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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_land_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Subsequent land explorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_land_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Boundary disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Big_Dark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Big_Dark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 The Big Dark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Big_Dark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ecoregions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_largest_cities_by_population_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_largest_cities_by_population_in_the_Pacific_Northwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 List of largest cities by population in the Pacific Northwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_largest_cities_by_population_in_the_Pacific_Northwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Spirituality and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Environmentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-determination_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-determination_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Self-determination movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-determination_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pacific Northwest</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6" title="إقليم الشمال الغربي الهادئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقليم الشمال الغربي الهادئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_sjeverozapad" title="Pacifički sjeverozapad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pacifički sjeverozapad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifischer_Nordwesten" title="Pazifischer Nordwesten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifischer Nordwesten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Noroeste del Pacífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noroeste del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifika_nordokcidento" title="Pacifika nordokcidento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pacifika nordokcidento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifikoko_ipar-mendebaldea" title="Pazifikoko ipar-mendebaldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pazifikoko ipar-mendebaldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شمال غربی آرام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال غربی آرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ouest_Pacifique" title="Nord-Ouest Pacifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nord-Ouest Pacifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EB%B6%81%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80" title="태평양 북서부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태평양 북서부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_sjeverozapad" title="Pacifički sjeverozapad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pacifički sjeverozapad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_Barat_Laut" title="Pasifik Barat Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasifik Barat Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-ovest_Pacifico" title="Nord-ovest Pacifico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nord-ovest Pacifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%27_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="אזור הפסיפיק נורת' וסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור הפסיפיק נורת' וסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat_Laut_Pasifik" title="Barat Laut Pasifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barat Laut Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%B2%B8%E5%8C%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="太平洋岸北西部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太平洋岸北西部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2rd-o%C3%A8st_Pacific" title="Nòrd-oèst Pacific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòrd-oèst Pacific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybrze%C5%BCe_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocno-Zachodnie" title="Wybrzeże Północno-Zachodnie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybrzeże Północno-Zachodnie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Noroeste Pacífico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noroeste Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тихоокеанский Северо-Запад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоокеанский Северо-Запад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pacific Northwest" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Пацифички северозапад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пацифички северозапад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_sjeverozapad" title="Pacifički sjeverozapad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pacifički sjeverozapad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pacific 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of northwestern North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of northwestern North America and its Pacific Ocean coastal waters in Canada and the United States. For the U.S.-only region, see <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a>. For the wrestling territory, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling" title="Pacific Northwest Wrestling">Pacific Northwest Wrestling</a>. For the ocean, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Northwest Pacific</a>. For Phone company, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Bell" title="Pacific Northwest Bell">Pacific Northwest Bell</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region that includes parts of Canada and the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pacific Northwest Cascadia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Needle002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Space_Needle002.jpg/280px-Space_Needle002.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Space_Needle002.jpg/420px-Space_Needle002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Space_Needle002.jpg/560px-Space_Needle002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="665" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg/139px-Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg/209px-Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg/278px-Multnomah_Falls_Bridge_-_Close-Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1608" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/139px-Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/209px-Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/278px-Snow_covered_mountains_at_Crater_Lake_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/280px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/420px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg/560px-Concord_Pacific_Master_Plan_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2450" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Tusk_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Black_Tusk_1983.jpg/139px-Black_Tusk_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Black_Tusk_1983.jpg/209px-Black_Tusk_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Black_Tusk_1983.jpg/278px-Black_Tusk_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="417" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_Beach_(4947305591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg/139px-Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg/209px-Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg/278px-Cannon_Beach_%284947305591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland,_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg/280px-Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg/420px-Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg/560px-Portland%2C_Oregon_by_Bill_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1137" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Left-right from top: <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> skyline and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multnomah_Falls" title="Multnomah Falls">Multnomah Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> skyline, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tusk" title="The Black Tusk">the Black Tusk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Beach,_Oregon" title="Cannon Beach, Oregon">Cannon Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> skyline</div> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_ce1b141c3ac930425d270f811a1b8c824de51099"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pacific_Northwest&revid=1260389139&groups=_ce1b141c3ac930425d270f811a1b8c824de51099" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pacific_Northwest&revid=1260389139&groups=_ce1b141c3ac930425d270f811a1b8c824de51099 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li><li>sometimes: <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Alaska">Southeastern Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Montana" title="Western Montana">Western Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metropolitan areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit;"><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Greater Seattle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland metropolitan area, Oregon">Greater Portland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dialect</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PacNW_satellite_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/PacNW_satellite_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="228" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Pacific Northwest from <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Pacific Northwest (PNW; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Nord-Ouest Pacifique), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_North_America" title="Western North America">Western North America</a> bounded by its coastal waters of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the west and, loosely, by the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common conception includes the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Some broader conceptions reach north into <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, south into <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">northern California</a>, and east into western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. Other conceptions may be limited to the coastal areas west of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Cascade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast</a> mountains. The Northwest Coast is the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest, and the Northwest Plateau (also commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">the Interior</a>" in British Columbia),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is the inland region. The term "Pacific Northwest" should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> (also known as the Great Northwest, a historical term in the United States) or the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The region is sometimes referred to as Cascadia, which, depending on the borders, may or may not be the same thing as the Pacific Northwest. The region's largest metropolitan areas are <a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Greater Seattle</a>, Washington, with 4 million people;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Vancouver">Metro Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, with 2.84 million people;<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area" title="Portland metropolitan area">Greater Portland</a>, Oregon, with 2.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The culture of the Pacific Northwest is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>, which the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> established at a time when the region's inhabitants were composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a>. Two sections of the border—one along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> south of British Columbia and one between the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Alaska Panhandle</a> and northern British Columbia—have left a great impact on the region. According to Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Ken_Coates_(historian)" title="Ken Coates (historian)">Ken Coates</a>, the border has not merely influenced the Pacific Northwest—rather, "the region's history and character have been determined by the boundary".<a href="#cite_note-coates-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PacNWComparison.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/PacNWComparison.PNG" decoding="async" width="230" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>None of the multiple possible definitions of the Pacific Northwest is universally accepted. This map shows three possibilities: (1) The shaded area shows the historical <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>. (2) The green line shows the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia bioregion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sightline1-6">[6]</a> (3) The labeled states and provinces include Washington, Idaho, Oregon and British Columbia.</figcaption></figure> Definitions of the "Pacific Northwest" region vary, and even Pacific Northwesterners do not agree on the exact boundary.<a href="#cite_note-schwantes-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The most common conception includes the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-coates-5">[5]</a> Broader definitions of the region have included the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and parts of the states of California, Montana, and Wyoming, and the Canadian territory of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coates-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes1999-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sinclair-10">[10]</a> Definitions based on the historic <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> reach east to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, thus including all of western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Sometimes, the Pacific Northwest is defined as being the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a> specifically, excluding <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau</a></div> The Pacific Northwest has been occupied by a diverse array of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> for millennia. The Pacific Coast is seen by some scholars as a major <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">coastal migration route</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settlement of the Americas</a> by late Pleistocene peoples moving from northeast Asia into the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-surovell2003-11">[11]</a> The coastal migration hypothesis has been bolstered by findings such as the report that the sediments in the Port Eliza Cave<a href="#cite_note-sfu2005-12">[12]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> indicate the possibility of survivable climate as far back as 16 <a href="/wiki/Y_and_yr" class="mw-redirect" title="Y and yr">kya</a> (16,000 years ago) in the area, while the continental ice sheets were nearing their maximum extent.<a href="#cite_note-alsuwaidi2006-13">[13]</a> Other evidence for human occupation dating back as much as 14.5 kya (14,500 years ago) is emerging from <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a> in south-central Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, despite such research, the coastal migration hypothesis is still subject to considerable debate.<a href="#cite_note-jablonski2002-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-turner2003-17">[17]</a> Due in part to the richness of Pacific Northwest Coast and river fisheries, some of the indigenous peoples developed complex <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> societies, while remaining <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond1999-18">[18]</a> The Pacific Northwest Coast is one of the few places where politically complex hunter-gatherers evolved and survived to historic contacts, and therefore has been vital for anthropologists and archaeologists seeking to understand how complex hunter and gatherer societies function.<a href="#cite_note-Pauketat2012-19">[19]</a> When Europeans first arrived on the Northwest Coast, they found one of the world's most complex hunting and fishing societies, with large sedentary villages, large houses, systems of social rank and prestige, extensive trade networks, and many other factors more commonly associated with societies based on domesticated agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Pauketat2012-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris2001-20">[20]</a> In the interior of the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, had a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas were home to mobile and egalitarian societies. Others, especially along major rivers such as the Columbia and Fraser, had very complex, affluent, sedentary societies rivaling those of the coast.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> erected large and elaborately carved <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem poles</a> that have become iconic of Pacific Northwest artistic traditions. Throughout the Pacific Northwest, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, "organizing their societies around cedar and salmon".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_European_exploration">Initial European exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial European exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">History of the west coast of North America</a></div> In 1579, the British captain and erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> sailed up the west coast of North America perhaps as far as Oregon before returning south to land and make ship repairs. On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of <a href="/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon" title="Coos Bay, Oregon">Coos Bay, Oregon</a>, and then sailed south while searching for a suitable harbor to repair his ailing ship.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive1980-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] On June 17, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive1980-26">[26]</a> While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I as Nova Albion or <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca" title="Juan de Fuca">Juan de Fuca</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> captain sailing for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Spain">Crown of Spain</a>, supposedly found the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a> around 1592. The strait was named for him, but whether he discovered it or not has long been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> During the early 1740s, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> sent the Danish-born Russian <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> to the region.