/255px-Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg/340px-Canine_distemper_pathology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>A. Lung lesion in an <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> B. <a href="/wiki/Viroplasm" title="Viroplasm">Viral inclusion bodies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The above signs, especially fever, respiratory signs, neurological signs, and thickened footpads, occurring in unvaccinated dogs strongly indicate CDV. However, several febrile diseases match many of the signs of the disease and only recently has distinguishing between canine <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a> virus, <a href="/wiki/Parainfluenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Parainfluenza">parainfluenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a> been possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, finding the virus by various methods in the dog's conjunctival cells or foot pads gives a definitive diagnosis. In older dogs that develop distemper encephalomyelitis, diagnosis may be more difficult, since many of these dogs have an adequate vaccination history.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional test to confirm distemper is a <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</a> slide of the bladder transitional epithelium of the inside lining from the bladder, stained with <a href="/wiki/Diff-Quik" title="Diff-Quik">Diff-Quik</a>. These infected cells have inclusions which stain a carmine red color, found in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">paranuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>. About 90% of the bladder cells will be positive for inclusions in the early stages of distemper.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DA2PPC_Vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="DA2PPC Vaccine">DA2PPC Vaccine</a></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> against CDV exist for <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATCvet" class="mw-redirect" title="ATCvet">ATCvet</a> code: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_I07" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code I07">QI07AD05</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QI07AD05">WHO</a></span>) and combinations) and <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">domestic ferrets</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_I20" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code I20">QI20DD01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QI20DD01">WHO</a></span>)), which in many jurisdictions are mandatory for pets. Infected animals should be <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantined</a> from other dogs for several months owing to the length of time the animal may shed the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus is destroyed in the environment by routine cleaning with disinfectants, detergents, or drying. It does not survive in the environment for more than a few hours at room temperature (20–25 °C), but can survive for a few weeks in shady environments at temperatures slightly above freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_Koret_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_Koret-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It, along with other labile viruses, can also persist longer in serum and tissue debris.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch1999_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs. </p><p>To prevent canine distemper, puppies should begin vaccination at 6–8 weeks of age and then continue getting the "booster shot" every 2–4 weeks until they are 16 weeks of age. Without the full series of shots, the vaccination does not provide protection against the virus. Since puppies are typically sold at the age of 8–10 weeks, they typically receive the first shot while still with their breeder, but the new owner often does not finish the series. These dogs are not protected against the virus, so are susceptible to canine distemper infection, continuing the downward spiral that leads to outbreaks throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Canine_Distemper:_Prevention_of_Infections_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canine_Distemper:_Prevention_of_Infections-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No specific treatment for the CDV is known. As with measles, the treatment is symptomatic and supportive.<sup id="cite_ref-CreevyMerck_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreevyMerck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care is geared towards treating fluid/electrolyte imbalances, neurological symptoms, and preventing any secondary bacterial infections. Examples include administering fluids, electrolyte solutions, analgesics, anticonvulsants, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antipyretics, parenteral nutrition, and nursing care.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mortality rate of CDV largely depends on the immune status of the infected dogs. Puppies experience the highest mortality rate, where complications such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> are more common.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch1999_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In older dogs that develop distemper, <a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">encephalomyelitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibular disease">vestibular disease</a> may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 15% of canine inflammatory central nervous system diseases are a result of CDV.