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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1878_Appointment_as_Datu_Bandahara_and_Rajah_of_Sandakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1885_Madrid_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1885_Madrid_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1885 Madrid Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1885_Madrid_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1903_confirmation_of_cession_of_certain_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1903_confirmation_of_cession_of_certain_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1903 confirmation of cession of certain islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1903_confirmation_of_cession_of_certain_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939_Macaskie_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_Macaskie_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1939 Macaskie decision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_Macaskie_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Philippine claim </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philippine_claim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philippine claim subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philippine_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_withdraw_the_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_withdraw_the_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Attempts to 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id="toc-1985_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 1985 incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereignty_over_Ligitan_and_Sipadan_islands_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty_over_Ligitan_and_Sipadan_islands_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sovereignty over Ligitan and Sipadan islands case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty_over_Ligitan_and_Sipadan_islands_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_standoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_standoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 2013 standoff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_standoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_diplomatic_spat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_diplomatic_spat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 2020 diplomatic spat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_diplomatic_spat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_December_2021_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_December_2021_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Alleged December 2021 plot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_December_2021_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seizures_of_Malaysian_foreign_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seizures_of_Malaysian_foreign_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Seizures of Malaysian foreign assets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seizures_of_Malaysian_foreign_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-title="Nordborneo-Disput" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_du_Nord-Born%C3%A9o" title="Conflit du Nord-Bornéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflit du Nord-Bornéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A4_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="북보르네오 분쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북보르네오 분쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persengketaan_Sabah" title="Persengketaan Sabah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persengketaan Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuntutan_Sabah" title="Tuntutan Sabah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuntutan Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschil_over_Noord-Borneo" title="Geschil over Noord-Borneo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschil over Noord-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_em_Born%C3%A9u_do_Norte" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_Borneo_dispute" title="Special:EditPage/North Borneo dispute">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22">"North Borneo dispute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22North+Borneo+dispute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG/300px-North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Territory in the 1878 agreement: from the <a href="/wiki/Pandasan_River" title="Pandasan River">Pandasan River</a> on the north west coast to the <a href="/wiki/Sebuku_River" title="Sebuku River">Sibuco River</a> in the south<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></figcaption></figure> The North Borneo dispute, also known as the Sabah dispute, is the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial dispute</a> between <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> over much of the eastern part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>. Sabah was previously known as <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">formation of the Malaysian federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Philippines, presenting itself as the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, retains a "dormant claim" on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone" title="Eastern Sabah Security Zone">Eastern Sabah</a> on the basis that the territory was only <a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">leased</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo Company">British North Borneo Company</a> in 1878, and the sovereignty of the sultanate (and subsequently the republic) over the territory was never relinquished.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, Malaysia considers this dispute a "non-issue", as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and it deems that the residents of Sabah (including Eastern Sabah) exercised their right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1878_Agreement">1878 Agreement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1878 Agreement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png/220px-Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png/330px-Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Grant_by_Sultan_of_Sulu_of_territories_and_lands_from_Pandasan_River_to_Sibukun_River_on_the_mainland_of_the_Island_of_Borneo.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Grant by Sultan of Sulu of territories and lands from the <a href="/wiki/Pandasan_River" title="Pandasan River">Pandasan River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sebuku_River" title="Sebuku River">Sibukun River</a> on the mainland of the Island of Borneo</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The 1878 agreement was written in Malay using the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, in which the contentious wordings are as follows:<blockquote>sudah kuredhai pajakkan dengan keredhaan dan kesukaan kita sendiri kepada tuan Gustavus Baron von Overbeck yang tinggal dalam negeri Hong Kong dan kepada Alfred Dent Esquire yang tinggal dalam negeri London... sampai selama-lamanya sekalian perintah dan kuasa yang kita punya yang takluk kepada kita di tanah besar Pulau Borneo dari Sungai Pandasan di sebelah barat sampai sepanjang semua tanah di pantai sebelah timur sejauh Sungai Sibuku di sebelah selatan.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</blockquote></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">and <blockquote>tiadalah boleh sekali-sekali kuasa dan perintah yang dikeredhai dalam pajakan ini diberi atau ditukarkan kepada lain bangsa atau kompeni daripada bangsa asing kalau tiada dengan keredhaan perintah bawah duli Queen terlebih dahulu.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</blockquote></blockquote> The keyword in the agreement is the ambiguous term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pajakan" class="extiw" title="wikt:pajakan">pajakkan</a>, a Malay term which was translated by Spanish linguists in 1878 and by American anthropologists <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Conklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Conklin">Harold Conklin</a> in 1946 as "arrendamiento" or "to lease".<a href="#cite_note-Conklin_Translation-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> However, the British used the interpretation of historian <a href="/wiki/Najeeb_Mitry_Saleeby" title="Najeeb Mitry Saleeby">Najeeb Mitry Saleeby</a> in 1908 and <a href="/wiki/William_George_Maxwell" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Maxwell">William George Maxwell</a> and William Summer Gibson in 1924, which translated pajakkan as "to grant and cede".<a href="#cite_note-BRITISH_NORTH_BORNEO,_1878-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It can be argued however, that pajakan means "to mortgage" or "<a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawn</a>" or even "wholesale", as per the contemporary meaning of pajakan in Tausug and Malay, which essentially means that the land is pawned in perpetuity for the annual cession money, and the sultanate would need to repay the entire value of the loan to redeem it back.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Furthermore, the term selama-lama, which means "forever" or "in perpetuity", indicates a binding effect beyond the lifetime of the then-sultan. Another contentious translation is in the exclusive authority of the said territory. In the original Jawi text (in Malay) and the British translation, <a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Her Britannic Majesty</a> (in Malay, is written as Duli Queen) holds exclusive power on the transfer of the said territory and any arbitration will solely be decided by the Britannic Majesty’s Consul-General for Borneo, but this translation is replaced as "Their Majesties Government" in the Tausug translation. This ambiguity led to different interpretations of the original Malay text, specifically the language concerning leasing or ceding of the land. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG/220px-SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG/330px-SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG/440px-SultanOfSuluAndSuite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Sultan of Sulu and Suite</figcaption></figure> Throughout the British administration of North Borneo, the British government continued to make the annual "cession money" payment to the sultan and his heirs, and these payments were expressly shown in the receipts as "cession money".<a href="#cite_note-Salonga_cession_money-17">[17]</a> In a 1961 conference in London, during which a Philippine and British panel met to discuss the Philippine claim to North Borneo, the British panel informed the Philippine congressman <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a> that the wording of the receipts had not been challenged by the sultan or his heirs.<a href="#cite_note-Sultan_cession_money-18">[18]</a> During a meeting of <a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" title="Maphilindo">Maphilindo</a> between the Philippine, Malayan and Indonesian governments in 1963, the Philippine government said the sultan of Sulu wanted the payment of 5,000 from the Malaysian government.<a href="#cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian prime minister">Malaysian prime minister</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, said he would go back to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and get on the request.<a href="#cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Malaysia considers the amount an annual "cession" payment for the land, while the sultan's descendants consider it "rent".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1878_Appointment_as_Datu_Bandahara_and_Rajah_of_Sandakan">1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Concession of Sabah</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Brunei)_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7492" data-file-height="10580" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin" title="Abdul Momin">Abdul Momin</a> of Brunei on 29 December 1877, appointing <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Overbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Overbeck">Baron von Overbeck</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> Sabah, Rajah Gaya and <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Sulu)_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7414" data-file-height="10546" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ul-Azam" title="Jamal ul-Azam">Jamal ul-Azam</a> of Sulu on 22 January 1878 also appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan<a href="#cite_note-note1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In addition to the grant by the Sultan of Sulu of territories on the mainland of Borneo, another agreement signed on the same day commissioned Baron de Overbeck as the supreme and independent ruler of the territories with the title of Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan, with absolute power over the inhabitants and property of the land.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the original treaty written in Malay, the term "anugerahi dan serahkan" was used, which is translated as grant and ceded.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> While the Sulu claim rests on the treaty signed by Sultan Jamalul Alam of Sulu appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878, a further, earlier treaty signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei appointed Baron de Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan. This was signed on 29 December 1877, and granted the territories of Paitan as far as the Sibuco River,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> which overlaps the Sulu Sultanate's claim of their dominion in Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-note1-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1885_Madrid_Protocol">1885 Madrid Protocol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1885 Madrid Protocol">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg/350px-1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg/525px-1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/1848-1899_sulu_ph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The Madrid Protocol in 1885 putting <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo Company">British North Borneo Company</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> and the rest of the Philippine islands was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>.</figcaption></figure> As attested to by the International Court of Justice in 2002, the Sultan of Sulu relinquished the sovereign rights over all his possessions in favour of Spain, based on the "Bases of Peace and Capitulation" signed by the Sultan of Sulu and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Spain">crown of Spain</a> in Jolo on 22 July 1878.