CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0' /> <meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible' content='IE=edge' /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <title>Teaching Article Guidelines - AHA</title> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta name="dc.title" content="Teaching Article Guidelines - AHA"> <meta name="dc.description" content="Perspectives on History encourages contributions related to the teaching of history at all education levels. Teaching articles should focus as much as possible on students and learning. Authors should try to relate their classroom experiences, lesson plans, and/or pedagogical principles to student learning, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the…"> <meta name="dc.relation" content="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/teaching-article-guidelines/"> <meta name="dc.source" content="https://www.historians.org/"> <meta name="dc.language" content="en_US"> <meta name="description" content="Perspectives on History encourages contributions related to the teaching of history at all education levels. Teaching articles should focus as much as possible on students and learning. Authors should try to relate their classroom experiences, lesson plans, and/or pedagogical principles to student learning, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the…"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/teaching-article-guidelines/"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/teaching-article-guidelines/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="AHA"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Teaching Article Guidelines - AHA"> <meta property="og:description" content="Perspectives on History encourages contributions related to the teaching of history at all education levels. Teaching articles should focus as much as possible on students and learning. Authors should try to relate their classroom experiences, lesson plans, and/or pedagogical principles to student learning, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the…"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/perspectives_background.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/perspectives_background.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1142"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="432"> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Map of the Americas at oblique angle."> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Teaching Article Guidelines - AHA"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Perspectives on History encourages contributions related to the teaching of history at all education levels. Teaching articles should focus as much as possible on students and learning. Authors should try to relate their classroom experiences, lesson plans, and/or pedagogical principles to student learning, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the…"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/perspectives_background.jpg"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pro.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AHA » Feed" href="https://www.historians.org/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='adsanity-default-css-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity/dist/css/widget-default.css?ver=1.9.3' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css'> span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--fl-heading-text: #1c2f42;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-text: #484e57;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent-hover: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-content-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-5601-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/5601-layout.css?ver=99200f0e9261ccbecfb29dff685fd62d' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='yoko-sso-frontend-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/css/frontend.css?ver=1.0.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://pro.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/all.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-magnificpopup-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/css/jquery.magnificpopup.min.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='icon-1614826904-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/icons/icon-1614826904/style.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-bundle-75379d012a630a5712412071dad0ba23-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/75379d012a630a5712412071dad0ba23-layout-bundle.css?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='linearicons-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/fonts/linearicons/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='base-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/css/base.min.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-automator-skin-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-theme/skin-6793a900622b3.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-looks-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/elements.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-utility-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/utility.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/style.