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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Judaism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">Gender and Judaism</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concepts of gender in the Jewish religion and culture</div> <p><b>Gender and Jewish Studies</b> is an emerging subfield at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">queer studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a>. Gender studies centers on interdisciplinary research on the phenomenon of gender. It focuses on cultural representations of gender and people's lived experience.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, queer studies focuses on the cultural representations and lived experiences of queer identities to critique hetero-normative values of sex and sexuality<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish studies is a field that looks at Jews and Judaism, through such disciplines as history, anthropology, literary studies, linguistics, and sociology. As such, scholars of gender and Jewish studies are considering gender as the basis for understanding historical and contemporary Jewish societies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field recognizes that much of recorded Jewish history and academic writing is told from the perspective of “the male Jew” and fails to accurately represent the diverse experiences of Jews with non-dominant gender identities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish law, or <i><a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halacha</a></i>, recognizes <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">non-conforming gender</a> identities in addition to male and female.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinical literature recognizes six different genders, defined according to the development and presentation of primary and secondary sex characteristics at birth and later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish literature describes what today would be referred to as intersex such as the concept of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">tumtum</a></i> being a person of ambiguous gender and/or sex as is the concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">androgynos</a></i>, being a person characterized with elements of both sexes. The recognition of six different genders in rabbinical literature underscores the nuanced understanding of gender in Jewish tradition. This highlights the complexity of gender roles within Judaism, contributing to ongoing discussions and academic exploration in gender and Jewish studies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One aspect of Gender and Jewish studies is considering how the ambiguity recognized in Rabbinical literature has been erased and constructed into a binary and how this translates into Jewish practices.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender as it relates to Jewish studies has drawn increasing scholarly interest due in part to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Jewish_Studies" title="Association for Jewish Studies">Association for Jewish Studies</a>' Woman's caucus in 1968, as well as gender studies and Jewish studies gaining interest as areas of academic study in the 1980s and fueled as well by popular and academic attention to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S.-based Association for Jewish Studies woman's caucus, works "to advance the study of gender within the Association for Jewish Studies and within the wider academic community" <sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widely influenced Jewish studies as a whole to incorporate a gendered perspective in Jewish Scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AJS holds at least one panel on gender every annual meeting, provides funding for presentations on gender and Judaism and published a collection of syllabi pertaining to gender. As universities established <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a> programs, they were often highly influenced and connected to Jewish studies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Hadassah-Brandeis_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadassah-Brandeis Institute">Hadassah-Brandeis Institute</a>, the first university-based research institution dedicated to Gender and Jewish studies. The institution aims to "develop fresh ways of thinking about Jews and gender worldwide by producing and promoting scholarly research and artistic projects."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hadassah-Brandeis Institute publishes books and journals, holds conferences, and provides funding for Gender and Jewish Studies scholarship. For example, the Nashim Journal is a bi-annual academic journal dedicated to the advancement of Gender and Jewish studies, was co-founded by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute and the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this scholarship is not limited to the United States, or countries with historically large Jewish populations, with contributions being made from Jewish Studies departments at academic institutions across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, controversies over the role of women in Jewish denominations and the <a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">gender separation in Orthodox Judaism</a> has drawn attention to <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a>, as constructed and regulated by religious institutions. For this reason, besides the academic attention, the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> Jewish movements turn to gender and Judaism to reinforce their own mission and identity. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</a> has established the Gottesman Chair in Gender and Judaism and operates Kolot — the Center for Jewish Women's and Gender Studies ",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first such center established at a rabbinical seminary (1996). