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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana" title="Posjeti početnu stranicu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Početna strana</span></a></li><li id="n-sidebar-featured" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Istaknuti_%C4%8Dlanci"><span>Istaknuti članci</span></a></li><li id="n-sidebar-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Portali</span></a></li><li id="n-sidebar-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorije"><span>Kategorije</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Nedavne_izmjene" title="Spisak nedavnih izmjena na wiki. 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bs.wikipedia.org&uselang=bs" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Napravi_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Kiseline" title="Predlažemo vam da napravite račun i prijavite se; međutim, to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Kiseline" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi me</span></a> 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me</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za odjavljene urednike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Saznajte više o uređivanju"><span>detaljnije</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Spisak izmjena napravljenih s ove IP-adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o izmjenama s ove IP-adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osobine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osobine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Osobine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osobine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teorije</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teorije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Teorije</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teorije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrheniusova_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrheniusova_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arrheniusova teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrheniusova_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brønstedova_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brønstedova_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Brønstedova teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brønstedova_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewisova_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewisova_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lewisova teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewisova_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiselinsko-bazna_ravnoteža" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiselinsko-bazna_ravnoteža"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kiselinsko-bazna ravnoteža</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiselinsko-bazna_ravnoteža-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Višeprotonske_kiseline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Višeprotonske_kiseline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Višeprotonske kiseline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Višeprotonske_kiseline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bezvodna_kiselo-bazna_reakcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bezvodna_kiselo-bazna_reakcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bezvodna kiselo-bazna reakcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bezvodna_kiselo-bazna_reakcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biološka_uloga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biološka_uloga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biološka uloga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biološka_uloga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primjeri_kiselina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primjeri_kiselina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Primjeri kiselina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primjeri_kiselina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiseline</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 146 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – ačinski" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ačinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur" title="Suur – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4uren" title="Säuren – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Säuren" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido" title="Acido – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अम्ल – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अम्ल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6" title="حمض – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أسيد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أسيد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2" title="অম্ল – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অম্ল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu" title="Ácidu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C5%9Fu" title="Turşu – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кислоталар – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кислоталар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABg%C5%A1t%C4%97s" title="Rūgštės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rūgštės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido" title="Asido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кіслоты – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киселина – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="एसिड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एसिड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2" title="অম্ল – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অম্ল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱུར་རྫས། – tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱུར་རྫས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn" title="Trenkenn – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid" title="Àcid – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Fng_(hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk)" title="Sŏng (huá-hŏk) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŏng (huá-hŏk)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мустам – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мустам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="ترش – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyseliny" title="Kyseliny – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyseliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syre" title="Syre – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4uren" title="Säuren – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Οξύ – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82zid" title="Âzid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Âzid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido" title="Acido – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido" title="Ácido – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hape" title="Hape – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido" title="Azido – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اسید – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happo" title="Happo – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Happo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapas" title="Hapas – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hapas" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDra" title="Sýra – farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sýra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide" title="Acide – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCren" title="Süren – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad" title="Aigéad – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searbhag" title="Searbhag – škotski galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Searbhag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido" title="Ácido – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4n" title="Sôn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sôn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94" title="חומצה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अम्ल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejaab" title="Tejaab – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tejaab" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseline" title="Kiseline – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiseline" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav" title="Sav – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թթուներ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թթուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido" title="Acido – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido" title="Asido – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido" title="Acido – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Acido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDra" title="Sýra – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido" title="Acido – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem" title="Asem – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მჟავა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeffar" title="Azeffar – kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeffar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Қышқыл – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қышқыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಆಮ್ಲ – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="산 (화학) – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%95%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="تیزٕآب – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تیزٕآب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%C5%9Fe" title="Tirşe – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirşe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кислота – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кислота" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum" title="Acidum – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saier" title="Saier – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoer" title="Zoer – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ອາຊິດ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຊິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Rūgštis – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81bes" title="Skābes – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra" title="Asidra – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киселина – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="അമ്ലം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хүчил – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯑꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯍꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯍꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="आम्ल – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid" title="Asid – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အက်ဆစ် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဆစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cede" title="Ácede – napolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ácede" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Süür – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süür" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अम्ल – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अम्ल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अम्ल – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अम्ल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuur_(scheikunde)" title="Zuur (scheikunde) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuur (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syre" title="Syre – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syre" title="Syre – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aside" title="Aside – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aside" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiidii" title="Asiidii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Asiidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido" title="Asido – pangasinski" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Asido" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasy" title="Kwasy – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwasy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="تیزاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیزاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido" title="Ácido – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27uchqu" title="P'uchqu – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'uchqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кислоты – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кыселина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кыселина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अम्लम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अम्लम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Аһыыба – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80citu" title="Àcitu – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àcitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiselina" title="Kiselina – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina" title="Kyselina – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislina" title="Kislina – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyong%27o" title="Nyong'o – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyong'o" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidi" title="Acidi – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Acidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киселина – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syra" title="Syra – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidi" title="Asidi – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="காடி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="ఆమ్లం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кислота – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислота" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94" title="กรด – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido" title="Asido – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asit" title="Asit – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кислоталар – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кислоталар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кислоталар – tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кислоталар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="كىسلاتا – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кислоти – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%81" title="ترشہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislota" title="Kislota – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sido" title="Àsido – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àsido" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiktuz" title="Muiktuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Muiktuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_(tchimeye)" title="Seur (tchimeye) – valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur (tchimeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido" title="Asido – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="זייערס – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omik%C3%ADkan" title="Omikíkan – jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Omikíkan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemj" title="Soemj – zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soemj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li 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<div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/bs/thumb/1/19/Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg/200px-Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/bs/thumb/1/19/Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg/300px-Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/bs/thumb/1/19/Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg/400px-Lewisova-baza-i-kiselina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Primjer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Newton_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis (stranica ne postoji)">Lewisove</a> kiseline i baze</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hydrochloric_acid_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hydrochloric_acid_01.jpg/200px-Hydrochloric_acid_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Hydrochloric_acid_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Hlorovodična kiselina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kiseline</b>, u užem smislu riječi, su svi <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_spoj" title="Hemijski spoj">hemijski spojevi</a> koji imaju sposobnost da prenesu jedan ili više <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> (H<sup>+</sup>) na drugog reaktanta u <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">hemijskoj reakciji</a>, tj. oni spojevi koji su "donatori" protona. U <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodenom</a> rastvoru, reaktant sa kiselinama je voda. Kiseline s vodom grade oksonij-ione (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) te tako <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH vrijednost</a> u rastvoru opada. Kiseline reagiraju s <a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">bazama</a> pri čemu nastaju <a href="/wiki/Soli_(hemijski_spojevi)" title="Soli (hemijski spojevi)">soli</a> i voda. Prema tome, baza je u hemijskoj smislu "suprotnost" kiselini jer je tom reakcijom <a href="/wiki/Neutralizacija_(hemija)" title="Neutralizacija (hemija)">neutralizira</a>. </p><p>U širem smislu, različiti kiselinsko-bazni koncepti opisuju širu paletu hemijskih reakcija, koje se mogu odvijati daleko izvan okvira opisane reakcije neutralizacije. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jedna od najstarijih poznatih kiselina (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: <span lang="la"><i>acidum</i></span>) jeste sirće (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: <span lang="la"><i>acetum</i></span>), što hemijski predstavlja približno 5%-tni vodeni rastvor <a href="/wiki/Sir%C4%87etna_kiselina" title="Sirćetna kiselina">acetatne kiseline</a> (koja se i danas naziva <i>sirćetna kiselina</i>). Sve tada poznate kiseline bile su donekle slične sirćetu (<i>oxos</i> ili <i>acidus</i>). U <a href="/wiki/Alhemija" title="Alhemija">alhemiji</a>, kiseline su važile za "prasupstancu" tj. osnovnu supstancu. Smatralo se da se osobine kiselina zasnivaju na jednoj jedinoj <i>prakiselini</i> koja dolazi do izražaja u raznim supstancama. U dodiru s <a href="/wiki/Kre%C4%8Dnjak" title="Krečnjak">krečnjakom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalcij-karbonat" title="Kalcij-karbonat">kalcij-karbonatom</a>) odnosno karbonatima općenito, kiseline su ih nagrizale i stvarale "pjenu", a sličan učinak su imale i na mnoge druge supstance. Većina tada poznatih kiselina imale su kiseli okus. Sve do kraja 13. vijeka, osim sirćeta i nekih biljnih kiselih sokova, nisu bile poznate druge kiseline. Mnoga otkrića u vezi kiselina pripisuju se <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajjan" title="Džabir ibn Hajjan">ibn Hajjanu</a>, arapsko-perzijskom hemičaru iz 8. vijeka, čija djela su u 13. vijeku ponovno objavljena u srednjovjekovnoj Evropi (<i>pseudo-Geber</i>). Kasnije su proširena znanja na razne neorganske kiseline, a koje su, u skladu tadašnjeg vjerovanja, svrstane pod element "voda". Tek u 18. vijeku te kiseline su nazvane mineralne kiseline. </p><p>Proizvodnja <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1i%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Dušična kiselina">dušične kiseline</a> (HNO<sub>3</sub>) opisana je u 13. vijeku kao "voda koja rastvara" <i>(aqua dissolutiva)</i> ili "jaka voda" <i>(aqua fortis)</i>. Zabilježeno je da se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakar-sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakar-sulfat (stranica ne postoji)">vitriol bakra</a> zagrijavao sa <a href="/wiki/Nitrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrati">nitratima</a> (šalitrom) i alaunima do crvenog usijanja. Pri tome je nastajao nitrozni plin (<a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ikovi_oksidi" title="Dušikovi oksidi">dušikovi oksidi</a>), koji je sa vodom gradio dušičnu kiselinu. Ovu kiselinu nazvali su i "voda koja razdvaja", jer se u njoj <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebro</a> otapalo ali ne i <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a> je 1648. opisao dobijanje koncentrirane (pušljive) dušične kiseline <i>(spiritus acidus nitri)</i> pomoću sumporne kiseline. </p><p>Kraljevska vodica (<a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>), iz današnje perspektive mješavina dušične- i <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Hlorovodična kiselina">hlorovodične kiseline</a>, bila je također poznata relativno dugo, jer se može relativno lahko dobiti iz dušične kiseline sa salmijakom (<a href="/wiki/Amonij-hlorid" title="Amonij-hlorid">amonij-hloridom</a>). Ona je bila poznata i kao <i>kraljica svih kiselina</i>, jer joj se niti jedan metal, pa čak ni <i>kralj svih metala</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a>, nije mogao "oduprijeti". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sumporasta_kiselina" title="Sumporasta kiselina">Sumporasta kiselina</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>) je također dugo poznata, a dobijala se sagorijevanjem elementarnog <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpora</a> i djelovanjem vode. Zasigurno je u takvim hemijskim reakcijama nastajala i <a href="/wiki/Sumporna_kiselina" title="Sumporna kiselina">sumporna kiselina</a>. Preciznije procese nastanka sumporne kiseline (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) opisao je 1597. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Libavius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Libavius (stranica ne postoji)">A. Libavius</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-sovenc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sovenc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>a) zagrijavanjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljezo(II)-sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Željezo(II)-sulfat (stranica ne postoji)">željezo-</a> i bakar-sulfata, takozvani "vitrioli" željeza i bakra, do nastanka "oleum vitrioli" (pušljive sumporne kiseline) i b) sagorijevanjem <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpora</a> a zatim njegova oksidacija, kojom je nastajala razblažena otopina "oleum sulphuris"</i>. Tehnička proizvodnja sumporne kiseline počela je u 19. vijeku nakon razvoja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proces_olovnih_komora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proces olovnih komora (stranica ne postoji)">procesa olovnih komora</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hlorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Hlorovodična kiselina">Hlorovodična kiselina</a> (HCl) otkrivena je tek krajem 16. vijeka. A. Libavius opisao je njenu sintezu putem zagrijavanja smjese kuhinjske soli (<a href="/wiki/Natrij-hlorid" title="Natrij-hlorid">natrij-hlorida</a>) i glinenih <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerala</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilius_Valentinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilius Valentinus (stranica ne postoji)">B. Valentinus</a> opisao je pretvaranje vitriola i <a href="/wiki/So" title="So">kuhinjske soli</a> u <i> aqua caustica</i>, nagrizajuću vodu. Obimna istraživanja koja je proveo J. R. Glauber u 17. vijeku dovele su do otkrića <i>duše iz Glauberove soli</i> <i>(Spiritus salis Glauberianus)</i>, jako koncentrirane, takozvane "pušljive" hlorovodične kiseline, odnosno plinovitog <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodik" title="Hlorovodik">hlorovodika</a>. Važan pojam <a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">baza</a> kao fenomena "suprotnosti" kiselinama, uveli su u 17. vijeku alhemičari i hemičari poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ernst_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ernst Stahl (stranica ne postoji)">G. E. Stahla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">R. Boylea</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rouelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume-François Rouelle (stranica ne postoji)">G. F. Rouellea</a>, nakon što su uvidjeli da su one "bazne" materije koje predstavljaju <i>neisparljivu osnovu</i> za fiksiranje <i>isparljivih kiselina</i> i koje mogu ponišiti i neutralizirati nagrizajuće djelovanje kiselina. Vrlo važne korake u razvoju hemije načinio je <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">A. L. Lavoisier</a> u 18. vijeku, kada je određenim hemijskim spojevima odredio određene osobine. Smatrao je da se kiseline sastoje iz oksida nemetala i vode, a baze od oksida metala i vode. Nasuprot njega, <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">J. von Liebig</a> je kiseline smatra spojevima <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, koji se pomoću metala mogu prevesti u <a href="/wiki/Soli_(hemijski_spojevi)" title="Soli (hemijski spojevi)">soli</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius">S. Arrhenius</a> je 1887. definirao kiseline kao supstance, koje pri rastvaranju u vodi disociraju dajući <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protone</a> (H<sup>+</sup>), dok je baze definirao kao materije, koje u vodi disociraju dajući hidroksid-ione (OH<sup>−</sup>). Ako se pomiješaju kiseline i baze, one će se neutralizirati te će nastati voda i neka so. Međutim, ova teorija je imala dosta manjkavosti, jer nije uključivala spojeve bez <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>: i <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a> također može neutralizirati neku kiselinu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Nicolaus_Br%C3%B8nsted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (stranica ne postoji)">J. N. Brønsted</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Lowry (stranica ne postoji)">T. Lowry</a> su 1923, nezavisno jedan od drugog, opisali do danas jednu od najvažnijih definicija baza i kiselina. Ta definicija sačinjava osnovu današnje teorije o kiselinama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osobine">Osobine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Osobine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Osobine"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hemijski spojevi koji se mogu klasificirati u kiseline su oni spojevi koji s vodom imaju određene uzajamne reakcije. Oni posjeduju jedan i više <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> vodika koji su vezani <a href="/wiki/Ionska_veza" title="Ionska veza">ionskim</a> ili sličnim vezama. Tako čista sirćetna kiselina (H<sub>3</sub>C-COOH) reagira s vodom te daje još više H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> iona. Ako se takva reakcija desi, onda takav spoj možemo kvalificirati kiselinom. Osim oksonij-iona nastaje i acetatni anion H<sub>3</sub>C-COO<sup>−</sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {1.\ H_{3}C{-}COOH+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1.</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {1.\ H_{3}C{-}COOH+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a673ab82612a1f7bfb11fa83c450e8a56677dc4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:49.978ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {1.\ H_{3}C{-}COOH+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Sirćetna kiselina spada u karbonske kiseline te je u usporedbi sa neorganskim (mineralnim) kiselinama poput hlorovodika, relativno slaba kiselina. U vodenim rastvorima, veći dio njenih molekula nalaze se nedisocirane u obliku H<sub>3</sub>C-COOH. Također i ovdje kao i kod drugih kiselina vrlo važnu ulogu igra <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_ravnote%C5%BEa" title="Hemijska ravnoteža">hemijska ravnoteža</a>. Gornja reakcija (reakcija 1), iz navedenog razloga, može se "čitati" i sa desna nalijevo. Acetatni anion reagira sa oksonij-ionom dajući vodu i sirćetnu kiselinu. "Čitajući" na ovaj način odvija se <i>bazična reakcija</i>: pretvaranje hidroksonij-iona u molekule vode. Ako u rastvor sirćetne kiseline dodamo određenu količonu acetatnih aniona, naprimjer, u obliku dobro rastvorljivog <a href="/wiki/Natrij-acetat" title="Natrij-acetat">natrij-acetata</a>, kisele osobine sirćetne kiseline mogu se u potpunosti kompenzirati bazičnim osobinama acetatnih iona. Stoga se kaže da je vodeni rastvor <i>neutraliziran</i>, ali ne u smislu da se u rastvoru nije ništa desilo, osim što je koncentracija iona H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> tako niska kao i u čistoj vodi. </p><p>Da bi se u potpunosti imala slika o navedenom, treba posmatrati i <i>bazičnu reakciju</i> koja se odvija kada se čisti natrij-acetat rastvara u <i>čistoj</i> vodi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2.\ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ OH^{-}+H_{3}C{-}COOH} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2.</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2.\ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ OH^{-}+H_{3}C{-}COOH} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/91139187bcc10f630c691062a540fff1bff6fdc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:48.923ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2.