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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bapineuzumab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Bapineuzumab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bapineuzumab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solanezumab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solanezumab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Solanezumab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solanezumab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lecanemab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lecanemab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Lecanemab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lecanemab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventive_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Preventive trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapy_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapy_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Therapy types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Therapy_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Therapy types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Therapy_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radioimmunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioimmunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Radioimmunotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioimmunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibody-directed_enzyme_prodrug_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibody-directed_enzyme_prodrug_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibody-directed_enzyme_prodrug_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibody-drug_conjugates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibody-drug_conjugates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Antibody-drug conjugates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibody-drug_conjugates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunoliposome_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunoliposome_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Immunoliposome therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunoliposome_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checkpoint_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checkpoint_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Checkpoint therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checkpoint_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FDA-approved_therapeutic_antibodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FDA-approved_therapeutic_antibodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FDA-approved_therapeutic_antibodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Antibody.svg/330px-Antibody.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Antibody.svg/440px-Antibody.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Each antibody binds only one specific antigen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</a> (mAbs) have varied therapeutic uses. It is possible to create a mAb that binds <a href="/wiki/Monospecific_antibody" title="Monospecific antibody">specifically</a> to almost any <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> target, such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell surface">cell surface</a> proteins and <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a>. They can be used to render their target ineffective (e.g. by preventing receptor binding),<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to induce a specific cell signal (by activating receptors),<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to cause the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to attack specific cells, or to bring a drug to a specific cell type (such as with <a href="/wiki/Radioimmunotherapy" title="Radioimmunotherapy">radioimmunotherapy</a> which delivers <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxic</a> radiation). </p><p>Major applications include <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplants">organ transplants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_clots" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clots">blood clot</a> prevention, and certain infections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antibody_structure_and_function">Antibody structure and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antibody structure and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">Immunoglobulin</a> G (<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a>) antibodies are large <a href="/wiki/Heterodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodimer">heterodimeric</a> molecules, approximately 150 <a href="/wiki/KDa" class="mw-redirect" title="KDa">kDa</a> and are composed of two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> chain, called the heavy (~50kDa) and the light chain (~25kDa). The two types of light chains are kappa (κ) and lambda (λ). By cleavage with enzyme <a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">papain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Fab</a> (<i>fragment-antigen binding</i>) part can be separated from the <a href="/wiki/Fc_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Fc region">Fc</a> (<i>fragment crystallizable region</i>) part of the molecule. The Fab fragments contain the variable domains, which consist of three antibody <a href="/wiki/Hypervariable_region" title="Hypervariable region">hypervariable amino acid</a> domains responsible for the antibody specificity embedded into constant regions. The four known IgG subclasses are involved in <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a> are a key component of the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune response</a>, playing a central role in both in the recognition of foreign antigens and the stimulation of an immune response to them. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> technology has made it possible to raise antibodies against specific antigens presented on the surfaces of tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</a> can be acquired in the immune system via <a href="/wiki/Passive_immunity" title="Passive immunity">passive immunity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Active_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Active immunity">active immunity</a>. The advantage of active monoclonal antibody therapy is the fact that the immune system will produce antibodies long-term, with only a short-term drug administration to induce this response. However, the immune response to certain antigens may be inadequate, especially in the elderly. Additionally, adverse reactions from these antibodies may occur because of long-lasting response to antigens.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive monoclonal antibody therapy can ensure consistent antibody concentration, and can control for adverse reactions by stopping administration. However, the repeated administration and consequent higher cost for this therapy are major disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter_2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monoclonal antibody therapy may prove to be beneficial for <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, and neurological disorders that result in the degeneration of body cells, such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. Monoclonal antibody therapy can aid the immune system because the innate immune system responds to the environmental factors it encounters by discriminating against foreign cells from cells of the body. Therefore, tumor <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that are proliferating at high rates, or body cells that are dying which subsequently cause physiological problems are generally not specifically targeted by the immune system, since tumor cells are the patient's own cells. Tumor cells, however are highly abnormal, and many display unusual <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a>. Some such <a href="/wiki/Tumor_antigen" title="Tumor antigen">tumor antigens</a> are inappropriate for the cell type or its environment. Monoclonal antibodies can target tumor cells or abnormal cells in the body that are recognized as body cells, but are debilitating to one's health.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monoclonal_antibodies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Monoclonal_antibodies.svg/350px-Monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Monoclonal_antibodies.svg/525px-Monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Monoclonal_antibodies.svg/700px-Monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><b>Monoclonal antibodies for cancer.</b> ADEPT: <a href="/wiki/ADEPT_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADEPT (medicine)">antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy</a>; ADCC: <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a>; CDC: <a href="/wiki/Complement-dependent_cytotoxicity" title="Complement-dependent cytotoxicity">complement-dependent cytotoxicity</a>; MAb, monoclonal antibody; <a href="/wiki/ScFv" class="mw-redirect" title="ScFv">scFv</a>, single-chain Fv fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> developed in the 1970s following the discovery of the structure of <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Hybridoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridoma">hybridoma</a> technology, which provided the first reliable source of <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">monoclonal antibodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These advances allowed for the specific targeting of tumors both <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>. Initial research on <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> found mAb therapy of limited and generally short-lived success with blood malignancies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment also had to be tailored to each individual patient, which was impracticable in routine clinical settings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Four major antibody types that have been developed are <a href="/wiki/Murine" class="mw-redirect" title="Murine">murine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">chimeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanized_antibody" title="Humanized antibody">humanised</a> and human. Antibodies of each type are distinguished by suffixes on their name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murine">Murine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial therapeutic antibodies were murine <a href="/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog (chemistry)">analogues</a> (suffix <i>-omab</i>). These antibodies have: a short half-life in vivo (due to <a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">immune complex</a> formation), limited penetration into tumour sites and inadequately recruit host effector functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chimeric and humanized antibodies have generally replaced them in therapeutic antibody applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding of <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a> has proven essential in identifying novel tumour targets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially, murine antibodies were obtained by hybridoma technology, for which Jerne, Köhler and Milstein received a Nobel prize. However the dissimilarity between murine and human immune systems led to the clinical failure of these antibodies, except in some specific circumstances. Major problems associated with murine antibodies included reduced stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxicity</a> and the formation of complexes after repeated administration, which resulted in mild <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hybridoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridoma">Hybridoma</a> technology has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant DNA technology">recombinant DNA technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> mice and <a href="/wiki/Phage_display" title="Phage display">phage display</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimeric_and_humanized">Chimeric and humanized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chimeric and humanized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reduce murine antibody <a href="/wiki/Immunogenicity" title="Immunogenicity">immunogenicity</a> (attacks by the immune system against the antibody), murine molecules were engineered to remove immunogenic content and to increase immunologic efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was initially achieved by the production of chimeric (suffix <i>-ximab)</i> and humanized antibodies (suffix <i>-zumab</i>). Chimeric antibodies are composed of murine variable regions fused onto human constant regions. Taking human gene sequences from the kappa light chain and the IgG1 heavy chain results in antibodies that are approximately 65% human. This reduces immunogenicity, and thus increases <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</a> <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Humanised antibodies are produced by grafting murine hypervariable regions on amino acid domains into human antibodies. This results in a molecule of approximately 95% human origin. Humanised antibodies bind antigen much more weakly than the parent murine monoclonal antibody, with reported decreases in affinity of up to several hundredfold.