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By the late 18th century and into the mid-19th century, Russian settlers had established several posts and communities on the northeast Pacific coast, eventually reaching as far south as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross, California</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_(California)" title="Russian River (California)">Russian River</a> was named after these settlements. In 1774, the viceroy of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> sent Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan Pérez</a> in the ship Santiago to the Pacific Northwest. Peréz made landfall on <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> (Queen Charlotte Islands) on July 18, 1774. The northernmost latitude he reached was <a href="/wiki/Parallel_54%C2%B040%E2%80%B2_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 54°40′ north">54°40′ N</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ubcic.bc.ca-32">[32]</a> This was followed, in 1775, by another Spanish expedition, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a> and including Juan Peréz and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a> as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a> near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Quinault_River" title="Quinault River">Quinault River</a>. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, returning south, sighted the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> and named it Bahia de la Asunción. While Heceta sailed south, Quadra continued north in the expedition's second ship, Sonora, reaching <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, at <a href="/wiki/59th_parallel_north" title="59th parallel north">59° N</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hayes-33">[33]</a> In 1778 English mariner <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a> on Vancouver Island and also voyaged as far as <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>. In 1779, a third Spanish expedition, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Artega</a> in the ship Princesa, and with Quadra as captain of the ship Favorite, sailed from Mexico to the coast of Alaska, reaching <a href="/wiki/61st_parallel_north" title="61st parallel north">61° N</a>. Two further Spanish expeditions, in 1788 and 1789, both under <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Sierra" title="Esteban José Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra">Esteban Jose Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Haro" title="Gonzalo López de Haro">Gonzalo López de Haro</a>, sailed to the Pacific Northwest. During the second expedition, they met the American captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(sea-captain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gray (sea-captain)">Robert Gray</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a>. Upon entering Nootka Sound, they found <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_(sea_captain)" title="William Douglas (sea captain)">William Douglas</a> and his ship Iphigenia. Conflict led to the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Crisis</a>, which was resolved by agreements known as the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a>. In 1790, the Spanish sent three ships to Nootka Sound, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Eliza" title="Francisco de Eliza">Francisco de Eliza</a>. After establishing a base at Nootka, Eliza sent out several exploration parties. <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Fidalgo" title="Salvador Fidalgo">Salvador Fidalgo</a> was sent north to the Alaska coast. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a>, with Gonzalo López de Haro as pilot, explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, discovering the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Inlet" title="Admiralty Inlet">Admiralty Inlet</a> in the process. Francisco de Eliza himself took the ship San Carlos into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. From a base at <a href="/wiki/Port_Discovery,_Washington" title="Port Discovery, Washington">Port Discovery</a>, his pilotos (<a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">masters</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carrasco_(explorer)" title="Juan Carrasco (explorer)">Juan Carrasco</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haro_Strait" title="Haro Strait">Haro Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Strait" title="Rosario Strait">Rosario Strait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bellingham_Bay" title="Bellingham Bay">Bellingham Bay</a>. In the process, they discovered the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a> and explored it as far north as <a href="/wiki/Texada_Island" title="Texada Island">Texada Island</a>. The expedition returned to Nootka Sound by August 1791. <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a>, sailing for Spain, explored and mapped the coast from <a href="/wiki/Yakutat_Bay" title="Yakutat Bay">Yakutat Bay</a> to Prince William Sound in 1791, then sailed to Nootka Sound. Performing a scientific expedition in the manner of James Cook, Malaspina's scientists studied the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuu-chah-nulth people">Nuu-chah-nulth</a> peoples before returning to Mexico. Another Spanish explorer, <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Caama%C3%B1o" title="Jacinto Caamaño">Jacinto Caamaño</a>, sailed the ship Aranzazu to Nootka Sound in May 1792. There he met Quadra, who was in command of the Spanish settlement and <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>. Quadra sent Caamaño north, to carefully explore the coast between Vancouver Island and <a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Bay" title="Bucareli Bay">Bucareli Bay</a>, Alaska. Various Spanish maps, including Caamaño's, were given to George Vancouver in 1792, as the Spanish and British worked together to chart the complex coastline.<a href="#cite_note-hayes-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg/220px-HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg/330px-HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/HMS_Discovery_1789_Vancouver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1789)" title="HMS Discovery (1789)">HMS Discovery</a> was the lead ship used by <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a></figcaption></figure> From 1792 to 1794, <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> charted the Pacific Northwest on behalf of Great Britain, including the Strait of Georgia, the bays and inlets of <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Strait" title="Johnstone Strait">Johnstone Strait</a>–<a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Strait" title="Queen Charlotte Strait">Queen Charlotte Strait</a> and much of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a> and southeast Alaska shorelines.<a href="#cite_note-ubcic.bc.ca-32">[32]</a> For him the city of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and Vancouver Island are named, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>. From Mexico, Malaspina dispatched the last Spanish exploration expedition in the Pacific Northwest, under <a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Vald%C3%A9s_y_Flores" title="Cayetano Valdés y Flores">Cayentano Valdes</a> aboard the schooners <a href="/wiki/Sutil_(ship)" title="Sutil (ship)">Sutil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexicana_(ship)" title="Mexicana (ship)">Mexicana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They met Vancouver in the Strait of Georgia on June 21, 1792. Vancouver had explored Puget Sound just previously. The Spanish explorers knew of Admiralty Inlet and the unexplored region to the south, but they decided to sail north. They discovered and entered the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> shortly before meeting Vancouver. After sharing maps and agreeing to cooperate, Galiano, Valdés, and Vancouver sailed north to <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Sound" title="Desolation Sound">Desolation Sound</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Islands" title="Discovery Islands">Discovery Islands</a>, charting the coastline together. They passed through Johnstone Strait and <a href="/wiki/Cordero_Channel" title="Cordero Channel">Cordero Channel</a> and returned to Nootka Sound. As a result, the Spanish explorers, who had set out from Nootka, became the first Europeans to circumnavigate Vancouver Island. Vancouver himself had entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca directly without going to Nootka first, so had not sailed completely around the island.<a href="#cite_note-hayes-33">[33]</a> In 1786, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">Jean-François de La Pérouse</a>, representing France, sailed to Haida Gwaii after visiting Nootka Sound, but any possible French claims to this region were lost when La Pérouse and his men and journals were lost in a shipwreck near Australia. Upon encountering the Salish coastal tribes, either Pérouse or someone in his crew remarked, "What must astonish most is to see painting everywhere, everywhere sculpture, among a nation of hunters".