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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Taiwan controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Statute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusion_of_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_of_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Exclusion of Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_of_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Navigation_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Navigation_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Air Navigation Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Navigation_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passport_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passport_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Passport standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passport_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerodrome_reference_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerodrome_reference_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Aerodrome reference code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodrome_reference_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Registered codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Registered_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Registered codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Registered_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Airport codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airline_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airline_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Airline codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airline_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_registrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_registrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Aircraft registrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_registrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_type_designators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_type_designators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Aircraft type designators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_type_designators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_System_of_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_System_of_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International System of Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_System_of_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_and_regional_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_regional_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Regions and regional offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_regional_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_secretaries_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_secretaries_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>List of secretaries general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_secretaries_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_council_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_council_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>List of council presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_council_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_of_air_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_of_air_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Investigations of air disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations_of_air_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drone_regulations_and_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drone_regulations_and_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Drone regulations and registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drone_regulations_and_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Civil Aviation Organization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Burgerlugvaartorganisasie" title="Internasionale Burgerlugvaartorganisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Burgerlugvaartorganisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_d%27Aviaci%C3%B3n_Civil_Internacional" title="Organización d'Aviación Civil Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Organización d'Aviación Civil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_M%C3%BClki_Aviasiya_T%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1" title="Beynəlxalq Mülki Aviasiya Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Mülki Aviasiya Təşkilatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক বেসামরিক বিমান চলাচল সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক বেসামরিক বিমান চলাচল সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Міжнародная арганізацыя цывільнай авіяцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародная арганізацыя цывільнай авіяцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Міжнародная арганізацыя грамадзянскай авіяцыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародная арганізацыя грамадзянскай авіяцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международна организация за гражданска авиация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна организация за гражданска авиация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacija_me%C4%91unarodne_civilne_avijacije" title="Organizacija međunarodne civilne avijacije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organizacija međunarodne civilne avijacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_de_l%27Aviaci%C3%B3_Civil_Internacional" title="Organització de l'Aviació Civil Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organització de l'Aviació Civil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_organizace_pro_civiln%C3%AD_letectv%C3%AD" title="Mezinárodní organizace pro civilní letectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní organizace pro civilní letectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefydliad_Hedfan_Sifil_Rhyngwladol" title="Sefydliad Hedfan Sifil Rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sefydliad Hedfan Sifil Rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organisation" title="International Civil Aviation Organisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="International Civil Aviation Organisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Zivilluftfahrtorganisation" title="Internationale Zivilluftfahrtorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Zivilluftfahrtorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Tsiviillennunduse_Organisatsioon" title="Rahvusvaheline Tsiviillennunduse Organisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Tsiviillennunduse Organisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διεθνής Οργανισμός Πολιτικής Αεροπορίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Οργανισμός Πολιτικής Αεροπορίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Civil_Internacional" title="Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Civila_Aviada_Organiza%C4%B5o" title="Internacia Civila Aviada Organizaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Civila Aviada Organizaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazkineria_Zibilaren_Nazioarteko_Erakundea" title="Hegazkineria Zibilaren Nazioarteko Erakundea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazkineria Zibilaren Nazioarteko Erakundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سازمان بین‌المللی هوانوردی کشوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان بین‌المللی هوانوردی کشوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_l%27aviation_civile_internationale" title="Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternasjonale_Boargerloftfeartorganisaasje" title="Ynternasjonale Boargerloftfeartorganisaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternasjonale Boargerloftfeartorganisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Civil_Internacional" title="Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%84_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="국제 민간 항공 기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 민간 항공 기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի միջազգային կազմակերպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի միջազգային կազմակերպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय नागर विमानन संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय नागर विमानन संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacija_me%C4%91unarodnog_civilnog_zrakoplovstva" title="Organizacija međunarodnog civilnog zrakoplovstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Organizacija međunarodnog civilnog zrakoplovstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Penerbangan_Sipil_Internasional" title="Organisasi Penerbangan Sipil Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organisasi Penerbangan Sipil Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0aflugm%C3%A1lastofnunin" title="Alþjóðaflugmálastofnunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðaflugmálastofnunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_internazionale_dell%27aviazione_civile" title="Organizzazione internazionale dell'aviazione civile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione internazionale dell'aviazione civile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הארגון הבין-לאומי לתעופה אזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארגון הבין-לאומי לתעופה אזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO" title="ICAO – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ICAO" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ವಿಮಾನಯಾನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ವಿಮಾನಯಾನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სამოქალაქო ავიაციის საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოქალაქო ავიაციის საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Халықаралық азаматтық авиация ұйымы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық азаматтық авиация ұйымы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Эл аралык жарандык авиация уюму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл аралык жарандык авиация уюму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_civil%C4%81s_avi%C4%81cijas_organiz%C4%81cija" title="Starptautiskā civilās aviācijas organizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā civilās aviācijas organizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_civilin%C4%97s_aviacijos_organizacija" title="Tarptautinė civilinės aviacijos organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė civilinės aviacijos organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Polg%C3%A1ri_Rep%C3%BCl%C3%A9si_Szervezet" title="Nemzetközi Polgári Repülési Szervezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Polgári Repülési Szervezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नागरिक उड्डयन सङ्गठन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नागरिक उड्डयन सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Меѓународна организација за цивилно воздухопловство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународна организација за цивилно воздухопловство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanan%27ny_mpampiasa_sidina_anabakabaka_sivily_iraisam-pirenena" title="Fikambanan'ny mpampiasa sidina anabakabaka sivily iraisam-pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanan'ny mpampiasa sidina anabakabaka sivily iraisam-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സിവിൽ വ്യോമയാന സംഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സിവിൽ വ്യോമയാന സംഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय नागरी उड्डाण संस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय नागरी उड्डाण संस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ომენოღალე ავიაციაშ ერეფოშქაშე ორგანიზაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომენოღალე ავიაციაშ ერეფოშქაშე ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="منظمة الطيران المدنى الدولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منظمة الطيران المدنى الدولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_Penerbangan_Awam_Antarabangsa" title="Pertubuhan Penerbangan Awam Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertubuhan Penerbangan Awam Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ မြို့ပြလေကြောင်းဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး အဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ မြို့ပြလေကြောင်းဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး အဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Burgerluchtvaartorganisatie" title="Internationale Burgerluchtvaartorganisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationale Burgerluchtvaartorganisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नागरिक उड्डयन सङ्गठन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नागरिक उड्डयन सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="国際民間航空機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際民間航空機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_organisasjonen_for_sivil_luftfart" title="Den internasjonale organisasjonen for sivil luftfart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den internasjonale organisasjonen for sivil luftfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_organisasjonen_for_sivil_luftfart" title="Den internasjonale organisasjonen for sivil luftfart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den internasjonale organisasjonen for sivil luftfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacion_de_l%27Aviacion_Civila_Internacionala" title="Organizacion de l'Aviacion Civila Internacionala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organizacion de l'Aviacion Civila Internacionala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بین الاقوامی شہری ہوا بازی تنظیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین الاقوامی شہری ہوا بازی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_Mi%C4%99dzynarodowego_Lotnictwa_Cywilnego" title="Organizacja Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizacja Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Civil_Internacional" title="Organização da Aviação Civil Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização da Aviação Civil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_Avia%C8%9Biei_Civile" title="Organizația Internațională a Aviației Civile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizația Internațională a Aviației Civile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Международная организация гражданской авиации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международная организация гражданской авиации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare_e_Aviacionit_Civil" title="Organizata Ndërkombëtare e Aviacionit Civil – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata Ndërkombëtare e Aviacionit Civil" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_organiz%C3%A1cia_pre_civiln%C3%A9_letectvo" title="Medzinárodná organizácia pre civilné letectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodná organizácia pre civilné letectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_organizacija_civilnega_letalstva" title="Mednarodna organizacija civilnega letalstva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodna organizacija civilnega letalstva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururka_Adeega_Duulista_Caalamiga" title="Ururka Adeega Duulista Caalamiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ururka Adeega Duulista Caalamiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕێکخراوەی نێونەتەوەییی فڕۆکەوانیی مەدەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێکخراوەی نێونەتەوەییی فڕۆکەوانیی مەدەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Организација међународног цивилног ваздухопловства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Организација међународног цивилног ваздухопловства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO" title="ICAO – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ICAO" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="International Civil Aviation Organization" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_siviili-ilmailuj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Kansainvälinen siviili-ilmailujärjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen siviili-ilmailujärjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_civila_luftfartsorganisationen" title="Internationella civila luftfartsorganisationen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella civila luftfartsorganisationen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பன்னாட்டு குடிசார் வான்பயண அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு குடிசார் வான்பயண அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="องค์การการบินพลเรือนระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การการบินพลเรือนระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Sivil_Havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Örgütü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Örgütü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKAO" title="IKAO – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="IKAO" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&params=45_30_1_N_73_33_51_W_region:CA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°30′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°33′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.50028°N 73.56417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.50028; -73.56417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICAO&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specialised agency of the United Nations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Civil Aviation Organization" redirects here. For the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Organization_(Iran)" title="Civil Aviation Organization (Iran)">Civil Aviation Organization (Iran)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Civil Aviation Organization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg/220px-International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg/330px-International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg/440px-International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="206" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg/220px-ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg/330px-ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg/440px-ICAO_World_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ICAO's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ICAO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">4 April 1947<span class="noprint">; 77 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1947-04-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">United Nations specialised agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arabic</li><li>Chinese</li><li>English</li><li>French</li><li>Russian</li><li>Spanish</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez">Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Council President</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Salvatore Sciacchitano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Triennial Assembly</li><li>ICAO Council</li><li>ICAO Secretariat</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icao.int">icao<wbr />.int</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125761#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Civil Aviation Organization</b> (<b>ICAO</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">eye-<span style="font-size:90%">KAY</span>-oh</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Specialized_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized agency">specialized agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_air_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled air transport">air transport</a> to ensure safe and orderly growth.<sup id="cite_ref-icaocodification_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icaocodification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICAO headquarters are located in the <a href="/wiki/Quartier_international_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Quartier international de Montréal">Quartier international de Montréal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada. </p><p>The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Flight_inspection" title="Flight inspection">flight inspection</a>, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a>. ICAO defines the protocols for <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">air accident</a> investigation that are followed by <a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_investigating_aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Category:Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents">transport safety authorities</a> in countries signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The commission is composed of 19 commissioners, nominated by the ICAO's contracting states and appointed by the ICAO Council.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_ANC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_ANC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. International <a href="/wiki/Standards_and_Recommended_Practices" title="Standards and Recommended Practices">Standards and Recommended Practices</a> are developed under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the commission, standards are sent to the council, the political body of ICAO, for consultation and coordination with the member states before final adoption. </p><p>ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations, particularly because it alone is vested with international authority (among signatory states): other organizations include the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA), a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Navigation_Services_Organisation" title="Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation">Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation</a> (CANSO), an organization for <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation_service_provider" title="Air navigation service provider">air navigation service providers</a> (ANSPs); and the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a>, a trade association of <a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">airport authorities</a>. In addition there are several regional civil aviation commissions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Civil_Aviation_Commission" title="Latin American Civil Aviation Commission">Latin America Civil Aviation Commission</a> (LACAC) who focus on challenges and growth in specific regions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forerunner to ICAO was the <b>International Commission for Air Navigation</b> (ICAN).<sup id="cite_ref-icaocodification_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icaocodification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It held its first convention in 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, but no agreements were reached among the eight countries that attended. At the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin, twenty-seven countries attended.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third convention, held in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1912, allocated the first radio <a href="/wiki/Callsign" class="mw-redirect" title="Callsign">callsigns</a> for use by aircraft. ICAN continued to operate until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a>, also known as the Chicago Convention, in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, was signed by 52 countries on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a <b>Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization</b> was to be established, to be replaced in turn by a permanent organization when twenty-six countries ratified the convention. PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The 26th country ratified the convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently, PICAO was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, which began operations the same day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> under its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC).<sup id="cite_ref-ICAN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www2.icao.int_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.icao.int-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization. Qatar promised to construct a massive new headquarters for ICAO and to cover all moving expenses, stating that Montreal "was too far from Europe and Asia", "had cold winters", was hard to attend due to the Canadian government's slow issuance of visas, and that the taxes imposed on ICAO by Canada were too high.