CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Types of evolution - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z1v-M8vKDmCLB8YV5JE55wAAAM8","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Types_of_evolution","wgTitle":"Types of evolution","wgCurRevisionId":2683964,"wgRevisionId":2683964,"wgArticleId":276,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Pages using DynamicPageList parser tag","Bronze-level articles","Evolution"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Types_of_evolution","wgRelevantArticleId":276,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Convergent_evolution","wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Types_of_evolution#Convergent_evolution"};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Biological evolution over time can follow several different patterns. Factors such as environment and predation pressures can have different effects on the ways in which species exposed to them evolve. Evolutionary biologists have labelled these differing patterns as divergent, convergent, and parallel evolution."/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Types_of_evolution#Convergent_evolution"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Types of evolution"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Biological evolution over time can follow several different patterns. Factors such as environment and predation pressures can have different effects on the ways in which species exposed to them evolve. Evolutionary biologists have labelled these differing patterns as divergent, convergent, and parallel evolution."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Types_of_evolution#Convergent_evolution"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Types_of_evolution rootpage-Types_of_evolution skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="messagebox mb-brainwatermark-light mb-info" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mb-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Information_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Information icon.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/50px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/75px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/100px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td class="mb-text"><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections/Results" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections/Results">Results</a></b> for the <b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections">2024 RationalWiki Moderator Election</a></b> have now been posted. Thank you for participating in this election, and congratulations to the winners! </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> <div id="mw-indicator-bronze" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles"><img alt="Bronze-level article" src="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/25px-Copperbrain.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" style="vertical-align: baseline" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/38px-Copperbrain.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/50px-Copperbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Types of evolution</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a>)</span></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #5959DA; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#5959DA"><b>We're all Homo here</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution"><font size="5" color="White"><b>Evolution</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E0E0F0;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution" title="Category:Evolution"><img alt="Icon evolution.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/100px-Icon_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/150px-Icon_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/200px-Icon_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>Relevant Hominids</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>A Gradual Science</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_hypothesis" title="Savanna hypothesis">Savanna hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">Synapsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>Plain Monkey Business</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth Creationism">Young Earth Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Earth Creationism">Old Earth Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Evolution&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Biological evolution over time can follow several different patterns. Factors such as environment and predation pressures can have different effects on the ways in which species exposed to them evolve. Evolutionary biologists have labelled these differing patterns as <b><a href="#Divergent_evolution">divergent</a></b>, <b><a href="#Convergent_evolution">convergent</a></b>, and <b><a href="#Parallel_evolution">parallel evolution</a></b>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Divergent_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Divergent evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Divergent_evolution_and_speciation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Divergent evolution and speciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Examples_of_divergent_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of divergent evolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Convergent_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Convergent evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Examples_of_convergent_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of convergent evolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Parallel_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Parallel evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Examples_of_parallel_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of parallel evolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Parallel_evolution_and_speciation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parallel evolution and speciation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Periodicals"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Periodicals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Divergent_evolution">Divergent evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Divergent evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>When people hear the word "evolution", they most commonly think of divergent evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> the evolutionary pattern in which (for example) two species gradually become increasingly different. Divergent evolution occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups develop into distinct species due to differences in the demands driven by the environmental circumstances. On a large scale, divergent evolution could <s>give rise to</s> create the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it could explain the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor. On a molecular scale, it could account for the evolution of new catalytic functions of enzymes and membrane protein topology.