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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1890s through 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890s_through_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_through_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_through_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1940s through 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_through_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div 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</button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Fine_Arts_Society&params=40.7662_N_73.9806_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′58″N</span> <span 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building in Manhattan, New York</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">American Fine Arts Society</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #FFC94B"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="New York State Register of Historic Places">New York State Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #FFE978"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmark</a> <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 0255</div> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American-fine-arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/American-fine-arts.jpg/250px-American-fine-arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/American-fine-arts.jpg/375px-American-fine-arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/American-fine-arts.jpg/500px-American-fine-arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2255" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">(2008)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="14" data-lat="40.766222222222" data-lon="-73.980583333333" data-overlays="["_340b8db9f19e830db3e73a91f9eaf58f4fcfa72a"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/14/40.766222222222/-73.980583333333/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,40.766222222222,-73.980583333333,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&revid=1256283603&groups=_340b8db9f19e830db3e73a91f9eaf58f4fcfa72a" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,40.766222222222,-73.980583333333,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&revid=1256283603&groups=_340b8db9f19e830db3e73a91f9eaf58f4fcfa72a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">215 West 57th Street, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Fine_Arts_Society&params=40.7662_N_73.9806_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°58′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.7662°N 73.9806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.7662; -73.9806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1891</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hardenbergh" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hardenbergh">Henry J. Hardenbergh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002662">80002662</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NYSRHP <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">06101.001751</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NYCL <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">0255</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">May 6, 1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NYSRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">June 23, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NYCL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">December 10, 1968<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Art Students League of New York Building</b> (also the <b>American Fine Arts Society</b> and <b>215 West 57th Street</b>) is a building on <a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="57th Street (Manhattan)">57th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The structure, designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Janeway_Hardenbergh" title="Henry Janeway Hardenbergh">Henry Janeway Hardenbergh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance</a> style, was completed in December 1892 and serves as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York" title="Art Students League of New York">Art Students League of New York</a>. The building was developed by the American Fine Arts Society (AFAS), formed in 1889 by five organizations including the Art Students League, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Artists" title="Society of American Artists">Society of American Artists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_League_of_New_York" title="Architectural League of New York">Architectural League of New York</a>. </p><p>The Art Students League Building is five stories tall. Its primary <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> along 57th Street is clad with limestone and contains ornate decoration. The rear is clad with brick faces 58th Street and is more simple in design. The building's interior contains meeting, classroom, and gallery space for the Art Students League; the space was previously divided among the AFAS's constituent organizations. </p><p>The Art Students League Building has been modified several times throughout its history, and it was repaired following major fires in 1901 and 1920. The building was used exclusively by the Art Students League by 1941, with the other organizations having moved out during the early 20th century. The Art Students League Building was designated a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmark</a> in 1968 and added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1980. The building was renovated in 2003 and part of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a> was constructed above it in the late 2010s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Art Students League of New York Building is at 215 West 57th Street in the <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, just south of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)">Seventh Avenue</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> to the west. The building faces <a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="57th Street (Manhattan)">57th Street</a> to the south and 58th Street to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rectangular site covers 15,062 square feet (1,399.3 m<sup>2</sup>), with a <a href="/wiki/Frontage" title="Frontage">frontage</a> or lot-line length of 75 feet (23 m) on 57th and 58th Streets and a depth of 200.83 feet (61.21 m) between the two streets.<sup id="cite_ref-ZoLa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Art Students League Building shares the <a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">city block</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Osborne" title="The Osborne">the Osborne</a> apartment building to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/5_Columbus_Circle" title="5 Columbus Circle">5 Columbus Circle</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Choir_School" title="Saint Thomas Choir School">Saint Thomas Choir School</a> to the north. It also faces <a href="/wiki/224_West_57th_Street" title="224 West 57th Street">224 West 57th Street</a> to the southwest; <a href="/wiki/218_West_57th_Street" title="218 West 57th Street">218 West 57th Street</a> (the former Society House of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/888_Seventh_Avenue" title="888 Seventh Avenue">888 Seventh Avenue</a> to the southeast; the <a href="/wiki/Rodin_Studios" title="Rodin Studios">Rodin Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> to the southeast; and <a href="/wiki/200_Central_Park_South" title="200 Central Park South">200</a> and <a href="/wiki/220_Central_Park_South" title="220 Central Park South">220 Central Park South</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Art Students League Building is part of a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue" title="Sixth Avenue">Sixth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The hub was developed following the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19990509_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19990509-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area contains several buildings constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/130_West_57th_Street" title="130 West 57th Street">130</a> and <a href="/wiki/140_West_57th_Street" title="140 West 57th Street">140 West 57th Street</a>, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the <a href="/wiki/Lotos_Club" title="Lotos Club">Lotos Club</a>, and the American Society of Civil Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-2297_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-2297-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 21st century, the artistic hub had largely been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row" title="Billionaires' Row">Billionaires' Row</a>, a series of luxury skyscrapers around the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Art Students League Building at 215 West 57th Street was designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Janeway_Hardenbergh" title="Henry Janeway Hardenbergh">Henry Janeway Hardenbergh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance</a> style. The structure was built for the American Fine Arts Society (AFAS), which was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Artists" title="Society of American Artists">Society of American Artists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_League_of_New_York" title="Architectural League of New York">Architectural League of New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York" title="Art Students League of New York">Art Students League of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aia5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary sources describe the design as being "of the epoch of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is five stories tall,<sup id="cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothamist_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the 57th Street facade rises four stories and the 58th Street facade is three stories. A light court divides the wings on 57th and 58th Street.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is topped by a <a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">mansard roof</a> made of clay tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facade">Facade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Facade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg/192px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg/288px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg/384px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Arches on third floor</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg/192px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg/288px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg/384px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Entrance</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> on 57th Street is made of limestone. A small <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> runs above the ground story, while horizontal <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">band courses</a> run above the second and third stories. The main entrance is an ornate archway at the center of the ground story, which is flanked with stone <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balusters</a> resembling candelabras. Three rectangular windows run along a sill on either side of the main entrance. At the second story, the three center windows are ornately decorated arches flanked by sculpted <a href="/wiki/Colonette" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonette">colonettes</a>, while the two outer windows are small rectangular openings with ornate <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the third story, the three center windows contain stone <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">transom</a> bars, while the two outer windows are small rectangular windows with gables.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three plaques in the band course directly above the center window openings, with the words "Painting", "Architecture", and "Sculpture".<sup id="cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large cornice and a balustrade run above the third-story band course.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top stories on 57th Street are hidden under the building's roof.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annex on 58th Street measures 75 by 40 feet (23 by 12 m) across.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art Students League Building is set back from the 58th Street sidewalk. At ground level, there are slanted skylights between the 58th Street facade and the sidewalk, with a wrought-iron fence running along the sidewalk. The ground story of the 58th Street facade is made of <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a>-colored brick. There are entrance arches with ornate square porches on the extreme ends of this facade. The second and third stories are constructed in dark brick and contain blind double-height arches filled in with brick. The third story of the 58th Street facade is topped by a buff brick cornice with a <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entrance foyer has mosaic-tile floors, decorative oak-wood elements, <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> moldings, and transom windows with stained glass.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As designed, the ground story was bisected by a hallway 12 feet (3.7 m) wide. There was space for the Society of American Architects to the right of the hallway, while the Art Students League and a staircase and elevator were to the left of the hallway. The Architectural League occupied the second floor, with a 100-seat lecture room, an art library, and a reading and committee room. The Art Students League used the rear of the second and third floor as classrooms, while the front portion of the third floor was used by the Art Students League's library and meeting room. The fourth story contained studios for the Art Students League, which were lit only by skylights.<sup id="cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth story was brightly lit by sunlight from the north, for the benefit of the artists working there, a consideration that impacted the selection of the AFAS building's site.