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases in antibody-antigen binding strength have been achieved by introducing <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">mutations</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_determining_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementarity determining regions">complementarity determining regions</a> (CDR),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using techniques such as chain-shuffling, randomization of complementarity-determining regions and antibodies with mutations within the variable regions induced by error-prone <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a> mutator strains and <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_mutagenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Site-specific mutagenesis">site-specific mutagenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldmann_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_monoclonal_antibodies">Human monoclonal antibodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human monoclonal antibodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human monoclonal antibodies (suffix <i>-umab</i>) are produced using <a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> mice or <a href="/wiki/Phage_display" title="Phage display">phage display</a> libraries by transferring human <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> genes into the murine genome and vaccinating the transgenic mouse against the desired antigen, leading to the production of appropriate monoclonal antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murine antibodies in vitro are thereby transformed into fully human antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heavy and light chains of human IgG proteins are expressed in structural polymorphic (allotypic) forms. Human IgG <a href="/wiki/Allotype_(immunology)" title="Allotype (immunology)">allotype</a> is one of the many factors that can contribute to immunogenicity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targeted_conditions">Targeted conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Targeted conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies can be targeted against malignant cells by several mechanisms. <a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">Ramucirumab</a> is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody and is used in the treatment of advanced malignancies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In childhood lymphoma, phase I and II studies have found a positive effect of using antibody therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monoclonal antibodies used to boost an anticancer immune response is another strategy to fight cancer where cancer cells are not targeted directly. Strategies include antibodies engineered to block mechanisms which downregulate anticancer immune responses, checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 (<a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor" title="Checkpoint inhibitor">checkpoint therapy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-sa15_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and antibodies modified to stimulate activation of immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune_diseases">Autoimmune diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Autoimmune diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monoclonal antibodies used for <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a> include <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>, which are effective in <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> by their ability to bind to and inhibit <a href="/wiki/TNF-%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF-α">TNF-α</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">daclizumab</a> inhibit <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-2">IL-2</a> on activated <a href="/wiki/T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a> and thereby help preventing acute <a href="/wiki/Organ_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ rejection">rejection</a> of kidney transplants.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a> inhibits human <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">immunoglobulin E</a> (IgE) and is useful in moderate-to-severe allergic <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alzheimer's_disease"><span id="Alzheimer.27s_disease"></span>Alzheimer's disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alzheimer's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-faceted, age-dependent, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and is a major cause of dementia.<sup id="cite_ref-Pul_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pul_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid hypothesis">Amyloid hypothesis</a>, the accumulation of extracellular <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">amyloid beta peptides</a> (Aβ) into plaques via oligomerization leads to hallmark symptomatic conditions of AD through synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dyck_2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dyck_2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunotherapy via exogenous monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration has been known to treat various central nervous disorders. In the case of AD, immunotherapy is believed to inhibit Aβ-oligomerization or clearing of Aβ from the brain and thereby prevent <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo_2024_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo_2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, mAbs are large molecules and due to the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, uptake of mAb into the brain is extremely limited, only approximately 1 of 1000 mAb molecules is estimated to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo_2024_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo_2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_Sink_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripheral Sink hypothesis (page does not exist)">Peripheral Sink hypothesis</a> proposes a mechanism where mAbs may not need to cross the blood–brain barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, many research studies are being conducted from failed attempts to treat AD in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dyck_2017_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dyck_2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, anti-Aβ vaccines can promote antibody-mediated clearance of Aβ plaques in transgenic mice models with amyloid precursor proteins (APP), and can reduce cognitive impairments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pul_2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pul_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccines">Vaccines</a> can stimulate the immune system to produce its own antibodies, in the case of Alzheimer's disease by administration of the antigen Aβ. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also known as <a href="/wiki/Active_immunotherapy" title="Active immunotherapy">active immunotherapy</a>. Another strategy is so called <a href="/wiki/Passive_immunotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive immunotherapy">passive immunotherapy</a>. In this case the antibodies is produced externally in cultured cells and are delivered to the patient in the form of a drug. In mice expressing APP, both active and passive immunization of anti-Aβ antibodies has been shown to be effective in clearing plaques, and can improve cognitive function.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dyck_2017_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dyck_2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are two <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> approved antibody therapies for Alzheimer's disease, <a href="/wiki/Aducanumab" title="Aducanumab">Aducanemab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lecanemab" title="Lecanemab">Lecanemab</a>. Aducanemab has received <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_approval_(FDA)" title="Accelerated approval (FDA)">accelerated approval</a> while Lecanemab has received full approval.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo_2024_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo_2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several clinical trials using passive and active immunization have been performed and some are on the way with expected results in a couple of years.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dyck_2017_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dyck_2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guo_2024_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo_2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of these drugs is often during the early onset of AD. Other research and drug development for early intervention and AD prevention is ongoing. Examples of important mAb drugs that have been or are under evaluation for treatment of AD include <a href="/wiki/Bapineuzumab" title="Bapineuzumab">Bapineuzumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanezumab" title="Solanezumab">Solanezumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gantenerumab" title="Gantenerumab">Gautenerumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crenezumab" title="Crenezumab">Crenezumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aducanumab" title="Aducanumab">Aducanemab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecanemab" title="Lecanemab">Lecanemab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donanemab" title="Donanemab">Donanemab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo_2024_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo_2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bapineuzumab">Bapineuzumab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bapineuzumab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bapineuzumab" title="Bapineuzumab">Bapineuzumab</a>, a humanized anti-Aβ mAb, is directed against the N-terminus of Aβ. Phase II clinical trials of Bapineuzumab in mild to moderate AD patients resulted in reduced Aβ concentration in the brain. However, in patients with increased <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein" title="Apolipoprotein">apolipoprotein</a> (APOE) e4 carriers, Bapineuzumab treatment is also accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Vasogenic_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasogenic edema">vasogenic edema</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cytotoxic condition where the blood brain barrier has been disrupted thereby affecting white matter from excess accumulation of fluid from capillaries in intracellular and extracellular spaces of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Phase III clinical trials, Bapineuzumab showed promising positive effect on biomarkers of AD but failed to show effect on cognitive decline. Therefore, Bapineuzumab was discontinued after failing in the Phase III clinical trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solanezumab">Solanezumab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Solanezumab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solanezumab" title="Solanezumab">Solanezumab</a>, an anti-Aβ mAb, targets the N-terminus of Aβ. In Phase I and Phase II of clinical trials, Solanezumab treatment resulted in <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> elevation of Aβ, thereby showing a reduced concentration of Aβ plaques. Additionally, there are no associated adverse side effects. Phase III clinical trials of Solanezumab brought about significant reduction in cognitive impairment in patients with mild AD, but not in patients with severe AD. However, Aβ concentration did not significantly change, along with other AD biomarkers, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phospho-tau_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phospho-tau expression (page does not exist)">phospho-tau expression</a>, and hippocampal volume. Phase III clinical trials of Solanezumab failed as it did not show effect on cognitive decline in comparison to placebo. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lecanemab">Lecanemab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lecanemab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lecanemab" title="Lecanemab">Lecanemab</a> (BAN2401), is a humanized mAb that selectively targets toxic soluble Aβ protofibrils,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In phase 3 clinical trials,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecanemab showed a 27% slower cognitive decline after 18 months of treatment in comparison to placebo.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phase 3 clinical trials also reported infusion related reactions, <a href="/wiki/Amyloid-related_imaging_abnormalities" title="Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities">amyloid-related imaging abnormalities</a> and headaches as the most common side effects of Lecanemab. In July 2023 the FDA gave Lecanemab full approval for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was given the commercial name Leqembi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preventive_trials">Preventive trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preventive trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Failure of several drugs in Phase III clinical trials has led to AD prevention and early intervention for onset AD treatment endeavours. Passive anti-Aβ mAb treatment can be used for preventive attempts to modify AD progression before it causes extensive brain damage and symptoms. Trials using mAb treatment for patients positive for genetic risk factors, and elderly patients positive for indicators of AD are underway. This includes anti-AB treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4), the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative (API), and DIAN-TU.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2014_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A4 study on older individuals who are positive for indicators of AD but are negative for genetic risk factors will test Solanezumab in Phase III Clinical Trials, as a follow-up of previous Solanezumab studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2014_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DIAN-TU, launched in December 2012, focuses on young patients positive for genetic mutations that are risks for AD. This study uses Solanezumab and Gautenerumab. Gautenerumab, the first fully human MAB that preferentially interacts with oligomerized Aβ plaques in the brain, caused significant reduction in Aβ concentration in Phase I clinical trials, preventing plaque formation and concentration without altering plasma concentration of the brain. Phase II and III clinical trials are currently being conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-Panza_2014_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panza_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapy_types">Therapy types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Therapy types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioimmunotherapy">Radioimmunotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radioimmunotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radioimmunotherapy" title="Radioimmunotherapy">Radioimmunotherapy</a> (RIT) involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactively</a>-conjugated murine antibodies against cellular antigens. Most research involves their application to <a href="/wiki/Lymphomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphomas">lymphomas</a>, as these are highly radio-sensitive malignancies. To limit radiation exposure, murine antibodies were chosen, as their high immunogenicity promotes rapid tumor clearance. <a href="/wiki/Tositumomab" title="Tositumomab">Tositumomab</a> is an example used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibody-directed_enzyme_prodrug_therapy">Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ADEPT_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADEPT (medicine)">Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy</a> (ADEPT) involves the application of cancer-associated monoclonal antibodies that are linked to a drug-activating enzyme. Systemic administration of a non-toxic agent results in the antibody's conversion to a toxic drug, resulting in a cytotoxic effect that can be targeted at malignant cells. The clinical success of ADEPT treatments is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibody-drug_conjugates">Antibody-drug conjugates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Antibody-drug conjugates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">Antibody-drug conjugates</a> (ADCs) are antibodies linked to one or more drug molecules. Typically when the ADC meets the target cell (e.g. a cancerous cell) the drug is released to kill it. Many ADCs are in clinical development. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a few have been approved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunoliposome_therapy">Immunoliposome therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immunoliposome therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immunoliposomes are antibody-conjugated <a href="/wiki/Liposomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Liposomes">liposomes</a>. Liposomes can carry drugs or therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> and when conjugated with monoclonal antibodies, may be directed against malignant cells. Immunoliposomes have been successfully used in vivo to convey tumour-suppressing genes into tumours, using an antibody fragment against the human <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a> receptor. Tissue-specific gene delivery using immunoliposomes has been achieved in brain and breast cancer tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checkpoint_therapy">Checkpoint therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Checkpoint therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Checkpoint therapy uses antibodies and other techniques to circumvent the defenses that tumors use to suppress the immune system. Each defense is known as a checkpoint. Compound therapies combine antibodies to suppress multiple defensive layers. Known checkpoints include <a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a> targeted by ipilimumab, <a href="/wiki/PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a> targeted by nivolumab and <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a> and the tumor microenvironment.<sup id="cite_ref-sa15_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tumor_microenvironment" title="Tumor microenvironment">tumor microenvironment</a> (TME) features prevents the recruitment of T cells to the tumor. Ways include chemokine CCL<sup>2</sup> nitration, which traps T cells in the <a href="/wiki/Stromal_cell" title="Stromal cell">stroma</a>. Tumor vasculature helps tumors preferentially recruit other immune cells over T cells, in part through endothelial cell (EC)–specific expression of <a href="/wiki/FasL" class="mw-redirect" title="FasL">FasL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">ET<sub>B</sub>R</a>, and B7H3. <a href="/wiki/Myelomonocytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelomonocytic">Myelomonocytic</a> and tumor cells can up-regulate expression of <a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a>, partly driven by hypoxic conditions and cytokine production, such as IFNβ. Aberrant <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> production in the TME, such as the pathway regulation by <a href="/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase">IDO</a>, can affect T cell functions directly and indirectly via cells such as T<sub>reg</sub> cells. CD8 cells can be suppressed by B cells regulation of TAM phenotypes. Cancer-associated <a href="/wiki/Fibroblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroblasts">fibroblasts</a> (CAFs) have multiple TME functions, in part through <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> (ECM)–mediated T cell trapping and <a href="/wiki/CXCL12" class="mw-redirect" title="CXCL12">CXCL12</a>-regulated T cell exclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-jf15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jf15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FDA-approved_therapeutic_antibodies">FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_therapeutic_monoclonal_antibodies" title="List of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies">List of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody#Therapeutic_uses" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibody § Therapeutic uses</a></div> <p>The first FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody was a murine IgG2a CD3 specific <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">transplant rejection</a> drug, <a href="/wiki/OKT3" class="mw-redirect" title="OKT3">OKT3</a> (also called muromonab), in 1986. This drug found use in solid <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a> recipients who became <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroid</a> resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of therapies are undergoing <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a>. Most are concerned with immunological and oncological targets. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Antibody</th> <th>Brand name</th> <th>Company</th> <th>Approval date</th> <th>Route</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Target</th> <th>Indication<br />(Targeted disease)</th> <th>BLA STN</th> <th>Drug Label </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abciximab" title="Abciximab">abciximab</a></td> <td>ReoPro</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centocor" class="mw-redirect" title="Centocor">Centocor</a></td> <td>12/22/1994</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric Fab</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GPIIb/IIIa" class="mw-redirect" title="GPIIb/IIIa">GPIIb/IIIa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Percutaneous coronary intervention</a></td> <td>103575</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1997/abcicen110597-lab.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a></td> <td>Humira</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbvie" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbvie">Abbvie</a></td> <td>12/31/2002</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></td> <td>125057</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/adalabb123102LB.htm">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab-adbm" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalimumab-adbm">adalimumab-adbm</a></td> <td>Cyltezo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim" title="Boehringer Ingelheim">Boehringer Ingelheim</a></td> <td>8/25/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761058</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761058lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab-atto" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalimumab-atto">adalimumab-atto</a></td> <td>Amjevita</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>9/23/2016</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761024</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761024lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ado-trastuzumab_emtansine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-trastuzumab emtansine">ado-trastuzumab emtansine</a></td> <td>Kadcyla</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>2/22/2013</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized, <a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">antibody-drug conjugate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></td> <td>125427</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/125427lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">alemtuzumab</a></td> <td>Campath, Lemtrada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genzyme" title="Genzyme">Genzyme</a></td> <td>5/7/2001</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD52" title="CD52">CD52</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B-cell_chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia">B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></td> <td>103948</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/103948s5070lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alirocumab" title="Alirocumab">alirocumab</a></td> <td>Praluent</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanofi_Aventis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanofi Aventis">Sanofi Aventis</a></td> <td>7/24/2015</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PCSK9" title="PCSK9">PCSK9</a></td> <td>Heterozygous <a href="/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia" title="Familial hypercholesterolemia">familial hypercholesterolemia</a><br />Refractory <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">hypercholesterolemia</a></td> <td>125559</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125559Orig1s000lbledt.