CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Paper - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )euwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","urtarrila","otsaila","martxoa","apirila","maiatza","ekaina","uztaila","abuztua","iraila","urria","azaroa","abendua"],"wgRequestId":"1c80d013-0458-48f0-9936-496587444055","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Paper","wgTitle":"Paper","wgCurRevisionId":9676294,"wgRevisionId":9676294,"wgArticleId":11513,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programa/Kultura zientifikoa","Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Papera","Material birziklagarriak"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Paper" ,"wgRelevantArticleId":11513,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"eu","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"eu"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11472","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ErrefAurrebista","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.TxikipediaTab","ext.gadget.ArtikuluenKalitatea","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/1200px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1638"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/800px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1092"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/640px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="874"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Paper - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea."> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Aldatu" href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paper rootpage-Paper skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Paper" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Paper" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Paper" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Paper" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Paperaren_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paperaren_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Paperaren historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paperaren_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zuntzaren_hasierako_jatorriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zuntzaren_hasierako_jatorriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zuntzaren hasierako jatorriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zuntzaren_hasierako_jatorriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paperaren_fabrikazioa_(XX._eta_XXI._mendeak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paperaren_fabrikazioa_(XX._eta_XXI._mendeak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paperaren fabrikazioa (XX. eta XXI. mendeak)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paperaren_fabrikazioa_(XX._eta_XXI._mendeak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_ekoizpena_munduan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_ekoizpena_munduan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paper ekoizpena munduan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_ekoizpena_munduan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paper motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Propietateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prozesuaren_etapak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prozesuaren_etapak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prozesuaren etapak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prozesuaren_etapak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birziklatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birziklatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Birziklatzea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Birziklatzea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Birziklatzea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birziklatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aurrekariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurrekariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Aurrekariak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurrekariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papera_eta_kartoia_birziklatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papera_eta_kartoia_birziklatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Papera eta kartoia birziklatzea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papera_eta_kartoia_birziklatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontsumitzaileentzako_ekintzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontsumitzaileentzako_ekintzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Kontsumitzaileentzako ekintzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontsumitzaileentzako_ekintzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 170 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="ወረቀት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወረቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikanickwemokw" title="Masinahikanickwemokw – atikamekwera" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikanickwemokw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1z" title="Kağız – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kağız" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B0" title="کاغیذ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاغیذ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Ҡағыҙ – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡағыҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop%C4%ABrios" title="Puopīrios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puopīrios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratas" title="Keratas – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Keratas" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хартия – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хартия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartas" title="Kartas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kartas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤོག་བུ། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤོག་བུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саарһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саарһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81i" title="Cāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кехат – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кехат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B2" title="کاغەز – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاغەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хут – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papur" title="Papur – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Papur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1de" title="Kağıde – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kağıde" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކަރުދާސް – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަރުދާސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Χαρτί – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paber" title="Paber – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperi" title="Paperi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paperi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiir" title="Papiir – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papiir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ip%C3%A9ar" title="Páipéar – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páipéar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear" title="Pàipear – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia" title="Kuatia – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuatia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3" title="કાગળ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાગળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarda" title="Takarda – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Takarda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Chṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="נייר – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="काग़ज़ – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काग़ज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagaj" title="Kaagaj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kaagaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papye" title="Papye – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9_(%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9)" title="Թուղթ (նյութ) – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուղթ (նյութ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papiro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papere" title="Papere – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Papere" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papp%C3%ADr" title="Pappír – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pappír" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluwang" title="Dluwang – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dluwang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღალდი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქაღალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C7%B5az" title="Qaǵaz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qaǵaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iferki" title="Iferki – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iferki" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3_hay%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қағаз – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қағаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="ក្រដាស – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រដាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6" title="ಕಾಗದ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಗದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9D%B4" title="종이 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxez" title="Kaxez – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kaxez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta" title="Charta – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Charta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabeier" title="Pabeier – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pabeier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepier" title="Pepier – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pepier" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AA" title="Papê – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Papê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palp%C3%A9e" title="Palpée – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Palpée" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຈ້ຍ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຈ້ຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popierius" title="Popierius – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C4%ABrs" title="Papīrs – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taratasy" title="Taratasy – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Taratasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateh" title="Karateh – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karateh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хартија – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хартија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കടലാസ് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടലാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Цаас – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯆꯦ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6" title="कागद – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कागद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="စက္ကူ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက္ကူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Конёв – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конёв" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_amatl" title="Iztac amatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac amatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeer" title="Papeer – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Papeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyr" title="Papyr – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Papyr" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82" title="भ्वं – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भ्वं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi" title="Papi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Papi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi%C3%A8r" title="Papièr – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Papièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumuagu" title="Bumuagu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bumuagu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraqaa" title="Waraqaa – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waraqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9C" title="କାଗଜ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଗଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="ليکپاڼه – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليکپاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papil" title="Papil – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie" title="Hârtie – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hârtie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бумага – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бумага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B" title="Кумааҕы – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кумааҕы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="ڪاغذ – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاغذ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="කඩදාසි – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කඩදාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakanhi" title="Shakanhi – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shakanhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqad" title="Warqad – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Warqad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Папир – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papper" title="Papper – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatasi" title="Karatasi – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karatasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papj%C5%AFr" title="Papjůr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Papjůr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tatipeluk" title="tatipeluk – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tatipeluk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காகிதம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காகிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="కాగితం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాగితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қоғаз – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қоғаз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9" title="กระดาษ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดาษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Кәгазь – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәгазь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Папір – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qog%CA%BBoz" title="Qogʻoz – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qogʻoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumag" title="Bumag – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bumag" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y" title="Giấy – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AE" title="Papî – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Papî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღარდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქაღარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פאפיר – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאפיר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceij" title="Ceij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ceij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3a" title="Chóa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chóa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11472#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Paper" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paper"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paper"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Paper" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Paper" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&oldid=9676294" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Paper&id=9676294&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaper"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaper"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Paper"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paper&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paper" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11472" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/220px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/330px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/440px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="4709" /></a><figcaption>Bulegoko