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, Qatar's invitation was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately a month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a separate proposal to the ICAO's governing council to move the ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan_controversy">Taiwan controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taiwan controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2020, ICAO blocked several <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> users, including <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think-tank</a> analysts, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congressional</a> staff, and journalists, who mentioned <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in tweets related to ICAO. Many of the tweets were related to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and Taiwan's exclusion from ICAO safety and health bulletins due to pressure from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In response, ICAO issued a tweet stating that publishers of "irrelevant, compromising and offensive material" would be "precluded".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since that action, the organization has followed a policy of blocking anyone asking about it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> harshly criticized ICAO's perceived failure to uphold principles of fairness, inclusion, and transparency by silencing non-disruptive opposing voices. Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> also criticized the move.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)</a> (MOFA) and Taiwanese legislators criticized the move with MOFA head <a href="/wiki/Jaushieh_Joseph_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaushieh Joseph Wu">Jaushieh Joseph Wu</a> tweeting in support of those blocked. </p><p>In January 2020, Anthony Philbin, Chief of Communications for the ICAO Secretary General, defended ICAO's actions, stating, 'We felt completely justified in taking steps to protect the integrity of the information and discussions that our followers reasonably expect from our feeds.' In exchanges with the International Flight Network, Philbin refused to acknowledge the existence of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> issued a press release heavily criticizing ICAO's actions, characterizing them as "outrageous, unacceptable, and not befitting of a UN organization."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statute">Statute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a> includes modifications from years 1948 up to 2006. ICAO refers to its current edition of the convention as the <i>Statute</i> and designates it as ICAO Document 7300/9. The convention has 19 Annexes that are listed by title in the article <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICAO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ICAO.png/220px-ICAO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ICAO.png/330px-ICAO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ICAO.png/440px-ICAO.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>International Civil Aviation Organization member states</figcaption></figure> <p>As of April 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 193 ICAO members, consisting of 192 of the 193 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN members</a> (all but <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, which lacks an international airport), plus the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> not being a direct party to ICAO, its government delegated <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to enter into the treaty on its behalf, and the treaty is applicable in the territory of Liechtenstein.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_of_Taiwan">Exclusion of Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusion of Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of China was a founding member of ICAO. Following its <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">retreat to Taiwan</a>, it was eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> as the legal representative of China in 1971. </p><p>In 2013, Taiwan was for the first time invited to attend the ICAO Assembly, at its 38th session, as a guest under the name of "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>". As of September 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it has not been invited to participate again, due to renewed PRC pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The host government, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, supports Taiwan's inclusion in ICAO. Support also comes from Canada's commercial sector with the president of the Air Transport Association of Canada saying in 2019 that "It's about safety in aviation so from a strictly operational and non-political point of view, I believe Taiwan should be there."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Council">Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg/220px-ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg/330px-ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg/440px-ICAO_Council_Chamber_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption>The ICAO's council chamber in July 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The ICAO Council is elected by the Assembly every three years and consists of 36 members elected in three groups. The present council was elected in October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Council_22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the present Council is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group I (Chief Importance)</th> <th>Group II (Large Contributions)</th> <th>Group III (Geographic Representations) </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_Navigation_Commission">Air Navigation Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Air Navigation Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg/220px-ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg/330px-ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg/440px-ICAO_ANC_meeting_room_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Meeting room of ICAO's Air Navigation Commission in July 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the ICAO Council technical executive body in charge of 17 of the 19 Annexes to the Chicago Convention. ANC develops and recommend <a href="/wiki/Standards_And_Recommended_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards And Recommended Practices">ICAO minimal standards</a> that are related to these Annexes. To review and/or finalize the ongoing developments the commission meets for three sessions per year. Each session normally considers a number of documents being developments of ANC expert Panels. The ANC is composed of nineteen commissioners nominated by ICAO States in various aviation domains. However, legally these commissioners do not represent the interest of their State or any particular State or region. They have to conduct independently in the interest of the entire international civil aviation community. Additionally, several other representatives from ICAO States and up to eight members from the civil aviation industry may be invited to take part in ANC meetings as observers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Standards_And_Recommended_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards And Recommended Practices">Standards And Recommended Practices</a></div> <p>ICAO also <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardizes</a> certain functions for use in the airline industry, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Message_Handling_System" title="Aeronautical Message Handling System">Aeronautical Message Handling System</a> (AMHS). This makes it a <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organization</a>. </p><p>Each country should have an accessible <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Information_Publication" title="Aeronautical Information Publication">Aeronautical Information Publication</a> (AIP), based on standards defined by ICAO, containing information essential to <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">air navigation</a>. Countries are required to update their AIP manuals every 28 days and so provide definitive regulations, procedures and information for each country about <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> and airports. ICAO's standards also dictate that temporary hazards to aircraft must be regularly published using <a href="/wiki/NOTAM" title="NOTAM">NOTAMs</a>. </p><p>ICAO defines an <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">International Standard Atmosphere</a> (also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), a model of the standard variation of <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>. This is useful in calibrating instruments and designing aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_1993_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_1993-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standardized pressure is also used in calibrating instruments in-flight, particularly above the <a href="/wiki/Flight_level#Transition_altitude" title="Flight level">transition altitude</a>. </p><p>ICAO is active in infrastructure management, including <a href="/wiki/Communication,_navigation_and_surveillance" title="Communication, navigation and surveillance">communication, navigation and surveillance</a> / <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_management" title="Air traffic management">air traffic management</a> (CNS/ATM) systems, which employ digital technologies (like satellite systems with various levels of automation) in order to maintain a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seamless" class="extiw" title="wikt:seamless">seamless</a> global <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_management" title="Air traffic management">air traffic management</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_CNSATM_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_CNSATM-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passport_standards">Passport standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passport standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICAO has published standards for <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_passport" title="Machine-readable passport">machine-readable passports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_MRTD_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_MRTD-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machine-readable <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a> have an area where some of the information otherwise written in textual form is also written as strings of alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a>, which enables border controllers and other law enforcement agents to process such passports more quickly without having to enter the information manually into a computer. </p><p>ICAO's technical standard for machine-readable passports is contained in Document 9303 <i>Machine Readable Travel Documents</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent standard covers <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">biometric passports</a>. These contain <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a> to authenticate the identity of travellers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> computer chip, much like information stored on <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>. Like some smart cards, the passport book design calls for an embedded contactless chip that is able to hold <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> data to ensure the integrity of the passport and the biometric data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerodrome_reference_code">Aerodrome reference code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aerodrome reference code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Aerodrome reference code<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO14_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO14-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Field length </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>< 800 m (2,625 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>800–1,200 m (2,625–3,937 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1,200–1,800 m (3,937–5,906 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>≥ 1,800 m (5,906 ft) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Aerodrome reference code<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO14_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO14-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Wingspan</th> <th>Main gear span </th> <th>Airbus<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Boeing<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>< 15 m (49.2 ft)</td> <td>< 4.5 m (14.8 