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">atezolizumab</a></td> <td>Tecentriq</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>5/18/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urothelial_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelial carcinoma">Urothelial carcinoma</a></td> <td>761034</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761034Orig1s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">atezolizumab</a></td> <td>Tecentriq</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>10/18/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urothelial_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelial carcinoma">Urothelial carcinoma</a><br />Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small cell lung cancer">non-small cell lung cancer</a></td> <td>761041</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761041s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avelumab" title="Avelumab">avelumab</a></td> <td>Bavencio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/EMD_Serono" class="mw-redirect" title="EMD Serono">EMD Serono</a></td> <td>3/23/2017</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkel cell carcinoma">Merkel cell carcinoma</a></td> <td>761049</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761049s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">basiliximab</a></td> <td>Simulect</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a></td> <td>5/12/1998</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL2RA" title="IL2RA">IL2RA</a></td> <td>Prophylaxis of <a href="/wiki/Acute_organ_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute organ rejection">acute organ rejection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renal_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal transplant">renal transplant</a></td> <td>103764</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1998/basnov051298lb.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belimumab" title="Belimumab">belimumab</a></td> <td>Benlysta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Sciences" title="Human Genome Sciences">Human Genome Sciences</a></td> <td>3/9/2011</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/BLyS" class="mw-redirect" title="BLyS">BLyS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></td> <td>125370</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/125370s0000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benralizumab" title="Benralizumab">benralizumab</a></td> <td>Fasenra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></td> <td>11/14/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interleukin-5_receptor_alpha_subunit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit (page does not exist)">interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit</a></td> <td>Severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, eosinophilic phenotype</td> <td>761070</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761070s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a></td> <td>Avastin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>2/26/2004</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEGF" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF">VEGF</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a></td> <td>125085</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/125085lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab-awwb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bevacizumab-awwb">bevacizumab-awwb</a></td> <td>Mvasi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>9/14/17</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEGF" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF">VEGF</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a><br />Non-squamous <a href="/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small-cell lung carcinoma">Non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">Glioblastoma</a><br />Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></td> <td>761028</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761028s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bezlotoxumab" title="Bezlotoxumab">bezlotoxumab</a></td> <td>Zinplava</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a></td> <td>10/21/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin B">Clostridioides difficile toxin B</a></td> <td>Prevent recurrence of <a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile infection</a></td> <td>761046</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761046s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blinatumomab" title="Blinatumomab">blinatumomab</a></td> <td>Blincyto</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>12/3/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>mouse, bispecific</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Precursor_B-cell_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a></td> <td>125557</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125557lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brentuximab_vedotin" title="Brentuximab vedotin">brentuximab vedotin</a></td> <td>Adcetris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Genetics">Seattle Genetics</a></td> <td>9/19/2011</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric, <a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">antibody-drug conjugate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_large-cell_lymphoma" title="Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma">Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma</a></td> <td>125388</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/125388s000,125399s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">brodalumab</a></td> <td>Siliq</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeant">Valeant</a></td> <td>2/15/2017</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL17RA" title="IL17RA">IL17RA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761032</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761032lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burosumab-twza" class="mw-redirect" title="Burosumab-twza">burosumab-twza</a></td> <td>Crysvita</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultragenyx" title="Ultragenyx">Ultragenyx</a></td> <td>4/17/18</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/FGF23" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF23">FGF23</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X-linked_hypophosphatemia" title="X-linked hypophosphatemia">X-linked hypophosphatemia</a></td> <td>761068</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761068s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">canakinumab</a></td> <td>Ilaris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a></td> <td>6/17/2009</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL1B" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1B">IL1B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryopyrin-associated_periodic_syndrome" title="Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome">Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome</a></td> <td>125319</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/125319s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capromab_pendetide" class="mw-redirect" title="Capromab pendetide">capromab pendetide</a></td> <td>ProstaScint</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytogen (page does not exist)">Cytogen</a></td> <td>10/28/1996</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>murine, radiolabeled</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_carboxypeptidase_II" title="Glutamate carboxypeptidase II">PSMA</a></td> <td>Diagnostic imaging agent in newly diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> or post-<a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a></td> <td>103608</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1996/capcyt102896lab.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol" title="Certolizumab pegol">certolizumab pegol</a></td> <td>Cimzia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/UCB_(company)" title="UCB (company)">UCB (company)</a></td> <td>4/22/2008</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></td> <td>125160</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/125160s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">cetuximab</a></td> <td>Erbitux</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ImClone_Systems" title="ImClone Systems">ImClone Systems</a></td> <td>2/12/2004</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorectal carcinoma">colorectal carcinoma</a></td> <td>125084</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/125084lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">daclizumab</a></td> <td>Zenapax</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a></td> <td>12/10/1997</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL2RA" title="IL2RA">IL2RA</a></td> <td>Prophylaxis of <a href="/wiki/Acute_organ_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute organ rejection">acute organ rejection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renal_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal transplant">renal transplant</a></td> <td>103749</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/daclhof072902lb.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">daclizumab</a></td> <td>Zinbryta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biogen" title="Biogen">Biogen</a></td> <td>5/27/2016</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL2R" class="mw-redirect" title="IL2R">IL2R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></td> <td>761029</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761029s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daratumumab" title="Daratumumab">daratumumab</a></td> <td>Darzalex</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen Biotech</a></td> <td>11/16/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD38" title="CD38">CD38</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></td> <td>761036</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/761036Orig1s000lbledt.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denosumab" title="Denosumab">denosumab</a></td> <td>Prolia, Xgeva</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>6/1/2010</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">Postmenopausal</a> women with <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a></td> <td>125320</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/125320s0000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinutuximab" title="Dinutuximab">dinutuximab</a></td> <td>Unituxin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Therapeutics" title="United Therapeutics">United Therapeutics</a></td> <td>3/10/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GD2" title="GD2">GD2</a></td> <td>Pediatric high-risk <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a></td> <td>125516</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125516s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">dupilumab</a></td> <td>Dupixent</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals" title="Regeneron Pharmaceuticals">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</a></td> <td>3/28/2017</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL4RA" class="mw-redirect" title="IL4RA">IL4RA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></td> <td>761055</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761055lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durvalumab" title="Durvalumab">durvalumab</a></td> <td>Imfinzi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></td> <td>5/1/2017</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PD-L1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urothelial_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelial carcinoma">Urothelial carcinoma</a></td> <td>761069</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761069s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eculizumab" title="Eculizumab">eculizumab</a></td> <td>Soliris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexion" title="Alexion">Alexion</a></td> <td>3/16/2007</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5" title="Complement component 5">Complement component 5</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></td> <td>125166</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/125166lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elotuzumab" title="Elotuzumab">elotuzumab</a></td> <td>Empliciti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a></td> <td>11/30/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SLAMF7" title="SLAMF7">SLAMF7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></td> <td>761035</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/761035s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emicizumab-kxwh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emicizumab-kxwh">emicizumab-kxwh</a></td> <td>Hemlibra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>11/16/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized, bispecific</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_IXa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factor IXa (page does not exist)">Factor IXa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_X" title="Factor X">Factor X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemophilia_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia A">Hemophilia A</a> (congenital <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</a> deficiency) with Factor VIII inhibitors.