paperaren neurri estandarrak</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Papera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> <i>papyrus</i> hitzetik <a href="/wiki/Eratorpena_eta_hitz-elkarketa" title="Eratorpena eta hitz-elkarketa">eratorria</a>) xafla bat da hiru dimentsioko <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosa</a> zuntzez eta bestelako substantziaz (<a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lekeda" title="Lekeda">lekeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pintura_(materiala)" title="Pintura (materiala)">koloratzaileak</a> eta abar) osatutakoa, haren propietateak hobetzeko aukera ematen dutenak, behar den erabilerarako egokia izan dadin. </p><p>Papera fabrikatzeko zelulosa nagusiki <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zuretik</a> (% 55), beste <a href="/wiki/Landare-zuntz" title="Landare-zuntz">landare zuntz</a> batzuetatik (% 9) eta berreskuratutako paperetik (% 16) lortzen da. </p><p>Material fin bat izan ohi da, gehienbat bertan idazteko, inprimatzeko edo zerbait biltzeko erabiltzen dena. Elkar gurutzaturik dauden <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landare</a> zuntzek eratzen dute, <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosak</a> batez ere, bai fisikoki eta bai kimikoki, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_zubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrogeno zubi">hidrogeno zubiak</a> direla eta. Material malgu bat da, erabilera askorekin: papera idazteko, paketeak egiteko, garbitzeko eta eraikuntzan zein prozesu industrialetan erabiltzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ai_Lun" title="Ts'ai Lun">Ts'ai Lunek</a> asmatu zuela esan ohi da, <a href="/wiki/K.a._105" title="K.a. 105">K.a. 105</a>. urte inguruan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere <a href="/wiki/K.a._II._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="K.a. II. mende">K.a. II. mendeko</a> aztarnategi arkeologikoetan paper zuntzak aurkitu dira.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaur egungo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papergintza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papergintza (sortu gabe)">papergintza</a> industria globala da, <a href="/wiki/Txina" class="mw-redirect" title="Txina">Txina</a> delarik gehien produzitzen duen herrialdea, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batu">Ameriketako Estatu Batuek</a> jarraituta. </p><p>Izena, euskaraz, <a href="/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro">papirotik</a> datorkio, horrela deitzen baitzen paperaren <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egiptoko</a> aitzindari bat, bere izen berbera daramaten landaren batzuen zuntzekin sortua. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paperaren_historia">Paperaren historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paperaren historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Paperaren historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mezu bati eusteko erabilitako lehen paper ezaguna <a href="/wiki/Txinaren_izenak" title="Txinaren izenak">Txinan</a> aurkitu zen eta K.a. 8. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">mendebaldeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_dinastia" title="Han dinastia">Han</a> dinastiaren garaian (K.a. <a href="/wiki/K.a._206" title="K.a. 206">206</a>-<a href="/wiki/25" title="25">25</a>). 10 cm² inguruko pieza bat da; papera <a href="/wiki/Liho" title="Liho">lihozko</a> zuntzetan oinarrituta egin zen eta hogei <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_karaktere" title="Txinatar karaktere">txinatar karaktere</a> zahar ditu. <a href="/wiki/Eskutitz" title="Eskutitz">Gutun</a> baten zati bat da, 2006an <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuangen</a> aurkitu zutena, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> probintzian (<a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinako Herri Errepublikaren</a> ipar-mendebaldean).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papera asmatu aurretik, idatziak <a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">pergaminoen</a> gainean, <a href="/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro">papiroen</a> gainean edo beste azalen gainean (oskolak, landare orriak eta abar) egin behar ziren. <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto">Egiptoarren</a> <a href="/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro">papiroak</a> duela 5.000 urte baino gehiago egiten ziren, papiro landareaz egindako xaflekin. </p><p>Tradizio txinatar batek azaltzen duenez, papera <a href="/wiki/Ts%27ai_Lun" title="Ts'ai Lun">Ts'ai Lun</a> nekazaritza ministroak sortu zuen II. mendean, eta 105ean lehen aldiz <a href="/wiki/Kode" title="Kode">kodetu</a> zen fabrikazioaren teknika, hobetuta, ekoizpen masiboa ahalbidetzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papera egiteko, jantzi ehunak egosita eta landare batzuen zuntzak erabiltzen ziren, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Liho" title="Liho">lihoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamu_(botanika)" title="Kalamu (botanika)">kalamua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbu" title="Banbu">banbua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Masustondo" title="Masustondo">masustondoa</a>. </p><p>Paper arloko eskulangile <a href="/wiki/Txinatar" title="Txinatar">txinatar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">japoniarrek</a> sei mendez gorde zuten papergintzaren sekretua, VIII. mendera arte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaseko_gudua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaseko gudua (sortu gabe)">Talaseko guduaren</a> ondoren (<a href="/wiki/751" title="751">751</a>), arabiarrek eta <a href="/wiki/Kirgiz" title="Kirgiz">kirgizek</a> osatutako indar batek txinatarrak garaitu zituelarik, mendebalderanzko hedapena geldiaraziz, garaileek txinatar ugari preso hartu zituzten, eta haietatik ikasi zituzten papera fabrikatzeko teknikak. Hala ere, baliteke egun hori baino lehen paperak ezagutzea. <a href="/wiki/Samarkanda" title="Samarkanda">Samarcanda</a> mundu musulmaneko papera ekoizten duen lehen zentroa izango litzateke, eta fabrikazio-prozedura hobetuko luke.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papera <a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">pergaminoa</a> baino errazago egiten zen, <a href="/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro">papiroak</a> baino aukera gutxiago zituen apurtzeko, eta <a href="/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta">tinta</a> xurga zezakeen, ezabatzea zailtzen zuen eta, beraz, erregistroak eramateko euskarri ezin hobea zen. <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">Islamiar</a> paper fabrikatzaileek eskuizkribuen eskuzko kopia muntatzeko metodo linealak asmatu zituzten, mendeetan Europan eskuragarri zeuden edizioak baino askoz handiagoak ekoizteko.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musulmanen_konkistak" title="Musulmanen konkistak">Arabiar konkistek</a> eraman zuten papera Europara: papera aurkitzen da <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/793" title="793">793</a>. urtean; <a href="/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairon</a>, <a href="/wiki/900" title="900">900ean</a>; <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056an</a>; eta <a href="/wiki/Sizilia" title="Sizilia">Sizilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/1102" title="1102">1102an</a>. Europan, ezagutzen den paper idatzi zaharrena gutun arabiar bat da, <a href="/wiki/806" title="806">806</a>. urtekoa, eta <a href="/wiki/Herbehereak" title="Herbehereak">Herbehereetan</a> gordetzen da, <a href="/wiki/Leidengo_Unibertsitatea" title="Leidengo Unibertsitatea">Leidengo Unibertsitateko</a> liburutegian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a> konkistatu ondoren (<a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>), dokumentazio diplomatiko guztia paperean egin zen, <a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">pergaminoa</a> ordezkatuz eta artxibo ofizialen hasiera osatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handik gutxira, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Muntaner" title="Ramon Muntaner">Ramon Muntaner</a> historialariak bere <i>Crònica</i> liburuan aipatzen du, esanez ez litzatekeela nahikoa Xàtivako paper guztia <a href="/wiki/Genovako_Errepublika" title="Genovako Errepublika">genovarren</a> gaiztakeriak idazteko.