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_dynamics_in_Jewish_communities">Gender dynamics in Jewish communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender dynamics in Jewish communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amidst ongoing debates over gender roles in Jewish denominations and the nuances of gender separation in Orthodox Judaism, the differentiation in modesty standards observed by Hasidic women offers insight into the complexities of religiously regulated gender norms. While strict modesty rules are upheld within the community, there is leniency in interactions with men perceived to adhere to liberal norms. This dynamic reflects broader discussions within Jewish denominations regarding the role of women and the impact of religious institutions on gender norms. Institutions like the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College's Gottesman Chair in Gender and Judaism and Kolot - the Center for Jewish Women's and Gender Studies, aim to address these complexities and reinforce the mission of liberal Jewish movements in promoting gender equality and inclusivity within religious contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the progress made in women's economic participation in Israeli society, there persists a traditional division of household labor, indicating enduring gender perceptions. While women have advanced in the public sphere, their increased engagement hasn't led to a proportional shift in domestic responsibilities among spouses. This pattern holds even among employed women, who contribute significantly to the workforce, underscoring the resilience of traditional gender roles within the private sphere. This suggests a disparity between societal attitudes towards gender roles and the actual distribution of household tasks, warranting ongoing efforts to address gender inequalities in both public and private domains.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Zachar</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:זכר">זָכָר</a></span></span>): This term is usually translated as "male" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nekevah</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D6%B0%D7%A7%D6%B5%D7%91%D6%B8%D7%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:נְקֵבָה">נקבה</a></span></span>): This term is derived from the word for a crevice and probably refers to a vaginal opening. It is usually translated as "female" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:אנדרוגינוס">אנדרוגינוס</a></span></span>): A person who has both "male" and "female" physical sexual characteristics. 149 references in <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (1st–8th centuries); 350 in classical <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> and Jewish law codes (2nd–16th centuries). According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> in the Mishnah, it is "a unique creature, neither male nor female".<sup id="cite_ref-Mishnah_Bikkurim_4:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishnah_Bikkurim_4:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:טומטום">טומטום</a></span></span>): A person whose sexual characteristics are indeterminate or obscured. 181 references in the Mishnah and Talmud; 335 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes. <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> contrasts it with the <i>androgynos</i>, saying it is not a unique creation, "sometimes a man and sometimes a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-Mishnah_Bikkurim_4:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishnah_Bikkurim_4:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <i>androgynos</i>, the <i>tumtum'</i>s gender can be revealed to be either male or female and as such has different roles under Jewish Law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Rabbi believe <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> were described to be <i>tumtum</i>, unable to conceive before God intervened.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ay%27lonit" title="Ay'lonit">Ay'lonit</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:איילונית">איילונית</a></span></span>): A female who does not develop secondary sex characteristics at puberty and is assumed infertile.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saris_(Judaism)" title="Saris (Judaism)">Saris</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D6%B8%D7%A8%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:סָרִיס">סריס</a></span></span>): A male who does not develop secondary sex characteristics at puberty or has their sex characteristics removed. A <i>saris</i> can fall into one of two categories: One can be "naturally" born a <i>saris</i> (<i>saris hamah</i>) or one can become a <i>saris</i> through human intervention (<i>saris adam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history Gender and Jewish studies began primarily through research on Jewish women and the role of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">women in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, gender and Jewish studies also investigate the gender phenomena pertaining to men and masculinity. In addition, the subfield encompasses research on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_homosexuality" title="Jewish views on homosexuality">Jewish views on homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a> as these pertain to Jews and Judaism. </p><p>In historical terms, gender and Jewish studies span a broad range, from Biblical exegesis, research on <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval Jewish</a> culture, the importance of gender in Jewish responses to modernity, and gender <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a> in the contemporary period. </p><p>There is a growing subfield in the study of gender and Judaism, which sees the binaries of male and female as crucial constructs in Jewish thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosman2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosman2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the male/female dialectic first makes its appearance in the story of creation, the Talmud insists that the idea of male and female extends way beyond sex roles: "<a href="/wiki/Rav_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rav Yehuda">Rav Yehuda</a> says that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Arikha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbi Arikha (page does not exist)">Rav</a> says: Everything that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created in His world, He created male and female. [...] (Isaiah 27:1)".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dialectic takes on even greater theological significance in light of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, which has been traditionally interpreted as a metaphor for the relationship between God and the Nation of Israel, where the Nation of Israel is cast as feminine towards God, who is represented in the story by the male lover. </p><p>Other examples of topics in which the male/female dynamic is used metaphorically include: the relationship between Shabbat and the days of the week,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relationship between the Oral and Written Law, the relationship between This World and the Next, the interplay between the legal and extra-legal aspects of Talmud (halacha and aggadah),<sup id="cite_ref-Neusner1998_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner1998-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jewish calendar, which makes use of both the sun (traditionally symbolic of the male force) and the moon (traditionally symbolic of the female force).