</td> <td>761083</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761083s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erenumab-aooe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erenumab-aooe">erenumab-aooe</a></td> <td>Aimovig</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>5/17/18</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CGRP" class="mw-redirect" title="CGRP">CGRP</a> receptor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Migraine_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraine headache">Migraine headache</a> prevention</td> <td>761077</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761077s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evolocumab" title="Evolocumab">evolocumab</a></td> <td>Repatha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>8/27/2015</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PCSK9" title="PCSK9">PCSK9</a></td> <td>Heterozygous <a href="/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia" title="Familial hypercholesterolemia">familial hypercholesterolemia</a><br />Refractory <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">hypercholesterolemia</a></td> <td>125522</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125522s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemtuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Gemtuzumab ozogamicin">gemtuzumab ozogamicin</a></td> <td>Mylotarg</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyeth" title="Wyeth">Wyeth</a></td> <td>9/1/17</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized, <a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">antibody-drug conjugate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">Acute myeloid leukemia</a></td> <td>761060</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761060lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">golimumab</a></td> <td>Simponi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centocor" class="mw-redirect" title="Centocor">Centocor</a></td> <td>4/24/2009</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a></td> <td>125289</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/125289s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">golimumab</a></td> <td>Simponi Aria</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen Biotech</a></td> <td>7/18/2013</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></td> <td>125433</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/125433s000lbledt.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">guselkumab</a></td> <td>Tremfya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen Biotech</a></td> <td>7/13/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761061</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761061s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibalizumab-uiyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibalizumab-uiyk">ibalizumab-uiyk</a></td> <td>Trogarzo</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TaiMed_Biologics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TaiMed Biologics (page does not exist)">TaiMed Biologics</a></td> <td>3/6/18</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></td> <td>761065</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761065lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibritumomab_tiuxetan" title="Ibritumomab tiuxetan">ibritumomab tiuxetan</a></td> <td>Zevalin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Pharmaceuticals" title="Spectrum Pharmaceuticals">Spectrum Pharmaceuticals</a></td> <td>2/19/2002</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>murine, radioimmunotherapy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td>Relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a></td> <td>125019</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/ibriide021902LB.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idarucizumab" title="Idarucizumab">idarucizumab</a></td> <td>Praxbind</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim" title="Boehringer Ingelheim">Boehringer Ingelheim</a></td> <td>10/16/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized Fab</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dabigatran" title="Dabigatran">dabigatran</a></td> <td>Emergency reversal of anticoagulant <a href="/wiki/Dabigatran" title="Dabigatran">dabigatran</a></td> <td>761025</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/761025lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a></td> <td>Remicade</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centocor" class="mw-redirect" title="Centocor">Centocor</a></td> <td>8/24/1998</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF alpha">TNF alpha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></td> <td>103772</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1998/inflcen082498lb.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infliximab-abda" class="mw-redirect" title="Infliximab-abda">infliximab-abda</a></td> <td>Renflexis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Bioepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Bioepis">Samsung Bioepis</a></td> <td>4/21/2017</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761054</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761054Orig1s000lbledt.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infliximab-dyyb" class="mw-redirect" title="Infliximab-dyyb">infliximab-dyyb</a></td> <td>Inflectra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celltrion_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celltrion Healthcare">Celltrion Healthcare</a></td> <td>4/5/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>125544</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/125544s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infliximab-qbtx" class="mw-redirect" title="Infliximab-qbtx">infliximab-qbtx</a></td> <td>Ixifi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a></td> <td>12/13/17</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TNF" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF">TNF</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761072</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761072s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inotuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Inotuzumab ozogamicin">inotuzumab ozogamicin</a></td> <td>Besponsa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyeth" title="Wyeth">Wyeth</a></td> <td>8/17/17</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized, <a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">antibody-drug conjugate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Precursor_B-cell_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a></td> <td>761040</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761040s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ipilimumab" title="Ipilimumab">ipilimumab</a></td> <td>Yervoy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a></td> <td>3/25/2011</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metastatic_melanoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic melanoma">Metastatic melanoma</a></td> <td>125377</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/125377s0000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">ixekizumab</a></td> <td>Taltz</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a></td> <td>3/22/2016</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL17A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17A">IL17A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>125521</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/125521s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marstacimab" title="Marstacimab">marstacimab</a></td> <td>Hympavzi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a></td> <td>10/11/2024</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tissue_factor_pathway_inhibitor" title="Tissue factor pathway inhibitor">Tissue factor pathway inhibitor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">Hemophilia</a> A and B</td> <td>761345</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-hemophilia-or-b?utm_source=sfmc&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=FDA+Alert+10.11.24&utm_term=https%3a%2f%2fwww.fda.gov%2fnews-events%2fpress-announcements%2ffda-approves-new-treatment-hemophilia-or-b&utm_id=376239&sfmc_id=19282767">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mepolizumab" title="Mepolizumab">mepolizumab</a></td> <td>Nucala</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a></td> <td>11/4/2015</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></td> <td>Severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></td> <td>125526</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125526Orig1s000Lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalizumab" title="Natalizumab">natalizumab</a></td> <td>Tysabri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biogen_Idec" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogen Idec">Biogen Idec</a></td> <td>11/23/2004</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td>alpha-4 <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></td> <td>125104</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/125104lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Necitumumab" title="Necitumumab">necitumumab</a></td> <td>Portrazza</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a></td> <td>11/24/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a></td> <td>Metastatic squamous <a href="/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small cell lung carcinoma">non-small cell lung carcinoma</a></td> <td>125547</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125547s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nivolumab" title="Nivolumab">nivolumab</a></td> <td>Opdivo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a></td> <td>3/4/2015</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a></td> <td>Metastatic squamous <a href="/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small cell lung carcinoma">non-small cell lung carcinoma</a></td> <td>125527</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125527s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nivolumab" title="Nivolumab">nivolumab</a></td> <td>Opdivo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a></td> <td>12/22/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metastatic_melanoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic melanoma">Metastatic melanoma</a></td> <td>125554</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125554lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obiltoxaximab" title="Obiltoxaximab">obiltoxaximab</a></td> <td>Anthem</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elusys_Therapeutics" title="Elusys Therapeutics">Elusys Therapeutics</a></td> <td>3/18/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td>Protective antigen of the <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_toxin" title="Anthrax toxin">Anthrax toxin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anthrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anthrax">Inhalational anthrax</a></td> <td>125509</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/125509lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">obinutuzumab</a></td> <td>Gazyva</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>11/1/2013</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></td> <td>125486</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/125486s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab" title="Ocrelizumab">ocrelizumab</a></td> <td>Ocrevus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>3/28/2017</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></td> <td>761053</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761053lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">ofatumumab</a></td> <td>Arzerra</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaxo_Grp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glaxo Grp (page does not exist)">Glaxo Grp</a></td> <td>10/26/2009</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></td> <td>125326</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/125326lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olaratumab" title="Olaratumab">olaratumab</a></td> <td>Lartruvo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a></td> <td>10/19/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PDGFRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PDGFRA">PDGFRA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_sarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue sarcoma">Soft tissue sarcoma</a></td> <td>761038</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761038lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">omalizumab</a></td> <td>Xolair</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>6/20/2003</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a></td> <td>Moderate to severe persistent <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></td> <td>103976</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/omalgen062003LB.