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-google-fonts-663d6ae92031a9e1fcfd32203fe90c26-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C500%7CBaskervville%3A400&ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5601" /> <style type="text/css"> ol.footnotes>li {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.footnotes { color:#666666; } ol.footnotes li { font-size:80%; } </style> <style id="y0x-cache-css">body:not(.fl-builder-edit) [class*="xsso-show-for-"]{display:none}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator,body.logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author,body.logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber,body.logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser,body.logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser{display:block}body.sso-loading::after{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100vw;height:100vh;content:'';background-color:white;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yok0x-sso/assets/img/loader.gif");background-size:150px 200px;z-index:9999}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span{display:none;opacity:0.000000001;transition:.1s opacity}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span:first-child{display:inline-block}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .login-link{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:inline-block;opacity:1}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .login-link{display:inline-block;opacity:1}</style> <style> .algolia-search-highlight { background-color: #fffbcc; border-radius: 2px; font-style: normal; } </style> <style>.breadcrumb {list-style:none;margin:0;padding-inline-start:0;}.breadcrumb li {margin:0;display:inline-block;position:relative;}.breadcrumb li::after{content:' / ';margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;}.breadcrumb li:last-child::after{display:none}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { /* .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu ul.sub-menu { display: block !important; } */ .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo > .fl-module-content { margin-bottom: 20px; } } blockquote { border-color: #70C9BF !important; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; margin-bottom: 10px; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p { margin: 0; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p:last-of-type::before { display: none; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10); background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); padding: 8px 12px 8px 46px; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='20' height='20' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M8 3.99988C5.79086 3.99988 4 5.79074 4 7.99988C4 10.209 5.79086 11.9999 8 11.9999C10.2091 11.9999 12 10.209 12 7.99988C12 5.79074 10.2091 3.99988 8 3.99988ZM2 7.99988C2 4.68617 4.68629 1.99988 8 1.99988C11.3137 1.99988 14 4.68617 14 7.99988C14 9.29571 13.5892 10.4956 12.8907 11.4764L17.7071 16.2928C18.0976 16.6833 18.0976 17.3165 17.7071 17.707C17.3166 18.0975 16.6834 18.0975 16.2929 17.707L11.4765 12.8906C10.4957 13.5891 9.29583 13.9999 8 13.9999C4.68629 13.9999 2 11.3136 2 7.99988Z' fill='white'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 20px; background-position: center left 12px; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0.15px; } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { padding: 0; background-position: center; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { font-size: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) a { flex-direction: column; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > a > span:not(.heroicon), .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > div > a > span:not(.heroicon) { display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle::after { display: none; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-menu ul.menu > li { padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; } } @media print { body.fl-theme-builder-header .fl-page::before { margin: 10px auto; height: 30px; } h1 { font-size: 20px; } h2 { font-size: 20px; } h3 { font-size: 18px; } h4 { font-size: 13px; } h5 { font-size: 13px; } h6 { font-size: 13px; } p, a, li { font-size: 8px !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content h1, .fl-module-fl-post-content h2, .fl-module-fl-post-content h3, .fl-module-fl-post-content h4, .fl-module-fl-post-content h5, .fl-module-fl-post-content h6 { margin: 20px 0 20px; } .fl-module-fl-post-content > .fl-module-content { margin: 0 20px; } .banner .content-col { height: 100%; min-height: 100%; } .fl-col > .fl-col-content { padding: 5px 0 !important; } .meta-box > .fl-col-content { gap: 0 !important; } .meta-box .fl-col-group > .fl-col .fl-module { justify-content: flex-start !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content img { width: 50% !important; } .seopress-user-consent { display: none !important; } } .invert .ahr .river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group, .invert.ahr.river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group { background: #651252 !important; } .card-meta p:first-of-type { margin-bottom:0; } /* Fixes for presidential address */ body.single-presidential-address .banner .breadcrumb p { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70) !important; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .title .fl-heading { color: #F2F9FF; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .share-buttons a { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70); } body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info .fl-heading, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info p, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info li { color: #70C9BF; } /* Default Button on Dark Bg */ body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page river-featured.invert .button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link { background-color: #70C9BF !important; border-color: #70C9BF !important; color: #1C2F42; } body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .river-featured.invert a.button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=button]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=submit]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link:hover { color: #1C2F42; background-color: #C1FFF8 !important; border-color: #C1FFF8 !important; } </style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T7R72C9N');</script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Baskervville:ital@0;1&family=Raleway:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/7750e4f5a9.