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basement contained a supper room and the sculpture department.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18921231-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rear of the first floor was the Vanderbilt Gallery, a two-story annex built on a 75-by-58-foot (23 by 18 m) site, with a skylighted gallery based on the <a href="/wiki/Georges_Petit" title="Georges Petit">Georges Petit</a> Gallery in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18921231-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, an art-supply store occupies part of the ground floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a fireplace with a large <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">mantel</a> in the second-floor gallery,<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was created in the former lecture room space after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior also contains two "half-floors" above the second and fourth stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the classrooms retain old furniture and designs from the early and mid-20th century. <i>The New York Times</i> wrote in 2014 that "Late-20th-century technology is not present, to say nothing of early 21st-century gadgets."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20140923_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20140923-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior spaces are designed to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Atelier" title="Atelier">atelier</a> system that the Art Students League uses for its classes, in which teachers devise their own curriculums.<sup id="cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothamist_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_construction">Founding and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg/260px-Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg/390px-Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg/520px-Art_Students_League_215_West_57th_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Seen in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The American Fine Arts Society was incorporated in June 1889 by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Russell_Butler" title="Howard Russell Butler">Howard Russell Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis C. Tiffany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel C. French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Janeway_Hardenbergh" title="Henry Janeway Hardenbergh">Henry J. Hardenbergh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Kendall" title="Edward H. Kendall">Edward H. Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Crowninshield" title="Frederic Crowninshield">Frederic Crowninshield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rollinson_Lamb" title="Charles Rollinson Lamb">Charles R. Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Broughton" title="Charles Broughton">Charles Broughton</a>, Horace Bradley, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Blashfield" title="Edwin Blashfield">Edwin Blashfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Coates_Jones" title="Francis Coates Jones">Francis Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Loomis" title="Chester Loomis">Chester Loomis</a>, and J. Harrison Mills.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18890616_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18890616-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFAS had been founded specifically to construct a building for the joint use of the artistic societies under its purview,<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-btu18890629_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btu18890629-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the idea for the building had been proposed specifically by Butler.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building had a construction budget of $200,000 (equivalent to $6,782,222 in 2023), to be funded through the sale of $50,000 in capital stock and the issuance of bonds. Some $20,000 in stock was to be raised through the Life Fellowship Fund, in which donors who contributed over $100 (equivalent to $3,391 in 2023) could be made "life fellows" of the AFAS.<sup id="cite_ref-nyew18900102_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyew18900102-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life fellows were invited to all of the AFAS's private events and vote on management matters, and they also received five tickets to each show at the building.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AFAS's officers initially anticipated constructing the building on a lot along 43rd Street.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October 1889, over two hundred life fellowships had been distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFAS purchased several lots on 57th Street, just west of Seventh Avenue, in May 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the following month, the AFAS had $30,000 on hand.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon acquiring the land, the AFAS commenced an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural design competition</a> for the building's design.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18900727_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18900727-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_pp._103-104_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1983)_pp._103-104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 31 entries for the competition,<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including two from <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Eyre" title="Wilson Eyre">Wilson Eyre</a> and one each from <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langford_Warren" title="Herbert Langford Warren">H. Langford Warren</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Babb,_Cook_%26_Willard" title="Babb, Cook & Willard">Babb, Cook & Willard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1983)_p._104-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A jury, composed of <a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis" title="Russell Sturgis">Russell Sturgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gurdon_Marquand" title="Henry Gurdon Marquand">Henry Gurdon Marquand</a>, was appointed to review the submissions.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the original deadline for the plans was September 1890, the jury members could not agree on finalist candidates and <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Hunt" title="William Morris Hunt">William Morris Hunt</a> joined the jury to break the impasse.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competition was narrowed to three finalists in November,<sup id="cite_ref-rer18901018_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rer18901018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a tribunal selected Hardenbergh as architect the next month, along with Walter C. Hunting and John C. Jacobsen.<sup id="cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the rear section facing 58th Street was planned to be built later.<sup id="cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art collector <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II" title="George Washington Vanderbilt II">George Washington Vanderbilt II</a>, one of several major donors to the building's gift fund, bought the 75-by-58-foot (23 by 18 m) plot behind the AFAS to build his private Vanderbilt Gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1891, construction of the AFAS building's foundation had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-sun18910520_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun18910520-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt18911120_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18911120-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFAS had nearly completed fundraising, but needed to raise $50,000 for a gift fund for the building's maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-sun18910520_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun18910520-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fund construction, Vanderbilt agreed to extend the AFAS a $100,000 loan.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundation work did not begin until that November.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18911120_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18911120-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> of the AFAS building was laid on February 8, 1892, with a celebration held at Carnegie Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFAS building was nearly completed by October, when members of the AFAS's constituent organizations began moving in.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building officially opened on December 3, 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three weeks after the building's opening, Vanderbilt gifted the AFAS his private gallery, which had cost $100,000; this effectively <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">forgave</a> Vanderbilt's loan to the AFAS.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18921231-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyew18921231_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyew18921231-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vanderbilt Gallery opened on February 13, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler said of the gallery, "No gift ever did so much for the art of this community."<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890s_through_1930s">1890s through 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1890s through 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg/220px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg/330px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg/440px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Side bay</figcaption></figure> <p>According to architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Robert A. M. Stern</a>, the AFAS quickly "became the scene of virtually every important exhibition of art and architecture held in the city" during New York's "Composite Era",<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1983)_p._104-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spanning from 1890 to 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._17_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1983)_p._17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFAS frequently hosted shows in the building's Vanderbilt Gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the building's first full year of operation in 1893, it held two loan exhibitions: a set of bronzes created by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye" title="Antoine-Louis Barye">Antoine-Louis Barye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Ehrich" title="Louis R. Ehrich">Louis R. Ehrich</a>'s collection of paintings from old Dutch and Flemish painters.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, the AFAS hosted several exhibitions, including a show featuring pictures sent to the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> from Sweden, Norway, and Holland,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a collection of <a href="/wiki/George_Inness" title="George Inness">George Inness</a> paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was so popular that the Art Students League had to rent alternate spaces. The AFAS was classified as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exempt</a> organization in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other exhibitions in the building's first two decades included a show of Japanese paintings and color prints in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy of Design</a>'s 75th-anniversary exhibition in 1889–1900,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a comparative exhibit of 200 works from American and European artists in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vanderbilt Gallery also exhibited decorations that were slated to be installed in other buildings, including Blashfield's mural for the old <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_(1893%E2%80%931929)" title="Waldorf-Astoria (1893–1929)">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yardley_Turner" title="Charles Yardley Turner">Charles Yardley Turner</a>'s frieze for the same hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Art Students League took up the most space at the AFAS building and became the most closely associated with the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt20031005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20031005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original roof, made of red tile,<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1983)_p._104-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was destroyed in May 1901 when decorations for a costume dance caught fire on the fourth floor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art Students League moved its classes to the first floor while the roof was being repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Buchheit was hired in 1905 as the building's superintendent, a role in which he served until 1971, overseeing much of the building's maintenance, including the construction of a staircase. The Art Students League subsequently made him an honorary member, the first non-artist to receive that award.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, the Society of American Artists' first-floor space was given to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy of Design</a> after their merger.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, a "Second Gallery" was created by merging the Central, East, and West galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Academy of Design contemplated constructing an annex to the AFAS building in 1913, after it unsuccessfully proposed an art exhibition palace in the nearby Central Park.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 30, 1920, the AFAS building was severely damaged by a fire and the original Vanderbilt Gallery was destroyed. The loss was estimated at $1 million, of which half was the cost of the destroyed art.