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zuntzaren_hasierako_jatorriak">Zuntzaren hasierako jatorriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zuntzaren hasierako jatorriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Zuntzaren hasierako jatorriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/220px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/330px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/440px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Paperarekin egin daitezkeen objetu ezberdinak</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza">Industria Iraultzaren</a> aurretik papera bestelako zuntzen birziklapenetik etorri ohi zen. Askotan <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis sativa">kalamu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liho" title="Liho">liho</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Kotoi" title="Kotoi">kotoizkoak</a> ziren material hauek. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Claproth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Claproth (sortu gabe)">Justus Claprothek</a> <a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774an</a> paperetik <a href="/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta">tinta</a> kendu eta birziklatzeko prozesu bat asmatu zuen. <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843an</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egur-ore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egur-ore (sortu gabe)">egur-orea</a> sartu zen papera egiteko, eta orduan ehunak biltzen zituztenen materialen birziklapena garrantzitsua izateari utzi zion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paperaren_fabrikazioa_(XX._eta_XXI._mendeak)"><span id="Paperaren_fabrikazioa_.28XX._eta_XXI._mendeak.29"></span>Paperaren fabrikazioa (XX. eta XXI. mendeak)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paperaren fabrikazioa (XX. eta XXI. mendeak)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Paperaren fabrikazioa (XX. eta XXI. mendeak)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jarraian, papera egiteko gaur egun erabiltzen diren prozesuak deskribatzen dira: </p> <dl><dt>Trapu-mamia</dt> <dd>Kotoi, liho edo kalamuzko zuntzekin sortzen da. XIX. mendearen erdialdera arte, papera zur-mamiarekin egiten hasi zen arte, papera egiteko modu nagusia izan zen. Mende honen lehen erdian makinaz egindako trapu-paperak aurki daitezke. Hona hemen trapu-mamia lortzeko prozesua: <ul><li>Sailkapena (zuntz motaren eta oihalaren egoeraren arabera bereizten da)</li> <li>Zatitzea (zatiak tamaina uniformean mozten dira)</li> <li>Garbiketa (zikinkeriak garbitzen dira)</li> <li>Zuritzea (tintak eta koloratzaileak kentzen dira)</li> <li>Beratzea (oihala urez estalitako tina batean "usteltzen" uzten da)</li> <li>Irabiatzea (oihalak egurrezko mazoekin kolpatzen dira, eta ur-korronte batek ezpurutasunak garbitzen ditu erabat desegin arte, eta, ondorioz, desfibratua sortzen da). Desfibratutako materiala urarekin nahasten da pasta bat lortu arte. Ore hori edukiontzietatik ateratzen da molde edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verjurado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verjurado (sortu gabe)">sare</a> baten bidez, eta ura iragazteko aukera ematen du. Ondoren, prentsatu eta lehortu egiten da, trapu-paperaren orria lortzeko. Horrelako paper gehienek epai-mahaia eta ur-marka dituzte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Zurezko xafla mekanikoa</dt> <dd>XIX. mendearen erdialdean hasi zen produkzioa, eta zur-zuntzez egindako pulpak osatzen du. Paper horren mamiaren ehuneko handiena prozesu mekanikoetatik dator, eta, beraz, zuntzak txikiak eta ahulak dira; gainera, lignina-ehuneko jakin bat du, eta, denborarekin, horixka eta hauskorra bihurtzen da.</dd> <dd>XX. mendearen amaieran, zuretik abiatuta papera lortzeko beste prozesu batzuk garatu ziren, hala nola, pulpa kimikokoak. Prozesu horretan lignina ezabatzen da, eta, ondorioz, mami mekanikoekiko erresistenteagoak diren paperak sortzen dira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Bi mami kimiko mota daude: sulfitoari sortutakoa, non egurrezko mamia berotu eta azido sulfurosoa eta kaltzio bisulfitoa gehitzen baitzaizkio, eta sulfatoari sortutakoa, non bisulfitoa sodio-sulfatoaren bidez mantentzen baita: Paper horietako gehienak itxura lisokoak dira eta ez dute berjurik.</dd> <dt>Pasta beltzarana</dt> <dd>Zura garbitu eta irakin ondoren desfibratuz lortzen da (materia inkrustatzaileak kentzeko eta desfibratzea errazteko). Zuntz luze eta gogorrezko orea lortzen da. Kartoiak, bilgarri-papera, paper-zakuak eta abar egiteko erabiltzen da.</dd> <dt>Lasto pasta</dt> <dd>Zerealez eta arrozez lortzen da. Kolore horixka du, eta harategiko paperak egiteko eta uhin-kartoiaren barruan erabiltzeko erabiltzen da.</dd> <dt>Ebakin-orea</dt> <dd>Paper-mozketa pastekin nahasten da, kostuak merkatzeko. Mozketa nondik datorren, kategoria hauetan banatzen da: <ul><li>Bobina ebakitzekoak: bobinak ebakitzean, kalitate oneko paperak.</li> <li>Gillotinazkoak: zuritasunaren, osaeraren eta abarren arabera sailkatzen dira.</li> <li>Etxeko ebakinak: bulegoetatik datoz, kalitate gutxiko paperak egiteko.</li> <li>Kalekoa edo inprimakiak: kartoi grisa egiteko bakarrik erabiltzen da.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_ekoizpena_munduan">Paper ekoizpena munduan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paper ekoizpena munduan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Paper ekoizpena munduan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Papierproduzenten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Papierproduzenten.png/320px-Papierproduzenten.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Papierproduzenten.png/480px-Papierproduzenten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Papierproduzenten.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Herrialde papergile nagusiak (2006).</figcaption></figure></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>herrialdea </th> <th>Mt </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txina</a> </td> <td>99,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuak</a> </td> <td>75,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a> </td> <td>26,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemania</a> </td> <td>22,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> </td> <td>12,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hego_Korea" title="Hego Korea">Hego Korea</a> </td> <td>11,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> </td> <td>11,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a> </td> <td>11,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> </td> <td>10,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>10,0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_motak">Paper motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paper motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Paper motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paper motak sailkatzeko ezaugarri bereizgarriak erabili ohi dira: </p> <ul><li>Paper orearen mota</li> <li>Birrinketa denbora</li> <li>Erabilitako gehigarriak</li> <li>Lehortze prozesua</li> <li>Azaleko akaberak</li></ul> <p>Hona hemen paper mota arruntenetako batzuen zerrenda: </p> <ul><li><b>Beirazko papera</b> edo <b>kristal papera</b>: paper zeharrargia, oso laua eta koipeekiko erresistentea, ore kimiko oso finez egina eta, gero, <a href="/wiki/Arrabol" title="Arrabol">arrabolez</a> prentsatua. Gardentasuna funtsezko ezaugarria da. Paper zurruna, nahiko eraginkorra, esku gutxikoa, aldaketa higrometrikoekiko sentikorra. <a href="/wiki/Iragazkortasun" title="Iragazkortasun">Iragazgaiztasuna</a> eta itxura ederra direla eta, luxuzko paketetan erabiltzen da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Lurrin" title="Lurrin">lurrindegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmazia" title="Farmazia">farmazian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gozogintza" title="Gozogintza">gozogintzan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">elikaduran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zelofan" title="Zelofan">Zelofanaren</a> edo haren imitazioen lehian izan ohi da.