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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Provisions of the Act</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions_of_the_Act-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provisions of the Act subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions_of_the_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Investigatory Powers Commissioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorities_allowed_to_access_Internet_connection_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorities_allowed_to_access_Internet_connection_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Authorities allowed to access Internet connection records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorities_allowed_to_access_Internet_connection_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_challenge_and_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenge_and_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal challenge and ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to make provision about the interception of communications, equipment interference and the acquisition and retention of communications data, bulk personal datasets and other information; to make provision about the treatment of material held as a result of such interception, equipment interference or acquisition or retention; to establish the Investigatory Powers Commissioner and other Judicial Commissioners and make provision about them and other oversight arrangements; to make further provision about investigatory powers and national security; to amend sections 3 and 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994; and for connected purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2016 c. 25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, <small>as <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Curzon,_7th_Earl_Howe" title="Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe">The Earl Howe</a>, <small>as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Dep. Ldr (Lords)</a></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">29 November 2016</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Telegraphy_Act_2006" title="Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006">Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Crime_Act_2007" title="Serious Crime Act 2007">Serious Crime Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Terrorism_Act_2008" title="Counter-Terrorism Act 2008">Counter-Terrorism Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policing_and_Crime_Act_2009" title="Policing and Crime Act 2009">Policing and Crime Act 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Prevention_and_Investigation_Measures_Act_2011" title="Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011">Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Act_2012" title="Health and Social Care Act 2012">Health and Social Care Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Retention_and_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2014" title="Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014">Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Terrorism_and_Security_Act_2015" title="Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015">Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Crime_Act_2015" title="Serious Crime Act 2015">Serious Crime Act 2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2016-17/investigatorypowers.html">History of passage through Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/contents">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Investigatory Powers Act 2016</b> (c. 25) (nicknamed the <b>Snoopers' Charter</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an Act of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> which received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#United_Kingdom" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 29 November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its different parts came into force on various dates from 30 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act comprehensively sets out and in limited respects expands the electronic surveillance powers of the <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a> and police.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also claims to improve the safeguards on the exercise of those powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_27-4-2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_27-4-2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act was amended by the Investigatory Powers (Amendment) Act 2024, following a review by <a href="/wiki/David_Anderson,_Baron_Anderson_of_Ipswich" title="David Anderson, Baron Anderson of Ipswich">Lord Anderson of Ipswich</a>, the person whom originally proposed the Act. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafting_and_scrutiny">Drafting and scrutiny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Drafting and scrutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">British government</a> asked <a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(barrister)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Anderson (barrister)">David Anderson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a>, to review the operation and regulation of investigatory powers available to law enforcement and intelligence agencies, in particular the interception of communications and communications data, and to recommend change. This report<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in June 2015 and recommended a new law to clarify these powers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Draft Investigatory Powers Bill was published in November 2015, with a large number of accompanying documents, and a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(legislative)" title="Joint committee (legislative)">Joint Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> was established to scrutinise the draft bill.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parts of the bill referring to <a href="/wiki/Bulk_personal_datasets" title="Bulk personal datasets">bulk personal datasets</a> came into effect in November 2015, before parliamentary scrutiny began.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Joint Committee published its pre-legislative scrutiny report in March 2016. The Government accepted the vast majority of its 198 recommendations,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the recommendations of two other parliamentary committees that had scrutinised the draft Bill, and the revised bill was introduced in the House of Commons,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was subject to debate by Members of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016 the House of Commons passed the Investigatory Powers Bill on its second reading by 281 votes to 15, moving the bill to the committee stage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> abstained from the vote, while the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the committee stage constitutional,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and human rights issues were examined. The Labour Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Human_Rights" title="Joint Committee on Human Rights">Joint Committee on Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a>, said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Bill provides a clear and transparent basis for powers already in use by the security and intelligence services, but there need to be further safeguards. Protection for MP communications from unjustified interference is vital, as it is for confidential communications between lawyers and clients, and for journalists’ sources, the Bill must provide tougher safeguards to ensure that the Government cannot abuse its powers to undermine Parliament’s ability to hold the Government to account.