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palivizumab" title="Palivizumab">palivizumab</a></td> <td>Synagis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MedImmune" title="MedImmune">MedImmune</a></td> <td>6/19/1998</td> <td>intramuscular</td> <td>humanized</td> <td>F protein of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">RSV</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">Respiratory syncytial virus</a></td> <td>103770</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/palimed102302LB.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">panitumumab</a></td> <td>Vectibix</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></td> <td>9/27/2006</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a></td> <td>125147</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/125147s0000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a></td> <td>Keytruda</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a></td> <td>9/4/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metastatic_melanoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic melanoma">Metastatic melanoma</a></td> <td>125514</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125514lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertuzumab" title="Pertuzumab">pertuzumab</a></td> <td>Perjeta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>6/8/2012</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></td> <td>125409</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/125409lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">ramucirumab</a></td> <td>Cyramza</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a></td> <td>4/21/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEGFR2" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGFR2">VEGFR2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></td> <td>125477</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125477lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranibizumab" title="Ranibizumab">ranibizumab</a></td> <td>Lucentis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>6/30/2006</td> <td>intravitreal injection</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEGFR1" title="VEGFR1">VEGFR1</a><br /><a href="/wiki/VEGFR2" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGFR2">VEGFR2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wet_age-related_macular_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet age-related macular degeneration">Wet age-related macular degeneration</a></td> <td>125156</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/125156lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raxibacumab" title="Raxibacumab">raxibacumab</a></td> <td>Raxibacumab</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Sciences" title="Human Genome Sciences">Human Genome Sciences</a></td> <td>12/24/2012</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td>Protective antigen of <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anthrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anthrax">Inhalational anthrax</a></td> <td>125349</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/125349s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reslizumab" title="Reslizumab">reslizumab</a></td> <td>Cinqair</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Teva Pharmaceutical Industries">Teva</a></td> <td>3/23/2016</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></td> <td>Severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></td> <td>761033</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761033lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">rituximab</a></td> <td>Rituxan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>11/26/1997</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td>B-cell <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a></td> <td>103705</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1997/ritugen112697-lab.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">rituximab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronidase" title="Hyaluronidase">hyaluronidase</a></td> <td>Rituxan Hycela</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>6/22/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>chimeric, co-formulated</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Follicular_lymphoma" title="Follicular lymphoma">Follicular lymphoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma" title="Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma">Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></td> <td>761064</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761064s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">sarilumab</a></td> <td>Kevzara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanofi_Aventis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanofi Aventis">Sanofi Aventis</a></td> <td>5/22/17</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL6R" class="mw-redirect" title="IL6R">IL6R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></td> <td>761037</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761037s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">secukinumab</a></td> <td>Cosentyx</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a></td> <td>1/21/2015</td> <td>subcutaneous (2015) <br /> intravenous (2023)</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL17A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17A">IL17A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a></td> <td>125504</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125504s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">siltuximab</a></td> <td>Sylvant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen Biotech</a></td> <td>4/23/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>chimeric</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></td> <td>Multicentric <a href="/wiki/Castleman%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Castleman's disease">Castleman's disease</a></td> <td>125496</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125496s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab-asmn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tildrakizumab-asmn">tildrakizumab-asmn</a></td> <td>Ilumya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merck_Group" title="Merck Group">Merck</a></td> <td>3/20/18</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>761067</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761067s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">tocilizumab</a></td> <td>Actemra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>1/8/2010</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL6R" class="mw-redirect" title="IL6R">IL6R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></td> <td>125276</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/125276lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">tocilizumab</a></td> <td>Actemra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>10/21/2013</td> <td>intravenous<br />subcutaneous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IL6R" class="mw-redirect" title="IL6R">IL6R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><br />Polyarticular <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a><br />Systemic <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a></td> <td>125472</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/125472s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">trastuzumab</a></td> <td>Herceptin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a></td> <td>9/25/1998</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a></td> <td>Metastatic <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></td> <td>103792</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1998/trasgen092598lb.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab-dkst" class="mw-redirect" title="Trastuzumab-dkst">trastuzumab-dkst</a></td> <td>Ogivri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mylan" title="Mylan">Mylan</a></td> <td>12/1/17</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized, <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a></td> <td>HER2-overexpressing breast cancer, metaststic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma</td> <td>761074</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761074s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">ustekinumab</a></td> <td>Stelara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centocor" class="mw-redirect" title="Centocor">Centocor</a></td> <td>9/25/2009</td> <td>subcutaneous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a></td> <td>125261</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/125261lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">ustekinumab</a></td> <td>Stelara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen Biotech</a></td> <td>9/23/2016</td> <td>subcutaneous<br />intravenous</td> <td>fully human</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaque_psoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></td> <td>761044</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/761044lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vedolizumab" title="Vedolizumab">vedolizumab</a></td> <td>Entyvio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a></td> <td>5/20/2014</td> <td>intravenous</td> <td>humanized</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrin</a> receptor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></td> <td>125476</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125476s000lbl.pdf">Link</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Tositumomab" title="Tositumomab">Tositumomab</a> – Bexxar – 2003 – <a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mogamulizumab" title="Mogamulizumab">Mogamulizumab</a> – Poteligeo – August 2018 – <a href="/wiki/CCR4" title="CCR4">CCR4</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moxetumomab_pasudotox" title="Moxetumomab pasudotox">Moxetumomab pasudotox</a> – Lumoxiti – September 2018 – <a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cemiplimab" title="Cemiplimab">Cemiplimab</a> – Libtayo – September 2018 – <a href="/wiki/PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polatuzumab_vedotin" title="Polatuzumab vedotin">Polatuzumab vedotin</a> – Polivy – June 2019 – <a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">CD79B</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bispecific_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispecific antibodies">bispecific antibodies</a> have arrived in the clinic. In 2009, the bispecific antibody <a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">catumaxomab</a> was approved in the European Union<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was later withdrawn for commercial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Amivantamab" title="Amivantamab">amivantamab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinatumomab" title="Blinatumomab">blinatumomab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teclistamab" title="Teclistamab">teclistamab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emicizumab" title="Emicizumab">emicizumab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2000, the therapeutic market for monoclonal antibodies has grown exponentially. In 2006, the "big 5" therapeutic antibodies on the market were <a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">trastuzumab</a> (both oncology), <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_and_inflammatory_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune and inflammatory disorder">autoimmune and inflammatory disorders</a>, 'AIID') and <a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">rituximab</a> (oncology and AIID) accounted for 80% of revenues in 2006. In 2007, eight of the 20 best-selling biotechnology drugs in the U.S. are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rapid growth in demand for monoclonal antibody production has been well accommodated by the industrialization of mAb manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yao_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYaoZhuChen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yao S, Zhu Y, <a href="/wiki/Lieping_Chen" title="Lieping Chen">Chen L</a> (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698571">"Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 130–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd3877">10.1038/nrd3877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698571">3698571</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23370250">23370250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=Advances+in+targeting+cell+surface+signalling+molecules+for+immune+modulation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-146&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3698571%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23370250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrd3877&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3698571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoclonal+antibody+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janeway-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanewayPaul_TraversMark_WalportMark_Shlomchik2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Janeway" title="Charles Janeway">Janeway, Charles</a>; Paul Travers; Mark Walport; Mark Shlomchik (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=imm.TOC&depth=10"><i>Immunobiology; Fifth Edition</i></a>. New York and London: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4101-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-4101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunobiology%3B+Fifth+Edition&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4101-7&rft.aulast=Janeway&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Paul+Travers&rft.au=Mark+Walport&rft.au=Mark+Shlomchik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dimm.TOC%26depth%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoclonal+antibody+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janeway6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaneway_CA_Jr.