ft) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman_BN-2_Islander" title="Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander">BN-2</a> Islander, <a href="/wiki/Tecnam_P2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecnam P2012">Tecnam P2012</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>15–24 m (49.2–78.7 ft)</td> <td>4.5–6 m (14.8–19.7 ft) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ100/200" title="Bombardier CRJ100/200">CRJ 100/200</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series" title="Bombardier CRJ700 series">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer ERJ">Embraer ERJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer EMB 120">EMB 120</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>24–36 m (78.7–118.1 ft)</td> <td>6–9 m (19.7–29.5 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">A220</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A320 family</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">B717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">B727</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">B737</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">72</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series#CRJ900" title="Bombardier CRJ700 series">CRJ900</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series#CRJ1000" title="Bombardier CRJ700 series">1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 8">Dash 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer E-Jet">Embraer E-Jet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>36–52 m (118.1–170.6 ft)</td> <td>9–14 m (29.5–45.9 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">A300</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">B707</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">B757</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">B767</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a>/<a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">MD-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-86" title="Ilyushin Il-86">IL-86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">L-1011</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>52–65 m (170.6–213.3 ft)</td> <td>9–14 m (29.5–45.9 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">A350</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">B747</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">B777</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">B787</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_IL-96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilyushin IL-96">IL-96</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F</td> <td>65–80 m (213.3–262.5 ft)</td> <td>14–16 m (45.9–52.5 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">B747-8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan" title="Antonov An-124 Ruslan">Antonov An-124 Ruslan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registered_codes">Registered codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Registered codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both ICAO and IATA have their own airport and airline code systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_codes">Airport codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Airport codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO airport code</a></div> <p>ICAO uses <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">4-letter airport codes</a> (vs. <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">IATA's 3-letter codes</a>). The ICAO code is based on the region and country of the airport—for example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> has an ICAO code of LFPG, where <i>L</i> indicates Southern Europe, <i>F</i>, France, <i>PG</i>, Paris de Gaulle, while <a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Orly Airport</a> has the code LFPO (the 3rd letter sometimes refers to the particular <a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">flight information region</a> (FIR) or the last two may be arbitrary). In most parts of the world, ICAO and IATA codes are unrelated; for example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> has an IATA code of CDG. However, the location prefix for the continental <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is <i>K</i>, and ICAO codes are usually the IATA code with this prefix. For example, the ICAO code for <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> is KLAX. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> follows a similar pattern, where a prefix of <i>C</i> is usually added to an IATA code to create the ICAO code. For example, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a> is YYC or CYYC. (In contrast, airports in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> are in the Pacific region and so have ICAO codes that start with <i>PH</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kona_International_Airport" title="Kona International Airport">Kona International Airport</a>'s code is PHKO. Similarly, airports in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> have ICAO codes that start with <i>PA</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Field" title="Merrill Field">Merrill Field</a>, for instance is PAMR.) Not all airports are assigned codes in both systems; for example, airports that do not have airline service do not need an IATA code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airline_codes">Airline codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Airline codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICAO also assigns three-letter <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airline_designator" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO airline designator">airline codes</a> versus the more-familiar two-letter IATA codes—for example, <i>UAL</i> vs. <i>UA</i> for <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>. ICAO also provides <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> designators to aircraft operators worldwide, a one- or two-word designator used on the radio, usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft operator name. For example, the identifier for <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> International is <i>JAL</i> and the designator is <i>Japan Air</i>, but <a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a> is <i>EIN</i> and <i>Shamrock</i>. Thus, a Japan Airlines flight numbered 111 would be written as "JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One One One" on the radio, while a similarly numbered Aer Lingus would be written as "EIN111" and pronounced "Shamrock One One One". In the US, FAA practices<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require the digits of the flight number to be spoken in group format ("Japan Air One Eleven" in the above example) while individual digits are used for the aircraft tail number used for unscheduled civil flights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_registrations">Aircraft registrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aircraft registrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_registration_prefixes" title="List of aircraft registration prefixes">List of aircraft registration prefixes</a></div> <p>ICAO maintains the standards for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">aircraft registration</a>, including the alphanumeric codes that identify the country of registration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_type_designators">Aircraft type designators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aircraft type designators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_type_designators" title="List of aircraft type designators">List of aircraft type designators</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Type_rating" title="Type rating">Type rating</a></div> <p>ICAO is also responsible for issuing two to four character <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> aircraft type designators for those aircraft types which are most commonly provided with air traffic service. These codes provide an abbreviated aircraft type identification, typically used in <a href="/wiki/Flight_plan" title="Flight plan">flight plans</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>-100, -200 and -300 are given the type designators <i>B741</i>, <i>B742</i> and <i>B743</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_System_of_Units">International System of Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International System of Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2010, ICAO recommends a unification of units of measurement within aviation based on the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), using:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">kilometres per hour</a> (km/h) for speed during travel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metres_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres per second">metres per second</a> (m/s) for <a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">wind speed</a> during landing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilometres" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometres">kilometres</a> (km) for distance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (m) for elevation.</li></ul> <p>Non-SI units have been permitted for temporary use since 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a termination date has not yet been established, which would complete <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a> of worldwide aviation,<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the following units are still in widespread use within commercial aviation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (kn or kt) for speed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical mile</a> (NM) for distance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a> (ft) for elevation.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inches of mercury</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to measure pressure, although sometimes <a href="/wiki/METAR" title="METAR">METAR</a> at Japanese airports show only <a href="/wiki/Hectopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectopascal">hPa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aviation in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> currently use km/h for reporting airspeed, and many present-day European glider planes also indicate airspeed in kilometres per hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> China<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North Korea<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use metres for reporting altitude when communicating with pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia also formerly used metres exclusively for reporting altitude, but in 2011 changed to feet for high altitude flight. From February 2017, Russian airspace started transitioning to reporting altitude in feet only.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runway lengths are now commonly given in metres worldwide, except in North America where feet are commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table summarizes units commonly used in flight and ground operations and their recommended replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full list of recommended units can be found in annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of units commonly used in aviation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Measurement </th> <th>Recommended </th> <th>Current de facto </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">Airspeed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_speed" title="Ground speed">ground speed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> or kt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> is sometimes instead used for high altitude flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_length" title="Unit of length">Distance</a> (ground) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilometres" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometres">km</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> </td> <td>Distance in km has widespread use in European gliders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flight_level" title="Flight level">Flight level</a><sup>†</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metres" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> </td> <td>Metres are used by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and formerly <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. From 2017, Russian airspace has transitioned from metres to feet. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway length</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> </td> <td>Feet are still used for runway lengths in North America. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">Wind speed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metres_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres per second">m/s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> or kt </td> <td>Until 2010 ICAO recommended <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a> for reporting wind speed on runways.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metres per second is used by Russian and Chinese airports.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_climb" title="Rate of climb">Rate of climb</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metres_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres per second">m/s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foot_per_second" title="Foot per second">ft/min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metres_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres per second">m/s</a> </td> <td>Lift and sink rate is measured using a <a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">variometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Degrees_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Celsius">°C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Degrees_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Celsius">°C</a> </td> <td>Celsius is used for aviation weather reporting globally. <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit (°F)</a> maybe used for displaying, controlling, and documenting system temperatures (HVAC, engine) on older North American aircraft. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Liquid precipitation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millimetres" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimetres">mm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inches_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Inches of mercury">inHg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Millibar">mbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> </td> <td>Hectopascals are mostly used in aviation worldwide, while inches of mercury are used in Japan and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hectopascal is equal to one millibar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">Visibility</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metres" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">mi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metres" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres">m</a> </td> <td>Reported in metres for most of the world. Visibility over 5000 m may be given in kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian, American, and Mexican airports use <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">statute miles</a>, or feet when reporting laser measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cloud_height" title="Cloud height">Cloud height</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metres" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">Time</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tank capacity </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">UK gallon</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gallon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> </td> <td>Used for <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">fuel</a> tank capacity of an aircraft. Unit varies depending on the gauges fitted to the aircraft. The most common current unit is kilograms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volume </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m<sup>3</sup></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m<sup>3</sup></a> </td> <td>Used for general volume capacity. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mass </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long ton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> </td> <td>Used for cargo capacity, fuel capacity, <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">gross mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonne</a> may also be used for gross mass and payload.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tons are often used informally during <a href="/wiki/Flight_planning" title="Flight planning">flight planning</a> to gauge approximate weights. Ton then usually either refers to the <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long ton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a> which differ from the tonne by about 2% and 10% respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">Attitude</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">deg</a> </td> <td>Measured with an <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude indicator</a>, and are always presented in degrees. (Sensors, data and calculations may however use a mix of degrees and <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radians</a>, as many scientists and engineers prefer to work with radians.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">deg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">min</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turn_(angle)" title="Turn (angle)">tr</a> </td> <td>A common turn rate for commercial aircraft is 3 degrees per second, which is often translated to (the inverse unit) 2 minutes per turn. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heading_(navigation)" title="Heading (navigation)">Heading</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">compass points</a> </td> <td>Measured with a <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">heading indicator</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup>†</sup> Altitude, elevation, height.<sup id="cite_ref-an05_cons_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an05_cons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions_and_regional_offices">Regions and regional offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regions and regional offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICAO has a headquarters, seven regional offices, and one regional sub-office:<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO_Contacts_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO_Contacts-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Headquarters – <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</li> <li>Asia and Pacific (APAC) – <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand; Sub-office – <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li>Eastern and Southern African (ESAF) – <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya</li> <li>Europe and North Atlantic (EUR/NAT) – <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li>Middle East (MID) – <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</li> <li>North American, Central American and Caribbean (NACC) – <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li> <li>South American (SAM) – <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru</li> <li>Western and Central African (WACAF) – <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_secretaries_general">List of secretaries general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of secretaries general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Secretary </th> <th>Country of nationality </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez">Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>From August 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fang_Liu" title="Fang Liu">Fang Liu</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2015–August 2021<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Raymond Benjamin</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>2009–2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taïeb Chérif</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>2003–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Renato Claudio Costa Pereira</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>1997–2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippe Rochat</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>1991–1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivinder_Singh_Sidhu" title="Shivinder Singh Sidhu">Shivinder Singh Sidhu</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1988–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yves_Lambert" title="Yves Lambert">Yves Lambert</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1976–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assad_Kotaite" title="Assad Kotaite">Assad Kotaite</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>1970–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bernardus Tielman Twigt</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>1964–1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ronald MacAllister Macdonnell</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>1959–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carl Ljungberg</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>1952–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albert Roper</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1944–1951 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_council_presidents">List of council presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of council presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OACIPresidentDesk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/OACIPresidentDesk.jpg/220px-OACIPresidentDesk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/OACIPresidentDesk.jpg/330px-OACIPresidentDesk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/OACIPresidentDesk.jpg/440px-OACIPresidentDesk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Kobeh_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Roberto Kobeh González">Roberto Kobeh González</a>, ICAO president from 2006 to 2013, in 2007</figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>President </th> <th>Country of nationality </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td>Salvatore Sciacchitano</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olumuyiwa_Benard_Aliu" title="Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu">Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu</a></td> <td>Nigeria</td> <td>2013–2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Kobeh_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez">Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez</a></td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>2006–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assad_Kotaite" title="Assad Kotaite">Assad Kotaite</a></td> <td>Lebanon</td> <td>1976–2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Binaghi" title="Walter Binaghi">Walter Binaghi</a></td> <td>Argentina</td> <td>1957–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pearson_Warner" title="Edward Pearson Warner">Edward Pearson Warner</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td>1947–1957 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Emissions from international aviation are specifically excluded from the targets agreed under the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. Instead, the Protocol invites developed countries to pursue the limitation or reduction of emissions through the International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO's environmental committee continues to consider the potential for using market-based measures such as trading and charging, but this work is unlikely to lead to global action. It is currently developing guidance for states who wish to include aviation in an <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions trading scheme">emissions trading scheme</a> (ETS) to meet their Kyoto commitments, and for airlines who wish to participate voluntarily in a trading scheme.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Emissions from domestic aviation are included within the Kyoto targets agreed by countries. This has led to some national policies such as fuel and emission taxes for domestic air travel in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, respectively. Although some countries tax the fuel used by domestic aviation, there is no duty on <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> used on international flights.