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harriet Harman, <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>At this stage, at the insistence of the Labour Party, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a> was commissioned to conduct a further review of the operational case for the bulk powers reserved under the Bill to the British intelligence agencies: bulk interception, bulk collection of metadata, bulk equipment interference and the retention and use of bulk datasets. That review was conducted with the help of a small, security-cleared expert team, and together with 60 case studies, was published in August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the 2014-15 reports of the <a href="/wiki/Privacy_and_Civil_Liberties_Oversight_Board" title="Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board">PCLOB</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US, it is a significant information source for the utility of so-called <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> techniques </p><p>On 16 November 2016 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> approved the final version of the Investigatory Powers Bill, leaving only the formality of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> to be completed before the Bill became law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> (ECJ) declared that the generalised retention of certain types of personal data is unlawful, although little is known as to how this will affect the Investigatory Powers Act at this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 29 January 2017, many sources have since reported on the Investigatory Powers Act as if it is currently in action.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Draft codes of practice laid out by the Home Office in February 2017 did not provide insight on the Government's communications data code of practise, as it was for the Court of Appeal to decide how to apply the December ruling of the ECJ on data retention in member states.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then reported in late February 2017 that the aspects of the Bill forcing <a href="/wiki/Communications_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications service provider">communications service providers</a> to retain data had been "<a href="/wiki/Mothball#Verb" title="Mothball">mothballed</a>" due to the ECJ ruling on the "general and indiscriminate" retention of communications data being illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions_of_the_Act">Provisions of the Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provisions of the Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act:<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>introduced new powers, and restated existing ones, for <a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom">British intelligence agencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">law enforcement</a> to carry out targeted interception of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">communications</a>, bulk collection of <a href="/wiki/Communications_data" title="Communications data">communications data</a>, and bulk interception of communications;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>created an Investigatory Powers Commission (IPC) to oversee the use of all investigatory powers, alongside the oversight provided by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a>. The IPC consists of a number of serving or former senior judges. It combined and replaced the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Interception_of_Communications_Commissioner" title="Interception of Communications Commissioner">Interception of Communications Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Services_Commissioner" title="Intelligence Services Commissioner">Intelligence Services Commissioner</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Surveillance_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Surveillance Commissioner (page does not exist)">Chief Surveillance Commissioner</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FactsheetIPC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactsheetIPC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>established a requirement for a judge serving on the IPC to review warrants for accessing the content of communications and equipment interference authorised by a Secretary of State before they come into force;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>required <a href="/wiki/Communication_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication service providers">communication service providers</a> (CSPs) to <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_data_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications data retention">retain</a> British internet users' "Internet connection records" – which websites were visited but not the particular pages and not the full browsing history – for one year;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>allowed police, intelligence officers and other government department managers (listed below) to see the Internet connection records, as part of a targeted and filtered investigation, without a warrant;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>permitted the police and intelligence agencies to carry out targeted equipment interference, that is, hacking into computers or devices to access their data,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bulk equipment interference for national security matters related to foreign investigations;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>placed a legal obligation on CSPs to assist with targeted interception of data, and communications and equipment interference in relation to an investigation; foreign companies are not required to engage in bulk collection of data or communications;<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>maintained an existing requirement on CSPs in the UK to have the ability to remove encryption applied by the CSP; foreign companies are not required to remove encryption;<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>put the <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Doctrine" title="Wilson Doctrine">Wilson Doctrine</a> on a statutory footing for the first time as well as safeguards for other sensitive professions such as journalists, lawyers and doctors;<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>provided local government with some investigatory powers, for example to investigate someone fraudulently claiming benefits, but not access to Internet connection records;<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>created a new criminal offence for unlawfully accessing internet data;<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>created a new criminal offence for a CSP or someone who works for a CSP to reveal that data has been requested.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC051115_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC051115-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investigatory Powers Commissioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act created the role of Investigatory Powers Commissioner to provide independent oversight of the use of investigatory powers by intelligence agencies, police forces and other public authorities. In March 2017 Lord Justice Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fulford" title="Adrian Fulford">Adrian Fulford</a>, a Court of Appeal judge, was appointed as first Commissioner for a three-year term. His office (IPCO)<sup id="cite_ref-ipco_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipco-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will have fifteen senior judges as judicial commissioners, a technical advisory panel of scientific experts, and around 50 staff.