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="boomKWobaisc_FEVfYV-Wizb9wyHMKSU2ICGYxocZPo" /> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-5601 page-child parent-pageid-5597 fl-builder fl-builder-2-8-6 fl-themer-1-4-11-2 fl-theme-1-7-16 use-lock-icons fl-theme-builder-part fl-theme-builder-part-pre-footer-cta fl-theme-builder-singular fl-theme-builder-singular-single-page-sidebar fl-theme-builder-footer fl-theme-builder-footer-footer fl-theme-builder-header fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph has-featured-image visible-banner fl-framework-base fl-preset-default fl-full-width fl-scroll-to-top fl-search-active" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T7R72C9N" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script id="y0x-cache-buster">const y0xGated=false;const y0xLoggedIn=document.cookie.search("yok0x_sso_")!==-1;window.addEventListener('load',function(){var body=document.querySelector("body");if(y0xLoggedIn){if(y0xGated){var ssoCacheId="";try{ssoCacheId=document.cookie.split("; ").filter(function(ck){return ck.search("yok0x_sso_")===0})[0].split("=")[1].substr(-10)}catch(error){console.log(error)} if(document.location.search&&document.location.search.search("yokoSso")===-1){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"&yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}else if(!document.location.search){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"?yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}} body.classList.add("xsso-logged-in")}else{body.classList.add("xsso-logged-out")}},false)</script><a aria-label="Skip to content" class="fl-screen-reader-text" href="#fl-main-content">Skip to content</a><div class="fl-page"> <header class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-4419 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="4419" data-type="header" data-sticky="1" data-sticky-on="all" data-sticky-breakpoint="medium" data-shrink="0" data-overlay="0" data-overlay-bg="transparent" data-shrink-image-height="50px" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-h6vy904dw7ts fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large header side-navigation bg-gradient invert" data-node="h6vy904dw7ts"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-90u64i5mwjrl" data-node="90u64i5mwjrl"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-rt6s52d7p1a9 fl-col-bg-color nav-content-col" data-node="rt6s52d7p1a9"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-lnheo0tgc1m2 nav-logo" data-node="lnheo0tgc1m2"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-65245 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/perspectives_logo_wo_leadin.svg" alt="perspectives_logo_wo_leadin" itemprop="image" height="46" width="230" title="perspectives_logo_wo_leadin" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-zml3detu6gvx nav-menu" data-node="zml3detu6gvx"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-accordion-collapse"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-perspectives-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-accordion fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-4423" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-2458" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-inbox-arrow-down"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M9 3.75H6.912a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15 1.588L2.35 13.177a2.25 2.25 0 00-.1.661V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h15A2.25 2.25 0 0021.75 18v-4.162c0-.224-.034-.447-.1-.661L19.24 5.338a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15-1.588H15M2.25 13.5h3.86a2.25 2.25 0 012.012 1.244l.256.512a2.25 2.25 0 002.013 1.244h3.218a2.25 2.25 0 002.013-1.244l.256-.512a2.25 2.25 0 012.013-1.244h3.859M12 3v8.25m0 0l-3-3m3 3l3-3"></path></svg></span><span>Write for Us</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5639" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-inbox-arrow-down"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M9 3.75H6.912a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15 1.588L2.35 13.177a2.25 2.25 0 00-.1.661V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h15A2.25 2.25 0 0021.75 18v-4.162c0-.224-.034-.447-.1-.661L19.24 5.338a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15-1.588H15M2.25 13.5h3.86a2.25 2.25 0 012.012 1.244l.256.512a2.25 2.25 0 002.013 1.244h3.218a2.25 2.25 0 002.013-1.244l.256-.512a2.25 2.25 0 012.013-1.244h3.859M12 3v8.25m0 0l-3-3m3 3l3-3"></path></svg></span><span>Write for Us</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/article-guidelines/">Article Guidelines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5601 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/teaching-article-guidelines/">Teaching Article Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-65637" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="/perspectives-issue/january-2025/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-newspaper"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12 7.5h1.5m-1.5 3h1.5m-7.5 3h7.5m-7.5 3h7.5m3-9h3.375c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V18a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.25 2.25M16.5 7.5V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25M16.5 7.5V4.875c0-.621-.504-1.125-1.125-1.125H4.125C3.504 3.75 3 4.254 3 4.875V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h13.5M6 7.5h3v3H6v-3z"></path></svg></span><span>Current Issue</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5638" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/past-issues/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-archive-box"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M20.25 7.5l-.625 10.632a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.247 2.118H6.622a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.247-2.118L3.75 7.5M10 11.25h4M3.375 7.5h17.25c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125v-1.5c0-.621-.504-1.125-1.125-1.125H3.375c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v1.5c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125z"></path></svg></span><span>Past Issues</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-24114" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/past-issues/all-articles/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>All Articles</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68688" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2459" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/perspectives-staff/">Perspectives Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/aha-copyright-policy-for-perspectives-on-history/">Copyright Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/long-overdue/">Long Overdue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/marketing-toolkit-for-authors/">Marketing Toolkit for Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/aha-policy-on-author-name-changes/">Policy on Author Name Changes</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2498" class="back-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-chevron-left"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15.75 19.5L8.25 12l7.5-7.5"></path></svg></span><span>Back to AHA</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4440" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><style id='fl-builder-layout-2739-inline-css'> .