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Sultan declared beyond discussion the sovereignty of Spain over all the Archipelago of Sulu and the dependencies thereof.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1885, the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a> to cement Spanish influence over the islands of the Philippines. In the same agreement, Spain relinquished all claims to North Borneo which had belonged to the sultanate in the past in favour of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-madrid_protocol-32">[32]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighbouring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the territories administered by the Company styled the "British North Borneo Company".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article III, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1903_confirmation_of_cession_of_certain_islands">1903 confirmation of cession of certain islands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1903 confirmation of cession of certain islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903_transcript_and_translation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1903_transcript_and_translation.png/220px-1903_transcript_and_translation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1903_transcript_and_translation.png/330px-1903_transcript_and_translation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1903_transcript_and_translation.png/440px-1903_transcript_and_translation.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>1903 Confirmation by Sultan of Sulu of cession of certain islands, transcription of first paragraph in Arabic Malay script Jawi and romanized Malay script. Red text is translated as "we hereby have willingly surrendered to the Government of British North Borneo"</figcaption></figure> On 22 April 1903, the successor of Sultan Jamalul Alam, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a>, signed a document known as the "Confirmation of cession of certain islands", under which he grant and ceded additional islands, in addition to the land agreed upon in 1878, in the vicinity of the mainland of North Borneo from <a href="/wiki/Banggi_Island" title="Banggi Island">Banggi Island</a> to Sibuku Bay to the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo Company">British North Borneo Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the 1903 agreement, the ambiguous term pajakkan was no longer used, but instead the phrase kita telah keredhai menyerahkan kepada pemerintah British North Borneo, which literally means "we have willingly surrendered to the Government of British North Borneo", was used in the agreement, asserting the understanding of the Sulu Sultanate of that time of the meaning of the earlier agreement in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The confirmatory deed of 1903 makes it known and understood between the two parties that the islands mentioned were included in the cession of the districts and islands mentioned on 22 January 1878 agreement. The originally agreed 5,000 dollars increased to 5,300 dollars per year payable annually.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1939_Macaskie_decision">1939 Macaskie decision</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1939 Macaskie decision">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Macaskie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Macaskie.jpg/170px-Charles_Macaskie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Macaskie.jpg/255px-Charles_Macaskie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Charles_Macaskie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Cunningham_Macaskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie">Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie</a> (1888–1969), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910–1920</figcaption></figure> In 1939, claimants Dayang Dayang Hadji Piandao and eight other heirs filed a civil suit regarding the "cession money" payable to the heirs of the sultan of Sulu—the then-incumbent Jamalul Kiram II having died childless in June 1936. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Cunningham_Macaskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie">Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie</a> of the High Court of North Borneo ruled on the share entitlement of each claimant.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> This ruling has often been quoted by proponents of the Sulu Sultanate's claim as proof of North Borneo's acknowledgment of the sultan's ownership of the territory, although it was made solely to determine who as heir was entitled to the "cession money" of 5,300 Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Ringgit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringgit">ringgit</a> per year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_claim">Philippine claim</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philippine claim">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_British_North_Borneo,_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/220px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/330px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/440px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Map of British North Borneo with the yellow area covering the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">ICJ</a> on 25 June 2001<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg/170px-Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg/255px-Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Malaysian_Lease_Payment_for_Sabah_for_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Annual "Cession Money" payment by Malaysian Embassy to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> was granted the north-eastern part of the territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies in 1704.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> However, on 22 July 1878, the sultan of Sulu relinquished sovereign rights over all his possessions in favour of Spain, based on the "Bases of Peace and Capitulation" signed by the sultan of Sulu and representatives of the Spanish government in Jolo. The Spanish then claimed the area in northern Borneo, but ended their claim under the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a>, after the United Kingdom and Germany recognised its presence in the Philippine archipelago in return for the Spanish stopping their interference with British affairs in northern Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-madrid_protocol-32">[32]</a> Once the protocol had been ratified, the British North Borneo Chartered Company administered North Borneo, and in 1888, North Borneo became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#British_protectorates" title="Protectorate">British protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> On 15 July 1946, the North Borneo Cession Order in Council, 1946, declared the State of North Borneo annexed to the British Crown, hence a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In September 1946, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">F. B. Harrison</a>, a former American governor-general of the Philippines, urged the Philippine government to protest this proclamation. The United States posited the claim on the premise that Spain had never acquired sovereignty over North Borneo, and thus did not have the right to transfer claims of sovereignty over North Borneo to the United Kingdom in the Madrid Protocol of 1885.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> This argument however, contradicts the treaty made between Spain and the Sultanate of Sulu in 1878, which expressly states that all of the territory of the Sultanate of Sulu is relinquished to Spain. Furthermore, the American view may be based on an erroneous interpretation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] of that part of the 1878 and the earlier 1836 treaties, that excluded North Borneo from the Sulu transfer to Spanish sovereignty (when in fact the exclusion merely referred to Spanish protection offered to the Sultan of Sulu in case he was attacked).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The United States–based government also refused to intervene in the dispute, officially maintaining a neutral stance on the matter and continuing to recognise Sabah[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] as part of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu/page1-170px-Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu/page1-255px-Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu/page1-340px-Implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a> of 31 July 1963 between Philippines and Malaysia<a href="#cite_note-Treaty-47">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal%27s_Second_State_of_the_Nation_Address#North_Borneo_Claim" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Diosdado Macapagal's Second State of the Nation Address">North Borneo Claim – Diosdado Macapagal's Second State of the Nation Address on 28 January 1963</a></div></div></div> </div> On 12 September 1962, during President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a>'s administration, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu#Status_within_the_Philippines" title="Sultanate of Sulu">a distant cousin of the Sulu Sultan</a>, the Philippine government claimed the territory of North Borneo, and full sovereignty, title and dominion over it were "ceded" by the heirs of the sultan of Sulu, Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The Philippines broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation was formed with Sabah in 1963, but probably resumed relations unofficially through the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a>, in which the Philippines made it clear that its position on the inclusion of North Borneo in the Federation of Malaysia was subject to the outcome of the Philippine claim to North Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-Treaty-47">[46]</a> The representatives of Indonesia and the Federation of Malaya seconded that the inclusion of North Borneo into the aforementioned Federation "would not prejudice either the claim or any right thereunder".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> It was revealed later in 1968 that President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> was training a team of militants on <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Merdeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Merdeka">Operation Merdeka</a> for infiltration into Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The plan failed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Republic Act No. 5446 of the Philippines, passed by the legislature on 26 August 1968 and signed by Marcos on 18 September, regards Sabah as a territory "over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keesing196812-54">[53]</a> The Malaysian government responded by suspending diplomatic relations and ceasing cooperation regarding smuggling. Perceived British support for Malaysia led to the British Embassy in Manila being broken into by a crowd.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Philippine Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ramos" title="Narciso Ramos">Narciso Ramos</a> gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> on 15 October, calling for the dispute to be settled in international courts.<a href="#cite_note-Keesing196812-54">[53]</a> On 16 July 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippine Supreme Court</a> ruled that the Philippine claim over Sabah is retained and may be pursued in the future.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_withdraw_the_claim">Attempts to withdraw the claim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attempts to withdraw the claim">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> on 4 August 1977, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos announced that the Philippines would take "definite steps to eliminate one of the burdens of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) — the claim of the Philippine Republic to Sabah".<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-UPI-57">[56]</a> The statement, however was not followed through,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> despite negotiations<a href="#cite_note-inq_timeline-59">[58]</a> and reassurances made by Marcos again in 1984 with Malaysian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-57">[56]</a> Following the overthrow of Marcos, President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> sought to officially drop the claim before the 1987 <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deCastro-60">[59]</a> A bill to repeal Republic Act 5446 was filed by <a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos_Shahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia Ramos Shahani">Leticia Ramos Shahani</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippine Senate</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-inq_timeline-59">[58]</a> The bill was widely criticised for effectively dropping the country's claim over the territory. Muslim members of Congress also voiced their strong opposition to the measure for fears it would "endanger" the proprietary rights of the Sultanate of Sulu. This eventually led Shahani to not pursue the bill's passage.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> While Aquino's successor <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> was similarly unable to obtain consensus to drop the claim, he officially put the dispute aside in order to improve ties with Malaysia. Later, President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> was similarly unable to gain consensus on the matter. The 2009 Philippine baseline law does not include Sabah within Philippine territory, although the Philippine Government at the time stated that this did not affect the claim.<a href="#cite_note-deCastro-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_Malaysia">Formation of Malaysia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation of Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">formation of the Malaysia</a>, two commissions of enquiry visited North Borneo, along with neighbouring Sarawak, to establish the state of public opinion there regarding merger with Malaya (and Singapore). The commission was mandated to address self-determination of the people of Sabah, i.e., the right of the people of Sabah to freely determine their own political status and freely pursue their own economic, social and cultural development. The first commission, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a>, was established by the Malayan and British governments and was headed by <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Cobbold,_1st_Baron_Cobbold" title="Cameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold">Lord Cobbold</a>, along with two representatives of Malaya and Britain (but neither of the territories under investigation). The Commission found that 'About one third of the population of each territory [i.e. of North Borneo and of Sarawak] strongly favours early realisation of Malaysia without too much concern over terms and conditions. Another third, many of them favourable to the Malaysia project, ask, with varying degrees of emphasis, for conditions and safeguards. The remaining third is divided between those who insist upon independence before Malaysia is considered and those who would strongly prefer to see British rule continue for some years to come'.