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICAO is currently opposed to the inclusion of aviation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emission Trading Scheme">European Union Emission Trading Scheme</a> (EU ETS). The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, however, is pressing ahead with its plans to include aviation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>ICAO has been called "flawed and biased in favour of the industry" by Jo Dardenne, the manager for aviation at <a href="/wiki/European_Federation_for_Transport_and_Environment" title="European Federation for Transport and Environment">Transport & Environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation">Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation" title="Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation">Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation</a></div> <p>On 6 October 2016, the ICAO finalized an agreement among its 191 member nations to address the more than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000 million tonnes</span> of carbon dioxide emitted annually by international passenger and cargo flights. The agreement will use an offsetting scheme called CORSIA (the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) under which forestry and other carbon-reducing activities are directly funded, amounting to about 2% of annual revenues for the sector. Rules against 'double counting' should ensure that existing <a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">forest protection</a> efforts are not recycled. The scheme did not take effect until 2021 and will be voluntary until 2027, but many countries, including the US and China, have promised to begin at its 2020 inception date. Under the agreement, the global aviation emissions target is a 50% reduction by 2050 relative to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> reaction to the deal was mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-milman-2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milman-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The agreement has critics. It is not aligned with the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which set the objective of restricting global warming to 1.5 to 2 °C. A late draft of the agreement would have required the air transport industry to assess its share of global carbon budgeting to meet that objective, but the text was removed in the agreed version.<sup id="cite_ref-ccn_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccn-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conversation_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conversation-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CORSIA will regulate only about 25 percent of aviation's international emissions, since it grandfathers all emissions below the 2020 level, allowing unregulated growth until then.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 65 nations will participate in the initial voluntary period, not including significant emitters Russia, India and perhaps Brazil. The agreement does not cover domestic emissions, which are 40% of the global industry's overall emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-conversation_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conversation-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One observer of the ICAO convention made this summary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Airline claims that flying will now be green are a myth. Taking a plane is the fastest and cheapest way to fry the planet and this deal won't reduce demand for jet fuel one drop. Instead offsetting aims to cut emissions in other industries,</p></blockquote><p> although another critic called it "a timid step in the right direction."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emissions_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions limit">Emissions limits</a> for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> are defined by the Annex 16, Volume 2 of the ICAO Technology Standards, they include standards for <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> for local <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> near <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, below 3,000 ft (910 m).<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ICAO emissions regulation was adopted in 1981, and more stringent NOx standards were subsequently adopted: CAEP/2 in 1993, CAEP/4 in 1999, CAEP/6 in 2005 and CAEP/8 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher <a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lean_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lean burn">lean burn</a> and Rich Quick Quench Lean <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a> design can reduce NOx emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAO2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations_of_air_disasters">Investigations of air disasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Investigations of air disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most air accident investigations are carried out by an agency of a country that is associated in some way with the accident. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch" title="Air Accidents Investigation Branch">Air Accidents Investigation Branch</a> conducts accident investigations on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a>. ICAO has conducted four investigations involving air disasters, of which two were passenger airliners shot down while in international flight over hostile territory. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a> which was shot down on 21 February 1973 by Israeli F-4 jets over the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> during a period of tension that led to the Arab-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> killing 108 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a>, which was shot down on 1 September 1983 by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor near <a href="/wiki/Moneron_Island" title="Moneron Island">Moneron Island</a> just west of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin Island">Sakhalin Island</a> during a period of heightened Cold War tension killing all 269 people on board including U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a>, which was destroyed by a bomb on 19 September 1989 above the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> in Niger, en route from <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, Chad, to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France. The explosion caused the aircraft to break up, killing all 156 passengers and 15 crew members, including the wife of U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Pugh" title="Robert L. Pugh">Robert L. Pugh</a>. Investigators determined that a bomb placed in the cargo hold by Chadian rebels backed by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> was responsible for the explosion. A French court convicted <i>in absentia</i> six Libyans of planning and implementing the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_shootdown_of_Brothers_to_the_Rescue_aircraft" title="1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft">The 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft</a> on 24 February 1996, when two civilian aircraft operating north of Cuba were shot down by two jets of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Air Force">Cuban Air Force</a>. The Cuban military alleged that aircraft operated by the group <a href="/wiki/Brothers_to_the_Rescue" title="Brothers to the Rescue">Brothers to the Rescue</a> had scattered propaganda leaflets onto Cuba prior to the incident, and issued orders that such aircraft be shot down. All four crew members aboard the two aircraft were killed, whilst a third aircraft managed to escape and return to the American mainland.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drone_regulations_and_registration">Drone regulations and registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Drone regulations and registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICAO is looking at having a singular ledger for drone registration to help law enforcement globally. Currently, ICAO is responsible for creating drone regulations across the globe, and it is expected that it will only maintain the registry. This activity is seen as a forerunner to global regulations on flying drones under the auspices of the ICAO.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICAO currently maintains the 'UAS Regulation Portal'<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for various countries to list their country's UAS regulations and also review the best practices from across the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a> (includes ICAO codes)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a></span></span> (FAI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO airport code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macdonald_Beaumont" title="Kenneth Macdonald Beaumont">Kenneth Macdonald Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_manufacturers_by_ICAO_name" title="List of aircraft manufacturers by ICAO name">List of aircraft manufacturers by ICAO name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Aviation_Services_Organization" title="International Aviation Services Organization">International Aviation Services Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Juan-Carlos-Salazar-of-Colombia-begins-mandate-as-ICAO-Secretary-General.aspx">"Juan Carlos Salazar of Colombia begins mandate as ICAO Secretary General"</a>. <i>icao.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725122846/https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Juan-Carlos-Salazar-of-Colombia-begins-mandate-as-ICAO-Secretary-General.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icao.int&rft.atitle=Juan+Carlos+Salazar+of+Colombia+begins+mandate+as+ICAO+Secretary+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FNewsroom%2FPages%2FJuan-Carlos-Salazar-of-Colombia-begins-mandate-as-ICAO-Secretary-General.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icaocodification-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icaocodification_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icaocodification_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöhne" class="citation web cs1">Höhne, Sebastian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoehne.net/files/hoehne_master-thesis_llm.pdf">"IT in general Aviation: Pen and Paper vs. Bits and Bytes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. hoehne.net. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308173753/http://www.hoehne.net/files/hoehne_master-thesis_llm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+in+general+Aviation%3A+Pen+and+Paper+vs.+Bits+and+Bytes&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=hoehne.net&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6hne&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoehne.net%2Ffiles%2Fhoehne_master-thesis_llm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_ANC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_ANC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/Air-Navigation-Commission.aspx">"Air Navigation Commission"</a>. ICAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725141724/http://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/Air-Navigation-Commission.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Navigation+Commission&rft.pub=ICAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fabout-icao%2FPages%2FAir-Navigation-Commission.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_index.html">"Golden Years of Aviation - Register index"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222220837/http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Years+of+Aviation+-+Register+index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airhistory.org.uk%2Fgy%2Freg_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICAN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICAN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130183900/http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_index.htm">"Registrations"</a>. Golden Years of Aviation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_index.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registrations&rft.pub=Golden+Years+of+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenyears.ukf.net%2Freg_index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radio-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radio_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101190356/http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_1912.htm">"1912 Radio Callsign prefixes"</a>. Golden Years of Aviation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_1912.