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">Maritime fur trader</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Barkley" title="Charles William Barkley">Charles William Barkley</a> also visited the area in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Eagle_(ship)" title="Imperial Eagle (ship)">Imperial Eagle</a>, a British ship falsely flying the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. American merchant sea-captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(sea-captain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gray (sea-captain)">Robert Gray</a> traded along the coast, and discovered the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_crossover_exploration">Continental crossover exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continental crossover exploration">edit</a>]</div> Explorer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> completed in 1793 the first continental crossing in what is called today central <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and reached the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)" title="Simon Fraser (explorer)">Simon Fraser</a> explored and mapped the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> from Central British Columbia down to its mouth in 1808. And mapmaker <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a> explored in 1811 the entire route of the Columbia River from its northern headwaters all the way to its mouth. These explorations were commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> and were all undertaken with small teams of <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a>. United States President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> to travel through the Midwest starting from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, cross the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> and reach the Columbia River up to its mouth. Americans reached the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> "overland" in 1805. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a> sent in 1811 an "over-lander" crew including a large contingent of <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a> to retrace most of the path of the earlier expedition up to the mouth of the Columbia and join the company ship. The <a href="/wiki/Tonquin_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonquin (1807)">Tonquin</a> came oversea via <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> to build and operate <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort Astoria</a>. These early land expeditions mapped the way for subsequent land explorations and building early settlements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_land_explorations">Subsequent land explorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsequent land explorations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pacific_Northwest" title="Special:EditPage/Pacific Northwest">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a> was the first PNW inland waterway to be explored north–south during trapping expeditions carried out throughout the 1810s by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a> soon acquired by the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (NWC). During the 1820s, the upper Willamette, the <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_River" title="Umpqua River">Umpqua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_(Oregon)" title="Rogue River (Oregon)">Rogue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath</a> were all reached still heading southward up toward the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC) having now itself acquired the NWC. The <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Trail" title="Siskiyou Trail">Siskiyou Trail</a> was gradually being established by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roderick_McLeod" title="Alexander Roderick McLeod">Alexander Roderick McLeod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden" title="Peter Skene Ogden">Peter Skene Ogden</a> leading related expeditions for the HBC. Also during the 1820s, HBC explorations were carried out northward originating from the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort Astoria</a> long renamed to Fort George. Simon Plamondon first ventured during the early 20s into the <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz River</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Prairie" title="Cowlitz Prairie">Cowlitz Prairie</a>. By 1824, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/James_McMillan_(fur_trader)" title="James McMillan (fur trader)">James McMillan</a> was reaching <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Chehalis_River_(Washington)" title="Chehalis River (Washington)">Chehalis River (Washington)</a> and a portage. The same expedition went on all the way to <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Bay" title="Boundary Bay">Boundary Bay</a> and reached the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Nicomekl_River" title="Nicomekl River">Nicomekl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Langley)" title="Salmon River (Langley)">Salmon</a> linked via a portage. The lower Fraser was revisited 16 years after explorer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)" title="Simon Fraser (explorer)">Simon Fraser</a> (NWC) had first reached its mouth, although originating from northern present-day <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Puget Sound soon after would get reached via the Cowlitz and the Cowlitz Landing portage, but originating from new HBC headquarter <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> located closer by, north of the Columbia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlements">Early settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early settlements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_New_Archangel,_1837.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-220px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-330px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-440px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>New Archangel (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a>), the capital of Russian America</figcaption></figure> Noteworthy Russian settlements still in place include: <a href="/wiki/Unalaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalaska">Unalaska</a> (1774), <a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a> (1791), and <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a> (1804) making them the oldest permanent non-Indigenous settlements in the Pacific Northwest. Temporary Spanish settlement <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Nuca" title="Santa Cruz de Nuca">Santa Cruz de Nuca</a> (1789–1795) held on a few years at <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a>. Other early occupation non-Indigenous settlements of interest, either long lasting or still in place, built and operated by either the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> include: <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._James" title="Fort St. James">Fort Saint-James</a> (1806; oldest in British Columbia west of the Rockies), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort Astoria</a> (1811; oldest in Oregon), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nez_Perc%C3%A9s" title="Fort Nez Percés">Fort Nez Percés</a> (1818), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Alexandria">Fort Alexandria</a> (1821), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> (1824), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a> (1827; oldest in southern British Columbia), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nisqually" title="Fort Nisqually">Fort Nisqually</a> (1833), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a> (1843). Also of interest are the first mixed ancestry settlements sometimes referred as Métis settlements or French Canadian settlements. Native and newly arrived "half-breeds" (born out of "Europeans" and Indigenous alliances), local and newly arrived Indigenous people as well as "French Canadians" all issued of the fur trade were all able to peacefully coexist. Small scale farming occurred. Catholic missions and churches thrived for many years. These first settlements were: <a href="/wiki/French_Prairie" title="French Prairie">French Prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frenchtown,_Washington" title="Frenchtown, Washington">Frenchtown</a> near Walla Walla, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Prairie" title="Cowlitz Prairie">Cowlitz Prairie</a> (Washington), <a href="/wiki/French_Settlement,_Oregon" title="French Settlement, Oregon">French Settlement</a> (Oregon) and <a href="/wiki/Frenchtown,_Montana" title="Frenchtown, Montana">Frenchtown</a> near Missoula. Most mixed ancestry people ended up resettled in or around Indigenous reserves during the subsequent period, or otherwise assimilating in the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_disputes">Boundary disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Boundary disputes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific-Northwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/280px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/420px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/560px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10339" data-file-height="7014" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Navy Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a>' 1841 Map of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> from "Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition". Philadelphia: 1845</figcaption></figure> Initial formal claims to the region were asserted by Spain in 1513 with explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Nuñez de Balboa</a>, the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the Americas. Russian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur trade</a> activity, through the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>, extended from the farther side of the Pacific to <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>. This prompted Spain to send expeditions north to assert Spanish ownership, while Captain James Cook and subsequent expeditions by George Vancouver advanced British claims. As of the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Sound Conventions</a>, the last in 1794, Spain gave up its exclusive a priori claims and agreed to share the region with the other <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">powers</a>, giving up its garrison at Nootka Sound in the process. The United States established a claim based on the discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(sea_captain)" title="Robert Gray (sea captain)">Robert Gray</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, the construction of Fort Astoria, and the acquisition of Spanish claims given to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-37">[37]</a> From the 1810s until the 1840s, modern-day Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, along with most of British Columbia, were part of what the United States called the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> and Britain called the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>. This region was jointly claimed by the United States and Great Britain after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, which established a co-dominion of interests in the region in lieu of a settlement. In 1840, American <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a> explored in the area. <a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a>, Chief Factor of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, headquartered at Fort Vancouver, was the de facto local political authority for most of this time. This arrangement ended as U.S. settlement grew and President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> was elected on a platform of calling for annexation of the entire Oregon Country and of Texas. After his election, supporters coined the famous slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight", referring to <a href="/wiki/Parallel_54%C2%B040%E2%80%B2_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 54°40′ north">54°40′ north latitude</a>—the northward limit of the United States' claim.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> After a war scare with the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> was settled in the 1846 <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a>, partitioning the region along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> and resolving most, but not all, of the border disputes (see <a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a>). The mainland territory north of the 49th parallel remained unincorporated until 1858, when a mass influx of Americans and others during the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> forced the hand of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas</a>, who declared the mainland a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>. The two colonies were amalgamated in 1866 to cut costs, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Dominion of Canada</a> in 1871. The U.S. portion became the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> in 1848. It was later subdivided into Oregon Territory and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>. These territories became the states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington and parts of other Western states. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, British Columbia officials pushed for London to invade and conquer the Washington Territory in effort to take advantage of Americans being distracted in the war on the Eastern region. This was rejected, as the UK did not wish to risk war with the United States, whose forces were better prepared and trained much more than the British troops.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> American expansionist pressure on British Columbia persisted after the colony became a province of Canada, even though Americans living in the province did not harbor <a href="/wiki/Annexationist_movements_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexationist movements of Canada">annexationist</a> inclinations. The <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a> openly organized and drilled in Washington, particularly in the 1870s and the 1880s, though no cross-border attacks were experienced. During the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Boundary_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Boundary Dispute">Alaska Boundary Dispute</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Roosevelt">Teddy Roosevelt</a> threatened to invade and annex British Columbia if Britain would not yield on the question of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> ports. In more recent times, during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_War" title="Pacific Salmon War">Salmon War</a>" of the 1990s, Washington Senator <a href="/wiki/Slade_Gorton" title="Slade Gorton">Slade Gorton</a> called for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> to "force" the <a href="/wiki/Inside_Passage" title="Inside Passage">Inside Passage</a>, even though it is not an official international waterway. Disputes between British Columbia and Alaska over the <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Entrance" title="Dixon Entrance">Dixon Entrance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hecate_Strait" title="Hecate Strait">Hecate Strait</a> between <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> have not been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a></div> The Northwest is still highly geologically active, with both active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">geologic faults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The last known great earthquake in the northwest was the <a href="/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">1700 Cascadia earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a> about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Active <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">volcanoes in the region</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)" title="Mount Jefferson (Oregon)">Mount Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/200px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/300px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/400px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="4163" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._Hood_(8081466807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg/200px-Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg/300px-Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg/400px-Mt._Hood_%288081466807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5605" data-file-height="3735" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> (bottom) are the highest mountains in Washington and Oregon, and the 3rd and 20th <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_prominent_summits_of_the_United_States" title="List of the most prominent summits of the United States">most prominent summits in the United States</a>, respectively.</div></div></div></div></div> The Pacific Northwest is a diverse geographic region, dominated by several mountain ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Mountains" title="Olympic Mountains">Olympic Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. The highest peak in the Pacific Northwest is Mount Rainier, in the Washington Cascades, at 14,410 feet (4,392 m). Immediately inland from the Cascade Range are broad, generally dry plateaus. In the US, this region is known as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a>, while in British Columbia, it is the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plateau" title="Interior Plateau">Interior Plateau</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Plateau" title="Fraser Plateau">Fraser Plateau</a>. The Columbia Plateau was the scene of massive ice-age floods, and as a consequence, there are many <a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">coulees</a>, canyons, and the <a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled Scablands</a>. Much of the plateau, especially in eastern Washington, is <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a> <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">farmland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schillinger2010-44">[44]</a> The Columbia River cuts a deep and wide gorge around the rim of the Columbia Plateau and through the Cascade Range on its way to the Pacific Ocean. Because many areas have plentiful rainfall and mild summers, the Pacific Northwest has some of North America's most lush and extensive forests, which are extensively populated with <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii">Coast Douglas fir</a> trees, the second tallest growing <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> on earth. The region also contains specimens of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest trees</a> on earth, the <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coast redwoods</a>, in southwestern Oregon, but the largest of these trees are located just south of the California border in northwestern California. Coastal forests in some areas are classified as <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a>. Coastal features are defined by the interaction with the Pacific and the North American continent. The coastline of the Pacific Northwest is dotted by numerous fjords, bays, islands, and mountains. Some of these features include the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast" title="Oregon Coast">Oregon Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burrard_Inlet" title="Burrard Inlet">Burrard Inlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, and the highly complex fjords of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a>. The region has one of the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a> coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-Howe2010-45">[45]</a> The Pacific Northwest contains an uncountable number of islands, many of the smaller ones being unnamed. The vast majority of such islands are in British Columbia and Alaska. Vancouver Island is by far the largest island in the area, but other significant land masses include the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, vast and remote <a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal_Island" title="Princess Royal Island">Princess Royal Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichagof_Island" title="Chichagof Island">Chichagof Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a> located close to major populated areas contains smaller but more frequently visited and well known islands. These include <a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Island" title="Whidbey Island">Whidbey Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Spring_Island" title="Salt Spring Island">Salt Spring Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texada_Island" title="Texada Island">Texada Island</a>, along with dozens of smaller islands in the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Island</a> chains. The major cities of Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> all began as <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> supporting the logging, mining, and farming industries of the region, but have developed into major technological and industrial centers (such as the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Forest" title="Silicon Forest">Silicon Forest</a>), which benefit from their location on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>. If defined as British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon and Washington, the Pacific Northwest has four <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of the United States">US National Parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake_National_Park" title="Crater Lake National Park">Crater Lake</a> in Oregon, and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park">North Cascades</a> in Washington. If a larger regional definition is used, then other US National Parks might be included, such as <a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood National and State Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Bay_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve">Glacier Bay National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve">Wrangell–St. Elias National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>. There are several <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">Canadian National Parks</a> in the Pacific Northwest, including <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Rim National Park">Pacific Rim National Park</a> on the west coast of Vancouver Island, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park</a> in the Selkirk Range alongside <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Pass_(British_Columbia)" title="Rogers Pass (British Columbia)">Rogers Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a> on the British Columbia flank of the Rockies, <a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve</a> in Haida Gwaii, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands National Park Reserve</a> in the Strait of Georgia. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_British_Columbia" title="List of protected areas of British Columbia">protected areas in British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">in the United States</a>. Other outstanding natural features include the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Glacier" title="Malaspina Glacier">Malaspina Glacier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon" title="Hells Canyon">Hells Canyon</a>. The south-central Coast Mountains in British Columbia contain the five largest mid-latitude <a href="/wiki/Icefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Icefield">icefields</a> in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The main general climatic types of the Pacific Northwest are temperate; cool temperatures and frequent cloudy skies are typical. Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean">warm-summer Mediterranean</a> (Csb) designation is assigned to many areas of the Pacific Northwest as far north as central Vancouver Island and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a>, including cities such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, Vancouver (coast area), Seattle, and Portland.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Other climate classification systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Trewartha climate classification scheme">Trewartha</a>, place these areas in the oceanic zone (Do).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a> dominates in the high mountains. <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">Semi-arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climates are found east of the higher mountains, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rainshadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainshadow">rainshadow</a> areas. The <a href="/wiki/Harney_Basin" title="Harney Basin">Harney Basin</a> of Oregon is an example of arid climate in the Pacific Northwest. <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">Humid continental</a> climates occur inland on windward sides, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Revelstoke,_British_Columbia" title="Revelstoke, British Columbia">Revelstoke, British Columbia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> can be found farther north, especially in Yukon and Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The lack of rain in the hot season is associated with <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high atmospheric pressure</a>. The shadows of the mountains also greatly decrease the amount of precipitation. West of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a>, the marine climates have a much greater precipitation than the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lift</a>, with some regions seeing as much as 3,500 mm (138 in) of precipitation per year. Winters are very mild for the region's latitude. The growth of <a href="/wiki/Arbutus" title="Arbutus">Arbutus</a>, an evergreen broad-leafed tree, is possible on Vancouver Island due to the mild winters.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Big_Dark">The Big Dark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Big Dark">edit</a>]</div> The Big Dark is a term for winter in the Pacific Northwest. At a latitude of almost <a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48 degrees north</a>, Seattle has sunsets before 6 PM between October and March, and fewer than nine hours of daylight for many weeks around the winter solstice.<a href="#cite_note-Clarridge2019-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The darkness contributes to <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a> among people living in northern cities, including those in the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_region" title="Puget Sound region">Puget Sound region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The darkness is enhanced by a return from dry summers to extremely cloudy and wet weather characterized by recurring <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">atmospheric rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_windstorm" title="Pacific Northwest windstorm">Pacific Northwest windstorms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clarridge2019-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecoregions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg/220px-Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg/330px-Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg/440px-Cascades_panorama_from_the_upper_meadow_below_Park_Butte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>The Cascades range</figcaption></figure> Much of the Pacific Northwest is forested. The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Strait">Georgia Strait</a>–<a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> basin is shared between western British Columbia and Washington, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_temperate_rain_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific temperate rain forests">Pacific temperate rain forests</a> ecoregion, which is the largest of the world's <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate rain forest">temperate rain forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> in the system created by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>, stretches along the coast from Alaska to California. The dry desert inland from the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> is very different from the terrain and climate of the coastal area due to the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">rain shadow effect</a> of the mountains, and comprises the Columbia, Fraser and Thompson Plateaus and mountain ranges contained within them. The interior regions' climates largely within Eastern Washington, south central British Columbia, Eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a>, although by their northern and eastern reaches, dry land and desert areas verge at the end of the Cascades' and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a>' <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadows</a> with the boreal forest and various <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine flora regimes</a> characteristic of eastern British Columbia, the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho Panhandle">Idaho Panhandle</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> roughly along a longitudinal line defined by the Idaho border with Washington and Oregon. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_inland_temperate_rainforest" title="North American inland temperate rainforest">North American inland temperate rainforest</a> is in the so-called interior wet-belt, approximately 500–700 km inland from the Pacific coast on western, windward mountain slopes and valley bottoms of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. The interior wet-belt refers to a discontinuous band of humid forest patches, that are scattered over 1000 km between <a href="/wiki/Purden_Lake_Provincial_Park" title="Purden Lake Provincial Park">Purden Lake</a> in Canada's <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (54° North) and Montana and Idaho's <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a> and Idaho's <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_Mountains" title="Salmon River Mountains">Salmon River Mountains</a> (45° North).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> It is closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Rockies_forests" title="North Central Rockies forests">North Central Rockies forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> designated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">WWF</a>, which extends over a similar range but incorporates various non-temperate rainforest ecosystems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_megacity_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Cascadia_megacity_map.png/180px-Cascadia_megacity_map.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Cascadia_megacity_map.png/270px-Cascadia_megacity_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Cascadia_megacity_map.png/360px-Cascadia_megacity_map.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of "<a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a>", showing population density (shades of yellow/brown), highways (red), and major railways (black). Public land shown in shades of green.</figcaption></figure> The overwhelming majority of the population of the Pacific Northwest is concentrated in the Portland–Seattle–Vancouver corridor. As of 2016, the combined populations of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> region (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Seattle metropolitan area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area" title="Portland metropolitan area">Portland metropolitan area</a> totaled more than nine million people.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, beyond these three cities, the PNW region is characterized by a very low density population distribution. Some other regions of greater population density outside this corridor include the Greater Victoria area and Greater Nanaimo area on Southern Vancouver Island (with a population of approximately 530,000),<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> the Okanagan Valley in the British Columbia interior (about 350,000 people centered around the city of Kelowna, which has close to 200,000 people). Large geographical areas may only have one mid-sized to small-sized city as a regional center (often a county seat), with smaller cities and towns scattered around. Vast areas of the region may have little or no population at all, largely due to the presence of extensive mountains and forests, and plateaus containing both extensive farm and range lands, much of which is protected from development in large parks and preserves, or by zoning use regulation related to traditional land use. For example, all cities within the portion of California which are sometimes included some definitions of the "Pacific Northwest" have populations less than 100,000, with that portion of the state containing millions of acres of national forests and parks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_largest_cities_by_population_in_the_Pacific_Northwest">List of largest cities by population in the Pacific Northwest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of largest cities by population in the Pacific Northwest">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>State/Province</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Metropolitan area</th> <th>Urban area </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>704,000<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td>3,905,026<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>3,059,393<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>658,347<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>2,753,168<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>1,849,898<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>631,486<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>2,737,698<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>2,264,823<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>598,530<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>257,926<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></td> <td>Idaho</td> <td>236,634<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></td> <td>691,423<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>349,684<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>222,081<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td>573,493 <a href="#cite_note-spokesman-county-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></td> <td>486,225<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>216,046<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>198,397<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>175,673<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>169,798<a href="#cite_note-census-or-78">[75]</a></td> <td>390,738<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>236,632<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>168,916<a href="#cite_note-census-or-78">[75]</a></td> <td>351,715<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-68">[68]</a></td> <td>247,421<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>161,581<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>204,265<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>121,279<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coquitlam" title="Coquitlam">Coquitlam</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>152,734<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington" title="Bellevue, Washington">Bellevue</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>148,164<a href="#cite_note-PopEstWA-79">[76]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>146,127<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>222,748<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>151,957<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>136,420<a href="#cite_note-PopEstWA-79">[76]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" title="Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)">Langley (Township)</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>133,302<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent,_Washington" title="Kent, Washington">Kent</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>125,560<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbia" title="Saanich, British Columbia">Saanich</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>125,107<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GV-80">[d]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GV-80">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>111,281<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gresham,_Oregon" title="Gresham, Oregon">Gresham</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>111,063<a href="#cite_note-census-or-78">[75]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Oregon" title="Hillsboro, Oregon">Hillsboro</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>106,894<a href="#cite_note-census-or-78">[75]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Idaho" title="Meridian, Idaho">Meridian</a></td> <td>Idaho</td> <td>106,000<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-BoiseMSA-82">[e]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-BoiseMSA-82">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>103,019<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>101,336<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>117,144<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>88,799<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>101,198<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>116,896<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>78,026<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon" title="Beaverton, Oregon">Beaverton</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>97,514<a href="#cite_note-census-or-78">[75]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renton,_Washington" title="Renton, Washington">Renton</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>95,448<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Valley,_Washington" title="Spokane Valley, Washington">Spokane Valley</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>94,919<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SpokaneMSA-83">[f]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SpokaneMSA-83">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>95,178<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>116,626<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>73,161<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bend,_Oregon" title="Bend, Oregon">Bend</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>94,520<a href="#cite_note-USA:Oregon-84">[78]</a></td> <td>170,705</td> <td>83,794<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>94,415<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td>408,883<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></td> <td>335,696<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nampa,_Idaho" title="Nampa, Idaho">Nampa</a></td> <td>Idaho</td> <td>93,590<a href="#cite_note-census-id-85">[79]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-BoiseMSA-82">[e]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-BoiseMSA-82">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington" title="Kirkland, Washington">Kirkland</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>93,010<a href="#cite_note-PopEstWA-79">[76]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia" title="Maple Ridge, British Columbia">Maple