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Divergent_evolution_and_speciation">Divergent evolution and speciation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Divergent evolution and speciation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>If different selective pressures act on a particular organism, a wide variety of adaptive traits may result. If only one structure on the organism is considered, these changes can either add to the original function of the structure, or they can change it completely. Divergent evolution leads to speciation, or the development of a new species. Divergence can occur in any group of related organisms. The differences are produced from the different selective pressures. Any genus of plants or animals can show divergent evolution. An example can involve the diversity of floral types in the <a href="/wiki/Orchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchid">orchids</a>. The greater the number of differences present, the greater the divergence. Scientists speculate that the more that two similar species diverge indicates a longer length of time over which the divergence has taken place. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_divergent_evolution">Examples of divergent evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of divergent evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Nature offers many examples of divergent evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If a freely-interbreeding population on an island becomes separated by a barrier, such as a new river, then over time, the organisms may start to diverge. If the opposite ends of the island have different pressures acting upon the population, this may result in divergent evolution.</li> <li>If a certain group of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> in a population of other birds of the same species veers from their standard migratory track due to abnormal wind fluctuations, they may end up in new environment. If the food-source in the new surroundings is such that only birds of the population with a variant beak are able to feed, then this trait will evolve by virtue of its selective survival advantage. The same species in the original geographical location and having the original food-source do not require this beak trait and will, therefore, evolve differently.</li> <li>Divergent evolution has also occurred in the case of the red fox and the kit fox. While the kit fox lives in the desert where its coat helps disguise it from its predators, the red fox lives in forests, where its red coat blends into its surroundings. In the desert, the climate makes it difficult for animals to eliminate body heat. The ears of the kit fox have evolved to have a greater surface area so that it can more efficiently remove excess body heat. The different foxes' different evolutionary fates are determined primarily by the different environmental conditions and adaptation requirements, not on genetic differences. If all members of a species live in the same environment, it is likely that they will evolve similarly. Divergent evolution is confirmed by DNA analysis where species that have diverged can be shown to be genetically similar.</li> <li>The human foot evolved to be very different from a monkey's foot, despite their common primate ancestry. It is speculated that a new species (humans) developed because there was no longer a need for swinging from trees. Upright walking on the ground encouraged alterations in the foot which happened to give better speed and balance. These differing traits soon became characteristics that evolved with the result of facilitating movement on the ground. Although humans and monkeys are genetically similar, their different natural habitats fostered different physical traits to evolve for survival.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Convergent_evolution">Convergent evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Convergent evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Convergent evolution<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> causes difficulties in fields of study such as <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. Environmental circumstances that require similar developmental or structural alterations for the purposes of adaptation can lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent. These adaptation similarities that arise as a result of the same selective pressures can be misleading to scientists studying the natural evolution of a species. Convergent evolution also creates problems for paleontologists using evolutionary patterns in taxonomy, or the categorization and classification of various organisms based on relatedness. It often leads to incorrect relationships and false evolutionary predictions. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_convergent_evolution">Examples of convergent evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of convergent evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homology.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/300px-Homology.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="481" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/450px-Homology.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/600px-Homology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1717" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Homology.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>(1) Pterosaur<br />(2) Bat<br />(3) Bird</div></div></div> <p>One of the best examples<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> of convergent evolution involves how <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, bats, and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> (all different taxa that evolved along distinct lineages at different times) came to be able to fly. Importantly, each species developed wings independently. These species did not evolve in order to prepare for future circumstances, but rather the development of flight was induced by selective pressure imposed by similar environmental conditions, even though they were at different points in time. The development potential of any species is not limitless, primarily due to inherent constraints in genetic capabilities. Only changes that are useful in terms of adaptation are preserved. Yet, changes in environmental conditions can lead toward less useful functional structures, such as the appendages that might have existed before wings. Another change in environmental conditions might result in alterations of the appendage to make it more useful, given the new conditions. </p><p>For example, the wings of all flying animals are very similar because the same laws of aerodynamics apply. These laws determine the specific criteria that govern the shape for a wing, the size of the wing, or the movements required for flight. All these characteristics are irrespective of the