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1912+Radio+Callsign+prefixes&rft.pub=Golden+Years+of+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenyears.ukf.net%2Freg_1912.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www2.icao.int-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www2.icao.int_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/about-icao/History/Pages/default.aspx">"icao.int International Civil Aviation Organization History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729011700/https://www.icao.int/about-icao/History/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=icao.int+International+Civil+Aviation+Organization+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fabout-icao%2FHistory%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/baird-fighting-tooth-and-nail-to-keep-un-aviation-office-in-montreal-1.1311536">Baird fighting 'tooth and nail' to keep UN aviation office in Montreal</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>, 2 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/disgruntled-arab-states-look-to-strip-canada-of-un-agency/article11672346/">Disgruntled Arab states look to strip Canada of UN agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504035124/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/disgruntled-arab-states-look-to-strip-canada-of-un-agency/article11672346/">Archived</a> 4 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Campbell Clark, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, 2 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-now-paying-the-price-for-bairds-misstep-into-east-jerusalem/article11730522/">Canada now paying the price for Baird's misstep into East Jerusalem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511220230/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-now-paying-the-price-for-bairds-misstep-into-east-jerusalem/article11730522/">Archived</a> 11 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Michael Bell, Special to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, 6 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/business/ICAO+stays+Montreal+after+Qatar+stumbles/8433119/story.html">ICAO stays in Montreal after Qatar stumbles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603093543/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/ICAO+stays+Montreal+after+Qatar+stumbles/8433119/story.html">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by François Shalom, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="The Montreal Gazette">The Montreal Gazette</a></i>, 24 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/lobbying-saved-montreal-s-un-aviation-agency-paradis-says-1.1396643">"Lobbying saved Montreal's UN aviation agency, Paradis says"</a>. CBC News. 24 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525033122/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/05/24/pol-icao-montreal-un-aviation-qatar-baird.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lobbying+saved+Montreal%27s+UN+aviation+agency%2C+Paradis+says&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flobbying-saved-montreal-s-un-aviation-agency-paradis-says-1.1396643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Qatar-withdraws-offer-to-host-ICAO-permanent-seat.aspx">Qatar Withdraws Offer to Host ICAO Permanent Seat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613133651/http://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Qatar-withdraws-offer-to-host-ICAO-permanent-seat.aspx">Archived</a> 13 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ICAO Newsroom, 24 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangTaylor2020" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Sean; Taylor, Jerome (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/twitter-row-over-taiwan-virus-response-hits-un-053211089.html">"Twitter row over Taiwan virus response hits UN aviation body"</a>. Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130052909/https://news.yahoo.com/twitter-row-over-taiwan-virus-response-hits-un-053211089.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twitter+row+over+Taiwan+virus+response+hits+UN+aviation+body&rft.pub=Yahoo%21+News&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ftwitter-row-over-taiwan-virus-response-hits-un-053211089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei-ju2020" class="citation web cs1">Pei-ju, Teng (28 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3865735">"UN's aviation agency blocks Twitter accounts mentioning 'Taiwan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Taiwan News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128093210/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3865735">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States.English.pdf&rft.pub=ICAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2Fchicago.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span> The Minister of Switzerland made the following statement in the note transmitting the Swiss Instrument of Ratification: "My Government has instructed me to notify you that the authorities in Switzerland have agreed with the authorities in the Principality of Liechtenstein that this Convention will be applicable to the territory of the Principality as well as to that of the Swiss Confederation, as long as the Treaty of 29 March 1923 integrating the whole territory of Liechtenstein with the Swiss customs territory will remain in force".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings" class="citation web cs1">Jennings, Ralph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2016/09/28/un-aviation-agency-rejects-taiwan-3-losses/">"UN Aviation Agency Rejects Taiwan: Here's Why It Matters"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125133514/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2016/09/28/un-aviation-agency-rejects-taiwan-3-losses/#1055f2b33c72">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization+Shuts+out+Taiwan&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F09%2Finternational-civil-aviation-organization-shuts-out-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Fife" class="citation news cs1">Robert Fife, Steven Chase and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-backing-taiwans-effort-to-gain-invitation-to-international/">"Canada backing Taiwan's effort to gain invitation to International Civil Aviation Organization"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913011708/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-backing-taiwans-effort-to-gain-invitation-to-international/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada+backing+Taiwan%27s+effort+to+gain+invitation+to+International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&rft.aulast=Robert+Fife&rft.aufirst=Steven+Chase+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-canada-backing-taiwans-effort-to-gain-invitation-to-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Council_22_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/ICAO-Assembly-elects-new-Council-for-threeyear-term.aspx">"ICAO Assembly elects new Council Member States for three-year term"</a>. <i>International Civil Aviation Organization</i>. 4 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085937/https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/ICAO-Assembly-elects-new-Council-for-threeyear-term.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&rft.atitle=ICAO+Assembly+elects+new+Council+Member+States+for+three-year+term&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FNewsroom%2FPages%2FICAO-Assembly-elects-new-Council-for-threeyear-term.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifatca.org/about-ifatca/icao-activities/air-navigation-commission/">"Air Navigation Commission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IFATCA" class="mw-redirect" title="IFATCA">IFATCA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225100553/https://www.ifatca.org/about-ifatca/icao-activities/air-navigation-commission/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFATCA&rft.atitle=Air+Navigation+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifatca.org%2Fabout-ifatca%2Ficao-activities%2Fair-navigation-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/about-icao/AirNavigationCommission/Pages/default.aspx">"Air Navigation Commission"</a>. <i>ICAO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225100551/https://www.icao.int/about-icao/AirNavigationCommission/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICAO&rft.atitle=Air+Navigation+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fabout-icao%2FAirNavigationCommission%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_1993-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_1993_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121206111249/http://legacy.icao.int/cgi/ISBN_txt.pl?16"><i>Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere: extended to 80 kilometres (262,500 feet)</i></a> (in English, French, Spanish, and Russian) (3rd ed.). Montreal: ICAO. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9194-004-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-9194-004-6"><bdi>92-9194-004-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.icao.int/cgi/ISBN_txt.pl?16">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CD-ROM)</span> on 6 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+the+ICAO+Standard+Atmosphere%3A+extended+to+80+kilometres+%28262%2C500+feet%29&rft.place=Montreal&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=ICAO&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=92-9194-004-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.icao.int%2Fcgi%2FISBN_txt.pl%3F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_CNSATM-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_CNSATM_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/eap-im-cns-atm.aspx">"Infrastructure Management"</a>. ICAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121206115759/http://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/eap-im-cns-atm.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+Management&rft.pub=ICAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fsustainability%2FPages%2Feap-im-cns-atm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_MRTD-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_MRTD_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Security/mrtd/Pages/default.aspx">"Welcome to the ICAO Machine Readable Travel Documents Programme"</a>. ICAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829034033/http://www.icao.int/Security/mrtd/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+ICAO+Machine+Readable+Travel+Documents+Programme&rft.pub=ICAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FSecurity%2Fmrtd%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_2006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Security/mrtd/Pages/Document9303.aspx"><i>Machine Readable Travel Documents, Document 9303</i></a> (Sixth ed.). ICAO. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211143634/http://www.icao.int/Security/mrtd/Pages/Document9303.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Readable+Travel+Documents%2C+Document+9303&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=ICAO&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FSecurity%2Fmrtd%2FPages%2FDocument9303.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO14-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICAO14_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICAO14_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICAO Annex 14 – Aerodromes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/general-information/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-ICAO-ARC-FAA-ADG-App-Cat.pdf">"ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code, FAA Airplane Design Group and Aircraft Approach Category for Airbus Aircraft"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Airbus. September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154607/https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/general-information/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-ICAO-ARC-FAA-ADG-App-Cat.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICAO+Aerodrome+Reference+Code%2C+FAA+Airplane+Design+Group+and+Aircraft+Approach+Category+for+Airbus+Aircraft&rft.pub=Airbus&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fcorporate-topics%2Fpublications%2Fbackgrounders%2Ftechdata%2Fgeneral-information%2FAirbus-Commercial-Aircraft-ICAO-ARC-FAA-ADG-App-Cat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/faqs/aircraftdesigngroup.pdf">"Boeing Commercial Aircraft - Design Groups/Codes (FAA & ICAO)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boeing+Commercial+Aircraft+-+Design+Groups%2FCodes+%28FAA+%26+ICAO%29&rft.pub=Boeing&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fcommercial%2Fairports%2Ffaqs%2Faircraftdesigngroup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416174212/http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/atc/atc0204.