<sup id="cite_ref-Elia2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elia2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prevalence of canine distemper in the community has decreased dramatically due to the availability of vaccinations. However, the disease continues to spread among unvaccinated populations, such as those in animal shelters and pet stores. This provides a great threat to both the rural and urban communities throughout the United States, affecting both shelter and domestic canines. Despite the effectiveness of the vaccination, outbreaks of this disease continue to occur nationally. In April 2011, the Arizona Humane Society released a valley-wide pet health alert throughout Phoenix, Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outbreaks of canine distemper continue to occur throughout the United States and elsewhere and are caused by many factors, including proximity to wild animals and lack of vaccinated animals. This problem is even greater within areas such as Arizona, owing to the vast amount of rural land. An unaccountable number of strays that lack vaccinations reside in these areas, so they are more susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper. These strays act as a reservoir for the virus, spreading it throughout the surrounding area, including urban areas. Puppies and dogs that have not received their shots can then be infected in a place where many dogs interact, such as a dog park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICTVcm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICTVcm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=20181613">"ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Canine morbillivirus</i>"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarvistaVet&rft.atitle=Canine+Distemper%3A+Prevention+of+Infections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marvistavet.com%2Fhtml%2Fbody_canine_distemper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanine+distemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html?qt=canine%2520distemper%2520virus&alt=sh">"Overview of Canine Distemper: Canine Distemper: Merck Veterinary Manual"</a>. <i>www.merckvetmanual.com</i>. Kenilworth, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005115026/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html?qt=canine%2520distemper%2520virus&alt=sh">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merckvetmanual.com&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Canine+Distemper%3A+Canine+Distemper%3A+Merck+Veterinary+Manual&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fmvm%2Fgeneralized_conditions%2Fcanine_distemper%2Foverview_of_canine_distemper.html%3Fqt%3Dcanine%252520distemper%252520virus%26alt%3Dsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanine+distemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elia2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elia2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliaBelloliCirone2008" class="citation journal cs1">Elia G, Belloli C, Cirone F, et al. (February 2008). "In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus". <i>Antiviral Res</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2007.09.004">10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17949825">17949825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiviral+Res.&rft.atitle=In+vitro+efficacy+of+ribavirin+against+canine+distemper+virus&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2007.09.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17949825&rft.aulast=Elia&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Belloli%2C+C&rft.au=Cirone%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanine+distemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415215710/http://www.azhumane.org/artman2/publish/aboutus/PET_HEALTH_ALERT.shtml">"AHS ISSUES VALLEYWIDE PET HEALTH ALERT"</a>. <i>Arizona Humane Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azhumane.org/artman2/publish/aboutus/PET_HEALTH_ALERT.shtml">the original</a> on 2012-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Humane+Society&rft.atitle=AHS+ISSUES+VALLEYWIDE+PET+HEALTH+ALERT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azhumane.org%2Fartman2%2Fpublish%2Faboutus%2FPET_HEALTH_ALERT.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanine+distemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_SabatinoLorussoDi_FrancescoGentile2014" class="citation journal cs1">Di Sabatino, D; Lorusso, A; Di Francesco, CE; Gentile, L; Di Pirro, V; Bellacicco, AL; Giovannini, A; Di Francesco, G; Marruchella, G; Marsilio, F; Savini, G (Jan 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896332">"Arctic Lineage-Canine Distemper Virus as a Cause of Death in Apennine Wolves (<i>Canis Lupus</i>) in Italy"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (1): e82356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...982356D">2014PLoSO...982356D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082356">10.1371/journal.pone.0082356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896332">3896332</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465373">24465373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Arctic+Lineage-Canine+Distemper+Virus+as+a+Cause+of+Death+in+Apennine+Wolves+%28Canis+Lupus%29+in+Italy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e82356&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3896332%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24465373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...982356D&rft.aulast=Di+Sabatino&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Lorusso%2C+A&rft.au=Di+Francesco%2C+CE&rft.au=Gentile%2C+L&rft.au=Di+Pirro%2C+V&rft.au=Bellacicco%2C+AL&rft.au=Giovannini%2C+A&rft.au=Di+Francesco%2C+G&rft.au=Marruchella%2C+G&rft.au=Marsilio%2C+F&rft.au=Savini%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3896332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanine+distemper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canine_distemper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canine_distemper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canine distemper">Canine distemper</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canine morbillivirus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29004625" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q29004625">Q29004625</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canine_morbillivirus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canine morbillivirus">Canine morbillivirus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QLWV">QLWV</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11232">11232</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canine distemper virus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637524" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1637524">Q1637524</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11459352">11459352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/96093">96093</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/845713/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4349365-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019596">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135093860">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135093860">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283361905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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