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the AFAS was able to repair the building and the rebuilt galleries opened in March 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following two years, as a result of the widening of 57th Street, the AFAS rebuilt the building's main entrance and the adjoining sidewalk and erected a new underground boiler room. By 1925, the building housed the headquarters of several artistic organizations in addition to the Architectural League, Art Students League, and National Academy of Design.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Architectural League moved to a new clubhouse at 115 East 40th Street in December 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it retained shares in the AFAS.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events held at the AFAS building in the 1920s and 1930s included <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> president <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._DeForest" title="Robert W. DeForest">Robert W. DeForest</a>'s 80th-birthday celebration in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an exhibition of 351 prints from the Oval Table Society in 1936;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s_through_1990s">1940s through 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1940s through 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg/220px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg/330px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg/440px-W_57_St_Feb_2022_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Arches on second floor</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Academy of Design moved to a new headquarters at 1083 Fifth Avenue in December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art Students League bought out the other organizations' stakes shortly afterward, becoming the building's sole occupant.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_p._5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Architectural League sued the Art Students League and National Academy of Design in early 1942, alleging that the two organizations had defrauded the AFAS when the National Academy had sold its stock to the Art Students League at a greatly reduced value.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art Students League, colloquially called "the League" by then, narrowly avoided closing in 1943, in the midst of decreased enrollment to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the war's end, the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a> enabled returning veterans to attend classes at the League.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the building's last exhibitions was an exhibit of soldiers' art in April 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Vanderbilt Gallery was converted into studios shortly afterward to accommodate the number of new students.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-floor lecture room became a private gallery for the League.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2018_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Art Students League continued to perform renovations, installing its name in brass letters over the building's entrance in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the League held fundraisers to pay for an addition to the building.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work would cost $500,000 and would add a fifth floor, alleviating crowding in its classrooms and studios, which were described by former League president <a href="/wiki/John_Sloan" title="John Sloan">John Sloan</a> as "bursting at the seams".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of that decade, the Art Students League replaced its ornamental iron stairway with two elevators and merged two studios on the fifth floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> designated the Art Students League Building as a New York City landmark on December 10, 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the building was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> on May 6, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Art Students League created a fund for building renovations and improvements in 1974 and restored the building's rear entrances in 1983. The Russell and Janet Doubleday Fund, as well as the Gladys & Roland Harriman Foundation, donated extra money to the building fund in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League discovered sixty paintings in the basement in 1994, which had been created between 1891 and 1914 as "faux masterpieces" parodying popular artists' works; the paintings had not been touched in eight decades.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the League removed asbestos from the building during 1996, its summer classes were moved to Carnegie Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg/220px-The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg/330px-The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg/440px-The_American_Fine_Arts_Society_now_The_ArtStudents_League_of_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Seen in 2020 during the construction of Central Park Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 2003, the Art Students League started a three-phase renovation of its building. The renovations were designed by Kossar & Garry Architects and included the renovation of structural and mechanical systems, the restoration of the Vanderbilt Gallery, and the construction of new gallery space in the middle of the building site.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structural and mechanical renovations were finished by the end of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20031005_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20031005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during the renovation, the building was cleared out and the basement's sculpture department was expanded. The gallery on the second floor was named for Phyllis Harriman Mason.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2006, the Art Students League sold 136,000 square feet (12,600 m<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">development rights</a> above 215 West 57th Street to the <a href="/wiki/Extell_Development_Company" title="Extell Development Company">Extell Development Company</a>, which paid $23.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20140923_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20140923-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extell paid the Art Students League $31.8 million in exchange for another 6,000 square feet (560 m<sup>2</sup>) of air rights in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20140923_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20140923-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air rights sales increased the maximum possible floor area for Extell's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a>, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever</a> projecting 28 feet (8.5 m) over the Art Students League Building's lot, starting about 300 feet (91 m) above ground.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20140923_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20140923-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Art Students League leadership, the air rights sale was a one-time opportunity that would enable the League to expand and renovate its building.<sup id="cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothamist_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approval of the cantilever above the Art Students League Building was controversial. Although <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">Manhattan Community Board 5</a> voted against allowing the cantilever in an advisory vote in October 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Landmarks Preservation Commission approved the air rights sale and cantilever several weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, Art Students League members voted 1,342–227 in favor of the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent lawsuit from over 100 League members against Extell and the League's leadership, attempting to stop the air rights sale, was dismissed in mid-2014.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three hundred League members sued the League's leadership in January 2016, claiming that if abstentions from the vote were counted as "no" votes, the tally should have been 2,603–1,342 against the air rights sale.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second lawsuit was dismissed through <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>, and an appeals court upheld the decision in March 2016, when the tower's construction was already underway.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temporary construction shed was erected around the Art Students League Building during the tower's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Art Students League held a "house party" in the building, marking the first time in 75 years that the building had been opened to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction shed remained until 2021, when work on Central Park Tower was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design of the Art Students League building was initially not well received; one critic said that the facade was "commonplace…and quite unattractive".<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architect H. Langford Warren wrote in 1893 that the Art Students League Building was a "charming building which we are glad to see in the dreary streets of New York", despite the fact that the facade was almost identical in design to Francis I's hunting lodge on Paris's <a href="/wiki/Cours-la-Reine" title="Cours-la-Reine">Cours-la-Reine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20031005_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20031005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the building was completed, it quickly became an established architectural feature on 57th Street. In 1897, the <i>Real Estate Record and Guide</i> lauded the American Society of Civil Engineers' Society House, across the street at 220 West 57th Street, for complementing the American Fine Arts Society.<sup id="cite_ref-rer18971211_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rer18971211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardenbergh, in a 1906 interview, characterized the design as "a work of love".<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i>, a century later, called the facade "a perfect ornamental fit" to the Art Students League.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Tauranac" title="John Tauranac">John Tauranac</a> wrote in his book <i>Elegant New York</i> that the building's design was more akin to a "side-street clubhouse or mansion than art gallery and school".<sup id="cite_ref-TL_pp._146–147_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL_pp._146–147-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources variously state that 31,<sup id="cite_ref-rer18901018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rer18901018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 39 architects participated in the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namesake of the <a href="/wiki/H._Langford_Warren_House" title="H. Langford Warren House">H. Langford Warren House</a> in Massachusetts</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf">"Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. February 3, 1981. p. 10649 (PDF p. 179). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201110754/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Register%3A+46+Fed.+Reg.+10451+%28Feb.+3%2C+1981%29&rft.pages=10649+%28PDF+p.-179%29&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1981-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Fll%2Ffedreg%2Ffr046%2Ffr046022%2Ffr046022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.parks.ny.gov/">"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation" title="New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation">New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation</a>. November 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Resource+Information+System+%28CRIS%29&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Parks%2C+Recreation+and+Historic+Preservation&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcris.parks.ny.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL-0255-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-0255_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0255.pdf">"The American Fine Arts Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 10, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718000057/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0255.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Fine+Arts+Society&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=1968-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F0255.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCityMap-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nyc.gov/">"NYCityMap"</a>. <i>NYC.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications">New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219214900/http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYC.gov&rft.atitle=NYCityMap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nyc.