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Janeway" title="Charles Janeway">Janeway CA Jr.</a>; et al. (2005). <i>Immunobiology</i> (6th ed.). 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class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11448508">11448508</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39358613">39358613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Immunol+Immunother&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+antibodies+in+oncology%3A+an+immunopharmacological+overview&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=242&rft.date=2024-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11448508%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39358613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00262-024-03814-2&rft.aulast=Toledo-Stuardo&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+CH&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Herrera%2C+F&rft.au=Matthies%2C+DJ&rft.au=Le+Roy%2C+MS&rft.au=Dietz-Vargas%2C+C&rft.au=Latorre%2C+Y&rft.au=Campos%2C+I&rft.au=Guerra%2C+Y&rft.au=Tello%2C+S&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez-S%C3%A1ez%2C+V&rft.au=Novoa%2C+P&rft.au=Fehring%2C+N&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+M&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Siza%2C+J&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+G&rft.au=M%C3%A9ndez%2C+P&rft.au=Altamirano%2C+C&rft.au=Molina%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11448508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoclonal+antibody+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScolnik2009" class="citation journal cs1">Scolnik PA (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725420">"mAbs: a business perspective"</a>. <i>mAbs</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 179–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fmabs.1.2.7736">10.4161/mabs.1.2.7736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725420">2725420</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20061824">20061824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mAbs&rft.atitle=mAbs%3A+a+business+perspective&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-184&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725420%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20061824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fmabs.1.2.7736&rft.aulast=Scolnik&rft.aufirst=PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoclonal+antibody+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759494">"Industrialization of mAb production technology: the bioprocessing industry at a crossroads"</a>. <i>mAbs</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 443–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fmabs.1.5.9448">10.4161/mabs.1.5.9448</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759494">2759494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20065641">20065641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mAbs&rft.atitle=Industrialization+of+mAb+production+technology%3A+the+bioprocessing+industry+at+a+crossroads&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=443-452&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2759494%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20065641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fmabs.1.5.9448&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2759494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoclonal+antibody+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibody_therapy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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L01">L01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">CI</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">monoclonal antibodies</a> ("-mab")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ErbB" title="ErbB">ErbB</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">HER1/EGFR</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">Cetuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">Panitumumab</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pertuzumab" title="Pertuzumab">Pertuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">Trastuzumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase" title="Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_emtansine" title="Trastuzumab emtansine">Trastuzumab emtansine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_deruxtecan" title="Trastuzumab deruxtecan">Trastuzumab deruxtecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanidatamab" title="Zanidatamab">Zanidatamab</a> )</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others for solid tumors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/EpCAM" class="mw-redirect" title="EpCAM">EpCAM</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">Catumaxomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edrecolomab" title="Edrecolomab">Edrecolomab</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_A" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor A">VEGF-A</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">Bevacizumab</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Leukemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphoid</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Glofitamab" title="Glofitamab">Glofitamab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elranatamab" title="Elranatamab">Elranatamab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosunetuzumab" title="Mosunetuzumab">Mosunetuzumab</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Glofitamab" title="Glofitamab">Glofitamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibritumomab_tiuxetan" title="Ibritumomab tiuxetan">Ibritumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosunetuzumab" title="Mosunetuzumab">Mosunetuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">Obinutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">Ofatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">Rituximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tositumomab" title="Tositumomab">Tositumomab</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Brentuximab_vedotin" title="Brentuximab vedotin">Brentuximab</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/CD52" title="CD52">CD52</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">myeloid</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gemtuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Gemtuzumab ozogamicin">Gemtuzumab ozogamicin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amivantamab" title="Amivantamab">Amivantamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">Atezolizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelumab" title="Avelumab">Avelumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axatilimab" title="Axatilimab">Axatilimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belantamab_mafodotin" title="Belantamab mafodotin">Belantamab mafodotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermekimab" title="Bermekimab">Bermekimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinatumomab" title="Blinatumomab">Blinatumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemiplimab" title="Cemiplimab">Cemiplimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daratumumab" title="Daratumumab">Daratumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinutuximab_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinutuximab beta">Dinutuximab beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dostarlimab" title="Dostarlimab">Dostarlimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvalumab" title="Durvalumab">Durvalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elotuzumab" title="Elotuzumab">Elotuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfortumab_vedotin" title="Enfortumab vedotin">Enfortumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epcoritamab" title="Epcoritamab">Epcoritamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Inotuzumab ozogamicin">Inotuzumab ozogamicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipilimumab" title="Ipilimumab">Ipilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatuximab" title="Isatuximab">Isatuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncastuximab_tesirine" title="Loncastuximab tesirine">Loncastuximab tesirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirvetuximab_soravtansine" title="Mirvetuximab soravtansine">Mirvetuximab soravtansine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogamulizumab" title="Mogamulizumab">Mogamulizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxetumomab_pasudotox" title="Moxetumomab pasudotox">Moxetumomab pasudotox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxitamab" title="Naxitamab">Naxitamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necitumumab" title="Necitumumab">Necitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivolumab" title="Nivolumab">Nivolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaratumab" title="Olaratumab">Olaratumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportuzumab_monatox" title="Oportuzumab monatox">Oportuzumab monatox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">Pembrolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polatuzumab_vedotin" title="Polatuzumab vedotin">Polatuzumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolgolimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolgolimab (page does not exist)">Prolgolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">Ramucirumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retifanlimab" title="Retifanlimab">Retifanlimab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabatolimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabatolimab (page does not exist)">Sabatolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacituzumab_govitecan" title="Sacituzumab govitecan">Sacituzumab govitecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serplulimab" title="Serplulimab">Serplulimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugemalimab" title="Sugemalimab">Sugemalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafasitamab" title="Tafasitamab">Tafasitamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talquetamab" title="Talquetamab">Talquetamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlatamab" title="Tarlatamab">Tarlatamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teclistamab" title="Teclistamab">Teclistamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tislelizumab" title="Tislelizumab">Tislelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisotumab_vedotin" title="Tisotumab vedotin">Tisotumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripalimab" title="Toripalimab">Toripalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremelimumab" title="Tremelimumab">Tremelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenocutuzumab" title="Zenocutuzumab">Zenocutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolbetuximab" title="Zolbetuximab">Zolbetuximab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor" title="Tyrosine kinase