animal involved or the physical location. Understanding the reason why each different species developed the ability to fly relies on an understanding of the possible functional adaptations, based on the behavior and environmental conditions to which the species was exposed. Although only theories can be made about extinct species and flight since these behaviors can be predicted using fossil records, these theories can often be tested using information gathered from their remains. Perhaps the wings of bird or bats were once appendages used for other purposes, such as gliding, sexual display, leaping, protection, or arms to capture prey. </p><p>Another example of convergent evolution is the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" title="Mollusc">cephalopods</a> (squid and octopus), which are remarkably similar to those of humans or other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. However, mammals and cephalopods have evolved eyes entirely separately, since protostomes (including molluscs) and deuterostomes (including <a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">chordates</a>) diverged at least 558 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> when all creatures were sightless.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>In various species of plants, which share the same pollinators, many structures and methods of attracting the pollinating species to the plant are similar. These particular characteristics enabled the reproductive success of both species due to the environmental aspects governing pollination, rather than similarities derived by being genetically related by descent. </p><p>Yet another example of convergent evolution is the case of mantellas and poison-dart frogs. Poison dart frogs live in South America, mantellas in Madagascar. They are totally unrelated, but have identical toxins in their skins, which they get from ants, that <i>also</i> are examples of convergent evolution. </p><p>Convergent evolution is supported by the fact that these species come from different ancestors, which has been proven by DNA analysis. However, understanding the mechanisms that brings about these similarities in characteristics of a species, despite the differences in genetics, is more difficult. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yi_qi_restoration.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yi_qi_restoration.jpg/300px-Yi_qi_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="504" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yi_qi_restoration.jpg/450px-Yi_qi_restoration.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yi_qi_restoration.jpg/600px-Yi_qi_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1395" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yi_qi_restoration.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Yi qi</i> enjoying a snack</div></div></div> <p><i><b>Yi qi</b></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived around 160 million years ago, found in Hebei, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> It once roamed the wet <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> forests of ginkgo and conifer trees, gliding from one tree to another.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The unique feature of this dinosaur is that it flew using a thin membrane, much like bats. Yi qi is the only known dinosaur to have this, and is a great example of convergent evolution. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Parallel_evolution">Parallel evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parallel evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Parallel evolution<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> occurs when unrelated organisms develop the same characteristics or adaptive mechanisms due to the nature of their environmental conditions. Or stated differently, parallel evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations. The morphologies (or structural form) of two or more lineages evolve together in a similar manner in parallel evolution, rather than diverging or converging at a particular point in time. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_parallel_evolution">Examples of parallel evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of parallel evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>One example is the complex plumage patterns that seem to have evolved independently among many very different bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>A molecular example of Parallel Evolution is the ligand specificity of repressors and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>Parallel evolution is exemplified in the case of the tympanal and atympanal mouthears in hawkmoths, or Sphingidae species. These <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> have developed a tympanum, or eardrum, similar to humans as a means to communicate through sound. Sounds induce vibrations of a membrane that covers the tympanum, known as the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are detected by small proteins at the surface of the tympanic membrane called auditory receptors. Within the Sphingidae species, two differing subgroups acquired hearing capability by developing alterations in their mouthparts by a distinctly independent evolutionary pathway. </p><p>Investigating the biomechanics of the auditory system reveals that only one of these subgroups has a tympanum. The other subgroup has developed a different mouthear structure that does not have a typanum, but has a mouthear with functional characteristics essentially the same as the subgroup with the tympanum. The evolutionary significance of how hearing capabilities developed in parallel in two different subgroups of a species reveals that distinct mechanisms can exist leading to similar functional capabilities with differing means for acquiring the same functional attribute. For both subgroups, hearing must have been an important characteristic for the species to survive given the environmental conditions. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parallel_evolution_and_speciation">Parallel evolution and speciation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parallel evolution and speciation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Parallel speciation is a type of parallel evolution in which reproductive incompatibility in closely related populations is determined by traits that independently evolve due to adaptation to differing environments. These distinct populations are reproductively incompatible and only populations that live in similar environmental conditions are less likely to become reproductively isolated. In this way, parallel speciation suggests that there is good evidence for natural selective pressures leading to speciation, especially since reproductive incompatibility between two related populations is correlated with differing environmental conditions rather than geographical or genetic distances. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" title="Theory of evolution">Theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul><li>Merrell, David J. The Adaptive Seascape: The Mechanism of Evolution. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a>. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Ridley, Mark. Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.</li> <li>Good JM, Hayden CA, Wheeler TJ. Adaptive Protein Evolution and Regulatory Divergence in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Mar 14</li> <li>Yoshikuni Y, Ferrin TE, Keasling JD. Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function. Nature. 2006 Feb 22</li> <li>Rosenblum EB. Convergent evolution and divergent selection: lizards at the white sands ecotone. Am Nat. 2006 Jan;167(1):1-15.</li> <li>Rasmussen, L.E.L., Lee, T.D., Roelofs, W.L., Zhang, A., Doyle Davies Jr, G. (1996). Insect pheromone in elephants. Nature. 379: 684</li> <li>Zhang, J. and Kumar, S. 1997. Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 527-36.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins</a>, R. 1986. The Blind Watchmaker. Norton & Company.</li> <li>Mayr. 1997. What is Biology. Harvard University Press</li> <li>Schluter, D., E. A. Clifford, M. Nemethy, and J. S. McKinnon. 2004. Parallel evolution and inheritance of quantitative traits. American Naturalist 163: 809–822.</li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Periodicals">Periodicals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Periodicals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul><li>Berger, Joel, and Kaster, "Convergent Evolution." Evolution (1979): 33:511.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html">http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Evolution/convergent_evolution_examples.htm">http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Evolution/convergent_evolution_examples.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/129/13/3021/41745/The-last-common-bilaterian-ancestor">The last common bilaterian ancestor</a>, Douglas H. Erwin and Eric H. Davidson, <i>Development</i> 1 July 2002, 129 (13): 3021–3032.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.diatribune.com/marine-life-series-octopus-eyes">http://www.diatribune.com/marine-life-series-octopus-eyes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/29/chinese-dinosaur-had-bat-like-wings-and-feathers/">National Geographic's coverage of the discovery.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10020070612330087#.VxfqVNJdWSo">Info about its habitat of the time.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/search?miid=1215119&query=parallel+evolution">http://www.britannica.com/search?miid=1215119&query=parallel+evolution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/303/5665/1779">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/303/5665/1779</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="63px_Our_articles_related_to_evolution_57px-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="63px_Our_articles_related_to_evolution_57px-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/File:Evonav-left.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Evonav-left.jpg" src="/w/images/thumb/6/67/Evonav-left.jpg/63px-Evonav-left.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="36" srcset="/w/images/thumb/6/67/Evonav-left.jpg/95px-Evonav-left.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/6/67/Evonav-left.jpg/126px-Evonav-left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="216" /></a>   Our articles related to <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution" title="Category:Evolution">evolution</a>   <a href="/wiki/File:Evonav-right.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Evonav-right.jpg" src="/w/images/thumb/0/0d/Evonav-right.jpg/57px-Evonav-right.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="36" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/0d/Evonav-right.jpg/86px-Evonav-right.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/0d/Evonav-right.jpg/114px-Evonav-right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;">-  <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" title="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_of_evolution" title="Acceptance of evolution">Acceptance</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/EvoWiki" title="EvoWiki">EvoWiki</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">De-evolution</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" title="Theory of evolution">Theory of Evolution</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Signal_detection_theory" title="Signal detection theory">Signal detection theory</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">Fossil record</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaur</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Niche" title="Niche">Niche</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Uncommon_Descent" title="Uncommon Descent">Uncommon Descent</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent: the incontrovertible evidence</a>  -  <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a>  -</div> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&oldid=2683964#Convergent_evolution">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&oldid=2683964#Convergent_evolution</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution" title="Category:Evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_tag" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser tag">Pages using DynamicPageList parser tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Types+of+evolution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Types+of+evolution" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_evolution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Types_of_evolution" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_evolution">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Types_of_evolution" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Types_of_evolution" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&oldid=2683964" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_evolution&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 October 2024, at 23:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.072","walltime":"0.106","ppvisitednodes":{"value":428,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":6365,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1780,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6689,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 81.609 1 -total"," 51.93% 42.378 1 Template:Evonav"," 49.58% 40.459 1 Template:NavigationBox"," 25.55% 20.849 1 Template:Evolution"," 23.24% 18.962 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 17.66% 14.411 2 Template:Navsidebar2"," 15.34% 12.520 1 Template:Randomarticles"," 6.70% 5.470 1 Template:Reflist"," 4.97% 4.058 1 Template:Bronze"," 3.78% 3.082 3 Template:Sl"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20241212101027","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":109,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>