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Commission published its report on 1 August 1962 and made several recommendations. <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_national_referendum,_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean national referendum, 1962">Unlike in Singapore</a>, however, no <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was ever conducted in North Borneo and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Notably, the "referendum" did not involve the entire population of North Borneo and Sarawak at that time, but only representative consultations.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The UN mission report stated that "[t]here was no reference to a referendum or plebiscite in the request..." and that "[t]he Mission accordingly arranged for consultations with the population through the elected representatives of the people, leaders of political parties and other groups and organisations, and with all persons who were willing to express their views".<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Indonesia and the Philippines rejected the findings of the Cobbold Commission. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Manila_Accord">The Manila Accord</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Manila Accord">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Accord_(31_July_1963).djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu/page1-170px-Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu/page1-255px-Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu/page1-340px-Manila_Accord_%2831_July_1963%29.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a> between the Philippines, the Federation of Malaya, and Indonesia signed in Manila on 31 July 1963<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> In July 1963, at a tripartite meeting in Manila between Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, Philippines president Diosdado Macapagal and Malayan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, the three heads of state signed an agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a> where Indonesia and the Philippines stated that they would welcome the formation of Malaysia "provided the support of the people of the Borneo territories is ascertained by an independent and impartial authority, the Secretary-General of the United Nations or his representative," and provided further that "the inclusion of North Borneo as part of Malaysia would not prejudice either the claim or any right thereunder" by the Philippines to the territory. Pursuant to the accord, a United Nations mission to Borneo was established that same year, comprising members of the UN Secretariat from Argentina, Brazil, Ceylon, Czechoslovakia, Ghana, Pakistan, Japan and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The Mission's report, authored by <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> found "a sizeable majority of the people" in favour of joining Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Indonesia and the Philippines subsequently rejected the report's findings – and Indonesia continued its semi-military policy of <a href="/wiki/Konfrontasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfrontasi">konfrontasi</a> towards Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Malaysia">Federation of Malaysia</a> was proclaimed on 16 September 1963. In a <a href="/wiki/Note_verbale" class="mw-redirect" title="Note verbale">note verbale</a> dated 7 February 1966, the government of Malaysia put itself on record: "that it has never moved away from the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963 and the Joint Statement accompanying it and reiterates its assurance that it will abide by these agreements, particularly paragraph 12 of the said Manila Accord" (where Malaysia agreed that the inclusion of North Borneo in the Federation of Malaysia would not prejudice either the claim or any right of the Philippines to the territory) and "paragraph 8 of the Joint Statement" (where all parties agreed to seek a just and expeditious solution to the dispute by means of negotiation, conciliation and arbitration, judicial settlement, or other peaceful means of the parties' own choice in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations).<a href="#cite_note-Treaty-47">[46]</a> In other words, this note verbale affirmed Malaysia's recognition of the still unresolved territorial dispute as regards North Borneo despite the findings of the Cobbold Commission or the 1963 UN Mission. A joint communique by Malaysia and the Philippines dated 3 June 1966 also provided that both parties have agreed to abide by the Manila Accord for the peaceful settlement of the Philippine claim to North Borneo (now called "Sabah") by "[recognizing] the need of sitting together, as soon as possible, for the purpose of clarifying the claim and discussing the means of settling it to the satisfaction of both parties" in consonance with said Accord and its accompanying Joint Statement.<a href="#cite_note-Treaty-47">[46]</a> In 1968, the governments of Malaysia and the Philippines agreed to hold talks in Bangkok for the purpose of clarifying the territorial dispute and discussing the modes of settling it, as provided under the terms of the Manila Accord. As reflected in the official records of a plenary meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, the Malaysian delegation reportedly declared during such talks that "this exercise under the Joint Communique is over and done with" and that they "stalked out of the conference room, thus bringing the talks to an abrupt end," despite publicly announcing a few days earlier that they would discuss with their Philippine counterparts the modes of settlement for the issue.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysian_position">Malaysian position</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malaysian position">edit</a>]</div> To date, Malaysia maintains that the Sabah claim is a non-issue and non-negotiable, thereby rejecting any calls from the Philippines to resolve the matter in ICJ. Sabah authorities stated in 2009 that they see the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a non-issue and that they dismiss the claim.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_events">Related events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg/220px-Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg/330px-Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg/440px-Philippine_Flag_with_4_stars_and_9_rays.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines#Fourth_star" title="Flag of the Philippines">Emmanuel L. Osorio's proposal</a>. Addition of a ninth ray to represent the Muslim and indigenous people and a fourth star for the Philippine-claimed parts of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ops_Merdeka_and_Jabidah_Massacre">Ops Merdeka and Jabidah Massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ops Merdeka and Jabidah Massacre">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a></div> In 1967, President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> secretly authorised Major Eduardo "Abdul Latif" Martelino, a Muslim convert, to take charge of the operations of a secret commando unit code-named "Jabidah" and embark on an operation called "Project Merdeka" (<a href="/wiki/Merdeka" title="Merdeka">merdeka</a> means "freedom" in Malay) to destabilise and take over Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-vitug-76">[75]</a> The alleged masterminds, however, included leading generals in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> (AFP), Defense Undersecretary Manuel Syquio, and Marcos himself.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2015-77">[76]</a> This plan backfired when in 1968 Senator <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Ninoy Aquino</a> laid out the plan to reclaim Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The trainees refused to continue their training and demanded to be returned home. One batch of recruits were disarmed, with some of the trainees returned home and others transferred to a regular military camp in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. But another batch of recruits were killed by army troops, with only one survivor, Jibin Arula, managing to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2015-77">[76]</a> This event is acknowledged as a major flashpoint that ignited the <a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-George1980-79">[78]</a> The Moros' bid for independence was publicly supported by Malaysia, in retaliation for Filipino <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">attempts to reconquer</a> Sabah. Malaysia stopped the support after power was misused by Moro leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Misuari_arrested-80">[79]</a> In addition, the Marcos government committed massacres and waged anti-Moro war and abuse under <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Martial Law</a>, further exacerbating the situation in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Due to this, until 2001, Malaysia supported the Bangsamoro in the Southern Philippines by providing funding, weapons, training, and manpower to respond to the atrocities committed by the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985_incident">1985 incident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1985 incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></div> In September 1985, 15-20 armed <a href="/wiki/Moro_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro Pirates">foreign pirates</a> from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> landed in Lahad Datu, and killed at least 21 people and injured 11 others in a series of robberies and <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">random shootings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In addition, some $200,000 from a local bank as well as another $5,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines" title="Malaysia Airlines">Malaysia Airlines</a> office were stolen.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty_over_Ligitan_and_Sipadan_islands_case">Sovereignty over Ligitan and Sipadan islands case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sovereignty over Ligitan and Sipadan islands case">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></div> In 2002, in a case concerning sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Ligitan" title="Ligitan">Ligitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sipadan" title="Sipadan">Sipadan</a> islands between Indonesia and Malaysia, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) ruled in favour of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The two islands are located in the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a> off the northeast coast of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. The case was decided based on Malaysia's effectivités (evidence of possession and use by a particular state that is effective to claim title) on the two islands as both Indonesia and Malaysia did not possess treaty-based titles on Ligitan and Sipadan.<a href="#cite_note-ICJ_findings-88">[87]</a> The Philippines applied to intervene in the case based on its territorial claim to North Borneo. Indonesia objected to the application and stated that the "Philippines raises no claim with respect to [the two islands] and maintains that the legal status of North Borneo is not a matter on which the Court has been asked to rule". Malaysia further contended that "the issue of sovereignty over Ligitan and Sipadan is completely independent of that of the status of North Borneo" and that "the territorial titles are different in the two cases".<a href="#cite_note-ICJ_findings-88">[87]</a> The application was ultimately rejected by the ICJ because of the non-existence of an "interest of legal nature" such that the court did not find how the decision on the case concerning the two islands would affect the Philippines' territorial claim to North Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_standoff">2013 standoff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2013 standoff">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></div> On 11 February 2013, a group of approximately 100–200 individuals, some of them armed, arrived by boat in <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a>, Sabah, from <a href="/wiki/Simunul,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simunul, Tawi-Tawi">Simunul</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>, in the southern Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> They were sent by <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_III" title="Jamalul Kiram III">Jamalul Kiram III</a>, one of the claimants to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu. Their objective was to assert their unresolved territorial claim to North Borneo. During the ensuing standoff, 56 of his followers were killed, along with 6 civilians and 10 Malaysian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-SultanObjective-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_diplomatic_spat">2020 diplomatic spat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020 diplomatic spat">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right: 5px; width: 28px;"> <div style="height: 28px; width: 28px; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; overflow: hidden;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatar of Teddy Locsin Jr."><img alt="Avatar of Teddy Locsin Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/28px-Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/42px-Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/56px-Teodoro_Locsin_Jr._in_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Avatar of Teddy Locsin Jr.</figcaption></figure> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Teddy Locsin Jr. <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@teddyboylocsin</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 95%;"> Replying to @USEmbassyPH </div> <div style="text-align: left"> Sabah is not in Malaysia if you want to have anything to do with the Philippines. </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">27 July 2020<a href="#cite_note-Tweetteddyboylocsin-96">[95]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right: 5px; width: 28px;"> <div style="height: 28px; width: 28px; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; overflow: hidden;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hishamuddin2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatar of Hishammuddin Hussein"><img alt="Avatar of Hishammuddin Hussein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hishamuddin2014.jpg/28px-Hishamuddin2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hishamuddin2014.jpg/42px-Hishamuddin2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hishamuddin2014.jpg/56px-Hishamuddin2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Avatar of Hishammuddin Hussein <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></figcaption></figure> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Hishammuddin Hussein <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@HishammuddinH2O</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 95%;"> Replying to @Teddy Locsin Jr. </div> <div style="text-align: left"> This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties. @MalaysiaMFA will summon the Philippines Ambassador on Monday to explain. Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia. </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">29 July 2020<a href="#cite_note-TweetHishammuddinH2O-97">[96]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> On 27 July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Philippine foreign secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr." title="Teodoro Locsin Jr.">Teodoro Locsin Jr.</a> posted a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweet</a> replying to a post from the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Manila" title="Embassy of the United States, Manila">US Embassy in Manila</a> on the "US donation of hygiene kits to Filipinos from Sabah, Malaysia" by saying that "Sabah does not belong to Malaysia".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Malaysian foreign minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hishammuddin_Hussein" title="Hishammuddin Hussein">Hishammuddin Hussein</a>, rebuked the Philippine foreign secretary's tweet as an irresponsible statement that affected bilateral ties, and on 30 July 2020 summoned the Philippine ambassador. Locsin then summoned the Malaysian ambassador in a tit-for-tat move.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Sabah Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Shafie_Apdal" title="Shafie Apdal">Shafie Apdal</a> rejected the Philippine claim, suggesting that the issues "should be resolved once and for all" with both the governments of Malaysia and the Philippines to officially have a "government-to-government talk" through the ASEAN platform.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> He earlier stated that the proposal by the central government of the Philippines to include Sabah territory as part of the Philippines territory in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_passport" title="Philippine passport">their passports</a> was nothing short of provocation and that the federal government of Malaysia had to make an immediate response.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Shafie added that Sabah was a "sovereign state" and that this had been settled a long time ago where the residents of Sabah had been assured by the Malaysian federal government of "full security and protection" when it formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In addition, former Sabah chief minister <a href="/wiki/Musa_Aman" title="Musa Aman">Musa Aman</a> told the Philippines to back off from continuing its claim over the state and to cease any agendas relating to Sabah and its internal politics. Similarly, former Malaysia foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Anifah_Aman" title="Anifah Aman">Anifah Aman</a>, who is also a Sabahan, criticised Locsin for his statement.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_December_2021_plot">Alleged December 2021 plot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alleged December 2021 plot">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a> reported that an elected official of <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> province organised a meeting in December 2021, attended by mayors of Sulu; it was alleged that there was a plan to organise a 600-personnel "Royal Sulu Army" to organise an armed takeover of the contested area in North Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Philippine Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Delfin_Lorenzana" title="Delfin Lorenzana">Delfin Lorenzana</a> dismissed the alleged plot as fake news. The Philippine military in Sulu said that the allegation was without basis but confirmed that local officials organised a meeting where they discussed bolstering maritime security in the area.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seizures_of_Malaysian_foreign_assets">Seizures of Malaysian foreign assets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seizures of Malaysian foreign assets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Sulu_case" title="Malaysia Sulu case">Malaysia Sulu case</a></div> Malaysia stopped the annual payment of RM 5,300 cession money to the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate after the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff, despite being unable to prove a link between the 2013 Lahad Datu militants and the descendants of the Sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-legal_arbitration_document-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Former prime minister of Malaysia <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a> defended his government's move, stating that <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_III" title="Jamalul Kiram III">Jamalul Kiram III</a>, one of the claimants of the Sulu throne, launched the attack in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Gazette_2022-109">[108]</a> The Malaysian government initiated a suit against the supposed descendants of the Sulu Sultanate in March 2017 at the Kota Kinabalu High Court. In March 2020, the court ruled that Malaysia was the proper venue to resolve the dispute on the non-payment of cession money and the 1878 Deeds of Cession as there was no binding agreement between the Malaysian government and the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate that compels either party to submit an <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> in an event of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> After that, the daughter of Jamalul Kiram III, Sheramar Kiram,<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Gazette_2022-109">[108]</a> initiated proceedings of a commercial arbitration in November 2017 against the government of Malaysia at the <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">Madrid High Court</a> in Spain. When the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu filed claims in February 2018, Malaysia did not send any representatives there to dispute the claim. Malaysia did not participate or intervene in any of the proceedings except between 25 October 2019 and 18 November 2019 and 5 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-legal_arbitration_document-107">[106]</a> Najib defended the Malaysian government's move of not sending any representatives there because Malaysia did not recognise the Spanish court as a venue to resolve arbitration issues.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Gazette_2022-109">[108]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thomas_(barrister)" title="Tommy Thomas (barrister)">Tommy Thomas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Malaysia" title="Attorney General of Malaysia">attorney general of Malaysia</a>, admitted that Malaysia had no legal grounds to refuse payments to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu and offered the resumption of payments in exchange for discontinuation of the commercial arbitration process. Thomas also agreed that the arbitration did not put Malaysian national sovereignty at stake. A preliminary award was given to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu in May 2020. Malaysia then filed a suit at the Civil and Criminal Chamber of the Superior Court of Justice of Madrid; where the court later decided on 29 June 2021 to nullify the appointment of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Stampa" title="Gonzalo Stampa">Gonzalo Stampa</a>, the arbitrator of the case, and to stop all the proceedings of the case, because the purported intentions of the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate were to reclaim the state of Sabah from Malaysia, thus threatening the integrity of Malaysian sovereignty. The venue of arbitration was later moved to Paris because the <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris" title="Tribunal de grande instance de Paris">Tribunal de grande instance de Paris</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">exequatur</a> of preliminary award in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-legal_arbitration_document-107">[106]</a> Stampa disregarded the order from the criminal court of Spain to cease all proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In February 2022, the Paris Court ruled that Malaysia had violated the treaty signed in 1878 of annual cession payment and would have to pay at least US$14.92 billion (RM62.59 billion) to the descendants of the sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In March 2022, Malaysia again filed an application to annul the final award over claims by the sultan of Sulu's heirs since the appointment of arbitrator Dr Gonzalo Stampa was itself annulled by the Madrid High Court in June 2021, rendering any decisions by him to be invalid, including the 2022 award.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Lawyers for the heirs indicated that they would seek the award’s recognition and execution, citing a 1958 U.N. Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In July 2022, court bailiffs in Luxembourg served Petronas Azerbaijan (Shah Denis) and Petronas South Caucus with a "saiseie-arret" or a "seize order" on behalf of the descendants of the sultan of Sulu. <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> said it would defend its legal position, and further clarified that the entire assets had been divested in 2021 and all the proceeds had been repatriated,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> rendering the actions baseless.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the same month, the Paris Court of Appeal allowed the Malaysian government's application to obtain a stay order against enforcement of the French arbitration court, since the enforcement of the award would infringe on Malaysia's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The award, however, remains enforceable outside France under United Nations treaty on international arbitration. In September 2022, the heirs applied to seize Malaysian assets in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In December 2022, French <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiffs</a> granted seizure orders on three Paris properties owned by the Malaysian government.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In April 2023, Malaysia classified one of the Sulu arbitration claimants, Fuad A Kiram as a terrorist because the latter has founded "Royal Sulu Force" which is also classified as a terrorist organisation by the Malaysian government.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In June 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Malaysian Government's appeal against the French arbitration court's 2022 decision to award US$15 billion to the Sultanate of Sulu's descendants. The Court of Appeal also ruled that Stampa and arbitration tribunal did not have jurisdiction over the case. In addition, the Court of Appeal annulled the US$15.9 billion award. The decision was welcomed by Malaysian law minister Datuk Seri <a href="/wiki/Azalina_Othman" class="mw-redirect" title="Azalina Othman">Azalina Othman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCMP_7_Jun_2023-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Stampa also faced legal proceedings in Spain for ignoring the decisions of earlier Spanish courts. At the time, Stampa's award was enforceable outside of France due to a United Nations treaty on international arbitration. The Malaysian Government also faced claims by the Sulu claimants to seize Malaysian assets in the Netherlands and Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-SCMP_7_Jun_2023-124">[123]</a> In late June 2023, a Dutch court of appeal dismissed a bid by the eight claimants to the Sultanate to enforce the US$15 billion arbitration award against the Malaysian Government.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> On 9 November 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed legal attempts by the Sultanate's claimants to seize Malaysian diplomatic premises in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> On 10 November, the Madrid Court filed criminal charges against Stampa over his role in handing the US$14.92 billion arbitration award to the eight Sultanate claimants.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for “knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice”.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> According to Law360, the Spanish courts’ decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa marked a significant victory for the Malaysian government.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> On 17 May 2024, the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the Madrid Criminal Court's 2023 judgement finding Stampa guilty of contempt of court.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_House_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House of Sulu">Royal House of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Philippines">Greater Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924078409665#page/n7/mode/2up">"British North Borneo company charter (page 4)"</a>. OpenLibrary.org. 1878. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+company+charter+%28page+4%29&rft.pub=OpenLibrary.org&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924078409665%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ken, Danny Wong Tze (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.495">"The Name of Sabah and the Sustaining of a New Identity in a New Nation"</a>. Archipel. Études Interdisciplinaires Sur le Monde Insulindien. 89 (89): 161–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.495">10.4000/archipel.495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel.+%C3%89tudes+Interdisciplinaires+Sur+le+Monde+Insulindien&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+Sabah+and+the+Sustaining+of+a+New+Identity+in+a+New+Nation&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farchipel.495&rft.aulast=Ken&rft.aufirst=Danny+Wong+Tze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Farchipel.495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/">"East and Southeast Asia: The Philippines"</a>. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+Factbook&rft.atitle=East+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Charlie2013" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Charlie (26 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/02/26/sabah-standoff-diplomatic-drama-after-sulu-militants-storm-malaysia/">"Sabah Standoff: Diplomatic Drama After Filipino Militants Storm Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Sabah+Standoff%3A+Diplomatic+Drama+After+Filipino+Militants+Storm+Malaysia&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F02%2F26%2Fsabah-standoff-diplomatic-drama-after-sulu-militants-storm-malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Gould1969" class="citation book cs1">James W. Gould (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmala0000goul">The United States and Malaysia</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmala0000goul/page/106">106</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92615-8"><bdi>978-0-674-92615-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Malaysia&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92615-8&rft.au=James+W.+Gould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesmala0000goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdan_Aziz2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamdan Aziz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720090744/http://jurnalmelayu.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/7Sulu.pdf">"Tuntutan Kesultanan Sulu terhadap Sabah: Soroton dari Perspektif Sejarah dan Perundangan (The Claim Over Sabah by the Sultanate of Sulu: A Revision from Historical and Legal Perspective)"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 12 November 2017 – via Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Antarabangsa+Dunia+Melayu&rft.atitle=Tuntutan+Kesultanan+Sulu+terhadap+Sabah%3A+Soroton+dari+Perspektif+Sejarah+dan+Perundangan+%28The+Claim+Over+Sabah+by+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu%3A+A+Revision+from+Historical+and+Legal+Perspective%29&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Hamdan+Aziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurnalmelayu.dbp.my%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2F7Sulu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdan_Aziz2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamdan Aziz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720090744/http://jurnalmelayu.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/7Sulu.pdf">"Tuntutan Kesultanan Sulu terhadap Sabah: Soroton dari Perspektif Sejarah dan Perundangan (The Claim Over Sabah by the Sultanate of Sulu: A Revision from Historical and Legal Perspective)"</a> (PDF). Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu (in Malay). 9: 284–285. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurnalmelayu.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/7Sulu.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2017 – via Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Antarabangsa+Dunia+Melayu&rft.atitle=Tuntutan+Kesultanan+Sulu+terhadap+Sabah%3A+Soroton+dari+Perspektif+Sejarah+dan+Perundangan+%28The+Claim+Over+Sabah+by+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu%3A+A+Revision+from+Historical+and+Legal+Perspective%29&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Hamdan+Aziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurnalmelayu.dbp.my%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2F7Sulu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conklin_Translation-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Conklin_Translation_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1878/01/22/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-translation-by-professor-conklin-of-the-deed-of-1878-in-arabic-characters-found-by-mr-quintero-in-washington/">"Translation by Professor Conklin of the Deed of 1878 in Arabic characters found by Mr. Quintero in Washington (Philippine Claim to North Borneo)"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Translation+by+Professor+Conklin+of+the+Deed+of+1878+in+Arabic+characters+found+by+Mr.+Quintero+in+Washington+%28Philippine+Claim+to+North+Borneo%29&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1878%2F01%2F22%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-translation-by-professor-conklin-of-the-deed-of-1878-in-arabic-characters-found-by-mr-quintero-in-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1878/07/13/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-contrato-de-arrendo-de-sandacan-en-borneo-con-el-baron-de-overbeck/">"Contrato de Arrendo de Sandacan en Borneo, con el Baron de Overbeck"</a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contrato+de+Arrendo+de+Sandacan+en+Borneo%2C+con+el+Baron+de+Overbeck&rft.pub=Philippine+Claim+to+North+Borneo%2C+Vol.+I&rft.date=1878-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1878%2F07%2F13%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-contrato-de-arrendo-de-sandacan-en-borneo-con-el-baron-de-overbeck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/12/08/brief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century/">"Brief memorandum on the government of the Sultanate of Sulu and powers of the Sultan during the 19th century (The Philippine Claim to a Portion of North Borneo)"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Brief+memorandum+on+the+government+of+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu+and+powers+of+the+Sultan+during+the+19th+century+%28The+Philippine+Claim+to+a+Portion+of+North+Borneo%29&rft.date=1946-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F12%2F08%2Fbrief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BRITISH_NORTH_BORNEO,_1878-11"><a href="#cite_ref-BRITISH_NORTH_BORNEO,_1878_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Government1878" class="citation web cs1">British Government (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913005740/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1878)"</a> (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties.+%28British+North+Borneo%2C+1878%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Government+%28State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers%29&rft.date=1878&rft.au=British+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnet.sabah.gov.my%2FLawnet%2FSabahLaws%2FTreaties%2FGrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajeeb_Mitry_Saleeby1908" class="citation book cs1">Najeeb Mitry Saleeby (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historysulu00islagoog#page/n132/mode/2up">The History of Sulu</a>. Ethnological Survey for Philippine Islands (Illustrated ed.). Bureau of Printing, Harvard University. pp. 225–233. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3550427">3550427</a>. 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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3016-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3016-09-5"><bdi>978-981-3016-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Private+Sector+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Islam+and+the+Economic+Development+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-981-3016-09-5&rft.au=Mohamed+Ariff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCC6veZPfNoC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.J._Allison1979" class="citation web cs1">K.J. 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Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-9652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-9652-1"><bdi>978-90-411-9652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Maritime+and+Territorial+Boundaries+of+Malaysia%3A+An+International+Law+Perspective&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-411-9652-1&rft.au=R.+Haller-Trost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65VuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller-Trost1998" class="citation book cs1">Haller-Trost, R (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=The+term+used+in+the+1903+confirmation+Beritish+Nurth+Burniuh,+meaning+literally+we+have+willingly+surrendered+to+the+Government+of+British+North+Borneo.+here+the+controversial+idiom+of+pajakan&tbm=bks&cshid=1596441598799440">The Contested Maritime and Territorial Boundaries of Malaysia: An International Law Perspective</a>. University of Michigan: Kluwer Law International. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041196521" title="Special:BookSources/9789041196521"><bdi>9789041196521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Maritime+and+Territorial+Boundaries+of+Malaysia%3A+An+International+Law+Perspective&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789041196521&rft.aulast=Haller-Trost&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DThe%2Bterm%2Bused%2Bin%2Bthe%2B1903%2Bconfirmation%2BBeritish%2BNurth%2BBurniuh%2C%2Bmeaning%2Bliterally%2Bwe%2Bhave%2Bwillingly%2Bsurrendered%2Bto%2Bthe%2BGovernment%2Bof%2BBritish%2BNorth%2BBorneo.%2Bhere%2Bthe%2Bcontroversial%2Bidiom%2Bof%2Bpajakan%26tbm%3Dbks%26cshid%3D1596441598799440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Dahlhoff, Guenther, ed. 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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1133–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0"><bdi>978-90-04-23062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Court+of+Justice%3A+Digest+of+Judgments+and+Advisory+Opinions%2C+Canon+and+Case+Law+1946%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=1133-&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23062-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_L23IXwnFQC%26pg%3DPA1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Government1903" class="citation web cs1">British Government (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/sites/default/files/law/ConfirmationBySultanOfSuluOfCessionOfCertainIslands.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1903)"</a> (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Retrieved 18 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties.+%28British+North+Borneo%2C+1903%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Government+%28State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers%29&rft.date=1903&rft.au=British+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsagc.sabah.gov.my%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flaw%2FConfirmationBySultanOfSuluOfCessionOfCertainIslands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines2013" class="citation web cs1">Office of the President of the Philippines (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1903/04/22/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-confirmatory-deed-of-1903/">"CONFIRMATION by Sultan of Sulu of Cession of Certain Islands"</a>. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONFIRMATION+by+Sultan+of+Sulu+of+Cession+of+Certain+Islands&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Office+of+the+President+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1903%2F04%2F22%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-confirmatory-deed-of-1903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodolfo_Severino2011" class="citation book cs1">Rodolfo Severino (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83BIxG7Ig2cC&pg=PA42">Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 42–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-71-7"><bdi>978-981-4311-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+in+the+World+is+the+Philippines%3F%3A+Debating+Its+National+Territory&rft.pages=42-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4311-71-7&rft.au=Rodolfo+Severino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83BIxG7Ig2cC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad2009" class="citation web cs1">Mohamad, Kadir (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf">"Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ : Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)"</a> (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. p. 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2014. <q>Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+territorial+disputes+%E2%80%93+two+cases+at+the+ICJ+%3A+Batu+Puteh%2C+Middle+Rocks+and+South+Ledge+%28Malaysia%2FSingapore%29%2C+Ligitan+and+Sipadan+%5Band+the+Sabah+claim%5D+%28Malaysia%2FIndonesia%2FPhilippines%29&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Institute+of+Diplomacy+and+Foreign+Relations+%28IDFR%29%2C+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mohamad&rft.aufirst=Kadir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfr.gov.my%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpublication%2F2009%2Finside_pbp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayakumar1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jayakumar, S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24862568">"The Philippine Claim to Sabah and International Law"</a>. Malaya Law Review. 10 (2): 306–335. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0542-335X">0542-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24862568">24862568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+Claim+to+Sabah+and+International+Law&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24862568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0542-335X&rft.aulast=Jayakumar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24862568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamadBakar1992" class="citation journal cs1">Samad, Paridah Abd.; Bakar, Darusalam Abu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645160">"Malaysia-Philippines Relations: The Issue of Sabah"</a>. Asian Survey. 32 (6): 554–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645160">10.2307/2645160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645160">2645160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Malaysia-Philippines+Relations%3A+The+Issue+of+Sabah&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645160&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Paridah+Abd.&rft.au=Bakar%2C+Darusalam+Abu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA192">Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 192–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=192-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29366-5&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-X-XYB_ZkIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/07/10/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-the-north-borneo-cession-order-in-council-1946/">"The North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946"</a>. Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. 10 July 1946 – via gov.ph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+North+Borneo+Cession+Order+in+Council+1946&rft.date=1946-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F07%2F10%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-the-north-borneo-cession-order-in-council-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. (effective as of 15 July 1946) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverino2011" class="citation book cs1">Severino, Rodolfo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83BIxG7Ig2cC&pg=PA40">Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-71-7"><bdi>978-981-4311-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+in+the+World+is+the+Philippines%3F%3A+Debating+Its+National+Territory&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4311-71-7&rft.aulast=Severino&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83BIxG7Ig2cC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Hawkins, Michael Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/fad17601215a22dd2fea7dbe37d11d7d/">Co-producing the Postcolonial: U.S.