inhibitor">Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</a> ("-nib")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ErbB" title="ErbB">ErbB</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">HER1/EGFR</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Afatinib" title="Afatinib">Afatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aumolertinib" title="Aumolertinib">Aumolertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigatinib" title="Brigatinib">Brigatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacomitinib" title="Dacomitinib">Dacomitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlotinib" title="Erlotinib">Erlotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefitinib" title="Gefitinib">Gefitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icotinib" title="Icotinib">Icotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazertinib" title="Lazertinib">Lazertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobocertinib" title="Mobocertinib">Mobocertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmutinib" title="Olmutinib">Olmutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osimertinib" title="Osimertinib">Osimertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rociletinib" title="Rociletinib">Rociletinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>HER1/EGFR and <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapatinib" title="Lapatinib">Lapatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neratinib" title="Neratinib">Neratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucatinib" title="Tucatinib">Tucatinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BRAF_(gene)" title="BRAF (gene)">BRAF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabrafenib" title="Dabrafenib">Dabrafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encorafenib" title="Encorafenib">Encorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemurafenib" title="Vemurafenib">Vemurafenib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTK_class_III" title="RTK class III">RTK class III</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">C-kit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor receptor">PDGFR</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Avapritinib" title="Avapritinib">Avapritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axitinib" title="Axitinib">Axitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masitinib" title="Masitinib">Masitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">Pazopanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripretinib" title="Ripretinib">Ripretinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toceranib" title="Toceranib">Toceranib</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD135" title="CD135">FLT3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilteritinib" title="Gilteritinib">Gilteritinib</a> (AXL, ALK, LTK))</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/VEGF_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF receptors">VEGFR</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axitinib" title="Axitinib">Axitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cediranib" title="Cediranib">Cediranib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruquintinib" title="Fruquintinib">Fruquintinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenvatinib" title="Lenvatinib">Lenvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintedanib" title="Nintedanib">Nintedanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">Pazopanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regorafenib" title="Regorafenib">Regorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaxanib" title="Semaxanib">Semaxanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivozanib" title="Tivozanib">Tivozanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toceranib" title="Toceranib">Toceranib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">ALK</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alectinib" title="Alectinib">Alectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigatinib" title="Brigatinib">Brigatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceritinib" title="Ceritinib">Ceritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crizotinib" title="Crizotinib">Crizotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorlatinib" title="Lorlatinib">Lorlatinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene" title="RET proto-oncogene">RET</a> inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a> (ALK, ROS1, NTRK), <a href="/wiki/Futibatinib" title="Futibatinib">Futibatinib</a> (FGFR2), <a href="/wiki/Infigratinib" title="Infigratinib">Infigratinib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larotrectinib" title="Larotrectinib">Larotrectinib</a> (NTRK), <a href="/wiki/Pemigatinib" title="Pemigatinib">Pemigatinib</a> (FGFR), <a href="/wiki/Pralsetinib" title="Pralsetinib">Pralsetinib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repotrectinib" title="Repotrectinib">Repotrectinib</a> (ROS1, TRK, ALK), <a href="/wiki/Selpercatinib" title="Selpercatinib">Selpercatinib</a> (VEGFR, FGFR), <a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a> (VEGFR, EGFR).</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/C-Met" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Met">c-MET</a> inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cabozantinib" title="Cabozantinib">Cabozantinib</a> (VEGFR), <a href="/wiki/Capmatinib" title="Capmatinib">Capmatinib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crizotinib" title="Crizotinib">Crizotinib</a> (ALK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Non-receptor tyrosine kinase">Non-receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bcr-abl_fusion_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcr-abl fusion protein">bcr-abl</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asciminib" title="Asciminib">Asciminib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosutinib" title="Bosutinib">Bosutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasatinib" title="Dasatinib">Dasatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">Imatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotinib" title="Nilotinib">Nilotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponatinib" title="Ponatinib">Ponatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radotinib" title="Radotinib">Radotinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Src_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Src (gene)">Src</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bosutinib" title="Bosutinib">Bosutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasatinib" title="Dasatinib">Dasatinib</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">Janus kinase</a> (JAK)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedratinib" title="Fedratinib">Fedratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momelotinib" title="Momelotinib">Momelotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacritinib" title="Pacritinib">Pacritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase_kinase" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase">MAP2K</a> (MEK)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binimetinib" title="Binimetinib">Binimetinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobimetinib" title="Cobimetinib">Cobimetinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selumetinib" title="Selumetinib">Selumetinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trametinib" title="Trametinib">Trametinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/EML4" title="EML4">EML4</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">ALK</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crizotinib" title="Crizotinib">Crizotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorlatinib" title="Lorlatinib">Lorlatinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bruton%27s_tyrosine_kinase" title="Bruton's tyrosine kinase">Bruton's</a> (BTK)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalabrutinib" title="Acalabrutinib">Acalabrutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrutinib" title="Ibrutinib">Ibrutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orelabrutinib" title="Orelabrutinib">Orelabrutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirtobrutinib" title="Pirtobrutinib">Pirtobrutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanubrutinib" title="Zanubrutinib">Zanubrutinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">fusion protein</a> against <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">VEGF</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proapoptotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proapoptotic">proapoptotic</a> peptide against <a href="/wiki/ANXA2" class="mw-redirect" title="ANXA2">ANXA2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prohibitin" title="Prohibitin">prohibitin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Adipotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipotide">Adipotide</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxin</a> against <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL-2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Denileukin_diftitox" title="Denileukin diftitox">Denileukin diftitox</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MTOR_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="MTOR inhibitor">mTOR inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">Everolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridaforolimus" title="Ridaforolimus">Ridaforolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temsirolimus" title="Temsirolimus">Temsirolimus</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">hedgehog</a> inhibitors</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasdegib" title="Glasdegib">Glasdegib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonidegib" title="Sonidegib">Sonidegib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vismodegib" title="Vismodegib">Vismodegib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CDK_inhibitor" title="CDK inhibitor">CDK inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemaciclib" title="Abemaciclib">Abemaciclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalpiciclib" title="Dalpiciclib">Dalpiciclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palbociclib" title="Palbociclib">Palbociclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribociclib" title="Ribociclib">Ribociclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilaciclib" title="Trilaciclib">Trilaciclib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS">KRAS</a> inhibitors</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adagrasib" title="Adagrasib">Adagrasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotorasib" title="Sotorasib">Sotorasib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi3K_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pi3K inhibitor">Pi3K inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpelisib" title="Alpelisib">Alpelisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copanlisib" title="Copanlisib">Copanlisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvelisib" title="Duvelisib">Duvelisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idelalisib" title="Idelalisib">Idelalisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inavolisib" title="Inavolisib">Inavolisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsaclisib" title="Parsaclisib">Parsaclisib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MEN1" title="MEN1">Menin</a> inhibitors</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revumenib" title="Revumenib">Revumenib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor">Fibroblast growth factor receptor</a></i> (FGFR) inhibitors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdafitinib" title="Erdafitinib">Erdafitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futibatinib" title="Futibatinib">Futibatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infigratinib" title="Infigratinib">Infigratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemigatinib" title="Pemigatinib">Pemigatinib</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabozantinib" title="Cabozantinib">Cabozantinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capmatinib" title="Capmatinib">Capmatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilteritinib" title="Gilteritinib">Gilteritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larotrectinib" title="Larotrectinib">Larotrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenvatinib" title="Lenvatinib">Lenvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masitinib" title="Masitinib">Masitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midostaurin" title="Midostaurin">Midostaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintedanib" title="Nintedanib">Nintedanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odronextamab" title="Odronextamab">Odronextamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" 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