\ H_{3}C{-}COO^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ OH^{-}+H_{3}C{-}COOH} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Pri tome nastaju hidroksid-ioni (OH<sup>−</sup>). Ako se u ovakav rastvor acetata dodaju određene količine vodenog rastvora sirćetne kiseline, rastvor postaje <i>neutralan</i>. Između iona H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> i OH<sup>−</sup> javlja se ravnoteža (reakcija 1), koja je tamo predstavljena kao osnovna molekula vode u neutralnom stanju, dok se ovdje predstavlja kao jednačina (reakcija 2a). </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2a)\ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}O+H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2a)\ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}O+H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b24d1b5f9191fc2e336cf47a97eda8a07c83aac6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.656ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2a)\ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}O+H_{2}O} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Osobine kiselina, naročito opasnosti koje od njih prijete, su izuzetno različite. Kao primjer toga su <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1i%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Dušična kiselina">dušična</a> (opasnost od nagrizanja), cijanovodična (jak <a href="/wiki/Otrov" title="Otrov">otrov</a>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikrinska_kiselina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikrinska kiselina (stranica ne postoji)">pikrinska kiselina</a> (eksploziv). </p> <ul><li>Kiseline posebno jako napadaju neplemenite metale i <a href="/wiki/Kalcij-karbonat" title="Kalcij-karbonat">kalcij-karbonat</a>, a također i ljudsku kožu, odjeću i oči (općenito sve organske materijale), te predstavljaju određenu prijetnju po čovjekovo zdravlje. Postoje slabe i jake kiseline. <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodik" title="Hlorovodik">Hlorovodik</a> je jaka kiselina i u vodi u potpunosti disocira. Njegov vodeni rastvor naziva se hlorovodična kiselina. <a href="/wiki/Sir%C4%87etna_kiselina" title="Sirćetna kiselina">Sirćetna kiselina</a> je slaba kiselina i u vodi samo djelimično disocira.</li> <li>Kiseline se mogu razblažiti s vodom, pri čemu njihovo djelovanje slabi, u zavisnosti od stepena razblaživanja. Razblaživanje koncentriranih kiselina je egzotermična reakcija, jer se tokom nje otpušta toplota. Pri razblaživanju koncentrirane sumporne kiseline, rastvor kiseline može burno reagirati i prskati. Zbog toga je u tom postupku važno pridržavanje pravila da se kiselina dodaje u vodu, a ne obrnuto.</li> <li>Raširena je zabluda da su kiseline uvijek tekućine. Poznati primjeri kiselina, koje se čiste nalaze u čvrstom stanju su <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (askorbinska kiselina) i limunska kiselina, dok je u plinovitom stanju naprimjer <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodik" title="Hlorovodik">hlorovodik</a>.</li> <li>Vodeni rastvori kiselina mijenjaju boju pH indikatorima, naprimjer plavi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakmus (stranica ne postoji)">lakmus</a> papir oboje u crveno.</li> <li>Suprotnost kiselinama su baze (rastvori baza su lužine). One mogu neutralizirati kiseline. I baze također djeluju nagrizajuće te napadaju mnoge materijale, od kojih neki uopće ne reagiraju s kiselinama.</li> <li>U vodi, kiseline provode <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električnu struju</a>. Pri propuštanju struje kroz vodeni rastvor kiselina dešava se <a href="/wiki/Elektroliza" title="Elektroliza">elektroliza</a>. Tokom elektrolize na negativnom polu (katodi) skuplja se <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> a na pozitivnom (anodi) neutralizirani dio aniona kiseline (naprimjer kod hlorovodične kiseline to je <a href="/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor">hlor</a>). Uopćeno, na katodi se odvija reakcija redukcije (primanja elektrona), dok se na anodi odvija oksidacija (otpuštanje elektrona).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorije">Teorije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Teorije"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Teorije"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorije_kiselina_i_baza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorije kiselina i baza (stranica ne postoji)">Teorije kiselina i baza</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrheniusova_teorija">Arrheniusova teorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Arrheniusova teorija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Arrheniusova teorija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska">Švedski</a> hemičar <a href="/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> je 1884. proučavajući kiseline objavio da osobina kiselosti nekog spoja zavisi od iona vodika (H<sup>+</sup>) ili <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a>. Po njemu, <i>Arrheniusova</i> kiselina je ona supstanca koja, kada se doda u vodu, u njoj povećava koncentraciju iona H<sup>+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxtoby8th_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby8th-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ebbing_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebbing-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treba zapaziti da hemičari vrlo često pišu H<sup>+</sup>(<i>aq</i>) čime misle na ion vodika pri opisivanju kiselo-baznih reakcija, jer slobodno jezgro vodika, proton, ne može postojati sam u vodi, već postoji u obliku hidronij-iona (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>). Na osnovu toga, Arrheniusova kiselina se također može opisati kao supstanca koja povećava koncentraciju hidronij-iona ako se doda u vodu. </p><p>Primjer Arrheniusove kiseline: </p> <dl><dd>HCl → H<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup></dd></dl> <p>S druge strane, Arrheniusova <a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">baza</a> jeste supstanca koja, ako se rastvori u vodi, povećava koncentraciju hidroksidnih iona (OH<sup>−</sup>). Ovim se smanjuje koncentracija hidronij-iona jer ioni međusobno reagiraju gradeći molekule H<sub>2</sub>O: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>3</sub>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br />(aq)</span> + OH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br />(aq)</span> ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(t)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(t)</sub></dd></dl> <p>Zbog ove ravnoteže (ekvilibrija), svako povećanje koncentracije hidronij-iona je povezano sa smanjenjem koncentracije iona hidroksida. Zbog toga, za Arrheniusovu kiselinu bi se moglo reći da je to ona supstanca koja smanjuje koncentraciju hidroksid-iona, dok je Arrheniusova baza povećava. </p><p>U kiselim rastvorima, koncentracija hidronij-iona je uvijek viša od 10<sup>−7</sup> mola po litru. Pošto je pH vrijednost definirana kao negativni <a href="/wiki/Logaritam" title="Logaritam">logaritam</a> koncentracije hidronij-iona, stoga se kaže da kiseli rastvori imaju pH vrijednost manju od 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brønstedova_teorija"><span id="Br.C3.B8nstedova_teorija"></span>Brønstedova teorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Brønstedova teorija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Brønstedova teorija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iako je Arrheniusova teorija korisna za opisivanje mnogih reakcija, njen obim je ipak dosta ograničen. Godine 1923. hemičari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Nicolaus_Br%C3%B8nsted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (stranica ne postoji)">Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Martin_Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Martin Lowry (stranica ne postoji)">Thomas Martin Lowry</a>, nezavisno jedan od drugog, prepoznali su da kiselo-bazne reakcije uključuju i transfer protona. Prema njima, <i>Brønsted-Lowryjeva kiselina</i> (često samo kao <i>Brønstedova kiselina</i>) jeste supstanca koja donira proton Brønsted-Lowryjevoj bazi.