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZoLa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZoLa_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1029/23#16.84/40.76627/-73.97907">"215 West 57 Street, 10019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning" title="New York City Department of City Planning">New York City Department of City Planning</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131108/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1029/23#16.84/40.76627/-73.97907">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=215+West+57+Street%2C+10019&rft.pub=New+York+City+Department+of+City+Planning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzola.planning.nyc.gov%2Fl%2Flot%2F1%2F1029%2F23%2316.84%2F40.76627%2F-73.97907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19990509-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt19990509_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1999" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Christopher (May 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/realestate/streetscapes-57th-street-between-avenue-americas-seventh-avenue-high-low-notes.html">"Streetscapes /57th Street Between Avenue of the Americas and Seventh Avenue; High and Low Notes of a Block With a Musical Bent"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127115151/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/realestate/streetscapes-57th-street-between-avenue-americas-seventh-avenue-high-low-notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Streetscapes+%2F57th+Street+Between+Avenue+of+the+Americas+and+Seventh+Avenue%3B+High+and+Low+Notes+of+a+Block+With+a+Musical+Bent&rft.date=1999-05-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F09%2Frealestate%2Fstreetscapes-57th-street-between-avenue-americas-seventh-avenue-high-low-notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2100.pdf">"Steinway Hall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a>. November 13, 2001. pp. 6–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109230241/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2100.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinway+Hall&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=2001-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F2100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkcityguide00federich"><i>New York City Guide</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-055-1"><bdi>978-1-60354-055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+City+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-1-60354-055-1&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorkcityguide00federich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as <i>WPA Guide to New York City</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL-2297-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL-2297_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2297.pdf">"Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a>. December 16, 2008. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823005513/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2297.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+House+of+the+American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F2297.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScher2016" class="citation web cs1">Scher, Robin (July 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/round-57th-street-new-yorks-first-gallery-district-continues-for-now-to-weather-endless-changes-in-the-art-world-6685/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Round 57th Street: New York's First Gallery District Continues (for Now) to Weather Endless Changes in the Art World"</a>. <i>ARTnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTnews&rft.atitle=%E2%80%99Round+57th+Street%3A+New+York%E2%80%99s+First+Gallery+District+Continues+%28for+Now%29+to+Weather+Endless+Changes+in+the+Art+World&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Scher&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fmarket%2Fround-57th-street-new-yorks-first-gallery-district-continues-for-now-to-weather-endless-changes-in-the-art-world-6685%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_p._2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._2_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Park_Service1980">National Park Service 1980</a>, section 7 (PDF p. 2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aia5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aia5_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWillenskyLeadon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norval_White" title="Norval White">White, Norval</a>; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/AIA_Guide_to_New_York_City" title="AIA Guide to New York City">AIA Guide to New York City</a></i> (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-386-7"><bdi>978-0-19538-386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIA+Guide+to+New+York+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=307&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19538-386-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Norval&rft.au=Willensky%2C+Elliot&rft.au=Leadon%2C+Fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyw18901219-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyw18901219_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64555496/">"Artists Will Be At Home"</a>. <i>New York World</i>. December 19, 1890. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131109/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64555496/artists-will-be-at-home/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+World&rft.atitle=Artists+Will+Be+At+Home&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1890-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64555496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt18901221-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18901221_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1890/12/21/archives/an-elaborate-structure-description-of-the-contemplated-fine-art.html">"An Elaborate Structure.; Description of the Contemplated Fine Art Building"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 21, 1890. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131109/https://www.nytimes.com/1890/12/21/archives/an-elaborate-structure-description-of-the-contemplated-fine-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Elaborate+Structure.%3B+Description+of+the+Contemplated+Fine+Art+Building&rft.date=1890-12-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1890%2F12%2F21%2Farchives%2Fan-elaborate-structure-description-of-the-contemplated-fine-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gothamist_2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gothamist_2016_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-improbable-history-of-nycs-revolutionary-art-school-the-art-students-league">"The Improbable History Of NYC's Revolutionary Art School, The Art Students League"</a>. <i>Gothamist</i>. July 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202736/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/the-improbable-history-of-nycs-revolutionary-art-school-the-art-students-league">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gothamist&rft.atitle=The+Improbable+History+Of+NYC%27s+Revolutionary+Art+School%2C+The+Art+Students+League&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgothamist.com%2Farts-entertainment%2Fthe-improbable-history-of-nycs-revolutionary-art-school-the-art-students-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TL_p._147-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._147_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTauranac1985">Tauranac 1985</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Park_Service1980">National Park Service 1980</a>, section 7 (PDF p. 2); <a href="#CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983">Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannon_2019-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannon_2019_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2019" class="citation web cs1">Gannon, Devin (January 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.6sqft.com/for-artists-by-artists-inside-the-landmarked-studios-of-the-144-year-old-art-students-league-of-new-york/">"For artists by artists: Inside the landmarked studios of the 144-year-old Art Students League of New York"</a>. <i>6sqft</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127122032/https://www.6sqft.com/for-artists-by-artists-inside-the-landmarked-studios-of-the-144-year-old-art-students-league-of-new-york/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=6sqft&rft.atitle=For+artists+by+artists%3A+Inside+the+landmarked+studios+of+the+144-year-old+Art+Students+League+of+New+York&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.6sqft.com%2Ffor-artists-by-artists-inside-the-landmarked-studios-of-the-144-year-old-art-students-league-of-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt18921231-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt18921231_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1892/12/31/archives/george-w-vanderbilts-gift-announced-at-the-architectural-leagues.html">"George W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+W.+Vanderbilt%27s+Gift.%3B+Announced+at+the+Architectural+League%27s+Dinner&rft.date=1892-12-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1892%2F12%2F31%2Farchives%2Fgeorge-w-vanderbilts-gift-announced-at-the-architectural-leagues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2018_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2018" class="citation web cs1">Young, Michelle (October 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://untappedcities.com/2018/10/15/secrets-of-the-arts-students-league-of-new-york-a-beaux-arts-landmark-on-57th-street/?displayall=true">"The Top 10 Secrets of the Arts Students League of New York, a Beaux-Arts Landmark on 57th Street"</a>. <i>Untapped New York</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511170355/https://untappedcities.com/2018/10/15/secrets-of-the-arts-students-league-of-new-york-a-beaux-arts-landmark-on-57th-street/?displayall=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tower+Will+Rise+Next+to%2C+and+Over%2C+a+Paint-Spattered+Landmark&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kaminer&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F23%2Fnyregion%2Ftower-will-rise-over-and-above-a-paint-spattered-landmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt18890616-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt18890616_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1889/06/16/archives/a-union-of-art-societies.html">"A Union of Art Societies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 16, 1889. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131109/https://www.nytimes.com/1889/06/16/archives/a-union-of-art-societies.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Union+of+Art+Societies.&rft.date=1889-06-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1889%2F06%2F16%2Farchives%2Fa-union-of-art-societies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btu18890629-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-btu18890629_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64552206/">"Art and Artists"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Times-Union</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Times-Union&rft.atitle=Art+and+Artists&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1889-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64552206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassidy_2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2013_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2013" class="citation web cs1">Cassidy, Stephanie (January 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asllinea.org/the-institution-builder-art-students-league-of-new-york/">"The Institution Builders"</a>. <i>LINEA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021081323/https://asllinea.org/the-institution-builder-art-students-league-of-new-york/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LINEA&rft.atitle=The+Institution+Builders&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasllinea.org%2Fthe-institution-builder-art-students-league-of-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TL_p._146-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_p._146_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTauranac1985">Tauranac 1985</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyew18900102-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyew18900102_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25783565/">"To Promote American Art"</a>. <i>New York Evening World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Evening+World&rft.atitle=To+Promote+American+Art&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1890-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F25783565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1890/01/04/archives/the-fine-arts-society.html">"The Fine Arts Society"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 4, 1890. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131110/https://www.nytimes.com/1890/01/04/archives/the-fine-arts-society.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fine+Arts+Society&rft.date=1890-01-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1890%2F01%2F04%2Farchives%2Fthe-fine-arts-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1889/10/04/archives/a-new-art-project-ambitious-aims-of-the-american-fine-arts-society.html">"A New Art Project; Ambitious Aims of the American Fine Arts Society"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 4, 1889. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131109/https://www.nytimes.com/1889/10/04/archives/a-new-art-project-ambitious-aims-of-the-american-fine-arts-society.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Art+Project%3B+Ambitious+Aims+of+the+American+Fine+Arts+Society&rft.date=1889-10-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1889%2F10%2F04%2Farchives%2Fa-new-art-project-ambitious-aims-of-the-american-fine-arts-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1889/11/24/archives/only-a-little-delay-officers-of-the-american-fine-arts-society-deny.html">"Only a Little Delay.; Officers of the American Fine Arts Society Deny a Rumor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 24, 1889. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131110/https://www.nytimes.com/1889/11/24/archives/only-a-little-delay-officers-of-the-american-fine-arts-society-deny.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Only+a+Little+Delay.%3B+Officers+of+the+American+Fine+Arts+Society+Deny+a+Rumor&rft.date=1889-11-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1889%2F11%2F24%2Farchives%2Fonly-a-little-delay-officers-of-the-american-fine-arts-society-deny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_p._3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Park_Service1980">National Park Service 1980</a>, section 8, p. 1 (PDF p. 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt18900727-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt18900727_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64563355/">"Architects to Compete"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 27, 1890. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131111/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64563355/architects-to-compete/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Architects+to+Compete&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1890-07-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64563355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1983)_pp._103-104-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_pp._103-104_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983">Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rer18901018-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rer18901018_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rer18901018_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_006&page=ldpd_7031148_006_00000534&no=1">"Out Among the Builders"</a>. <i>The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide</i>. Vol. 46, no. 1179. October 18, 1890. p. 510. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512131113/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_006&page=ldpd_7031148_006_00000534&no=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">columbia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Real+Estate+Record%3A+Real+Estate+Record+and+Builders%27+Guide&rft.atitle=Out+Among+the+Builders&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1179&rft.pages=510&rft.date=1890-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frerecord.library.columbia.edu%2Fdocument.php%3Fvol%3Dldpd_7031148_006%26page%3Dldpd_7031148_006_00000534%26no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassidy_2017-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_2017_34-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2017" class="citation web cs1">Cassidy, Stephanie (November 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asllinea.org/american-fine-arts-society-building/">"Celebrating the American Fine Arts Society Building"</a>. <i>LINEA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922213324/https://asllinea.org/american-fine-arts-society-building/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LINEA&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+American+Fine+Arts+Society+Building&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasllinea.org%2Famerican-fine-arts-society-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1983)_p._104-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1983)_p._104_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983">Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64563109/">"The New Fine Arts Building"</a>. <i>New York Sun</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Art+Notes&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1891-11-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64609272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1891/05/24/archives/the-fine-arts-society.html">"The Fine Arts Society"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 24, 1891. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fine+Arts+Society&rft.date=1891-05-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1891%2F05%2F24%2Farchives%2Fthe-fine-arts-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1892/02/09/archives/a-pleasant-innovation-a-cornerstone-celebration-by-the-society-of.html">"A Pleasant Innovation.; a Cornerstone Celebration by the Society of Fine Arts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 9, 1892. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Pleasant+Innovation.%3B+a+Cornerstone+Celebration+by+the+Society+of+Fine+Arts&rft.date=1892-02-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1892%2F02%2F09%2Farchives%2Fa-pleasant-innovation-a-cornerstone-celebration-by-the-society-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_010&page=ldpd_7031148_010_00000491&no=2">"Architectural League's House Warming"</a>. <i>The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Art+Students%27+League.%3B+Its+New+and+Elegant+Quarters+Thrown+Open+for+Inspection&rft.date=1892-10-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1892%2F10%2F16%2Farchives%2Fthe-art-students-league-its-new-and-elegant-quarters-thrown-open.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1892/12/04/archives/new-home-for-fine-arts-opening-of-the-american-societys.html">"New Home for Fine Arts.; Opening of the American Society's Fifty-seventh Street Building"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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February 5, 1893. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009163620/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64619469/gallery-and-studio/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 26, 1894. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 17, 1894. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 4, 1896. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072116/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/01/04/archives/japanese-paintings-and-color-prints.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Streetscapes%3A+Readers%27+Questions%3B+Babylonian+Kings+and+Other+Bits+of+Historic+Exotica&rft.date=1990-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F06%2F03%2Frealestate%2Fstreetscapes-readers-questions-babylonian-kings-other-bits-historic-exotica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015007225769&view=1up&seq=403">"A Conversation with Henry Janeway Hardenbergh"</a>. <i>Architectural Record</i>. Vol. 19. May 1906. p. 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Record&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+Henry+Janeway+Hardenbergh&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=379&rft.date=1906-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015007225769%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2005" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Holland (September 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/arts/critics-notebook-a-schools-colorful-patina.html">"Critic's Notebook; a School's Colorful Patina"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214224819/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/arts/critics-notebook-a-schools-colorful-patina.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Critic%27s+Notebook%3B+a+School%27s+Colorful+Patina&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F09%2Farts%2Fcritics-notebook-a-schools-colorful-patina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TL_pp._146–147-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TL_pp._146–147_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTauranac1985">Tauranac 1985</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Fine_Arts_Society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Fine_Arts_Society" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American Fine Arts Society">American Fine Arts Society</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service1980" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/80002662.pdf">"Historic Structures Report: American Fine Arts Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. February 29, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Structures+Report%3A+American+Fine+Arts+Society&rft.pub=National+Register+of+Historic+Places%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1980-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2FNARAprodstorage%2Flz%2Felectronic-records%2Frg-079%2FNPS_NY%2F80002662.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyork1900metro0000ster"><i>New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915</i></a></span>. New York: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-0511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-0511-5"><bdi>0-8478-0511-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9829395">9829395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+1900%3A+Metropolitan+Architecture+and+Urbanism%2C+1890%E2%80%931915&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9829395&rft.isbn=0-8478-0511-5&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Massengale%2C+John+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork1900metro0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauranac1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tauranac" title="John Tauranac">Tauranac, John</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elegantnewyorkbu0000taur/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Elegant New York</i></a></span>. New York: Abbeville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-458-6"><bdi>978-0-89659-458-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12314472">12314472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elegant+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12314472&rft.isbn=978-0-89659-458-6&rft.aulast=Tauranac&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felegantnewyorkbu0000taur%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Fine+Arts+Society" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Streets)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buildings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West of<br />5th Av</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Worldwide_Plaza" title="One Worldwide Plaza">1 Worldwide Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Columbus_Circle" title="2 Columbus Circle">2 Columbus Cir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Columbus_Circle" title="5 Columbus Circle">5 Columbus Cir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_West_54th_Street" title="5 West 54th Street">5 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_West_54th_Street" title="7 West 54th Street">7 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_West_56th_Street" title="10 West 56th Street">10 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_West_54th_Street" title="11 West 54th Street">11 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_West_56th_Street" title="12 West 56th Street">12 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_and_15_West_54th_Street" title="13 and 15 West 54th Street">13–15 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_West_44th_Street" title="30 West 44th Street">30 W 44th St (Penn Club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_West_56th_Street" title="30 West 56th Street">30 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46_West_55th_Street" title="46 West 55th Street">46 W 55th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53W53" title="53W53">53W53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/111_West_57th_Street" title="111 West 57th Street">111 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts" title="High School of Performing Arts">120 W 46th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/125_West_55th_Street" title="125 West 55th Street">125 W 55th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/130_West_57th_Street" title="130 West 57th Street">130 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/140_West_57th_Street" title="140 West 57th Street">140 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/165_West_57th_Street" title="165 West 57th Street">165 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Central_Park_South" title="200 Central Park South">200 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/218_West_57th_Street" title="218 West 57th Street">218 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/220_Central_Park_South" title="220 Central Park South">220 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/224_West_57th_Street" title="224 West 57th Street">224 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/240_Central_Park_South" title="240 Central Park South">240 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Fifth_Avenue" title="500 Fifth Avenue">500 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/520_Fifth_Avenue" title="520 Fifth Avenue">520 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/608_Fifth_Avenue" title="608 Fifth Avenue">608 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/660_Fifth_Avenue" title="660 Fifth Avenue">660 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/712_Fifth_Avenue" title="712 Fifth Avenue">712 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/740_Eighth_Avenue" title="740 Eighth Avenue">740 8th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/750_Seventh_Avenue" title="750 Seventh Avenue">750 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/810_Seventh_Avenue" title="810 Seventh Avenue">810 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/888_Seventh_Avenue" title="888 Seventh Avenue">888 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1166_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1166 Avenue of the Americas">1166 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1301_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1301 Avenue of the Americas">1301 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1345_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1345 Avenue of the Americas">1345 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_Broadway" title="1717 Broadway">1717 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Broadway" title="1740 Broadway">1740 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Building_(42nd_Street)" title="Aeolian Building (42nd Street)">Aeolian Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Court" title="Alwyn Court">Alwyn Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Tower" title="Americas Tower">Americas Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARO_(building)" title="ARO (building)">ARO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa_Equitable_Center" title="Axa Equitable Center">Axa Equitable Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)">Bank of America Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman_Building" title="Bergdorf Goodman Building">Bergdorf Goodman Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Briarcliffe" title="The Briarcliffe">The Briarcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Building" title="Brill Building">Brill Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Baptist_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Calvary Baptist Church (Manhattan)">Calvary Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall_Tower" title="Carnegie Hall Tower">Carnegie Hall Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Place" title="Central