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Zatar papera</b> edo <b>zatarki papera</b>: nagusiki paper berreskuratutik egindako papera da, sailkatu gabea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Azidorik gabeko papera</b>: printzipioz, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> librerik ez duen edozein paper. Fabrikazioan, neurri bereziak hartzen dira konposizioan egon daitekeen edozein azido aktibo kentzeko, paper bukatuaren iraupena areagotzeko. Azidotasun arruntenak eragiten dituzte: edo <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminioak</a>, kolatzeko fasean erabilitako <a href="/wiki/Kolofonia" title="Kolofonia">kolofonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Erretxina" title="Erretxina">erretxinak</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauspeatze" title="Hauspeatze">hauspeatzeko</a>; edo erreaktiboen eta orea zuritzearen hondakin produktuek (<a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloroa</a> eta deribatuak); edo inguruko atmosfera kutsatuetatik xurgatutako gas azidoek (<a href="/wiki/Oxido_nitriko" title="Oxido nitriko">oxido nitrikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufrea</a>). xurgatzea. Paper azidoa fabrikatzeko prozesu bat bateraezina da paper iraunkorrak egitearekin.</li> <li><b>Kraft papera</b>: erresistentzia handiko papera, sulfatoarekin egindako ore kimikoz egina. Gordina (kolore <a href="/wiki/Arre_(kolorea)" title="Arre (kolorea)">arrea</a>) edo zuritua izan daiteke. Batzuetan, <a href="/wiki/Pinofito" title="Pinofito">koniferoen</a> egurrez egindako pasta gordinez egiten da. Paper gordinak bilgarri eta paketeak egiteko erabiltzen da, eta zuritua, berriz, kontabilitatea, erregistroak, aktak, dokumentu ofizialak eta abar egiteko.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Liner papera</b>: kartoi izurtuzko estalkietan, kanpoaldeetan, erabiltzen den gramaje arin edo ertaineko papera da. <i>Kraftliner</i> esaten zaio erabiltzen denean sulfato birjina, gordina edo zuritua, normalean <a href="/wiki/Pinofito" title="Pinofito">koniferoetatik</a> sortua. Fabrikazioan, zuntz birziklatuak erabiltzen direnean <i>testliner</i> deritzo, eta, askotan, bi geruzaz osatuta egoten da.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Geruza anitzeko papera (kartoia)</b>: zenbait paper <a href="/wiki/Geruza" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geruza">geruza</a> edo zerrenda konbinatuz lortzen den produktua, bereiz eratuak, konpresio bidez eta eranskailurik erabili gabe itsasten direnak, egoera hezean.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paper_sulfurizatu" title="Paper sulfurizatu">Paper sulfurizatua</a></b>: gantz gorputzen <a href="/wiki/Iragazkortasun" title="Iragazkortasun">iragazgaiztasuna</a> duen papera, eta, era berean, hezean erresistentzia handia duena, iragazgaiztasun ona duena eta urak desintegratzeko erresistentzia duena, baita irakiten dagoenean ere. Iragazgaiztasuna lortzeko, paperezko orria segundo batzuetan <a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfuriko" title="Azido sulfuriko">azido sulfuriko</a> kontzentratuko bainu batetik pasatzen da (% 75, 10 °C), eta, ondoren, azidoa garbitzen da. Azidoa ukitzean, hidrozelulosa bilakatzen da hein batean zelulosa; materia gelatinakara horrek paperaren poroak oztopatzen ditu eta iragazgaitz bihurtzen du.</li> <li><b>Tisu papera</b>: gramaje gutxiko papera, leuna, sarritan pixka bat zimurra lehorrean, batez ere zuntz naturalez, ore kimiko birjinaz edo birziklatuz osatua, batzuetan errendimendu handiko pastarekin nahasita (kimiko-mekanikoak). Hain da mehea, ezen zaila baita geruza bakar batean erabiltzea. Eskakizunen arabera, bi geruza edo gehiago konbinatzen dira. Malgutasuna, azaleko leuntasuna, dentsitate txikia eta likidoak xurgatzeko ahalmen handia ditu. Etxeko garbiketan eta gisakoetan erabiltzen da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Zapi" title="Zapi">musuzapiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahozapi" title="Ahozapi">ahozapiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskuoihal" title="Eskuoihal">eskuoihalak</a> eta uretan desintegratzen diren antzeko produktu xurgatzaileak. <a href="/wiki/Komuneko_paper" title="Komuneko paper">Komuneko papera</a> gisa honetakoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Paper iraunkorra</b>: denbora luzean (ehunka urte) aldaketa fisiko eta kimiko handiak jasan ditzakeen papera. Paper mota hau, eskuarki, <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidorik</a> gabe fabrikatzen da, erreserba <a href="/wiki/Metal_alkalino" title="Metal alkalino">alkalinoa</a> eta hasierako erresistentzia nahiko handia ditu. Betidanik, <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kultura</a> munduan ezinbestekotzat jo izan da purutasun handiko zuntzak erabiltzea (<a href="/wiki/Liho" title="Liho">lihoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Kotoi" title="Kotoi">kotoia</a>), paperaren iraunkortasuna ziurtatzeko. Gaur egun, zuntz motari garrantzi gutxiago ematen zaio, eta gehiago fabrikazio baldintzei. Azidoa erabiltzen duen ekoizpen prozesua bateraezintzat jotzen da paper iraunkorrarekin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fluting papera</b>: paper kizkurra da, berariaz izurtuta egiten dena <a href="/wiki/Zurruntasun" title="Zurruntasun">zurruntasun</a> eta moteltze propietateak emateko. Normalean, fabrikazioan erabiltzen dira hostozabalen pasta erdikimikoak (sulfito neutroko prozesua, NSSC), zereal-lastozko errendimendu handiko pastaz edo berreskuratutako paperez egiten da, eta kartoi izurtuak egiteko erabiltzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigarreta-paper" title="Zigarreta-paper"><b>Zigarreta papera</b></a>: paper mehea da, kolatu gabea, bere errekortasuna <a href="/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako">tabakoaren</a> errekortasunera egokitzeko kargak eta gehigarriak izan ditzakeena.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietateak">Propietateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Propietateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Propietateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Paperaren iraunkortasuna</dt> <dd>Iraunkortasunak adierazten du, batez ere, paperaren gaitasuna erabilera intentsibo eta jarraituan aurreikusitako funtzioak betetzeko, <a href="/wiki/Biltegi" title="Biltegi">biltegiratze</a> aldi luzeak aipatu gabe. Paper bat trinkoa izan daiteke (denbora laburrean erabilera intentsiboa jasateko), baina ez iraunkorra (kate zelulosikoak astiro degradatzen dituzten azidoak daudelako).</dd> <dt>Dimentsio egonkortasuna</dt> <dd>Paper edo kartoi batek bere neurriak eta lautasuna atxikitzeko duen gaitasuna, <a href="/wiki/Hezetasun" title="Hezetasun">hezetasun</a> edukia aldatzen duenean, adibidez, inguruko <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferan</a> gertatzen diren aldaketen eraginpean. <a href="/wiki/Hemizelulosa" title="Hemizelulosa">Hemizelulosa</a> asko izateak <a href="/wiki/Landare-zuntz" title="Landare-zuntz">zuntzak</a> puztea eta ezegonkortasuna eragiten ditu.</dd> <dt>Eskua</dt> <dd>Paperaren lodieraren eta gramajearen arteko erlazioa adierazten duen terminoa da. Haren balioa murriztu egiten da orriaren trinkotzea eta dentsitatea handitzen direnean.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Erresilientzia_(psikologia)" title="Erresilientzia (psikologia)">Erresilientzia</a></dt> <dd>Kurbatu edo deformatu ondoren, paperak jatorrizko formara itzultzeko duen gaitasuna da. Konposizioan ore mekanikoa egoteak ematen du propietate hori.</dd> <dt>Karteoa</dt> <dd>Paperezko orri batek eskuz mugitzean sortzen duen <a href="/wiki/Ukimen" title="Ukimen">ukimen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Soinu" title="Soinu">soinu</a> konbinazioa.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iragazkortasun" title="Iragazkortasun">Iragazkortasuna</a></dt> <dd>Likidoei paper zuntzen barrura sartzen uzteko gaitasuna da.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prozesuaren_etapak">Prozesuaren etapak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Prozesuaren etapak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Prozesuaren etapak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papera egiteko fabrikazio prozesuak, era industrial eta modernoan egiten den gisan, urrats mugarri batzuk ditu.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Fintzea</dt> <dd>Orea birfindu egiten da zuntzak desfibratu eta ebakitzeko, nahi den paper motara egokitzeko. Prozesu horren araberakoa da paperak tolestu, lehortu eta urratzean izango duen erresistentzia-maila.</dd> <dd>Paperak bi fintze mota izan ditzake, koipetsua edo giharra: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koipe" title="Koipe">koipeak</a> oso hidratatuta uzten ditu zuntzak, eta erresistentzia, zurruntasun eta <a href="/wiki/Gardentasun" title="Gardentasun">gardentasun</a> pixka bat ematen dio paperari, baina <a href="/wiki/Malgutasun_(anatomia)" title="Malgutasun (anatomia)">malgutasuna</a> kentzen dio eta hauskorra egiten du, tolesteko zailtasuna duena (landare paperak, erretzekoak, <a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">pergaminoak</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskulu" title="Muskulu">giharrak</a> zuntz osoak edo trunkatuak uzten ditu, eta horrek malgutasuna, tolesteko erraztasuna, lodiera, biguntasuna eta opakotasuna ematen dizkio (adibidez, paper xurgatzaileak, inprimaketakoak, <a href="/wiki/Offset" title="Offset">offsetak</a> eta abar).