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebbing_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebbing-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brønsted-Lowryjeva teorija kiselina i baza ima nekoliko prednosti nad Arrheniusovom teorijom. Ako se razmatraju sljedeće reakcije sirćetne kiseline (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH), organske kiseline koja sirćetu daje njegov karakterističan okus: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> ⇌ <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup></span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></span></dd> <dd><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NH<sub>3</sub></span> ⇌ <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup></span> + <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">NH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br />4</span></span></dd></dl> <p>Obje teorije vrlo lahko opisuju prvu reakciju: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH je Arrheniusova kiselina jer djeluje kao izvor iona H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> pri rastvaranju u vodi, a istovremeno djeluje i kao Brønstedova kiselina jer donira proton molekuli vode. Međutim, u drugom primjeru CH<sub>3</sub>COOH podliježe istoj transformaciji, ali u ovom slučaju donira proton <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijaku</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>), pa nije u skladu sa Arrheniusovom definicijom kiseline jer ovom reakcijom ne nastaje hidronij-ion. Ipak, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH je istovremeno i Arrheniusova i Brønstedova kiselina. </p><p>Brønsted-Lowryeva teorija se može koristiti za opisivanje reakcija molekularnih spojeva u nevodenim rastvorima ili u gasovitoj fazi. Hlorovodik (HCl) i amonijak mogu reagirati u nekoliko različitih uslova gradeći <a href="/wiki/Amonij-hlorid" title="Amonij-hlorid">amonij-hlorid</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>Cl). U vodenom rastvoru HCl se ponaša kao <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Hlorovodična kiselina">hlorovodična kiselina</a> te postoji u vidu hidronij- i hloridnih iona. Sljedeće reakcije ilustriraju ograničenja Arrheniusove definicije: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>3</sub>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br />(aq)</span> + Cl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br />(aq)</span> + NH<sub>3</sub> → Cl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br />(aq)</span> + NH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br />4</span><sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd> <dd>HCl<sub>(benzen)</sub> + NH<sub>3(benzen)</sub> → NH<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>(č)</sub></dd> <dd>HCl<sub>(g)</sub> + NH<sub>3(g)</sub> → NH<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>(č)</sub> <dl><dd><small><i>aq</i> - vodeni rastvor, <i>benzen</i> - rastvor benzena, <i>č</i> - čvrsto stanje, <i>g</i> - gas, <i>t</i> - tečno</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lewisova_teorija">Lewisova teorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Lewisova teorija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Lewisova teorija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treću, u određenom aspektu djelimično povezanu teoriju i koncept je predložio je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Newton_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis (stranica ne postoji)">Gilbert Newton Lewis</a> 1923. a u koju uključuje reakcije sa kiselo-baznim osobinama koje ne uključuju prenos protona. <i>Lewisova kiselina</i> je onaj spoj ili funkcionalna grupa koja prima slobodni elektronski par od drugog spoja ili grupe, odnosno drugim riječima, ona je primalac ("akceptor") elektronskog para.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebbing_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebbing-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brønstedove kiselinsko-bazne reakcije su reakcije prenosa (transfera) protona, dok su Lewisove kiselinsko-bazne reakcije prenosi elektronskog para. Mnoge Lewisove kiseline nisu ujedno i Brønsted-Lowryjeve kiseline. Grafički prikaz razlika između ovih teorija, u pojmovima hemije kiselina i baza, prikazan je sljedećim reakcijama: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:LewisAcid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/LewisAcid.png/373px-LewisAcid.png" decoding="async" width="373" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/LewisAcid.png/560px-LewisAcid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/LewisAcid.png/746px-LewisAcid.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Primjer Lewisove kiseline: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>2</sub>O + SO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></dd></dl> <p>U ovom slučaju SO<sub>3</sub> je kiselina, a H<sub>2</sub>O <a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">baza</a> jer atom <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> u molekuli H<sub>2</sub>O donira slobodan elektronski par, a atom <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpora</a> prima taj elektronski par da bi postigao stabilan oktet.<sup id="cite_ref-Holum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiselinsko-bazna_ravnoteža"><span id="Kiselinsko-bazna_ravnote.C5.BEa"></span>Kiselinsko-bazna ravnoteža</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Kiselinsko-bazna ravnoteža"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kiselinsko-bazna ravnoteža"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kod <a href="/wiki/Protoliza" title="Protoliza">protolize</a> jedan od reaktanata (po pravilu <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>) preuzima proton kojeg je otpustila kiselina. Ovo je značajna distinkcija od redoks-reakcija pri kojim se odvija prenos <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>. Protonizirani oblik kiseline ponekad se naziva i <i>slobodna kiselina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-stahlp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahlp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Općenita ravnotežna reakcija neke kiseline HA u <i>vodenom rastvoru</i> glasi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HA+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+A^{-}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HA+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+A^{-}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4ee2472bb01be7fa57e338d8d779808ffd31b5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:27.918ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HA+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+A^{-}} }"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Višeprotonske_kiseline"><span id="Vi.C5.A1eprotonske_kiseline"></span>Višeprotonske kiseline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Višeprotonske kiseline"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Višeprotonske kiseline"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiseline koje daju više od jednog protona, nazivaju se <i>višeprotonske</i> ili <i>višebazne kiseline</i>. Sumporna kiselina (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) je primjer dvoprotonske kiseline (također se nazivaju i <i>diprotonske</i>), dok je fosforna (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) troprotonska (odnosno triprotonska) kiselina. Težnja neke kiseline da daje pojedine protone (protoliza) je različita od slučaja do slučaja i opisuje se pomoću <a href="/wiki/Kiselinska_disocijacijska_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiselinska disocijacijska konstanta">kiselinske konstante disocijacije</a> (K<sub>a</sub>). Za pojedine faze