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/ATC/atc0204.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fair_traffic%2Fpublications%2FATpubs%2FATC%2Fatc0204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="doc8643" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/publications/doc8643/Pages/default.aspx">"DOC 8643 - Aircraft Type Designators"</a>. ICAO. 1 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042325/https://www.icao.int/publications/doc8643/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOC+8643+-+Aircraft+Type+Designators&rft.pub=ICAO&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fpublications%2Fdoc8643%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9958_en.pdf">"International Civil Aviation Organization - Assembly Resolutions in Force (as of 8 October 2010) - Doc 9958 - Published by authority of the Secretary General"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210005805/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9958_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization+-+International+Standards+and+Recommended+Practices+-+Annex+5+to+the+Convention+on+International+Civil+Aviation+-+Units+of+Measurement+to+be+Used+in+Air+and+Ground+Operations+Fifth+Edition+-+July+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerosavvy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F08%2Fan05_cons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council action in pursuance of Assembly Resolution A22-18 adopted 23 March 1979: [..]to cover all aspects of air and ground operations; provision of standardized system of units based on the SI; identification of non-SI units permitted for use in international civil aviation; provision for termination of the use of certain non-SI units.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aerosavvy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerosavvy_48-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">"Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of Measure - AeroSavvy"</a>. 5 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207230641/http://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviation%27s+Crazy%2C+Mixed+Up+Units+of+Measure+-+AeroSavvy&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerosavvy.com%2Fmetric-imperial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borgeltinstruments.com/?page_id=100">"Basic Sailplane Instrument Definitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101054713/http://www.borgeltinstruments.com/?page_id=100">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Sailplane+Instrument+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borgeltinstruments.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO_Contacts-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICAO_Contacts_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Pages/Contact_us.aspx">"Contact Us"</a>. ICAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929221825/http://www.icao.int/Pages/contact_us.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=ICAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FPages%2FContact_us.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Dr-Fang-Liu-of-China-becomes-first-ever-woman-appointed-Secretary-General-of-ICAO.aspx">"Dr. Fang Liu of China Becomes First-Ever Woman Appointed Secretary General of ICAO"</a>. <i>ICAO</i>. 11 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228134257/http://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Dr-Fang-Liu-of-China-becomes-first-ever-woman-appointed-Secretary-General-of-ICAO.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Conversation, 10 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/airplane-emissions-10-06-2016.html">Weak Market-based Measure Allows Airplanes' Greenhouse Pollution to Triple</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007183828/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/airplane-emissions-10-06-2016.html">Archived</a> 7 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, press release by Center for Biological Diversity and Friends of the Earth. 6 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/10/06/green-groups-warn-deal-lower-aviation-pollution-weak-shell-game">Green Groups Warn Deal to Lower Aviation Pollution is 'Weak Shell Game'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021072936/http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/10/06/green-groups-warn-deal-lower-aviation-pollution-weak-shell-game">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, N. Prupis, Common Dreams, 6 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAO2015-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICAO2015_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Dickson2015" class="citation web cs1">Neil Dickson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/Meetings/EnvironmentalWorkshops/Documents/2015-Warsaw/4_1_Local-Air-Quality-and-ICAO-Engine-Emissions-Standards.pdf">"Local Air Quality and ICAO Engine Emissions Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Committee on Aviation Environment Protection</i>. ICAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704071126/https://www.icao.int/Meetings/EnvironmentalWorkshops/Documents/2015-Warsaw/4_1_Local-Air-Quality-and-ICAO-Engine-Emissions-Standards.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+on+Aviation+Environment+Protection&rft.atitle=Local+Air+Quality+and+ICAO+Engine+Emissions+Standards&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Neil+Dickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FMeetings%2FEnvironmentalWorkshops%2FDocuments%2F2015-Warsaw%2F4_1_Local-Air-Quality-and-ICAO-Engine-Emissions-Standards.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Pearson1987" class="citation book cs1">David Pearson (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kal007coverup00pear"><i>KAL 007: Cover-up</i></a></span>. New York: Summit Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kal007coverup00pear/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-55716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-55716-4"><bdi>978-0-671-55716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KAL+007%3A+Cover-up&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-55716-4&rft.au=David+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkal007coverup00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890919-1">"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 N54629 Ténéré desert"</a>. <i>aviation-safety.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209181930/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890919-1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+McDonnell+Douglas+DC-10-30+N54629+T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9+desert&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19890919-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/un-proposes-setting-up-a-global-database-for-drone-registration/">"UN proposes global database for drone registration"</a>. <i>Geospatial World</i>. 6 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115832/https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/un-proposes-setting-up-a-global-database-for-drone-registration/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geospatial+World&rft.atitle=UN+proposes+global+database+for+drone+registration&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geospatialworld.net%2Fblogs%2Fun-proposes-setting-up-a-global-database-for-drone-registration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021404/https://www.icao.int/safety/RPAS/Pages/UAS-Regulation-Portal-COM.aspx">"UAS Regulation Portal"</a>. <i>icao.int</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/safety/RPAS/Pages/UAS-Regulation-Portal-COM.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icao.int&rft.atitle=UAS+Regulation+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fsafety%2FRPAS%2FPages%2FUAS-Regulation-Portal-COM.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixjet.aero/blog/the-story-of-the-international-aviation-services-organization-iaso/">"recognition of IASO by ICAO"</a>. 30 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316192319/https://mixjet.aero/blog/the-story-of-the-international-aviation-services-organization-iaso/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=recognition+of+IASO+by+ICAO&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmixjet.aero%2Fblog%2Fthe-story-of-the-international-aviation-services-organization-iaso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Civil+Aviation+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Civil_Aviation_Organization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<b>International Civil Aviation Organization</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/">Official website of the International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/doc7300.aspx">Convention on International Civil Aviation – Document 7300</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%20Incident%20Reporting%20Guidance/LocationIndicatorsByState.pdf">ECCAIRS 4.2.8 Data Definition Standard – Location Indicators by State, 17 Sep 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325001252/https://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%2520Incident%2520Reporting%2520Guidance/LocationIndicatorsByState.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/publications/DOC8643/Pages/Doc8643.aspx">ICAO Aircraft and Manufacturer Codes – Document 8643</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://applications.icao.int/postalhistory/">The Postal History of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.thenewslens.com/article/50372">ICAO Will Mute Mics At Mention of Taiwan: Paraguay Official</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" title="United Nations television film series">United Nations television film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations" title="Withdrawal from the United Nations">Withdrawal from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_United_Nations_Associations" title="World Federation of United Nations Associations">World Federation of United Nations Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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aria-labelledby="Commercial_aviation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125761#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012171705X">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404036086">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141650128">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/877-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006778">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882856n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882856n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00288538">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV029940">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35227972">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="International Civil Aviation Organization"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004233571&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX112729">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/534075">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053018">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000123620&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=48397">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201904675">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b8v1g15f401b">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263162805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000011492">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513879306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0215502X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/873377">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027580466">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/19px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/29px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/38px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation</a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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