</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Kolatzea</dt> <dd>Etapa honetan, <a href="/wiki/Lekeda" title="Lekeda">lekeda</a> edo material itsasgarri bat gehitzen zaio paperari, inprimatzean edo idaztean paperaren gainean tinta korritu ez dadin. Prozesu horren araberakoa da iragazkortasun maila.</dd> <dd>Kolatzea bi unetan egin daiteke: masan edo azalean: <ul><li>masan egiten da fabrikazioan, oreak prestatzen diren unean.</li> <li>papera ia lehor dagoenean, gainazalean.</li></ul></dd> <dd>Kolatzean, produktu hidrofoboak gehitzen dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Erretxina" title="Erretxina">erretxina</a> lekedak, <a href="/wiki/Gelatina" title="Gelatina">gelatina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lekeda" title="Lekeda">lekeda</a> indartuak eta produktu finkatzaileak, hala nola aluminio sulfatoa.</dd> <dd>Helburua da erresistentzia eta inprimatze arazoak sortzen dituzten likidoak paperean ez sartzea (adibidez, karaktereek argitasuna gal dezakete).</dd> <dd>Masan kolatzeak atzeratu egiten du likidoa bilgarritik materialetara sartzea. <a href="/wiki/Porositate" title="Porositate">Porositatea</a> murriztu egiten da <a href="/wiki/Gelatina" title="Gelatina">gelatinak</a> lekeda gisa erabiltzen badira. Zuritasuna ere gutxitu egiten da, erabiltzen diren substantziak zelulosa bezain zuriak ez baitira. Opakutasuna ere gutxitu egiten da (oro har, kolatzeak murriztu egiten ditu paperen ezaugarri fisikoak, hala nola tolesturak, luzapenak, leherketak eta abar.).</dd> <dd>Hurrengo pausoari eusten laguntzeko ere balio du: kargak sartzea eta kolorearen uniformetasuna hobetzea.</dd> <dt>Kargak</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hauts" title="Hauts">Hauts</a> formako produktuak dira (normalean <a href="/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka">arrokak</a> ehotzetik sortzen dira), eta paperari gorputza ematen laguntzen dute. Horrez gain, beste ezaugarri batzuk lortzen laguntzen dute, hala nola distira gutxitzea, erresistentzia mekanikoa handitzea, transpiratzeko egokia den mikroporositatea sortzea, lixatzea erraztea, betegarri ahalmena handitzea eta abar.</dd> <dd>Gehien erabiltzen diren kargak mineralak dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Kareharri" title="Kareharri">kareharria</a> (kaltzio karbonatoa), <a href="/wiki/Kaolinita" title="Kaolinita">kaolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mika_(minerala)" title="Mika (minerala)">mika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talko" title="Talko">talkoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silizio_dioxido" title="Silizio dioxido">silizea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igeltsu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Igeltsu">igeltsua</a>, baritina (<a href="/wiki/Baritina" title="Baritina">bario sulfatoa</a>) edo substantzia organikoak, hala nola patata fekula, <a href="/wiki/Almidoi" title="Almidoi">almidoia</a> eta abar.</dd> <dd>Kargak zelulosa baino merkeagoak direnez, paperaren prezioa jaitsi egiten da. Karga produktuek zuntzen artean dauden hutsune guztiak betetzen dituzte, eta, hala, paperak gainazal uniformea hartzen du, bigundu egiten da, gardentasuna murrizten da eta inprimatzeko baldintzak hobetzen dira.</dd> <dd>Paperaren zuritasuna, <a href="/wiki/Distira_(optika)" title="Distira (optika)">distira</a> opakotasuna kargako produktu motaren araberakoak dira. Ale finenak, adibidez, opakutasun handiagoak eta zuritasun handiagoa eragiten ditu. Zelulosa askorik ez duen paperari gorputza ematen dioten produktuak dira kargak. Pastei gehitzen zaien karga proportzioa aldatu egiten da haien kalitatearen arabera (karga handiagoa, kalitate txarragoa).</dd> <dt>Pigmentuak</dt> <dd>Kargek bezala, papereko hutsuneak betetzen dituzte, opakotasun eta zuritasun handiagoa emanez. Horiek aplikatzeko moduaren arabera eta partikulak txikiagoak direlako bereizten dira. <a href="/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu">Pigmentuak</a> gainazalean eta masako kargetan aplikatzen dira.</dd> <dt>Kolorazioa</dt> <dd>Oreari izaera mineral edo organikoko <a href="/wiki/Pintura_(materiala)" title="Pintura (materiala)">substantzia koloratzaileak</a> eransten zaizkio (paper motaren arabera). Substantzia mineraletatik lortutako koloreak harekiko erresistenteagoak dira deribatu organikoak baino.</dd> <dd>Masako kolorea gehi daiteke (nahasgailuetan), edo paper mota batzuetan orria makina jarraituan eratzen denean.</dd> <dt>Zuritze optikoko agentea (OLT)</dt> <dd>Zuritze optikoko agentea papera zuriago ikusteko erabiltzen da. Papera argi ultramore baten azpian dagoenean, distira urdindu hori ikustearen arduraduna da.</dd> <dt>Aglutinatzaileak</dt> <dd>Zuntzen izaera organikoa eta gehigarri batzuen izaera ez-organikoa (kargak, <a href="/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu">pigmentuak</a>...) direla eta, <a href="/wiki/Aglutinatzaile_(pintura)" title="Aglutinatzaile (pintura)">aglutinatzaileak</a> behar dira elkarrekin lotzeko. Horiek gehigarriak elkarrekin lotzen dituzten eta ondoren zuntzarekin lotzen dituzten «zubiak» sortzen dituzte. Hauek dira erabilienak: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almidoi" title="Almidoi">almidoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latexa</a></li> <li>alkohol polibinilikoa.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birziklatzea">Birziklatzea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Birziklatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Birziklatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Contenedorpapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Contenedorpapel.jpg/220px-Contenedorpapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Contenedorpapel.jpg/330px-Contenedorpapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Contenedorpapel.jpg/440px-Contenedorpapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Papera eta kartoia birziklatzeko edukiontzia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aurrekariak">Aurrekariak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurrekariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Aurrekariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antzina, beste landare batzuetatik lortzen zen papera (<a href="/wiki/Kalamu_(botanika)" title="Kalamu (botanika)">kalamua</a> barne, kalitate handiko zelulosa ateratzen baita handik), baina egun paper gehiena <a href="/wiki/Zuhaitz" title="Zuhaitz">zuhaitzetatik</a> abiatuta egiten da. Ohiko paperaren kilogramo bat egiteko, ehun litro ur erabiltzen dira. </p><p>Paperarekin eta kartoiarekin egiten dira: </p> <ul><li>Zenbait erabileratako paperezko poltsak.</li> <li>Zenbait erabileratarako kartoi mehezko kaxak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartoi" title="Kartoi">Kartoi</a> uzkurtuko kaxak.</li> <li>Kartoizko eta kartoi mehezko <a href="/wiki/Erretilu" title="Erretilu">erretiluak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gozogintza" title="Gozogintza">gozogintzarako</a> eta edari paketeetarako.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inprimatzeko_makina" title="Inprimatzeko makina">Inprimategi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulego" title="Bulego">bulego</a> eta beste mota askotarako papera.</li></ul> <p>Munduan, paper industriak urtean lau mila milioi zuhaitz inguru kontsumitzen ditu, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Pinu" title="Pinu">pinua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eukalipto" title="Eukalipto">eukaliptoa</a>. Papergintzako teknika modernoek zuhaitz horietako espezie oso espezifikoak erabiltzen dituzte. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> 300 kg paper eta kartoi erabiltzen dira pertsonako urtean, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentinan</a>, urtean 42 kg; eta <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a> eta Indian 3 kg pertsonako urtean. <a href="/wiki/Txile" title="Txile">Txilen</a>, urtean laurehun eta bostehun mila tona paper ekoizten dira, eta % 47 inguru berreskuratzen da. <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">Zelulosaren</a> eta paperaren industriak <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zuraren</a> ekoizpenaren herena erabiltzen du.