protolize vrijedi općenito pravilo: K<sub>a</sub>(I) > K<sub>a</sub>(II) > K<sub>a</sub>(III) (odnosno p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>(I) < p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>(II) < p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>(III)). </p><p>Naprimjer, za fosfornu kiselinu vrijedi: </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{3}\mathrm {PO_{4}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{3}\mathrm {PO_{4}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67837117aa61b008b2f1e433ae31a237ecd6e970" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.12ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{3}\mathrm {PO_{4}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}4\cdot 10^{-3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}4\cdot 10^{-3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2023c638a8add48791427807dfc8cd884cb4aca3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.434ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}4\cdot 10^{-3}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=2{,}13\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>13</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=2{,}13\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b5289e922f9def0d2ae139d474afe60ec248d69" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.133ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=2{,}13\ }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b9d280fc4b4ca1207f10dcc823bbd55493902f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.344ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=6{,}3\cdot 10^{-8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=6{,}3\cdot 10^{-8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c10ef3439fd590902085bcc438093da186bb83f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.434ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=6{,}3\cdot 10^{-8}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}20\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>20</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}20\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57882e0f86c013a4129992cfa6b9a844b0887392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.133ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=7{,}20\ }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/001fcb186ff625c6ab6071fa2664b9d632d69b31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.369ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HPO_{4}^{2-}+H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ PO_{4}^{3-}+H_{3}O^{+}} }"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=4{,}4\cdot 10^{-13}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=4{,}4\cdot 10^{-13}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15a37eff313a25fa2a6ff7f9a7b62196777049fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.256ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=4{,}4\cdot 10^{-13}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:20px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=12{,}36\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>36</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=12{,}36\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36e4b5d348340760a5ff0c45847816c40c489166" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.296ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=12{,}36\ }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bezvodna_kiselo-bazna_reakcija">Bezvodna kiselo-bazna reakcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Bezvodna kiselo-bazna reakcija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bezvodna kiselo-bazna reakcija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analogno kiselo-baznim reakcijama u vodenim rastvorima koje se odvijaju posredstvom vode, postoje reakcije i u drugim medijima. U bezvodnom <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanolu</a> odvija se reakcija sa hlorovodikom u kojoj etanol preuzima ulogu baze: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH_{2}^{+}+Cl^{-}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH_{2}^{+}+Cl^{-}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3e58a669c70143767144676a1bcf33537ffbf26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:52.107ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}C{-}CH_{2}{-}OH_{2}^{+}+Cl^{-}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>U plinovitoj fazi, plin <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a> reagira sa hlorovodikom gradeći soli <a href="/wiki/Amonij-hlorid" title="Amonij-hlorid">amonij-hlorida</a>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}Cl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}Cl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25e30265c15b1a679a6dd4f9f85100d8164b0e72" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.09ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+HCl\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}Cl} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>U kiselo-baznim reakcijama, pored vode, i druga dovoljno polarna sredstva za rastvaranje mogu djelovati kao reaktant. Dobar primjer za to je autoprotoliza tečnog amonijaka: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+NH_{3}\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}^{+}+NH_{2}^{-}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+NH_{3}\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}^{+}+NH_{2}^{-}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d8761e840bf48769cbe85559766d37c7f564aed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.531ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+NH_{3}\ \rightleftharpoons \ NH_{4}^{+}+NH_{2}^{-}} }"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biološka_uloga"><span id="Biolo.C5.A1ka_uloga"></span>Biološka uloga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Biološka uloga"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Biološka uloga"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aminoacid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Aminoacid.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>Osnovna građa aminokiselina; gdje je -NH<sub>2</sub> grupa vezana na drugom ugljikovom atomu, pa se takva kiselina naziva <i>2-amino</i> ili <i>α-amino</i> kiselina</figcaption></figure> <p>Jedan broj <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biološki</a> važnih molekula su također kiseline. Nukleinske kiseline sadrže kiselu fosfatnu <a href="/wiki/Funkcionalna_grupa" title="Funkcionalna grupa">funkcionalnu grupu</a> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">PO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">3−<br />4</span></span>, jedan su od sastavnih elemenata iz kojih su građene DNK i <a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a>, koje sadrže genetski kod svih živih organizama kojim se prenose nasljedne osobine sa roditelja na potomstvo. DNK sadrži i hemijski "plan" za sintezu <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevina</a>, a koje su izgrađene od <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a>. Ćelijske membrane sadrže estere masnih kiselina poput fosfolipida. </p><p>Kod α-aminokiselina opće formule R-CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)-COOH, amino grupa je vezana za atom <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> u karboksilnoj grupi. <i>R</i> može biti različito dug te može sadržavati i bočne lance kao i druge funkcionalne grupe i elemente, naprimjer kisik, dušik i <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a>. Najjednostavnija aminokiselina je <a href="/wiki/Glicin" title="Glicin">glicin</a>, koji