<sup id="cite_ref-itv-20180616_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itv-20180616-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gov-20170303_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-20170303-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act gives the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom#Powers_of_appointment" title="Powers of the prime minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister the power</a> to appoint the Investigatory Powers Commissioner and other Judicial Commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> blocked the appointment of Eric King as head of investigations at IPCO, citing national security grounds. King had previously been director of the Don't Spy On Us coalition, and deputy director of <a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a> for five years. King commented "The problem, at its heart, is that there’s a conflict as to whether my previous work and views are a positive or negative thing. They are both the reason I was hired and the reason my clearance was refused by the Home Office vetting team."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20190119_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20190119-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigatory Powers Commissioners have been: </p> <ul><li>March 2017 – October 2019 Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fulford" title="Adrian Fulford">Adrian Fulford</a></li> <li>October 2019 – present Sir <a href="/wiki/Brian_Leveson" title="Brian Leveson">Brian Leveson</a><sup id="cite_ref-ipco_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipco-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorities_allowed_to_access_Internet_connection_records">Authorities allowed to access Internet connection records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorities allowed to access Internet connection records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of authorities allowed to access Internet connection records without a warrant:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li>Police forces maintained under section 2 of the Police Act 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Service of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Police" title="Royal Navy Police">Royal Navy Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">Royal Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">Royal Air Force Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Department of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a></li> <li>NHS trusts and foundation trusts in England that provide ambulance services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Services_Agency_for_the_Scottish_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Services Agency for the Scottish Health Service">NHS National Services Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission" title="Criminal Cases Review Commission">Criminal Cases Review Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Communities" title="Department for Communities">Department for Communities (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Justice (Northern Ireland)">Department of Justice (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li>Fire and rescue authorities under the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Scotland" title="Food Standards Scotland">Food Standards Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_Commission" title="Gambling Commission">Gambling Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangmasters_and_Labour_Abuse_Authority" title="Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority">Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Business_Services_Authority" title="NHS Business Services Authority">NHS Business Services Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Ambulance_Service" title="Northern Ireland Ambulance Service">Northern Ireland Ambulance Service Health and Social Care Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service">Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_%26_Social_Care_Business_Services_Organisation" title="Health & Social Care Business Services Organisation">Health & Social Care Business Services Organisation (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Office of Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Police_Ombudsman_for_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland">Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Investigations_and_Review_Commissioner" title="Police Investigations and Review Commissioner">Police Investigations and Review Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Ambulance_Service_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Ambulance Service Board">Scottish Ambulance Service Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission" title="Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission">Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Ambulance_Service" title="Welsh Ambulance Service">Welsh Ambulance Services National Health Service Trust</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_debate">Public debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:42%; ; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Does the UK really want the dubious honor of introducing powers deemed too intrusive by all other major democracies, joining the likes of China and Russia in collecting everyone's browsing habits?<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_most_spied_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_most_spied-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Anne Jellema, head of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></cite></div> </div> <p>The draft Bill generated significant public debate about balancing intrusive powers and <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> with the needs of the police and intelligence agencies to gain targeted access to information as part of their investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> said the Bill will be compatible with the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the content of the draft Bill has raised concerns about the impact on <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privacy campaigners say the bill clearly lays out the mass surveillance powers that would be at the disposal of the security services, and want it amended so that the surveillance is <a href="/wiki/Targeted_surveillance" title="Targeted surveillance">targeted</a> and based on suspicion and argue that the powers are so sweeping, and the bill's language so general, that not just the security services but also government bodies will be able to analyse the records of millions of people even if they are not under suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-ft1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016 a report published by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a> recommended that the bill should focus on the right to privacy. Committee chairman, Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Dominic Grieve</a>, said: "We have therefore recommended that the new legislation contains an entirely new part dedicated to overarching privacy protections, which should form the backbone of the draft legislation around which the exceptional powers are then built. This will ensure that privacy is an integral part of the legislation rather than an add-on." The committee also recommended that Class bulk personal dataset warrants are removed from the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominic Grieve later clarified the extent of these freedoms, "the principle of the right to privacy against the state is maintained except if there is a good and sufficient reason why that should not happen."