Park Place">Central Park Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_the_Virgin_(Manhattan)" title="Church of St. Mary the Virgin (Manhattan)">Church of St. Mary the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)" title="Crown Building (Manhattan)">Crown Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coty_Building" title="Coty Building">Coty Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Center" title="Deutsche Bank Center">Deutsche Bank Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michelangelo" title="The Michelangelo">Executive Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church">Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Studios_(Manhattan)" title="Gainsborough Studios (Manhattan)">Gainsborough Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_House" title="Hampshire House">Hampshire House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Hearst Tower (Manhattan)">Hearst Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Trust_Company_Building" title="Manufacturers Trust Company Building">Manufacturers Trust Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hellinger_Theatre" title="Mark Hellinger Theatre">Mark Hellinger Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Church" title="Times Square Church">Times Square Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Metropolitan Tower (Manhattan)">Metropolitan Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="House of the New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club_Building" title="New York Yacht Club Building">New York Yacht Club Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One57" title="One57">One57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Osborne" title="The Osborne">The Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Plaza" title="Paramount Plaza">Paramount Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_House_(New_York_City)" title="Park House (New York City)">Park House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Center" title="Philippine Center">Philippine Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Tower" title="Random House Tower">Random House Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Apartments" title="Rockefeller Apartments">Rockefeller Apts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_Studios" title="Rodin Studios">Rodin Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Malachy_Roman_Catholic_Church" title="St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church">St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Saint Thomas Church (Manhattan)">St. Thomas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Tower_Building" title="Salmon Tower Building">Salmon Tower Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow_Building" title="Solow Building">Solow Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_49" title="Tower 49">Tower 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Fifth" title="Tower Fifth">Tower Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Parc" title="Trump Parc">Trump Parc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._Grace_Building" title="W. R. Grace Building">W. R. Grace Bldg</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="1 Rockefeller Plaza">1 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="10 Rockefeller Plaza">10 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="50 Rockefeller Plaza">50 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="75 Rockefeller Plaza">75 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1211_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1211 Avenue of the Americas">1211 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1221_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1221 Avenue of the Americas">1221 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1251_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1251 Avenue of the Americas">1251 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1271_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1271 Avenue of the Americas">1271 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Building" title="British Empire Building">British Empire Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Building_(Rockefeller_Center)" title="International Building (Rockefeller Center)">International Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maison_Francaise_(Rockefeller_Center)" title="La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)">La Maison Francaise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza" title="One Astor Plaza">1 Astor Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Times_Square" title="One Times Square">1 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Times_Square" title="3 Times Square">3 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Times_Square" title="4 Times Square">4 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_Times_Square" title="Eleven Times Square">11 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Times_Square" title="20 Times Square">20 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/229_West_43rd_Street" title="229 West 43rd Street">229 W 43rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel" title="Times Square Hotel">255 W 43rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500_Broadway" title="1500 Broadway">1500 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1501_Broadway" title="1501 Broadway">1501 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540_Broadway" title="1540 Broadway">1540 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1552_Broadway" title="1552 Broadway">1552 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Broadway" title="1585 Broadway">1585 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSX_Broadway" title="TSX Broadway">TSX Broadway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East of<br />5th Av</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Vanderbilt" title="One Vanderbilt">One Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_East_57th_Street" title="3 East 57th Street">3 E 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Building" title="Hale Building">7 E 44th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_East_53rd_Street" title="12 East 53rd Street">12 E 53rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_East_50th_Street" title="18 East 50th Street">18 E 50th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_East_54th_Street" title="19 East 54th Street">19 E 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene_(building)" title="Selene (building)">100 E 53rd St (Selene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138_East_50th_Street" title="138 East 50th Street">138 E 50th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/175_Park_Avenue" title="175 Park Avenue">175 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252_East_57th_Street" title="252 East 57th Street">252 E 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue">245 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="270 Park Avenue (2021–present)">270 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue">277 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/299_Park_Avenue" title="299 Park Avenue">299 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/345_Park_Avenue" title="345 Park Avenue">345 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue" title="383 Madison Avenue">383 Madison Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/399_Park_Avenue" title="399 Park Avenue">399 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_Madison_Avenue" title="400 Madison Avenue">400 Madison Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/425_Park_Avenue" title="425 Park Avenue">425 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/432_Park_Avenue" title="432 Park Avenue">432 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/450_Lexington_Avenue" title="450 Lexington Avenue">450 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/450_Park_Avenue" title="450 Park Avenue">450 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/488_Madison_Avenue" title="488 Madison Avenue">488 Madison Av (Look Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Park_Avenue" title="500 Park Avenue">500 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue" title="525 Lexington Avenue">525 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue" title="550 Madison Avenue">550 Madison Av (Sony Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue" title="569 Lexington Avenue">569 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/590_Madison_Avenue" title="590 Madison Avenue">590 Madison Av (IBM Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/599_Lexington_Avenue" title="599 Lexington Avenue">599 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/647_Fifth_Avenue" title="647 Fifth Avenue">647 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/689_Fifth_Avenue" title="689 Fifth Avenue">689 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/731_Lexington_Avenue" title="731 Lexington Avenue">731 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/919_Third_Avenue" title="919 Third Avenue">919 3rd Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Apple Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartier_Building" title="Cartier Building">Cartier Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building" title="CBS Studio Building">CBS Studio Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)" title="Central Synagogue (Manhattan)">Central Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons_Building" title="Charles Scribner's Sons Building">Charles Scribner's Sons Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden_in_New_York" title="Church of Sweden in New York">Church of Sweden in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Center" title="Citigroup Center">Citigroup Ctr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitySpire" title="CitySpire">CitySpire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuMont_Building" title="DuMont Building">DuMont Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(New_York_City)" title="Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist (New York City)">Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_F._French_Building" title="Fred F. French Building">Fred F. French Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Building" title="Fuller Building">Fuller Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Building" title="General Electric Building">General Electric Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Building_(Manhattan)" title="General Motors Building (Manhattan)">General Motors Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graybar_Building" title="Graybar Building">Graybar Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Building" title="Helmsley Building">Helmsley Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">Lever House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_Building" title="Lipstick Building">Lipstick Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVMH_Tower" title="LVMH Tower">LVMH Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">MetLife Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulightor_Building" title="Modulightor Building">Modulightor Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Moore_House" title="William H. Moore House">William H. Moore House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Tower" title="Olympic Tower">Olympic Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Plaza" title="Park Avenue Plaza">Park Avenue Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tower" title="Park Avenue Tower">Park Avenue Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz_Tower" title="Ritz Tower">Ritz Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_store" title="Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store">Saks Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_Church_(New_York_City)" title="St. Agnes Church (New York City)">St. Agnes Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)" title="St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)">St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Midtown_Manhattan)" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_58" title="Sutton 58">Sutton 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co._flagship_store" title="Tiffany & Co. flagship store">Tiffany & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villard_Houses" title="Villard Houses">Villard Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_and_Helen_Ziegler_House" title="William and Helen Ziegler House">William and Helen Ziegler House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Palace" title="Grand Central Palace">Grand Central Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Marguery" title="Hotel Marguery">Hotel Marguery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._O._H._P._Belmont_House" title="Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont House">Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Studio_Building" title="Sherwood Studio Building">Sherwood Studio Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Collegiate_Reformed_Protestant_Dutch_Church" title="St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church">St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Building_(Midtown_Manhattan)" title="Studebaker Building (Midtown Manhattan)">Studebaker Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_(New_York,_1868)" title="Temple Emanu-El (New York, 1868)">Temple Emanu-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">Union Carbide Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Triple_Palace" title="Vanderbilt Triple Palace">Vanderbilt Triple Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Vanderbilt_House" title="William K. Vanderbilt House">William K. Vanderbilt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Presbyterian_Church" title="West Presbyterian Church">West Presbyterian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Theaters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Theaters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Broadway_theaters" title="List of Broadway theaters">Broadway theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Ambassador Theatre (New York City)">Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_Theatre" title="August Wilson Theatre">August Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belasco_Theatre" title="Belasco Theatre">Belasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs_Theatre" title="Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre">Bernard B. Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Theatre" title="Booth Theatre">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre" title="Broadhurst Theatre">Broadhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Theatre_(53rd_Street)" title="Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore_Theatre" title="Ethel Barrymore Theatre">Ethel Barrymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theatre" title="Eugene O'Neill Theatre">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre" title="Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre">Gerald Schoenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershwin_Theatre" title="Gershwin Theatre">Gershwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_Theater" title="Hayes Theater">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Theatre" title="Hudson Theatre">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Theatre" title="Imperial Theatre">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones_Theatre" title="James Earl Jones Theatre">James Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Golden_Theatre" title="John Golden Theatre">John Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne_Theatre" title="Lena Horne Theatre">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longacre_Theatre" title="Longacre Theatre">Longacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne_Theatre" title="Lunt-Fontanne Theatre">Lunt-Fontanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)" title="Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)">Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Majestic Theatre (Broadway)">Majestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Theatre" title="Marquis Theatre">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre" title="Minskoff Theatre">Minskoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Box_Theatre" title="Music Box Theatre">Music Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre" title="Neil Simon Theatre">Neil Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Palace Theatre (New York City)">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_Theatre" title="Richard Rodgers Theatre">Richard Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Samuel J. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Shubert Theatre (Broadway)">Shubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim_Theatre" title="Stephen Sondheim Theatre">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Haimes_Theatre" title="Todd Haimes Theatre">Todd Haimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater" title="Ed Sullivan Theater">Ed Sullivan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ImaginAsian" title="The ImaginAsian">The ImaginAsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Victory_Theater" title="New Victory Theater">New Victory Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">New York City Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Theater_(Manhattan)" title="Paris Theater (Manhattan)">Paris Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Hall" title="Sony Hall">Sony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theater_Center" title="The Theater Center">The Theater Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)" title="The Town Hall (New York City)">The Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Theatre" title="York Theatre">York Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed/demolished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre" title="44th Street Theatre">44th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_Street_Theatre" title="48th Street Theatre">48th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theatre_(42nd_Street)" title="Apollo Theatre (42nd Street)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Center Theatre (New York City)">Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Capitol Theatre (New York City)">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre" title="Earl Carroll Theatre">Earl Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Theatre" title="Edison Theatre">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Embassy Theatre (New York City)">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Theatre" title="Fulton Theatre">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Cohan%27s_Theatre" title="George M. Cohan's Theatre">George M. Cohan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loew%27s_State_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Loew's State Theatre (New York City)">Loew's State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)" title="Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)">Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Theatre" title="New Century Theatre">New Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Olympia Theatre (New York City)">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Roxy Theatre (New York City)">Roxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Theatre_(Manhattan)" title="Strand Theatre (Manhattan)">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Theater" title="Times Square Theater">Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Hammerstein%27s)" title="Victoria Theatre (Hammerstein's)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">Ziegfeld (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1969)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)">Ziegfeld (1969)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hotels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hotels</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Hotel" title="Algonquin Hotel">Algonquin Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allerton_Hotel_for_Women" title="Allerton Hotel for Women">Allerton Hotel for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benjamin_Royal_Sonesta_New_York" title="The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York">The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_Hotel_%26_Residences" title="Cassa Hotel & Residences">Cassa Hotel & Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chatwal_New_York" title="The Chatwal New York">The Chatwal New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Hotel" title="Webster Hotel">Club Quarters, Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Times_Square_Manhattan" title="Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan">Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_New_York" title="Four Seasons Hotel New York">Four Seasons Hotel New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Edison" title="Hotel Edison">Hotel Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Elys%C3%A9e" title="Hotel Elysée">Hotel Elysée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Gerard" title="Hotel Gerard">Hotel Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Grand_Central_New_York" title="Hyatt Grand Central New York">Hyatt Grand Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterContinental_New_York_Barclay_Hotel" title="InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel">InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Marriott_Essex_House" title="JW Marriott Essex House">JW Marriott Essex House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iroquois_New_York" title="The Iroquois New York">The Iroquois New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Lexington Hotel (New York City)">Lexington Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy_Hotel" title="Lombardy Hotel">Lombardy Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_New_York_Palace_Hotel" title="Lotte New York Palace Hotel">Lotte New York Palace Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Luxor Hotel (New York City)">Luxor Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Hotel" title="Mansfield Hotel">Mansfield Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michelangelo" title="The Michelangelo">The Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Times_Square_New_York" title="Millennium Times Square New York">Millennium Times Square New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Hilton_Midtown" title="New York Hilton Midtown">New York Hilton Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Marriott_Marquis" title="New York Marriott Marquis">New York Marriott Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Hotel" title="Paramount Hotel">Paramount Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Central_Hotel" title="Park Central Hotel">Park Central Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_Hotel_(Manhattan)" title="Park Lane Hotel (Manhattan)">Park Lane Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peninsula_New_York" title="The Peninsula New York">The Peninsula New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quin" title="The Quin">The Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_St._Moritz" title="Hotel St. Moritz">The Ritz-Carlton New York, Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_Hotel" title="Roger Smith Hotel">Roger Smith Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_NYC_Hotel" title="Row NYC Hotel">Row NYC Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalton_Hotel" title="Royalton Hotel">Royalton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Regis_New_York" title="St. Regis New York">St. Regis New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_New_York_Times_Square_Hotel" title="Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel">Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofitel_New_York_Hotel" title="Sofitel New York Hotel">Sofitel New York Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Central_Park_New_York_Hotel" title="Thompson Central Park New York Hotel">Thompson Central Park New York Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf Astoria New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_New_York_Hotel" title="Warwick New York Hotel">Warwick New York Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue" title="569 Lexington Avenue">DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Metropolitan New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Carter" title="Hotel Carter">Hotel Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Claridge" title="Hotel Claridge">Hotel Claridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Manhattan" title="Hotel Manhattan">Hotel Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Metropole_(New_York_City)" title="Hotel Metropole (New York City)">Hotel Metropole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Biltmore_Hotel" title="New York Biltmore Hotel">New York Biltmore Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue" title="525 Lexington Avenue">New York Marriott East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_Berkshire_Place" title="Omni Berkshire Place">Omni Berkshire Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabst_Hotel" title="Pabst Hotel">Pabst Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Ritz-Carlton Hotel (New York City)">Ritz-Carlton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hotel_(Manhattan)" title="Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)">Roosevelt Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy-Plaza_Hotel" title="Savoy-Plaza Hotel">Savoy-Plaza Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel" title="Times Square Hotel">Times Square Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weylin_Hotel" title="Weylin Hotel">Weylin Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Hotel_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Hotel (Manhattan)">Windsor Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_points_of_interest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other points of interest</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants/<br />nightlife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21_Club" title="21 Club">21 Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54_Below" title="54 Below">54 Below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_(restaurant)" title="Alto (restaurant)">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthos_(restaurant)" title="Anthos (restaurant)">Anthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureole_(restaurant)" title="Aureole (restaurant)">Aureole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_Heaven" title="Burger Heaven">Burger Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bernardin" title="Le Bernardin">Le Bernardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Chambord" title="Cafe Chambord">Cafe Chambord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Apartment" title="Campbell Apartment">Campbell Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Caravelle_(New_York_City)" title="La Caravelle (New York City)">La Caravelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_Russe" title="Caviar Russe">Caviar Russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Pezzo_Restaurant" title="Del Pezzo Restaurant">Del Pezzo Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen%27s_Stardust_Diner" title="Ellen's Stardust Diner">Ellen's Stardust Diner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Twenty_Five" title="Four Twenty Five">Four Twenty Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kreuther" title="Gabriel Kreuther">Gabriel Kreuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher%27s_Steakhouse" title="Gallagher's Steakhouse">Gallagher's Steakhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Oyster_Bar_%26_Restaurant" title="Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant">Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grenouille_(restaurant)" title="La Grenouille (restaurant)">La Grenouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Jazz_Club" title="Iridium Jazz Club">Iridium Jazz Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jardinier" title="Le Jardinier">Le Jardinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cole_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole Bar">King Cole Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumazushi" title="Kurumazushi">Kurumazushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter_(nightclub)" title="Latin Quarter (nightclub)">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lespinasse_(restaurant)" title="Lespinasse (restaurant)">Lespinasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marea_(restaurant)" title="Marea (restaurant)">Marea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_(restaurant)" title="Naro (restaurant)">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">The Pool and the Grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(restaurant)" title="Oceana (restaurant)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soupman" title="The Original Soupman">The Original Soupman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Clarke%27s" title="P. J. Clarke's">P. J. Clarke's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy%27s" title="Patsy's">Patsy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pavillon_(Daniel_Boulud_restaurant)" title="Le Pavillon (Daniel Boulud restaurant)">Le Pavillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Burger" title="Prime Burger">Prime Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quilted_Giraffe" title="The Quilted Giraffe">The Quilted Giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Room" title="Rainbow Room">Rainbow Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Aquavit" title="Restaurant Aquavit">Restaurant Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumpelmayer%27s_(New_York_City)" title="Rumpelmayer's (New York City)">Rumpelmayer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Tea_Room" title="Russian Tea Room">Russian Tea Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardi%27s" title="Sardi's">Sardi's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuki_(restaurant)" title="Satsuki (restaurant)">Satsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shun_Lee_Palace" title="Shun Lee Palace">Shun Lee Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Deli" title="Stage Deli">Stage Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Campbell">The Campbell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums/<br />cultural centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Cultural_Forum_New_York" title="Austrian Cultural Forum New York">Austrian Cultural Forum New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Museum_and_Archives" title="Girl Scout Museum and Archives">Girl Scout Museum and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Mossman_Lock_Museum" title="John M. Mossman Lock Museum">John M. Mossman Lock Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center_New_York" title="Korean Cultural Center New York">Korean Cultural Center New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_New_York" title="Madame Tussauds New York">Madame Tussauds New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Museum of Arts and Design">Museum of Arts and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadway" title="Museum of Broadway">Museum of Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media#New_York" title="Paley Center for Media">Paley Center for Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Museum" title="Rose Museum">Rose Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyscape" title="Spyscape">Spyscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stores</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argosy_Book_Store" title="Argosy Book Store">Argosy Book Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_Book_Mart" title="Gotham Book Mart">Gotham Book Mart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubhouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Fine Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brook" title="The Brook">The Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_Association" title="Century Association">Century Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Club_of_New_York" title="Cornell Club of New York">Cornell Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Club_of_New_York_City" title="Harvard Club of New York City">Harvard Club of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club" title="New York Athletic Club">New York Athletic Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Friars_Club" title="New York Friars Club">New York Friars Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club" title="New York Yacht Club">New York Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York" title="Penn Club of New York">Penn Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club" title="Racquet and Tennis Club">Racquet and Tennis Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Club_of_New_York" title="University Club of New York">University Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Republican_Club" title="Women's National Republican Club">Women's National Republican Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Club_of_New_York_City" title="The Yale Club of New York City">Yale Club of New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubhouses (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club_of_New_York" title="Princeton Club of New York">Princeton Club of New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller_Sculpture_Garden" title="Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden">Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenacre_Park" title="Greenacre Park">Greenacre Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Park" title="Paley Park">Paley Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_Library" title="53rd Street Library">53rd Street Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre_School" title="Circle in the Square Theatre School">Circle in the Square Theatre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUNY_School_of_Labor_and_Urban_Studies" title="CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies">CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts" title="High School of Performing Arts">High School of Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_High_School_for_International_Careers" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Choir_School" title="Saint Thomas Choir School">Saint Thomas Choir School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Optometry" title="State University of New York College of Optometry">SUNY College of Optometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_St._Etienne" title="Galerie St. Etienne">Galerie St. Etienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehs_Galleries" title="Rehs Galleries">Rehs Galleries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transportation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transportation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue/53rd_Street_station" title="Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station">Fifth Avenue/53rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue%E2%80%9359th_Street_station" title="Fifth Avenue–59th Street station">Fifth Avenue–59th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_station_(IND_lines)" title="Seventh Avenue station (IND lines)">Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Bryant_Park/Fifth_Avenue_station" title="42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station">42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal_station" title="42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station">42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th%E2%80%9350th_Streets%E2%80%93Rockefeller_Center_station" title="47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station">47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_Street_station_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" title="49th Street station (BMT Broadway Line)">49th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IND_lines)" title="50th Street station (IND lines)">50th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" title="50th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">50th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_station" title="57th Street–Seventh Avenue station">57th Street–Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street_station_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" title="57th Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">57th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Street%E2%80%93Columbus_Circle_station" title="59th Street–Columbus Circle station">59th Street–Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Grand Central–42nd Street station">Grand Central–42nd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/51st_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue/51st Street station">Lexington Avenue/51st Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/59th_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue/59th Street station">Lexington Avenue/59th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Times Square–42nd Street station">Times Square–42nd Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railroad stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison" title="Grand Central Madison">Grand Central Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and<br />intersections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue" title="Sixth Avenue">Sixth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue" title="6½ Avenue">Six and a Half Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)">Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)">Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="47th Street (Manhattan)">47th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="50th Street (Manhattan)">50th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Street_(Manhattan)" title="51st Street (Manhattan)">51st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="52nd Street (Manhattan)">52nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="53rd Street (Manhattan)">53rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="54th Street (Manhattan)">54th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="55th Street (Manhattan)">55th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="57th Street (Manhattan)">57th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="59th Street (Manhattan)">59th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_Square" title="Duffy Square">Duffy Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott_Way" title="George Abbott Way">George Abbott Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Viaduct" title="Park Avenue Viaduct">Park Avenue Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square,_Manhattan" title="Pershing Square, Manhattan">Pershing Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubert_Alley" title="Shubert Alley">Shubert Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanderbilt Avenue (Manhattan)">Vanderbilt Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row" title="Billionaires' Row">Billionaires' Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brazil,_Manhattan" title="Little Brazil, Manhattan">Little Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_South" title="Midtown South">Midtown South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Strip" title="Minnesota Strip">Minnesota Strip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">Manhattan Community Board 5</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_NY.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Allegany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Broome_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chemung_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chenango_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clinton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cortland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Erie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Genesee_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Kings (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Livingston_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nassau_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">New York (Manhattan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ontario_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orleans_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oswego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otsego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Putnam_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Richmond (Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seneca_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Lawrence County, New York">St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Steuben_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tioga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ulster_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, New York">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wayne_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yates_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a></li> <li>New York City <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">Manhattan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_below_14th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street">Below 14th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">14th–59th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_59th_to_110th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets">59th–110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_above_110th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street">Above 110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_on_islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands">Minor islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Peekskill,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Peekskill, New York">Peekskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Poughkeepsie, New York"> Poughkeepsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhinebeck,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhinebeck, New York">Rhinebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yonkers,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="List of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in New York">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li>National Historic Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York_City" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York">Outside New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4743784#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000091650041">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134129107">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95023038">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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