je zapravo (α)-aminoetanska (ili aminosirćetna) kiselina. Sve prirodne aminokiseline, osim glicina, su <a href="/wiki/Hiralnost" title="Hiralnost">hiralne</a>, odnosno imaju <i>L</i> i <i>D</i> izomer. U prirodi obično preovladavaju <i>L</i> izomeri. Neke <i>D</i> aminokiseline sadrže peptidoglikan, koji se nalazi u ćelijskim zidovima nekih bakterija. Pri fiziološkoj pH vrijednosti, koja po pravilu ima vrijednost tačno 7, jednostavne aminokiseline obično imaju određeno naelektrisanje, jer karboksilna grupa (-COOH) prenosi svoj proton na amino grupu: </p> <dl><dd>R-CH[NH<sub>2</sub>]-[COOH] ⇌ R-CH[NH<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>-[COOH]<sup>–</sup></dd></dl> <p>Molekula je <i>izvana</i> neutralna i amfoterna. Izuzeci su aminokiseline sa kiselim ili bazičnim bočnim lancima. <a href="/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina">Asparaginska kiselina</a> (2 (ili α-) aminobutanska kiselina), naprimjer, ima jednu protoniranu amino grupu i dvije deprotonirane karboksilne grupe, pa ima fiziološku pH vrijednost -1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primjeri_kiselina">Primjeri kiselina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Primjeri kiselina"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Primjeri kiselina"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Među važnije kiseline ubrajaju se: </p> <ul><li>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> - <a href="/wiki/Sumporna_kiselina" title="Sumporna kiselina">sumporna kiselina</a> (industrijska primjena, <a href="/wiki/Kisela_ki%C5%A1a" title="Kisela kiša">kisela kiša</a>)</li> <li>HCl - <a href="/wiki/Hlorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Hlorovodična kiselina">hlorovodična kiselina</a> (industrijska primjena)</li> <li>H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silikatna_kiselina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silikatna kiselina (stranica ne postoji)">silikatna kiselina</a></li> <li>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> - <a href="/wiki/Fosforna_kiselina" title="Fosforna kiselina">fosforna kiselina</a> (prehrambena industrija; između ostalih sastojak <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cole</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina">DNK</a>)</li> <li>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> - <a href="/wiki/Uglji%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Ugljična kiselina">ugljična kiselina</a> (prehrambena industrija, tehnika, <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljina atmosfera</a>)</li> <li>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH - <a href="/wiki/Sir%C4%87etna_kiselina" title="Sirćetna kiselina">sirćetna kiselina</a> (priprema salata, prehrambena industrija)</li> <li>HNO<sub>3</sub> - <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1i%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Dušična kiselina">dušična kiselina</a> (industrijska primjena)</li> <li>HF - <a href="/wiki/Fluoridna_kiselina" title="Fluoridna kiselina">fluoridna kiselina</a> (proizvodnja <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunar" title="Računar">računarskih</a> čipova)</li></ul> <p>Također i soli višeprotonskih kiselina mogu djelovati kao kiseline ("kisele soli"), naprimjer </p> <ul><li>hidrogensulfati</li> <li>hidrogenfosfati</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH vrijednost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baza_(hemija)" title="Baza (hemija)">Baze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralizacija_(hemija)" title="Neutralizacija (hemija)">Neutralizacija</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sovenc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sovenc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Andreas Libavius.</i> u <i>The Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i>, 3. izdanje, 1970-1979. The Gale Group, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxtoby8th-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxtoby8th_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxtoby, D. W; Gillis, H.P., Butler, L. J. (2015). <i>Principles of Modern Chemistry</i>, Brooks Cole. str. 617. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1305079113" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1305079113">978-1305079113</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebbing-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebbing_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebbing_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebbing_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebbing, D.D., Gammon, S. D. (2005). <i>General chemistry</i> (8. izd.) Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-618-51177-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-618-51177-6">0-618-51177-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holum_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady, J.E., Holum, J.R.,Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1993 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-471-59979-4" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-471-59979-4">0-471-59979-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stahlp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stahlp_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFStahl_P._Heinrich_(ur.);_Warmth_Camille_G._(ur.);_Stahl_P._Heinrich;_Nakamo_Masahiro2008" class="citation book cs1">Stahl P. Heinrich (ur.); Warmth Camille G. (ur.); Stahl P. Heinrich; Nakamo Masahiro (2008). "Pharmaceutical Aspects of the Salt Form". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvSEXUZUON8C&pg=PA92&dq=%22free+acid%22+salt&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22free%20acid%22%20salt&f=false"><i>Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use</i></a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. str. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-906390-58-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-906390-58-1"><bdi>978-3-906390-58-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmaceutical+Aspects+of+the+Salt+Form&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Pharmaceutical+Salts%3A+Properties%2C+Selection%2C+and+Use&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-906390-58-1&rft.au=Stahl+P.+Heinrich+%28ur.%29%3B+Warmth+Camille+G.+%28ur.%29%3B+Stahl+P.+Heinrich%3B+Nakamo+Masahiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvSEXUZUON8C%26pg%3DPA92%26dq%3D%2522free%2Bacid%2522%2Bsalt%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522free%2520acid%2522%2520salt%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AKiseline" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiseline&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3486241">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons logo"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons logo</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana" class="extiw" title="commons:Početna strana">Commons</a> ima datoteke na temu: <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acids?uselang=bs">Kiseline </a></span></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/science/chemistry/chemistry-what-are-acids-and-bases">Šta su kiseline i baze</a>, izvod iz knjige <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry</i>, 2003. autora Iana Gucha.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/acidbase/indicators.shtml">Kiselinsko-bazni indikatori</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch11/acidbase.php">Definicije kiselina i baza i uloga vode</a></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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