<sup id="cite_ref-Fastag2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastag2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a movement among queer and gender nonconforming Jews to use Torah as a basis for questioning a gender binary. These conversations are more present in <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, but they also appear in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Gender separation in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Kate Bornstein</a>, gender theorist raised <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a>, gender and Talmudic culture scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, gender theorist and a self-described <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> Jewish American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy">Nice Jewish boy</a>, on masculinity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elana_Maryles_Sztokman" title="Elana Maryles Sztokman">Elana Maryles Sztokman</a>, Jewish feminist author and thought-leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Michaelson" title="Jay Michaelson">Jay Michaelson</a>, queer theorist and Kabbalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a>, radical feminist theorist raised Orthodox</li> <li>Miriam Kosman, Orthodox Jewish scholar and author on gender and Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus" title="Kalonymus ben Kalonymus">Kalonymus ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li>Devorah Heshelis, Orthodox author about women's status in Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Ladin" title="Joy Ladin">Joy Ladin</a>, first transgender professor at an Orthodox University and prominent scholar on transgender theology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a>, American Theologian and Jewish Feminism scholar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Plaut" title="Gunther Plaut">Gunther Plaut</a> American Reform Rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Ross" title="Tamar Ross">Tamar Ross</a> Israeli Philosopher has made significant contributions to considering gender in Jewish scholarship.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWharton2005" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Amy S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53485306"><i>The sociology of gender : an introduction to theory and research</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0124-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0124-5"><bdi>1-4051-0124-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53485306">53485306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sociology+of+gender+%3A+an+introduction+to+theory+and+research&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53485306&rft.isbn=1-4051-0124-5&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Amy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53485306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606776841"><i>The Routledge queer studies reader</i></a>. Donald E. Hall, Annamarie Jagose, Andrea Bebell, Susan Potter. London. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56410-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56410-6"><bdi>978-0-415-56410-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606776841">606776841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+queer+studies+reader&rft.place=London&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606776841&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56410-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F606776841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502029602"><i>Gender and Jewish history</i></a>. Marion A. Kaplan, Deborah Dash Moore. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35561-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35561-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502029602">502029602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Jewish+history&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502029602&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35561-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F502029602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Baskin, Judith R. 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Nefesh Yehudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61465-399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61465-399-8"><bdi>978-1-61465-399-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898048471">898048471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circle%2C+Arrow%2C+Spiral%3A+Exploring+Gender+in+Judaism&rft.pub=Nefesh+Yehudi&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898048471&rft.isbn=978-1-61465-399-8&rft.au=Miriam+R.+Kosman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdoHrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven F. Friedell, “The ‘Different Voice’ in Jewish Law: Some Parallels to a Feminist Jurisprudence,” Indiana Law Journal, October 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob, <i>Androgynous Judaism: Masculine and Feminine in the Dual Torah,</i> Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.74b?lang=bi">"Bava Batra 74b"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bava+Batra+74b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBava_Batra.74b%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosman2016" class="citation web cs1">Kosman, Miriam (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/men-are-from-weekday-women-are-from-shabbat/">"Men are from Weekday, Women are from Shabbat"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=Men+are+from+Weekday%2C+Women+are+from+Shabbat&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Kosman&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fmen-are-from-weekday-women-are-from-shabbat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner1998-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1998_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Neusner1998" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Neusner (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUIRAQAAIAAJ"><i>How the Rabbis Liberated Women</i></a>. Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7885-0516-4"><bdi>978-0-7885-0516-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1170153388">1170153388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Rabbis+Liberated+Women&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1170153388&rft.isbn=978-0-7885-0516-4&rft.au=Jacob+Neusner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUIRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fastag2018-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fastag2018_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevorah_Fastag2018" class="citation book cs1">Devorah Fastag (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxqJwAEACAAJ"><i>The Moon's Lost Light: Redemption and Feminine Equality</i></a>. R R BOWKER LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9993789-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9993789-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9993789-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon%27s+Lost+Light%3A+Redemption+and+Feminine+Equality&rft.pub=R+R+BOWKER+LLC&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9993789-1-5&rft.au=Devorah+Fastag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxqJwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+Jewish+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Moskowitz, Mike. <i>I'm a Boy and These Are My Clothes</i>, Jewish Week, 26 February 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/im-a-boy-and-these-are-my-clothes/">https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/im-a-boy-and-these-are-my-clothes/</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>History of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishlibraries.org/ajlweb/publications/proceedings/proceedings2006/stern.pdf">Beckerman Kolot collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206144733/http://www.jewishlibraries.org/ajlweb/publications/proceedings/proceedings2006/stern.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on gender and Judaism at RRC, by librarian D. Stern</li> <li>Kolot: Center for Jewish Women and Gender Studies <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820062242/http://kolot.org/">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071003234436/http://www.schechter.edu/women/journal.htm">Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies and Gender Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neirot.com/jewish-prespective-values/the-kabbalah-of-gender-identity">The Kabbalah of Gender Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071003200402/http://www.schechter.edu/women/aguna.htm">Jewish Law Watch</a>, Center for Women in Jewish Law on <a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">agunah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026152757/http://www.schechter.edu/women/women.htm">M.A. Degree in Jewish Studies: Women's and Gender Studies</a>, Schechter Institute, Israel. The institute has also held conferences on "The Teaching of Gender Studies and Judaica" and "The Impact of Women's and Gender Studies on Jewish Studies"</li> <li>Laura Levitt. "Judaism and Gender," International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Dr. Neil J. Smelser, and Dr. Paul B. Baltes, Editors in Chief, Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited, 2001, 8011–8014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606045105/http://www.temple.edu/jewishstudies/levitt/isb406082.pdf">A thorough historical survey of Gender and Jewish studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215135923/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/spots_of_light/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust</a> an online exhibition by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wjudaism.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism">Women in Judaism: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_Jewish_studies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gray, Hillel. 2015. “The Transitioning of Jewish Biomedical Law: Rhetorical and Practical Shifts in Halakhic Discourse on Sex-Change Surgery.” Nashim 29: 81–107</li> <li>Crincoli, Markus. 2015–16. “Religious Sex Status and the Implications for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People.” FIU Law Review 11: 137–148.</li> <li>Englander, Yakir. 2014. “ םירשעההאמבתירבהתוצראבםימרופרהםינברהדוגיאברקבתינימדחהתוינימהתסיפת תיריווקתרוקיב : ותקיספלעהתעפשהו] “ The Concept of Homosexuality Among the Union of American Reform Rabbis in the Twentieth Century and its Effect on its Responsa: a Queer Critique]. In הרבחותוברת , תוגה : תימרופרהתודהיה] Reform Judaism: Thought, Culture and Sociology], edited by Avinoam Rosenak, 213–227. Jerusalem: Hakibbutz Hameu’chad (Hebrew).</li> <li>Lori Hope Lefkovitz. "Reflections on the Future of Jewish Feminism and Jewish Feminist Scholarship" in <i>Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues</i> 10 (2005) 218-224 <i>The author holds the Gottesman Chair in Gender and Judaism at the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</a>;</i> founded and is the Director of Kolot: Center for Jewish Women and Gender Studies at RRC</li> <li>Heyes, Cressida. 2003. “Feminist Solidarity After Queer Theory: The Case of Transgender.” Signs 28 (4): 1093–1120.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Ladin" title="Joy Ladin">Ladin, Joy</a>. 2018a. “In the Image of God, God Created Them: Toward Trans Theology (Roundtable).” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 34 (1): 53–58.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Ladin" title="Joy Ladin">Ladin, Joy</a>. 2018b. The Soul of the Stranger: Reading God and Torah from a Transgender Perspective. Waltham: Brandeis University Press.</li> <li>Plaskow, Judith. 2010. “Dismantling the Gender Binary Within Judaism: The Challenge of Transgender to Compulsory Heterosexuality.” In Balancing on the Mechitza – Transgender in Jewish Community, edited by Noach Dzmura, 187–210. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books</li> <li>"Passing as a Man: Narratives of Jewish Gender Performance," in <i>Narrative</i>, 10/1 (2002).</li> <li>Kosman, Miriam, <i>Circle, Arrow, Spiral, Exploring Gender in Judaism</i>, Menucha Publishers, 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bunin_Benor" title="Sarah Bunin Benor">Sarah Bunin Benor</a>. "Talmid Chachams and Tsedeykeses: <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivish (dialect)">Language</a>, Learnedness, and Masculinity Among Orthodox Jews," by Jewish Social Studies; Fall 2004, Vol. 11 Issue 1, p147-170.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jwa.org">Jewish Women's Archives</a></li> <li>Rivkah Teitz Blau. Gender relationships in marriage and out. Orthodox Forum series. New York; Jersey City, NJ: Michael Scharf Publication Trust of the Yeshiva University Press; Distributed by KTAV Pub. House, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-971-1">978-0-88125-971-1</a>.</li> <li>Devorah Heshelis, <i>The Moon's Lost Light</i>, Targum Press, 2004</li> <li>Daniel Boyarin, Daniel Itzkovitz and Ann Pellegrini. Queer theory and the Jewish question. Between men—between women. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11374-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11374-9">0-231-11374-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11375-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11375-7">0-231-11375-7</a>.</li> <li>Daniel Boyarin. Unheroic conduct : the rise of heterosexuality and the invention of the Jewish man. Contraversions. 8, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21050-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21050-6">0-520-21050-6</a>.