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: #ffffff;-webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-ms-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-has-submenu-container a{padding-right: 28px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li:first-child{border-top: none;}@media ( max-width: 768px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li {border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-active > .sub-menu {display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu-disabled.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu {display: block !important;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-logo,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-search-item {display: none;}} @media ( min-width: 769px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li{border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu:hover > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.focus > .sub-menu{display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{left: inherit;right: 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{top: 0;left: inherit;right: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-active > .fl-has-submenu-container .fl-menu-toggle{-webkit-transform: none;-ms-transform: none;transform: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-menu-toggle{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu {padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu a {}}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.fl-menu-horizontal li.mega-menu > ul.sub-menu > li > .fl-has-submenu-container a:hover {color: ;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu, .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu {text-align: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {justify-content: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu a {padding-top: 14px;padding-right: 14px;padding-bottom: 14px;padding-left: 14px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu .sub-menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}@media(max-width: 768px) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-has-submenu ul.sub-menu {padding-left: 15px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: transparent;}} .fl-node-d493flb6an8z > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media ( max-width: 992px ) { .fl-node-d493flb6an8z.fl-module > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}} </style> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fnews-publications%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Fwrite-for-us%2Fteaching-article-guidelines%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6ycts207wazo fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-medium fl-visible-mobile header bg-dark invert" data-node="6ycts207wazo"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hq2803kpgdeb fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="hq2803kpgdeb"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-achu5xodw2y4 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="achu5xodw2y4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-c2ot7g3fanb6 nav-logo" data-node="c2ot7g3fanb6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-65245 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/perspectives_logo_wo_leadin.svg" alt="perspectives_logo_wo_leadin" itemprop="image" height="46" width="230" title="perspectives_logo_wo_leadin" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-751tfjg0wxml fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="751tfjg0wxml"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-142bvkgdlefn nav-menu" data-node="142bvkgdlefn"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-always"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-perspectives-navigation-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-4423" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-2458" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-inbox-arrow-down"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M9 3.75H6.912a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15 1.588L2.35 13.177a2.25 2.25 0 00-.1.661V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h15A2.25 2.25 0 0021.75 18v-4.162c0-.224-.034-.447-.1-.661L19.24 5.338a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15-1.588H15M2.25 13.5h3.86a2.25 2.25 0 012.012 1.244l.256.512a2.25 2.25 0 002.013 1.244h3.218a2.25 2.25 0 002.013-1.244l.256-.512a2.25 2.25 0 012.013-1.244h3.859M12 3v8.25m0 0l-3-3m3 3l3-3"></path></svg></span><span>Write for Us</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5639" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-inbox-arrow-down"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M9 3.75H6.912a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15 1.588L2.35 13.177a2.25 2.25 0 00-.1.661V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h15A2.25 2.25 0 0021.75 18v-4.162c0-.224-.034-.447-.1-.661L19.24 5.338a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.15-1.588H15M2.25 13.5h3.86a2.25 2.25 0 012.012 1.244l.256.512a2.25 2.25 0 002.013 1.244h3.218a2.25 2.25 0 002.013-1.244l.256-.512a2.25 2.25 0 012.013-1.244h3.859M12 3v8.25m0 0l-3-3m3 3l3-3"></path></svg></span><span>Write for