-Philippine Cinematic Relations, 1946—1986</a> (PhD thesis). 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The Stationery Office. pp. 574–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290581-3"><bdi>978-0-11-290581-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia&rft.pages=574-&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-11-290581-3&rft.au=A.+J.+Stockwell&rft.au=University+of+London.+Institute+of+Commonwealth+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjuXAmf2t1qEC%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_W._CordierMax_Harrelson2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew W. Cordier; Max Harrelson (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOmnX146HHoC&pg=PA399">Public Papers of the Secretaries General of the United Nations</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 399–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51380-7"><bdi>978-0-231-51380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Secretaries+General+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=399-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51380-7&rft.au=Andrew+W.+Cordier&rft.au=Max+Harrelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOmnX146HHoC%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20550/volume-550-I-8029-English.pdf">"PHILIPPINES, FEDERATION OF MALAYA and INDONESIA"</a> (PDF). United Nations. 1965. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHILIPPINES%2C+FEDERATION+OF+MALAYA+and+INDONESIA&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520550%2Fvolume-550-I-8029-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Mathews2014" class="citation book cs1">Philip Mathews (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013</a>. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 29–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-4-9"><bdi>978-967-10617-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+Malaysia%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Headline+News%2C+1963%E2%80%932013&rft.pages=29-&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.isbn=978-967-10617-4-9&rft.au=Philip+Mathews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmd9UAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_R._Mockaitis1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas R. Mockaitis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeroAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22">British Counterinsurgency in the Post-imperial Era</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3919-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-3919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Post-imperial+Era&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3919-5&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Mockaitis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeroAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley_R._Simpson2008" class="citation book cs1">Bradley R. Simpson (28 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2SsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR25">Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7952-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-7952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.-Indonesian+Relations%2C+1960-1968&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7952-4&rft.au=Bradley+R.+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2SsDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_McTurnan_Kahin2003" class="citation book cs1">George McTurnan Kahin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Il5Tx5tKPM0C&pg=PA174">Southeast Asia: A Testament</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 174–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29976-3"><bdi>978-0-415-29976-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Testament&rft.pages=174-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29976-3&rft.au=George+McTurnan+Kahin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIl5Tx5tKPM0C%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_W._CordierU_Thant2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew W. Cordier; U Thant (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bSamSjooVgC&pg=PA24">Public Papers of the Secretaries General of the United Nations: Volume 7 U. Thant 1965-1967</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 24–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51381-4"><bdi>978-0-231-51381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Secretaries+General+of+the+United+Nations%3A+Volume+7+U.+Thant+1965-1967&rft.pages=24-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51381-4&rft.au=Andrew+W.+Cordier&rft.au=U+Thant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bSamSjooVgC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410175957/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/PV.1696">"Official Records, 1696th Plenary Meeting, United Nations General Assembly"</a>. 15 October 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/PV.1696">the original</a> on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Records%2C+1696th+Plenary+Meeting%2C+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.date=1968-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2Fpdf%3Fsymbol%3Den%2FA%2FPV.1696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112231137/https://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2008%2f5%2f29%2fnation%2f21389432&sec=nation">"Call for ICJ arbitration dismissed"</a>. The Star. 29 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2008%2f5%2f29%2fnation%2f21389432&sec=nation">the original</a> on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Call+for+ICJ+arbitration+dismissed&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fstory.aspx%2F%3Ffile%3D%252f2008%252f5%252f29%252fnation%252f21389432%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vitug-76"><a href="#cite_ref-vitug_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2479&dat=20000402&id=P1M1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2032,892348">"Marcos order: Destabilize, take Sabah"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2 April 2000. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Marcos+order%3A+Destabilize%2C+take+Sabah&rft.date=2000-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2479%26dat%3D20000402%26id%3DP1M1AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2032%2C892348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2015-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2015_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2015_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_J._Smith2015" class="citation book cs1">Paul J. Smith (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG6sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5">Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45886-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45886-9"><bdi>978-1-317-45886-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Violence+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Transnational+Challenges+to+States+and+Regional+Stability%3A+Transnational+Challenges+to+States+and+Regional+Stability&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45886-9&rft.au=Paul+J.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG6sBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/10/05/sabah-a-game-of-diversion-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr/">""Sabah! A Game of Diversion" by Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. | GOVPH"</a>. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=%22Sabah%21+A+Game+of+Diversion%22+by+Senator+Benigno+S.+Aquino+Jr.+%26%23124%3B+GOVPH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1968%2F10%2F05%2Fsabah-a-game-of-diversion-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-George1980-79"><a href="#cite_ref-George1980_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._J._S._George1980" class="citation book cs1">T. J. S. George (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmYKAQAAIAAJ">Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580429-4"><bdi>978-0-19-580429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Mindanao%3A+The+Rise+of+Islam+in+Philippine+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-580429-4&rft.au=T.+J.+S.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmYKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misuari_arrested-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Misuari_arrested_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1673857.stm">"Philippines rebel leader arrested"</a>. BBC News. 25 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1673857.stm">the original</a> on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015. <q>Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for independence, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Philippines+rebel+leader+arrested&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1673857.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/08/26/1845980/no-moving-marcos-era-massacres-and-abuse-bangsamoro-group-says">"No moving on from Marcos-era massacres and abuse, Bangsamoro group says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippine STAR">The Philippine STAR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+STAR&rft.atitle=No+moving+on+from+Marcos-era+massacres+and+abuse%2C+Bangsamoro+group+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fnation%2F2018%2F08%2F26%2F1845980%2Fno-moving-marcos-era-massacres-and-abuse-bangsamoro-group-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/writing-malaysia-and-the-moro-identity-an-analysis-of-the-moro-national-liberation-fronts-foreign-policy">"Writing Malaysia and the Moro Identity: An Analysis of the Moro National Liberation Front’s Foreign Policy"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1976" class="citation journal cs1">Noble, Lela Garner (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755496">"The Moro National Liberation Front in the Philippines"</a>. Pacific Affairs. 49 (3): 405–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2755496">10.2307/2755496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755496">2755496</a>. <q>More recent reports have confirmed that the Malaysian government had provided training for Muslim "rebels", first in 1969 on Palau Pangkor, off West Malaysia, and later in Sabah. The MNLF was formally organized on Palau Pangkor, and Nur Misuari, who was in the first in the first group, was named chairman. The Malaysian government also provided transportation, weapons, and ammunition, and before 1975 it did not actively intervene to limit Mustapha's substantially greater assistance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Moro+National+Liberation+Front+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2755496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2755496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Lela+Garner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2755496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870924&id=emNPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4938,4898789">"Lahad Datu Recalls Its Blackest Monday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. 24 September 1987. Retrieved 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lahad+Datu+Recalls+Its+Blackest+Monday&rft.pub=New+Straits+Times&rft.date=1987-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1309%26dat%3D19870924%26id%3DemNPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4938%2C4898789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasayuki_Doi1985" class="citation web cs1">Masayuki Doi (30 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19851030&id=fjZWAAAAIBAJ&pg=2040,10656153">"Filipino pirates wreak havoc in a Malaysian island paradise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Retrieved 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipino+pirates+wreak+havoc+in+a+Malaysian+island+paradise&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=1985-10-30&rft.au=Masayuki+Doi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1301%26dat%3D19851030%26id%3DfjZWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2040%2C10656153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_Jaikul2014" class="citation web cs1">Clement Jaikul (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030063122/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Columnists/OK-Bah/Profile/Articles/2014/02/19/Thoughts-on-Sabahs-piracy-problem/">"Thoughts on Sabah's piracy problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Columnists/OK-Bah/Profile/Articles/2014/02/19/Thoughts-on-Sabahs-piracy-problem/">the original</a> on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Sabah%27s+piracy+problem&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.au=Clement+Jaikul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FOpinion%2FColumnists%2FOK-Bah%2FProfile%2FArticles%2F2014%2F02%2F19%2FThoughts-on-Sabahs-piracy-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130015/http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">"The Court finds that sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan belongs to Malaysia"</a>. International Court of Justice. 17 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">the original</a> on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Court+finds+that+sovereignty+over+the+islands+of+Ligitan+and+Sipadan+belongs+to+Malaysia&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2002-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fpresscom%2Findex.php%3Fpr%3D343%26pt%3D1%26p1%3D6%26p2%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICJ_findings-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICJ_findings_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICJ_findings_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130015/http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">"Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia)"</a>. International Court of Justice. 17 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">the original</a> on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+over+Pulau+Ligitan+and+Pulau+Sipadan+%28Indonesia%2FMalaysia%29&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2002-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fpresscom%2Findex.php%3Fpr%3D343%26pt%3D1%26p1%3D6%26p2%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822221918/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/102/7700.pdf">"Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia v. Malaysia) (Permission to Intervene by the Philippines)"</a> (PDF). International Court of Justice. 23 October 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/102/7700.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+over+Pulau+Ligitan+and+Pulau+Sipadan+%28Indonesia+v.