</li> <li>Carnal Israel : reading sex in Talmudic culture. The New historicism. 25, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08012-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08012-2">0-520-08012-2</a>.</li> <li>Jonathan Boyarin and Daniel Boyarin. Jews and other differences : the new Jewish cultural studies. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2750-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2750-9">0-8166-2750-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2751-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2751-7">0-8166-2751-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a>. <i>Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83612-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83612-2">0-684-83612-2</a></li> <li>Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert. Menstrual purity : rabbinic and Christian reconstructions of Biblical gender. Contraversions. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3725-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3725-8">0-8047-3725-8</a>.</li> <li>Jonathan Frankel. Jews and gender : the challenge to hierarchy. Studies in contemporary Jewry. 16, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514081-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514081-8">0-19-514081-8</a>.</li> <li>Mark H. Gelber. Melancholy pride : nation, race, and gender in the German literature of cultural Zionism. Conditio Judaica. 23, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-65123-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-65123-7">3-484-65123-7</a>.</li> <li>Sander L. Gilman. Freud, race, and gender. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03245-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03245-9">0-691-03245-9</a>.</li> <li>Leonard J. Greenspoon, Ronald Simkins, Jean Axelrad Cahan, Philip M. and Ethel Klutznick Chair in Jewish Civilization, University of Nebraska—Lincoln. Harris Center for Judaic Studies and Creighton University. Center for the Study of Religion and Society. Women and Judaism. Studies in Jewish civilization. 14, Omaha, NE; Lincoln, NE: Creighton University Press; Distributed by the University of Nebraska Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881871-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-881871-43-6">1-881871-43-6</a>.</li> <li>Joel Lurie Grishaver. The bonding of Isaac : stories and essays about gender and Jewish spirituality. Los Angeles, CA: Alef Design Group, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881283-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-881283-20-8">1-881283-20-8</a>.</li> <li>Nancy A. Harrowitz and Barbara Hyams. Jews & gender : responses to Otto Weininger. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-248-9">1-56639-248-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-249-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-249-7">1-56639-249-7</a>.</li> <li>Lawrence A. Hoffman. Covenant of blood : circumcision and gender in rabbinic Judaism. Chicago studies in the history of Judaism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34783-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34783-4">0-226-34783-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34784-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34784-2">0-226-34784-2</a>.</li> <li>Tsipy Ivry. Embodying Culture: Pregnancy in Japan and Israel. Studies in Medical Anthropology. Rutgers University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4636-0">978-0-8135-4636-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4635-3">978-0-8135-4635-3</a>.</li> <li>Walter Jacob and Moshe Zemer. Gender issues in Jewish law : essays and responsa. Studies in progressive halakhah. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-239-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-239-3">1-57181-239-3</a>.</li> <li>Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether and Marie Cantlon. Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34685-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34685-1">0-253-34685-1</a>; 025334686X; 0253346878; 0253346886; 9780253346858; 9780253346865; 9780253346872; 9780253346889.</li> <li>Orah Kohen. Mi-shene ʻevre ha-mehitsah : li-she'elat ha-hafradah ha-migdarit ba-halakhah ha-Yehudit. Elhanah: O. Kohen, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-7402-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/965-7402-04-2">965-7402-04-2</a>.</li> <li>Kristen E. Kvam, Linda S. Schearing and Valarie H. Ziegler. Eve and Adam : Jewish, Christian, and Muslim readings on Genesis and gender. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33490-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33490-X">0-253-33490-X</a>; 0253212715.</li> <li>Jacob Lassner. Demonizing the Queen of Sheba : boundaries of gender and culture in postbiblical Judaism and medieval Islam. Chicago studies in the history of Judaism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46913-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46913-1">0-226-46913-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46915-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46915-8">0-226-46915-8</a>.</li> <li>Hara Person, Carolyn Bricklin, Owen Gottlieb, Melissa Zalkin Stollman and Doug Barden. The gender gap : a congregational guide for beginning the conversation about men's involvement in synagogue life. New York: URJ Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-1058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-1058-5">978-0-8074-1058-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8074-1058-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8074-1058-6">0-8074-1058-6</a>.</li> <li>Miriam Peskowitz. Spinning fantasies : rabbis, gender, and history. Contraversions. 9, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20831-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20831-5">0-520-20831-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20967-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20967-2">0-520-20967-2</a>.</li> <li>Robert Leonard Platzner. Gender, tradition, and renewal Robert L. Platzner. Religions and discourse. 13, Oxford; New York: Peter Lang, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-906769-64-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-906769-64-X">3-906769-64-X</a>; 0820459011.</li> <li>Jacqueline Portuguese. Fertility policy in Israel : the politics of religion, gender, and nation. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96098-6">0-275-96098-6</a>.</li> <li>Melissa Raphael. The female face of God in Auschwitz : a Jewish feminist theology of the Holocaust. Religion and gender. London; New York: Routledge, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23664-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23664-9">0-415-23664-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23665-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23665-7">0-415-23665-7</a>.