Us</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/article-guidelines/">Article Guidelines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5601 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/teaching-article-guidelines/">Teaching Article Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-65637" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="/perspectives-issue/january-2025/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-newspaper"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12 7.5h1.5m-1.5 3h1.5m-7.5 3h7.5m-7.5 3h7.5m3-9h3.375c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V18a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.25 2.25M16.5 7.5V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25M16.5 7.5V4.875c0-.621-.504-1.125-1.125-1.125H4.125C3.504 3.75 3 4.254 3 4.875V18a2.25 2.25 0 002.25 2.25h13.5M6 7.5h3v3H6v-3z"></path></svg></span><span>Current Issue</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5638" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/past-issues/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-archive-box"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M20.25 7.5l-.625 10.632a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.247 2.118H6.622a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.247-2.118L3.75 7.5M10 11.25h4M3.375 7.5h17.25c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125v-1.5c0-.621-.504-1.125-1.125-1.125H3.375c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v1.5c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125z"></path></svg></span><span>Past Issues</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-24114" class="single-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/past-issues/all-articles/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>All Articles</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68688" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2459" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/perspectives-staff/">Perspectives Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/aha-copyright-policy-for-perspectives-on-history/">Copyright Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/long-overdue/">Long Overdue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/marketing-toolkit-for-authors/">Marketing Toolkit for Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/about/aha-policy-on-author-name-changes/">Policy on Author Name Changes</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2498" class="back-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-chevron-left"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15.75 19.5L8.25 12l7.5-7.5"></path></svg></span><span>Back to AHA</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4440" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fnews-publications%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Fwrite-for-us%2Fteaching-article-guidelines%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-24 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="24" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-603eecffde0d0 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-bottom banner default-banner" data-node="603eecffde0d0"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-603eecffded02" data-node="603eecffded02"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-603eecffded8f fl-col-bg-color text-center content-col max-750 centered" data-node="603eecffded8f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-603eed06638e0 title" data-node="603eed06638e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Teaching Article Guidelines</span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-mx9hdsflgriu" data-node="mx9hdsflgriu"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-a7ipzv01wyxl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols print-remove" data-node="a7ipzv01wyxl"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-cr5ga061z3ph fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="cr5ga061z3ph"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-clxwba7k38hs fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="clxwba7k38hs"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-6042e55408917 breadcrumb" data-node="6042e55408917"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org" href="https://www.historians.org"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/" href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span itemprop="name">News & Publications</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/" href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/"><span itemprop="name">Perspectives on History</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/" href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/write-for-us/"><span itemprop="name">Write for Us</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><span itemprop="name">Teaching Article Guidelines</span><meta itemprop="position" content="5"></li></ol></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-2lq8xedtacr1 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="2lq8xedtacr1"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-o6u2tkv47hpb share-buttons" data-node="o6u2tkv47hpb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html">  <div class="a2a_kit"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_x"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"><i class="fa-solid fa-share-nodes"></i></a> </div> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-5601 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="fl-post-5601" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-5601 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="5601"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-8f24elq6cs9r fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="8f24elq6cs9r"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-f25j1738nudi" data-node="f25j1738nudi"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-9vkwm265holg fl-col-bg-color" data-node="9vkwm265holg"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-ziuky7on0625" data-node="ziuky7on0625"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><em>Perspectives on History</em> encourages contributions related to the teaching of history at all education levels. Teaching articles should focus as much as possible on students and learning. Authors should try to relate their classroom experiences, lesson plans, and/or pedagogical principles to student learning, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson, tool, etc., from students’ points of view. Course evaluations may attest to a positive outcome, but their inherent drawbacks are well known. For ideas about how to evaluate learning outcomes, consult the resources generated by the AHA’s <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/undergraduate-education/core-learning-outcomes-in-history/">Tuning the History Discipline project.