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gavin E. L. Hall, a doctoral researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, argues that public fear of the bill is not justified, writing that there are benefits to formally codifying in law what state security services can and cannot do and that "While it may technically be possible under the bill to impugn individual freedom, <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> has little to fear."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i> argued the Act enshrines <a href="/wiki/Parallel_construction" title="Parallel construction">parallel construction</a> in law and allows the state to lie about the origins of evidence in court, treating it as infallible, and prohibit the defendant from questioning it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_19" title="Article 19">Article 19</a>, a freedom of expression campaign group, criticized the Act as one of the most draconian pieces of surveillance legislation passed worldwide, warning that it "offers a template for authoritarian regimes and seriously undermining the rights of its citizens to privacy and freedom of expression".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government cited the Snooper's Charter (officially the <a href="/wiki/Draft_Communications_Data_Bill" title="Draft Communications Data Bill">Draft Communications Data Bill</a>) when defending its own intrusive anti-terrorism legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_most_spied_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_most_spied-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent Wikileaks articles suggest that phone and digital device tracking both direct and indirect (e.g. FM radio blipping via Android exploit) also mentioned in Register posts by "Anonymous Coward" to covertly follow subjects have been used in the past but for operational reasons it is not clear if they are still used. The original poster has since decided to cooperate with the authorities and not comment further publicly on this subject, though the technique was independently rediscovered before the article in question was released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenge_and_ruling">Legal challenge and ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal challenge and ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2019/2057.html">[2019] EWHC 2057 (Admin)</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> In November 2016, a petition demanding the law be repealed gained 100,000 signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2016, pornographic media site <a href="/wiki/XHamster" title="XHamster">xHamster</a> redirected UK traffic to the petition.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">Liberty</a>, a human rights organisation, raised £50,000 via crowd funding towards legal actions against the bill. Silkie Carlo, policy officer at Liberty, said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The powers we're fighting undermine everything that's core to our freedom and democracy — our right to protest, to express ourselves freely and to a fair trial, our free press, privacy and cybersecurity. But with so much public support behind us, we're hopeful we will be able to persuade our courts to restrain the more authoritarian tendencies of this Government.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Silkie Carlo, policy officer at Liberty<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In April 2018 the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> ruled that the Investigatory Powers Act violates EU law.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_27-4-2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_27-4-2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government had until 1 November 2018 to amend the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 October 2018 The Data Retention and Acquisition Regulations 2018<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into force to address this ruling. These regulations increased the threshold for accessing communications data only for the purposes of serious crime (defined as offences which are capable of being sentenced to imprisonment for a term of 12 months or more) and requires that authorities consult an independent Investigatory Powers Commissioner before requesting data. The regulations also included a loophole where rapid approval can be made internally without independent approval but with a three-day expiry and with subsequent review by the independent body. Most debates about the regulations have been about the definition of "serious crime" with many arguing that the threshold should be at three years.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was revealed in 2021 that two British ISPs were collaborating on a government initiative for the <a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Internet_Connection_Records" title="Collection of Internet Connection Records">collection of Internet Connection Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ispreview_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ispreview-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Act_(France)" title="Intelligence Act (France)">Intelligence Act (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Communications_Data_Bill" title="Draft Communications Data Bill">Draft Communications Data Bill</a>, a draft bill produced for consultation in 2012 but never introduced to Parliament</li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gesetz_zur_Beschr%C3%A4nkung_des_Brief-,_Post-_und_Fernmeldegeheimnisses" title="Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses">Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses</a></i></span></i> (German law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Home Office. 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Investigatory+Powers+Bill&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fcollections%2Fdraft-investigatory-powers-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigatory+Powers+Act+2016" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7371">"Draft Investigatory Powers Bill"</a>. <i>House of Commons Library</i> (Commons Briefing papers CBP-7371). 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=Draft+Investigatory+Powers+Bill&rft.issue=Commons+Briefing+papers+CBP-7371&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FCBP-7371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigatory+Powers+Act+2016" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7518">"Investigatory Powers Bill"</a>. <i>House of Commons Library</i> (Commons Briefing papers CBP-7518). 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=Investigatory+Powers+Bill&rft.issue=Commons+Briefing+papers+CBP-7518&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FCBP-7518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigatory+Powers+Act+2016" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2016/march/have-your-say-on-the-investigatory-powers-bill/">"Have your say on the Investigatory Powers Bill"</a>. UK Parliament. 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Have+your+say+on+the+Investigatory+Powers+Bill&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fmarch%2Fhave-your-say-on-the-investigatory-powers-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigatory+Powers+Act+2016" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&oldid=1250623988">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016&oldid=1250623988</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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