</li> <li>Jennifer Ring. The political consequences of thinking : gender and Judaism in the work of Hannah Arendt. SUNY series in political theory. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3483-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3483-4">0-7914-3483-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3484-2">0-7914-3484-2</a>.</li> <li>Susan Starr Sered. What makes women sick?: maternity, modesty, and militarism in Israeli society. Brandeis University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Linda M. Shires. Coming home : a woman's story of conversion to Judaism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-6596-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-6596-1">0-8133-6596-1</a>.</li> <li>Elly Teman. Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25964-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25964-5">978-0-520-25964-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25963-8">978-0-520-25963-8</a>.</li> <li>Claire M. Tylee. "In the open" : Jewish women writers and British culture. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-933-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-933-3">0-87413-933-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-933-4">978-0-87413-933-4</a>.</li> <li>Claudia Ulbrich. Shulamit and Margarete : power, gender, and religion in a rural society in eighteenth-century Europe. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04227-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04227-0">0-391-04227-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Wainwright" title="Elaine Wainwright">Elaine Wainwright</a>. Women healinghealing women : the genderization of healing in early Christianity. BibleWorld. London; Oakville, CT: Equinox Pub. Ltd., 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84553-134-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84553-134-5">1-84553-134-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84553-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84553-135-3">1-84553-135-3</a>.</li> <li>Elliot R. Wolfson. Language, eros, being : kabbalistic hermeneutics and poetic imagination. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-2418-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-2418-X">0-8232-2418-X</a>; 0823224198.</li> <li>Circle in the square : studies in the use of gender in Kabbalistic symbolism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2405-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2405-7">0-7914-2405-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2406-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2406-5">0-7914-2406-5</a>.</li> <li>Diane Wolfthal. Picturing Yiddish : gender, identity, and memory in the illustrated Yiddish books of Renaissance Italy. Brill's series in Jewish studies. 36, Leiden: Boston : Brill, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13905-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13905-2">90-04-13905-2</a>.</li> <li>Helena Zlotnick. Dinah's daughters : gender and Judaism from the Hebrew Bible to late antiquity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3644-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3644-0">0-8122-3644-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1797-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1797-7">0-8122-1797-7</a>.</li> <li>"More than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Ancient Jewish Thought." Freidson, Sarah. Sefaria, 10 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/37225">[3]</a></li> <li>Kaplan, Marion A.; Moore, Deborah Dash, eds. (2011). <i>Gender and Jewish history</i>. The modern Jewish experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Yahalom, Shalem (2022). "Differentiation in the Gender Segregation Rules of Ultra-Orthodox Judaism". <i>Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 88–106.</li> <li>Mandel, Hadas; Birgier, Debora P. (2016), Khattab, Nabil; Miaari, Sami; Stier, Haya (eds.), "The Gender Revolution in Israel: Progress and Stagnation", <i>Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 153–184</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">In the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_early_modern_period" title="Jewish women in early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_the_Holocaust" title="Jewish women in the Holocaust">In the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">Gender and Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Matrilineality in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat-Kohen" title="Bat-Kohen">Bat-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat Levi">Bat Levi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender and Jewish studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="History" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Congress" title="Jewish Women's Congress">Jewish Women's Congress</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Kosher_Meat_Boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1902 Kosher Meat Boycott">1902 Kosher Meat Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 New York City Rent Strike">1904 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Tonsil_Riots" title="1906 Tonsil Riots">1906 Tonsil Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 New York City Rent Strike">1907 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909" title="New York shirtwaist strike of 1909">1909 Shirtwaist Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World_Congress_of_Jewish_Women" title="First World Congress of Jewish Women">World Congress of Jewish Women</a> (1923, 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Torah_Project" title="Women's Torah Project">Women's Torah Project</a> (2003–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Siyum_HaShas" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Siyum HaShas">Women's Siyum HaShas</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life cycle events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat"><i>Zeved habat</i> / <i>Simchat bat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Adult bar and bat mitzvah">For adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_Day_(Judaism)" title="Girls' Day (Judaism)">Girls' Day (<i>Chag habanot</i>)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_bayit" title="Shalom bayit">Marital harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Jewish_women" title="Head covering for Jewish women">Head covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabusta" title="Balabusta">Homemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Ritual purity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Ritual immersion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">Agunah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Gender