</a></p> <p>The article should also acknowledge, discuss, and/or link to relevant pedagogical literature. Many instructors likely have encountered the same problem before or have tried similar strategies to enhance learning. Authors should consider how their approach differs and/or builds on others’ approaches, including those in disciplines other than history (e.g., writing).</p> <p>The AHA provides a wealth of <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-resource-library/">teaching resources</a> on our website. Please consult these before submitting an article to ensure that we do not already provide resources on the subject.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-116 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="116" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-6168a570baf16 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer-cta" data-node="6168a570baf16"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-6168a570bbe38" data-node="6168a570bbe38"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6168a570bbec7 fl-col-bg-color text-center max-700 centered" data-node="6168a570bbec7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-6168a57e8563d title" data-node="6168a57e8563d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Join the AHA</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-6168a59b41a36" data-node="6168a59b41a36"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-6168a5be67254" data-node="6168a5be67254"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="/membership/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Become a Member</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><footer class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-104 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="104" data-type="footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6168ab9d33be3 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-main bg-light" data-node="6168ab9d33be3"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-1dlyf2juehsa" data-node="1dlyf2juehsa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-d4yiuhtg786c fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="d4yiuhtg786c"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-jod8thrwpcmf fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="jod8thrwpcmf"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-l8qvtjbpsrgo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="l8qvtjbpsrgo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-fbk4uzai285y" data-node="fbk4uzai285y"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2951 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="174" title="AHA-logo-blue" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-t7z6sdbvcyfg" data-node="t7z6sdbvcyfg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>400 A Street SE<br /> Washington, DC 20003</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-kedpmq3ihl4v" data-node="kedpmq3ihl4v"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v"> <i class="linicon-telephone" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Give us a call!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>202.544.2422</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-go0zfeq3w71s" data-node="go0zfeq3w71s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s"> <i class="linicon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Send us an email!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>Contact Us</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-gacjydn76vwb" data-node="gacjydn76vwb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Payments: PO Box 347214,<br /> Pittsburgh PA 15251-4214</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon-group fl-node-ucetqh8wzx5k" data-node="ucetqh8wzx5k"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-group"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AHAhistorians" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ahahistorians/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-historical-association" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/historiansorg" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6dzbtmc7x1p4 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6dzbtmc7x1p4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-0d9w8kliabn1" data-node="0d9w8kliabn1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-a" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/">Why History Matters</a></li><li id="menu-item-1839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/">Teaching & Learning</a></li><li id="menu-item-1840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/">Events</a></li><li id="menu-item-1841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/">Community & Careers</a></li><li id="menu-item-1842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/">News & Publications</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ir85vsj7yz1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="ir85vsj7yz1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-c4md5fb6eta0" data-node="c4md5fb6eta0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-b" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/">About Us</a></li><li id="menu-item-1844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/">Membership</a></li><li id="menu-item-1845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/utilities.dll/openpage?wrp=mainlogin.htm">Login</a></li><li id="menu-item-1846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="/?s">Search</a></li><li id="menu-item-1847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-1xgawuzk5psn fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="1xgawuzk5psn"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-872sq1059c4m" data-node="872sq1059c4m"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-c" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy"><a href="https://www.historians.