+Malaysia%29+%28Permission+to+Intervene+by+the+Philippines%29&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2001-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F102%2F7700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123119/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/102/7698.pdf">"Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment"</a> (PDF). International Court of Justice. 23 October 2001. p. 575. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/102/7698.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+over+Pulau+Ligitan+and+Pulau+Sipadan+%28Indonesia%2FMalaysia%29%2C+Application+for+Permission+to+Intervene%2C+Judgment&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2001-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F102%2F7698.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/64577/heirs-of-sultan-of-sulu-pursue-sabah-claim-on-their-own">"Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Heirs+of+Sultan+of+Sulu+pursue+Sabah+claim+on+their+own&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2F64577%2Fheirs-of-sultan-of-sulu-pursue-sabah-claim-on-their-own&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SultanObjective-92"><a href="#cite_ref-SultanObjective_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Frialde2013" class="citation news cs1">Mike Frialde (23 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/23/912045/sultanate-sulu-wants-sabah-returned-phl">"Sultanate of Sulu wants Sabah returned to Phl"</a>. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Sultanate+of+Sulu+wants+Sabah+returned+to+Phl&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft.au=Mike+Frialde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F02%2F23%2F912045%2Fsultanate-sulu-wants-sabah-returned-phl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astroawani.com/videos/show/buletin-awani/kronologi-pencerobohon-lahad-datu-25523">"Kronologi pencerobohon Lahad Datu"</a> (in Malay). <a href="/wiki/Astro_Awani" title="Astro Awani">Astro Awani</a>. 15 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kronologi+pencerobohon+Lahad+Datu&rft.pub=Astro+Awani&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astroawani.com%2Fvideos%2Fshow%2Fbuletin-awani%2Fkronologi-pencerobohon-lahad-datu-25523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astroawani.com/news/show/dakwaan-anggota-tentera-terbunuh-hanya-taktik-musuh-panglima-tentera-darat-20183">"Dakwaan anggota tentera terbunuh hanya taktik musuh – Panglima Tentera Darat"</a> (in Malay). Astro Awani. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dakwaan+anggota+tentera+terbunuh+hanya+taktik+musuh+%E2%80%93+Panglima+Tentera+Darat&rft.pub=Astro+Awani&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astroawani.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2Fdakwaan-anggota-tentera-terbunuh-hanya-taktik-musuh-panglima-tentera-darat-20183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajiah_Najib2013" class="citation web cs1">Najiah Najib (30 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106200646/http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/lahad-datu-invasion-a-painful-memory-of-2013-27579">"Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013"</a>. Astro Awani. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/lahad-datu-invasion-a-painful-memory-of-2013-27579">the original</a> on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lahad+Datu+invasion%3A+A+painful+memory+of+2013&rft.pub=Astro+Awani&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.au=Najiah+Najib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.astroawani.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2Flahad-datu-invasion-a-painful-memory-of-2013-27579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tweetteddyboylocsin-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Tweetteddyboylocsin_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeddy_Locsin_Jr.2020" class="citation web cs1">Teddy Locsin Jr. [@teddyboylocsin] (27 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/teddyboylocsin/status/1287717011427033088">"Sabah is not in Malaysia if you want to have anything to do with the Philippines"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabah+is+not+in+Malaysia+if+you+want+to+have+anything+to+do+with+the+Philippines.&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.au=Teddy+Locsin+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fteddyboylocsin%2Fstatus%2F1287717011427033088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TweetHishammuddinH2O-97"><a href="#cite_ref-TweetHishammuddinH2O_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHishammuddin_Hussein_23x15px|border_|alt=Malaysia|link=Malaysia2020" class="citation web cs1">Hishammuddin Hussein <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> [@HishammuddinH2O] (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/HishammuddinH2O/status/1288455932653887489">"This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties. @MalaysiaMFA will summon the Philippines Ambassador on Monday to explain. Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+an+irresponsible+statement+that+affects+bilateral+ties.+%40MalaysiaMFA+will+summon+the+Philippines+Ambassador+on+Monday+to+explain.+Sabah+is%2C+and+will+always+be%2C+part+of+Malaysia.&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.au=Hishammuddin+Hussein+%3Cspan+class%3D%22flagicon%22%3E23x15px%7Cborder+%7Calt%3DMalaysia%7Clink%3DMalaysia%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FHishammuddinH2O%2Fstatus%2F1288455932653887489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterno_R._Esmaquel_IISofia_Tomacruz2020" class="citation web cs1">Paterno R. 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Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Sabah+chief+looks+to+ASEAN+to+quash+Philippine+territorial+claim&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.au=P+Prem+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEditor-s-Picks%2FInterview%2FSabah-chief-looks-to-ASEAN-to-quash-Philippine-territorial-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/08/24/shafie-demands-wisma-putra-protest-manilas-plan-to-include-sabah-in-map-on-its-passports">"Shafie demands Wisma Putra protest Manila's plan to include Sabah in map on its passports"</a>. The Star. 24 August 2020. 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Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-chief+minister+Musa+Aman+slams+Philippines+over+Sabah+claim&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fex-chief-minister-musa-aman-slams-philippines-over-sabah-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiew2021" class="citation news cs1">Liew, Jia Xian (9 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/12/09/plot-to-invade-sabah-with-600-fighters-involves-03919-mayors039-from-southern-philippines-says-security-source">"Plot to invade Sabah with 600 fighters involves '19 mayors' from southern Philippines, says security source"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Philippines+denies+reports+of+secret+plot+to+invade+Malaysian+territory&rft.date=2021-12-11&rft.aulast=Aben&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2Fr5bad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-legal_arbitration_document-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legal_arbitration_document_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legal_arbitration_document_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legal_arbitration_document_107-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502232816/https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-nurhima-kiram-fornan-fuad-a-kiram-sheramar-t-kiram-permaisuli-kiram-guerzon-taj-mahal-kiram-tarsum-nuqui-ahmad-narzad-kiram-sampang-jenny-ka-sampang-and-widz-raunda-kiram-sampang-v-malaysia-final-award-monday-28th-february-2022">"Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v. Malaysia"</a>. Jus Mundi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-nurhima-kiram-fornan-fuad-a-kiram-sheramar-t-kiram-permaisuli-kiram-guerzon-taj-mahal-kiram-tarsum-nuqui-ahmad-narzad-kiram-sampang-jenny-ka-sampang-and-widz-raunda-kiram-sampang-v-malaysia-final-award-monday-28th-february-2022">the original</a> on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. <q>Preliminary Award Decision of the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris of September 17, 2021, ordering exequatur of the Preliminary Award. Item 45: It ended with the issuance of the Preliminary Award. Item 153: In the course of the French proceedings, however, Mr. Portwood and company have invented a new –and fictitious-claim that the dispute is somehow a proxy for Claimants' true aim, to «reclaim» the State of Sabah for themselves, at the cost of the Malaysian Federation's integrity. ... Although there appears to be no evidence of any link between the Sulu descendants who were receiving the annual fees from Malaysia, under the 1878 Agreements [sic], and the armed invaders into Lahad Datu, the Malaysian government ceased payments from 2013. ... There were no legal grounds for Malaysia's refusal to pay annually since 2013. It resulted in Malaysia being in breach of the 1878 Agreement. Mr. Thomas took the same position in his correspondence of 19 September 2019 ... Item 157: ... Respondent refused to participate, nor intervene –directly or by proxy- in the arbitration, except for the period from October 25, 2019 until November 18, 2019 and Mr. Capiel's Motion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heirs+to+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu+v.+Malaysia&rft.pub=Jus+Mundi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjusmundi.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fdecision%2Fen-nurhima-kiram-fornan-fuad-a-kiram-sheramar-t-kiram-permaisuli-kiram-guerzon-taj-mahal-kiram-tarsum-nuqui-ahmad-narzad-kiram-sampang-jenny-ka-sampang-and-widz-raunda-kiram-sampang-v-malaysia-final-award-monday-28th-february-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301194715/https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/07/23/malaysia-has-stopped-paying-cession-money-to-sulu-sultanate-since-2013/">"'Malaysia has stopped paying cession money to Sulu Sultanate since 2013'"</a>. 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Malaysia Gazette. 24 July 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malaysiagazette.com/2022/07/24/tommy-sudah-pastikah-bukan-waris-kesultanan-sulu-serang-malaysia-tanya-najib/">the original</a> on 25 July 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/11/09/sulu-case-malaysia-ends-purported-sulu-heirs039-claims-on-m039sian-assets-in-france-says-azalina">the original</a> on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sulu+case%3A+French+court+ends+so-called+heirs%27+claims+over+Malaysia%27s+diplomatic+assets%2C+says+Azalina&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F11%2F09%2Fsulu-case-malaysia-ends-purported-sulu-heirs039-claims-on-m039sian-assets-in-france-says-azalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112011654/https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/11/976916/sulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid">"Sulu case: Spanish arbitrator Stampa to face criminal charges in Madrid on Dec 11 - Azalina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bernama" title="Bernama">Bernama</a>. 10 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/11/976916/sulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid">the original</a> on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Sulu+case%3A+Spanish+arbitrator+Stampa+to+face+criminal+charges+in+Madrid+on+Dec+11+-+Azalina&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcrime-courts%2F2023%2F11%2F976916%2Fsulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk">"Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk"</a>. news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bloomberglaw.com&rft.atitle=Arbitrator%27s+Guilty+Verdict+Puts+UK+Funder%27s+Investment+at+Risk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bloomberglaw.com%2Fbusiness-and-practice%2Farbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted">"Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360"</a>. www.law360.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.law360.com&rft.atitle=Arbitrator+Who+Issued+%2414.9B+Award+Against+Malaysia+Indicted+-+Law360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1765396%2Farbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/madrid-court-of-appeal-confirms-sulu-arbitrator-gonzalo-stampa-s-conviction-for-contempt-of-cou-3?inheritRedirect=true&redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fpress-releases">"MADRID COURT OF APPEAL CONFIRMS SULU ARBITRATOR GONZALO STAMPA'S CONVICTION FOR CONTEMPT OF COURT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia</a>. 17 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030918/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/madrid-court-of-appeal-confirms-sulu-arbitrator-gonzalo-stampa-s-conviction-for-contempt-of-cou-3">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MADRID+COURT+OF+APPEAL+CONFIRMS+SULU+ARBITRATOR+GONZALO+STAMPA%27S+CONVICTION+FOR+CONTEMPT+OF+COURT&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+Malaysia&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kln.gov.my%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F-%2Fmadrid-court-of-appeal-confirms-sulu-arbitrator-gonzalo-stampa-s-conviction-for-contempt-of-cou-3%3FinheritRedirect%3Dtrue%26redirect%3D%252Fweb%252Fguest%252Fpress-releases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> The Confirmatory Deed of 1903 must be viewed in the light of the 1878 Agreement. The British North Borneo Company entered into a Confirmatory Deed with the Sultanate of Sulu in 1903, thereby confirming and ratifying what was done in 1878. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manila_Accord_(31_July_1963)" class="extiw" title="s:Manila Accord (31 July 1963)">Manila Accord (31 July 1963)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Exchange_of_notes_constituting_an_agreement_relating_to_the_implementation_of_the_Manila_Accord_of_31_July_1963" class="extiw" title="s:Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963">Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Malaysia_Act_1963" class="extiw" title="s:Malaysia Act 1963">Malaysia Act 1963</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agreement_relating_to_Malaysia_between_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland,_Federation_of_Malaya,_North_Borneo,_Sarawak_and_Singapore" class="extiw" title="s:Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore">Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cabinet_Memorandum._Policy_in_regard_to_Malaya_and_Borneo._Memorandum_by_the_Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies._29_August_1945" class="extiw" title="s:Cabinet Memorandum. Policy in regard to Malaya and Borneo. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 29 August 1945">Cabinet Memorandum. Policy in regard to Malaya and Borneo. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 29 August 1945</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenStockwell1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._de_V._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. de V. Allen (page does not exist)">Allen, J. de V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stockwell" title="Anthony Stockwell">Stockwell, Anthony J.</a> (1980). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leigh_R._Wright.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leigh R. Wright. (page does not exist)">Wright., Leigh R.</a> (ed.). A collection of treaties and other documents affecting the states of Malaysia 1761–1963. Oceana Pubns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-379-00781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-379-00781-7"><bdi>978-0-379-00781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+treaties+and+other+documents+affecting+the+states+of+Malaysia+1761%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Oceana+Pubns&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-379-00781-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=J.+de+V.&rft.au=Stockwell%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo_dispute&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> Contentious translations by both Sulu and British counterparts of the 1878 are below: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/sites/default/files/law/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">British version of English translation of 1878 agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1878/01/22/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-translation-by-professor-conklin-of-the-deed-of-1878-in-arabic-characters-found-by-mr-quintero-in-washington/">Sulu version of English translation of 1878 agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miangas" title="Miangas">Miangas / Island of Palmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Case" title="Island of Palmas Case">case</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territorial_disputes_in_East,_South,_and_Southeast_Asia163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes#Asia" title="List of territorial disputes">Territorial disputes</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">Land</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Islands and waters</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan#Bhutan_exclaves_in_western_Tibet" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutanese exclaves</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doi_Pha_Hom_Pok_National_Park" title="Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park">Doi Pha Hom Pok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li>Part of Heixiazi/ <a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Ussuriysky_Island" title="Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island">Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxinpo" title="Jiangxinpo">Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapani_territory" title="Kalapani territory">Kalapani</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_Phra_Wihan_National_Park" title="Khao Phra Wihan National Park">Khao Phra Wihan</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:27%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Limbang District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>)1 (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demchok_sector" title="Demchok sector">Parigas region/Demchok sector</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty-Four_Villages_East_of_the_River" title="Sixty-Four Villages East of the River">Sixty-Four Villages East of the River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susta_territory" title="Susta territory">Susta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:23%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambalat" title="Ambalat">Ambalat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Long_V%C4%A9_Island" title="Bạch Long Vĩ Island">Bạch Long Vĩ Island</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">Dokdo / Takeshima</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_Rock" title="Socotra Rock">Ieodo / Suyan Islet</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shoal" title="James Shoal">James Shoal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank" title="Macclesfield Bank">Macclesfield Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noktundo" title="Noktundo">Noktundo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands#Territorial_disputes_and_their_historical_background" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parangcho" title="Parangcho">Parangcho / Dingyan Islet</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratas_Island" title="Pratas Island">Pratas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal#Sovereignty_dispute" title="Scarborough Shoal">Scarborough Shoal</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly Islands</a>1 (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_claim_to_Tsushima_Island" title="Korean claim to Tsushima Island">Tsushima/Daemado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1: Divided among multiple claimants</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moro_conflict184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moro_conflict" title="Template:Moro conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moro_conflict" title="Template talk:Moro conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moro_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moro conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moro_conflict184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in the Philippines">Gun cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Philippines" title="Racism in the Philippines">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rido" class="mw-redirect" title="Rido">Rido</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the Sulu Sea">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacub_massacre" title="Tacub massacre">Tacub massacre</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebel groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-autonomy or independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNLF_Executive_Council_of_15" title="MNLF Executive Council of 15">MNLF Executive Council of 15</a> (MNLF EC-15)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa Philippines</a> (AKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters">Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters</a> (BIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Islamiyah_Mindanao" title="Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao">Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao</a> (KIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maute_group" title="Maute group">Maute group</a> (MG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-autonomy or independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Misuari" title="Nur Misuari">Nur Misuari</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus_Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus Sema">Mus Sema</a> (MNLF EC-15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Ebrahim" title="Murad Ebrahim">Murad Ebrahim</a> (MILF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isnilon_Hapilon" title="Isnilon Hapilon">Isnilon Hapilon</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani" title="Khadaffy Janjalani">Khadaffy Janjalani</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameril_Umbra_Kato" title="Ameril Umbra Kato">Ameril Umbra Kato</a> (BIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albader_Parad" title="Albader Parad">Albader Parad</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sabaya" title="Abu Sabaya">Abu Sabaya</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radullan_Sahiron" title="Radullan Sahiron">Radullan Sahiron</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainal_Antel_Sali_Jr." title="Jainal Antel Sali Jr.">Jainal Antel Sali Jr.</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Santos_(militant)" title="Ahmed Santos (militant)">Ahmed Santos</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsiraji_Marusi_Sali" title="Hamsiraji Marusi Sali">Hamsiraji Marusi Sali</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Maute" title="Omar Maute">Omar Maute</a> (MG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Maute" title="Abdullah Maute">Abdullah Maute</a> (MG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jolo_(1974)" title="Battle of Jolo (1974)">Battle of Jolo</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patikul_massacre" title="Patikul massacre">Patikul massacre</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata_Island_massacre" title="Pata Island massacre">Pata Island massacre</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Ipil_massacre" title="1995 Ipil massacre">Ipil massacre</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camp_Abubakar" title="Battle of Camp Abubakar">Battle of Camp Abubakar</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Misuari_rebellion" title="2001 Misuari rebellion">Misuari rebellion</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines</a> (2002–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Basilan_beheading_incident" title="2007 Basilan beheading incident">Basilan beheading incident</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Cotabato_conflict" title="2008 Cotabato conflict">Cotabato conflict</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">Lahad Datu standoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City_crisis" title="Zamboanga City crisis">Zamboanga City crisis</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Darkhorse" title="Operation Darkhorse">Operation Darkhorse</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basilan_(2014)" title="Battle of Basilan (2014)">Battle of Basilan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">Mamasapano clash</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Battle of Tipo-Tipo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Butig_clashes" title="2016 Butig clashes">Butig clashes</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Bohol_clashes" title="2017 Bohol clashes">Bohol clashes</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungkaya_Pukan_clash" title="Ungkaya Pukan clash">Ungkaya Pukan clash </a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents involving civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">Lahad Datu ambush</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozamiz_Ferry_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozamiz Ferry Bombing">Ozamiz Ferry Bombing</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">Sipadan kidnappings</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings" title="Rizal Day bombings">Rizal Day bombings</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Palmas_kidnappings" title="Dos Palmas kidnappings">Dos Palmas kidnappings</a> (2000–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lamitan" title="Siege of Lamitan">Siege of Lamitan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Zamboanga_City_bombings" title="2002 Zamboanga City bombings">Zamboanga City bombings</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_SuperFerry_14" title="MV SuperFerry 14">SuperFerry 14 bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Central_Mindanao_bombings" title="2006 Central Mindanao bombings">Central Mindanao bombings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Mindanao_bombings" title="2009 Mindanao bombings">Mindanao bombings</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre" title="Maguindanao massacre">Maguindanao massacre</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Bukidnon_bus_bombing" title="2014 Bukidnon bus bombing">Bukidnon bus bombing</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Davao_City_bombing" title="2016 Davao City bombing">Davao City bombing</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Paglas_market_occupation" title="Datu Paglas market occupation">Datu Paglas market occupation</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_peace_process" title="Bangsamoro peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tripoli_Agreement" title="1976 Tripoli Agreement">1976 Tripoli Agreement</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah_Accord" title="Jeddah Accord">1987 Jeddah Accord</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement" title="1996 Final Peace Agreement">1996 Final Peace Agreement</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro</a> (MILF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro</a> (MILF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security zones and peace monitoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFP_Western_Mindanao_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="AFP Western Mindanao Command">AFP Western Mindanao Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFP_Eastern_Mindanao_Command" title="AFP Eastern Mindanao Command">AFP Eastern Mindanao Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone" title="Eastern Sabah Security Zone">Eastern Sabah Security Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Team" title="International Monitoring Team">International Monitoring Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Peace_and_Security_Team" title="Joint Peace and Security Team">Joint Peace and Security Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law" title="Bangsamoro Organic Law">Bangsamoro Organic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Republik" title="Bangsamoro Republik">Bangsamoro Republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaga" title="Ilaga">Ilaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Government" class="citation web cs1">British Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/sites/default/files/law/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties (British North Borneo, 1878)"</a> (PDF). Sabah State Attorney-General's Chambers. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties+%28British+North+Borneo%2C+1878%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers&rft.au=British+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsagc.sabah.gov.my%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flaw%2FGrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1878/01/22/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-translation-by-professor-conklin-of-the-deed-of-1878-in-arabic-characters-found-by-mr-quintero-in-washington/">"Translation by Professor Conklin of the Deed of 1878 in Arabic characters found by Mr. Quintero in Washington | GOVPH"</a>. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Translation+by+Professor+Conklin+of+the+Deed+of+1878+in+Arabic+characters+found+by+Mr.+Quintero+in+Washington+%26%23124%3B+GOVPH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1878%2F01%2F22%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-translation-by-professor-conklin-of-the-deed-of-1878-in-arabic-characters-found-by-mr-quintero-in-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo+dispute" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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