separation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negiah" title="Negiah">Negiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Abortion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception" title="Jewish views on contraception">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tkhine" title="Tkhine">Tkhine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tseno_Ureno" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseno Ureno">Tseno Ureno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_minyan" title="Partnership minyan">Partnership <i>minyan</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin_Barbie" title="Tefillin Barbie">Tefillin Barbie</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">Midrasha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">Mechitza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Women" title="Court of the Women">Court of the Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbetzin" title="Rebbetzin">Rebbetzin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_rabbis_and_Torah_scholars" title="Women rabbis and Torah scholars">Rabbis and Torah scholars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_rabbis" title="Timeline of women rabbis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoetzet_halacha" title="Yoetzet halacha">Yoetzet halacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toanot_Rabniyot" title="Toanot Rabniyot">Toanot Rabniyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soferet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soferet">Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazante" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazante">Cantor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_hazzans" title="Timeline of women hazzans">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firzogerin" title="Firzogerin">Firzogerin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminadav_(organization)" title="Aminadav (organization)">Aminadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Kol_(organization)" title="Bat Kol (organization)">Bat Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27not_Esh" title="B'not Esh">B'not Esh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Women%27s_Justice" title="Center for Women's Justice">CWJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochmat_Nashim" title="Chochmat Nashim">Chochmat Nashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshel_(organization)" title="Eshel (organization)">Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadran_(organization)" title="Hadran (organization)">Hadran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Haifa Women's Coalition">Haifa Women's Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Women%27s_Network" title="Israel Women's Network">Israel Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodox_Feminist_Alliance" title="Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance">JOFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">JWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_Artists%27_Circle" title="Jewish Women Artists' Circle">Women Artists' Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Committee_to_End_the_Occupation" title="Jewish Women's Committee to End the Occupation">JWCEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Collaborative_International_Fund" title="Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund">JWCIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_International" title="Jewish Women International">JWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kohenet_Institute" title="The Kohenet Institute">Kohenet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolech" title="Kolech">Kolech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women" title="League of Jewish Women">League of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Maharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27yan" title="Ma'yan">Ma'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27amat" title="Na'amat">Na'amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">NCJW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Nivcharot,_Lo_Bocharot" title="Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot">Nivcharot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomath_Club" title="Philomath Club">Philomath Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Tau" title="Pi Alpha Tau">Pi Alpha Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Jewish_Women" title="Union of Jewish Women">Union of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Cantors_Network" title="Women Cantors Network">Cantors Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Women of Reform Judaism">Women of Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">WoW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">W4W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">WIZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Conservative_Judaism" title="Women's League for Conservative Judaism">WLCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Israel" title="Women's League for Israel">WLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rabbinic_Network" title="Women's Rabbinic Network">Women's Rabbinic Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Spirit" title="Women's Spirit">Women's Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocolot" title="Vocolot">Vocolot</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic / defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_de_Hirsch_Home_for_Working_Girls" title="Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls">Clara de Hirsch Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Vilde_Chayes" title="Di Vilde Chayes">Di Vilde Chayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women_(Germany)" title="League of Jewish Women (Germany)">League of Jewish Women (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_League_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Jewish League for Woman Suffrage">Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Orchestra_of_Auschwitz" title="Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz">Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah (magazine)">Binah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Magazine" title="Hadassah Magazine">Hadassah Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(magazine)" title="Lilith (magazine)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Jewess" title="The American Jewess">The American Jewess</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jewish_schools_for_women" title="Category:Orthodox Jewish schools for women">Orthodox Jewish schools for women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Matriarchs" title="Tomb of the Matriarchs">Tomb of the Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a 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