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-1850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-76681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/disclosure-statement/">Disclosure Statement</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-yjbqv8uklc36 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="yjbqv8uklc36"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-fu86mgiv4dxa" data-node="fu86mgiv4dxa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6l9amn0s3r4f fl-col-bg-color" data-node="6l9amn0s3r4f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-oms18duxp35z" data-node="oms18duxp35z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-9v2aykgc5izw fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-sub bg-light" data-node="9v2aykgc5izw"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-693ul5chbsr4 fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="693ul5chbsr4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7lbsmi3acvxy fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width fl-col-has-cols" data-node="7lbsmi3acvxy"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-x946itgjcfkv fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="x946itgjcfkv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-0aed6vjf8qmo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="0aed6vjf8qmo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5pi1jg9w4rkf" data-node="5pi1jg9w4rkf"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>© 2025 American Historical Association. All right reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6yiz8k5w3v1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6yiz8k5w3v1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-jsch06d5u84t" data-node="jsch06d5u84t"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><a href="https://www.yokoco.com/referral/?site=AHA">Website by Yoko Co</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":false,"application_id":"717YPXIXJL","search_api_key":"76c370e5f7d83139101f45fa1a4f2073","powered_by_enabled":true,"query":"","autocomplete":{"sources":[],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)"},"indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"aha_production_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}}};</script><script id="adsanity_raw-js-extra"> var adsanity_raw = {"rest_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ads\/","home_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity-rotating-ad-widget/public/dist/js/adsanity-raw-public.js?ver=1.6.4" id="adsanity_raw-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/5601-layout.js?ver=bc51e4ddedefe2a27a5d2d1938be53bf" id="fl-builder-layout-5601-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/js/app.js?ver=1.0.1" id="yoko-sso-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/353bf2de4585ae6f44a1b19895fc093b-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-353bf2de4585ae6f44a1b19895fc093b-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/mobile-search.js?ver=1.0.1" id="mobile_search-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/main.js?ver=1734458585" id="yoko-main-js"></script> <script async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.8" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/2739-layout-partial.js?ver=38028d524df7f4e4f939c0a2442a115f" id="fl-builder-layout-2739-js"></script> <script id="y0x-sso-userdata" defer>jQuery(document).ready(function($){function setCookie(cname,cvalue,exhours=1){const d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+(exhours*60*60*1000));let expires="expires="+d.toUTCString();document.cookie=cname+"="+cvalue+";"+expires+";path=/"} const parseCookie=str=>str.split(';').map(v=>v.split('=')).reduce((acc,v)=>{if(v[0]&&v[1]){acc[decodeURIComponent(v[0].trim())]=decodeURIComponent(v[1].trim())} return acc},{});const decodeUrlString=(str)=>{return decodeURIComponent(str.replace(/\+/g,"%20"))} const cookies=parseCookie(document.cookie);if(typeof y0xLoggedIn!=='undefined'&&y0xLoggedIn){if(document.referrer.search('//'+location.host)===-1){try{$.ajax({url:'/wp-json/sso/v1/is-logged-in',success:function(serverLoggedIn){if(!serverLoggedIn){window.location.href=window.location.href+'?ssoLogout'}},cache:false})}catch(error){}} if(cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"]){const userdata=cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"].split('&').reduce(function(prev,cur){const data=cur.split('=');prev[data[0]]=data[1];return prev},{});for(var idx in userdata){if(userdata[idx]){const outputs=document.querySelectorAll('.sso-'+idx+'').forEach(function(output){output.setHTML(decodeUrlString(userdata[idx]))});if(idx==="roles"){let roles=userdata[idx].split(encodeURIComponent(',')),body=document.querySelector("body");for(var ridx in roles){if(roles[ridx]){body.classList.add('xsso-role-'+roles[ridx])}}}}}}} $('.intent-login').click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var ts=Date.now(),destination;if(this.tagName.toLowerCase()==='a'){destination=$(this).attr('href');if(destination.indexOf("?")===-1){destination=destination+"?ts="+ts}else{destination=destination+"&ts="+ts} window.location.href=destination} else if($(this).is('form')){var $form=$(this);$('<input>').attr({type:'hidden',name:'ts',value:ts}).appendTo($form);$form.submit()}})})</script>   <script>(function($){$(function(){new FLBuilderMenu({id:'d493flb6an8z',type:'horizontal',mobile:'expanded',mobileBelowRow:false,mobileFlyout:false,breakPoints:{large:1200,medium:992,small:768},mobileBreakpoint:'mobile',postId:'2739',mobileStacked:false,});});})(jQuery);</script></body> </html>