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birziklatzeari esker, % 25 aurrezten da energia fabrikazio prozesuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papera_eta_kartoia_birziklatzea">Papera eta kartoia birziklatzea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Papera eta kartoia birziklatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Papera eta kartoia birziklatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hondakin papera zenbait aldiz txikitu eta birziklatu daiteke. Hala ere, ziklo bakoitzean zuntzen % 15-20 txikiegiak bihurtzen dira erabiltzeko. Paper industriak bere <a href="/wiki/Zabor" title="Zabor">hondakinak</a> birziklatzen ditu, baita beste enpresa batzuetatik biltzen dituenak ere, hala nola, ontzi eta bilgarrien fabrikatzaileak eta inprimategiak.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papera eta kartoia bildu, bereizi eta ondoren urarekin nahasten dira, mami bihurtzeko. Kalitate apaleneko mamia kartoizko kaxak egiteko erabiltzen da. Ezpurutasunak eta <a href="/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta">tinta</a> batzuk kalitate oneneko pulpatik kentzen dira inprimatzeko eta idazteko paper birziklatua egiteko. Beste kasu batzuetan, <a href="/wiki/Landare-zuntz" title="Landare-zuntz">zuntz</a> birziklatua mami berriarekin nahasten da, material birziklatuaren ehunekoa duten paperezko produktuak egiteko.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontsumitzaileentzako_ekintzak">Kontsumitzaileentzako ekintzak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontsumitzaileentzako ekintzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kontsumitzaileentzako ekintzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilgarri gutxien dituzten produktuak erostea da garrantzitsuena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kutxa" title="Kutxa">Kutxak</a> eta bestelako <a href="/wiki/Ontzi" title="Ontzi">ontzi</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Pakete" title="Pakete">enbalajeak</a> berrerabiltzea, murriztea eta <a href="/wiki/Birziklatze" title="Birziklatze">birziklatzea</a> sustatu daiteke, bai eta komunitateetako erakundeak, saltokiek, eskolak eta dendak ere, papera eta kartoia birziklatzeko programak ezar ditzaten.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBevis1953-01-01">Bevis, Dorothy.  (1953-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/617942">«Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students, Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Papermaking. George Mann»</a> <i>The Library Quarterly</i> 23 (1): 47–47.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F617942">10.1086/617942</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0024-2519">0024-2519</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-10-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-07-11">Needham, Joseph; Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien.  (1985-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Volume.html?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC&redir_esc=y"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780521086905" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780521086905">9780521086905</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-10-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925012649/http://www.worldjute.com/jute_news/news1.html">«Jute paper from Western Han Dynasty discovered in Dunhuang»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2006-08-15 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331231004/http://www.historyofpaper.net/paper-invention/cai-lun/">«Cai Lun - Famous Chinese Inventor of Paper»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2023-03-31 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJeong2016-07-18">Jeong, Su-il.  (2016-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1505#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Silk Road Encyclopedia. </i></a> Seoul Selection <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3">978-1-62412-076-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn, Kevin M..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/54052024"><i>Caveman chemistry : 28 projects from the creation of fire to the production of plastics. </i></a> Universal Pub. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1581125665" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1581125665">978-1581125665</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRustow2020-01-14">Rustow, Marina.  (2020-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=rCynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA474#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Lost Archive: Traces of a Caliphate in a Cairo Synagogue. </i></a> Princeton University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-15647-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-15647-7">978-0-691-15647-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Alemanez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Alemanez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKramer2001">Kramer, Johannes.  (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002012402/https://publicacions.iec.cat/PopulaFitxa.do?moduleName=revistes_cientifiques&subModuleName=&idCatalogacio=652">«Der Weg von gr. lat papyrus zu kat. paper»</a> <i>Estudis Romànics</i> (Institut d'Estudis Catalans) 23: 78-90. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2013-9500">2013-9500</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Katalanez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Katalanez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina:Chronik_des_edlen_en_Ramon_Muntaner_(1844).djvu/549">«Pàgina:Chronik des edlen en Ramon Muntaner (1844).djvu/549 - Viquitexts»</a> <i>ca.wikisource.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMuntaner1860">Muntaner, Ramon.  (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=LAN7TWp-5w4C&pg=PA541#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Crónica catalana de Ramón Muntaner. </i></a> Imprenta de Jaime Jepús <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44464142"><i>Recycled fiber and deinking. </i></a> Fapet Oy 2000 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9525216071" title="Berezi:BookSources/9525216071">9525216071</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015_12-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapia_López2015_12-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTapia_López2015">Tapia López 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRoutledge1997">Routledge.  (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ts8azhpiI_cC&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Routledge Diccionario Técnico Inglés. </i></a> Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-11273-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-11273-4">978-0-415-11273-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEHU">EHU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehu.eus/eeh/cgi/bila?z=840&l=z">«Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) > <i>zatarki</i>»</a> <i>www.ehu.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEHU">EHU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehu.eus/eeh/cgi/bila?h=zatar1#2">«Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) > <i>zatarpaper</i>»</a> <i>www.ehu.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=qWL0D920yiEC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Capacidades de pasta y papel 2000-2005. </i></a> Food & Agriculture Org. 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-92-5-004596-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-92-5-004596-2">978-92-5-004596-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKlenk1990-01-04">Klenk, Marian Lee.  (1990-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=VZo5_xQawG8C&pg=PA16"><i>Wallpapering Step-by-Step: Storey's Country Wisdom Bulletin A-113. </i></a> Storey Publishing, LLC <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-60342-262-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-60342-262-8">978-1-60342-262-8</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=fu3S5PSgJDUC&pg=PP23#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Diseno impreso. </i></a> Redargenta - CommTOOLS <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-987-1262-06-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-987-1262-06-9">978-987-1262-06-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCommission1923">Commission, Tariff.  (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=nUxNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Tariff Information Surveys: series M.. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFManningKremp2013-02-07">Manning, Ralph W.; Kremp, Virginie.  (2013-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=-XchAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>A Reader in Preservation and Conservation. </i></a> Walter de Gruyter <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-11-096834-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-11-096834-7">978-3-11-096834-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAttwood2002">Attwood, Jon.  (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=6hm1M7R4ObwC&pg=PP36#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Graphic Products. </i></a> Heinemann <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-435-41780-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-435-41780-2">978-0-435-41780-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ8B_9meo54C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=rolling+paper&hl=eu"><i>Cigarette Paper: Prepared in Response to Requests of the Committee on Finance of the United States Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives. </i></a> U.S. Government Printing Office 1945 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814164053/https://www.deskera.com/blog/paper-manufacturing-process-how-paper-is-made/">«Paper Manufacturing Process: How Paper is Made?»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2023-08-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531013128/https://wef.infor.cl/index.php/sector-forestal/industria-forestal/produccion/produccion-de-papeles-y-cartones?view=comercio_ind_pro_papeles">«Infor :: Estadisticas Forestales - Chile»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2023-05-31 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604233734/https://earth911.com/business-policy/paper-recycling-details-basics/">«Everything You Need to Know About Paper Recycling - Earth911»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2023-06-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926083814/https://isustainrecycling.com/understanding-the-paper-recycling-process/">«Understanding The Paper Recycling Process | iSustain Recycling»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2022-09-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606140822/https://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Paper-Waste">«17 Ways to Reduce Paper Waste - wikiHow»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2023-06-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg/200px-Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg/300px-Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Ekaiak_JREtxebarria_Miodownik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Egunero etxean edo kalean erabiltzen ditugun material (ekai) arruntak aztertzen dira liburuan (2022)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ekaiak badu garrantzia. Gizakiok eginiko mundua moldatu duten material zoragarrien istorio bitxiak</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Miodownik" title="Mark Miodownik">M. Miodownik</a>. Itzultzailea: J. R. Etxebarria. <a href="/wiki/Udako_Euskal_Unibertsitatea" title="Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea">UEU</a> - <a href="/wiki/NanoGUNE" title="NanoGUNE">CIC Nanogune</a> 2022 (250 or.). <b>Paperari</b> buruzkoa da 2. kapitulua: "<i>Fidagarria</i>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_birziklapen" title="Paper birziklapen">Paper birziklapena</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigarreta-paper" title="Zigarreta-paper">Zigarreta papera</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609212221/http://www.historyofpaper.net/">History of paper</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11472" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11472">Q11472</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper">Paper</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11472%22">Q11472</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949744d">11949744d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949744d">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044522-7">4044522-7</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097578">sh85097578</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564806">00564806</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123950">ph123950</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645830">10645830</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300014109">300014109</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/010462">010462</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/paper">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010209">D010209</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11472" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11472">Q11472</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper">Paper</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11472%22">Q11472</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See \u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetak\u003E.");});</script><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper&oldid=9676294">https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper&oldid=9676294</a>"(e)tik eskuratuta</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Kategoriak" title="Berezi:Kategoriak">Kategoriak</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Papera" title="Kategoria:Papera">Papera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Material_birziklagarriak" title="Kategoria:Material birziklagarriak">Material birziklagarriak</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ezkutuko kategoriak: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak">Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programako_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak">Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programa/Kultura_zientifikoa" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programa/Kultura zientifikoa">Hezkuntza Programa/Kultura zientifikoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:AAT_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Orriaren azken aldaketa: 27 apirila 2024, 13:25.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Testua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu">Creative Commons Aitortu-PartekatuBerdin 4.0 lizentziari</a> jarraituz erabil daiteke; baliteke beste klausularen batzuk ere aplikatu behar izatea. Xehetasunen berri izateko, ikus <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">erabilera-baldintzak</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pribazitate politika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz">Wikipediari buruz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra">Lege oharra</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Garatzaileak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/eu.wikipedia.org">Estatistikak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie adierazpena</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mugikorreko bista</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gb8dk","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.606","walltime":"0.786","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15618,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94519,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27381,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":29826,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":12,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 650.753 1 -total"," 50.35% 327.683 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola"," 27.03% 175.911 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda"," 23.42% 152.390 26 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia"," 21.82% 142.015 52 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia/oinarria"," 10.79% 70.225 2 Txantiloi:Top_icon"," 9.99% 65.018 1 Txantiloi:Wikipedia1000"," 8.33% 54.233 2 Txantiloi:Category_handler"," 6.46% 42.066 10 Txantiloi:Bandera"," 5.85% 38.093 2 Txantiloi:Category_handler/numbered"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.249","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4441927,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66695f89d8-glglr","timestamp":"20241119203841","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paper","url":"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paper","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11472","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11472","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-24T19:29:32Z","dateModified":"2024-04-27T12:25:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg"}</script> </body> </html>