Ridge</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>91,479<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>92,314<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td>201,140<a href="#cite_note-pop2020-BellinghamMSA-86">[80]</a></td> <td>114,473<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>91,067<a href="#cite_note-spokesman-87">[81]</a></td> <td>243,231<a href="#cite_note-spokesman-87">[81]</a></td> <td>129,534<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vancouver, British Columbia (district municipality)">North Vancouver (District)</a></td> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>89,767<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Way,_Washington" title="Federal Way, Washington">Federal Way</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>89,306<a href="#cite_note-census-wa-67">[67]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington" title="Kennewick, Washington">Kennewick</a></td> <td>Washington</td> <td>84,347<a href="#cite_note-PopEstWA-79">[76]</a></td> <td>268,200</td> <td>232,954<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a> </td> <td>British Columbia </td> <td>82,590<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a> </td> <td>British Columbia </td> <td>82,290<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>96,015<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>65,510<a href="#cite_note-urbanCA-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a> </td> <td>Montana </td> <td>76,784 </td> <td>117,922 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Oregon" title="Medford, Oregon">Medford</a></td> <td>Oregon</td> <td>74,907<a href="#cite_note-USA:Oregon-84">[78]</a></td> <td>207,010</td> <td>154,081<a href="#cite_note-urban-69">[69]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pacific_Northwest" title="Special:EditPage/Pacific Northwest">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europeans</a> form 64% of the population with <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a> comprising a further 29% of the provincial population. Both the Asian and European populations of the province are diverse; of the Asian population, 15% of the population is of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a> descent, 8% of the population is of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> descent, with smaller numbers of Southeast Asians (4%) and <a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asians</a> (2%); the European population contains large communities of <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German Canadians</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Europeans form between 80 and 90 per cent of the population in U.S. section of the Pacific Northwest, thus the Asian presence is comparably smaller, with all Asian groups together comprising about 8% of Washington state's population, and less than 4% in Oregon and Idaho. This is due to immigration quotas at the federal level, as while Canada has one-tenth the population of the United States, it takes in one-quarter as many immigrants, many of whom are from Asia. Vancouver settled about a quarter of all <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Hong_Kong" title="Emigration from Hong Kong">emigrants from Hong Kong</a> to Canada in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In the U.S. side of the region, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a> make up a large portion of the agricultural labor force east of the Cascade Range, and are an increasing presence in the general labor force west of the Cascades. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a> from the 1940s to 1960s due to the booming Boeing war industry and post-war growing economy, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are less numerous in the Pacific Northwest; however, the overall African American population has been growing in other smaller urban areas throughout the region such as Eugene.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> African Americans tend to concentrate in western urban areas such as Tacoma, south Seattle, and Portland. Nonetheless, Black people have a very large presence in Tacoma's <a href="/wiki/Hilltop,_Tacoma,_Washington" title="Hilltop, Tacoma, Washington">Hilltop</a> and South Tacoma neighborhoods, Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle" title="Central District, Seattle">Central District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainier_Valley,_Seattle" title="Rainier Valley, Seattle">Rainier Valley</a> neighborhoods,<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> and in Portland's Northeast Quadrant.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> There are growing numbers in Vancouver as well, particularly Africans, Jamaicans and Black people from the United States. Beginning in the late 20th century, a general <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> of East and South Asian communities occurred in Vancouver, prompting concerns regarding the preservation of historical inner-city communities particularly in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Market">Punjabi Market</a>. African Americans have held the positions of Mayor in Seattle; King County executive, while the state of Washington elected a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> governor during the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Locke (politician)">Gary Locke</a>. British Columbians of many ethnicities are prominent in all levels of politics and government, and the province has a number of "firsts" in Canadian political history, including the first non-white and Asian <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">Premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Ujjal Dosanjh</a> (who is <a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadian">Indo-Canadian</a>) and the first Asian <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia">Lieutenant-Governor</a>, the Hon. <a href="/wiki/David_Lam_(real_estate_entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lam (real estate entrepreneur)">David Lam</a>. The Lieutenant-Governor from 2007 to 2012, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Point" title="Steven Point">Steven Point</a>, was of aboriginal origin, being <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3:l%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Stó:lō">Stó:lō</a> (the dominant type of <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Salish peoples">Coast Salish</a> in BC's Lower Mainland) from the <a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a> area. The leader of the opposition party from 2005 to 2011, the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party">NDP</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Carole_James" title="Carole James">Carole James</a>, of partial <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> origin. Colonial governor <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas</a> was himself <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> of Guyanese extraction and his wife was of <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> origin. Oregon has been a national leader concerning <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> representation in government. At the time of his election to the office of Portland mayor in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Adams_(Oregon_politician)" title="Sam Adams (Oregon politician)">Sam Adams</a> was the first openly gay individual to represent a city of Portland's size in the United States. In <a href="/wiki/Silverton,_Oregon" title="Silverton, Oregon">Silverton, Oregon</a>, the same year, <a href="/wiki/Stu_Rasmussen" title="Stu Rasmussen">Stu Rasmussen</a> was elected the first <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> mayor in U.S. history. The first two LGBT state supreme court justices in the country both sit on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon Supreme Court</a>. At the time of her election, the previous <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon" title="Governor of Oregon">Governor of Oregon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Brown" title="Kate Brown">Kate Brown</a> was the highest-ranking openly <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> politician in the United States. The current governor is <a href="/wiki/Tina_Kotek" title="Tina Kotek">Tina Kotek</a>, who became one of the first two openly lesbian women elected governor of a U.S. state after her election in 2022. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Durkan" title="Jenny Durkan">Jenny Durkan</a> was elected as the first openly lesbian mayor of Seattle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Most Americans and Canadians consider the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a> accent "neutral", though distinct from the Midwestern dialects that some believe typify American speech.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> It possess the low back vowel merger, or the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a> occurs in British Columbia and some speakers in Washington to a similar degree as it does in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a>, but weaker than other parts of Canada. The <a href="/wiki/California_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="California Vowel Shift">California Vowel Shift</a> also affects speech in the region. <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trade_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade language">trade language</a> established among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous inhabitants of the region</a>. After contact with Europeans, French, English, and <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> words entered the language, and "eventually, Chinook became the lingua franca for as many as 250,000 people along the Pacific Slope from Alaska to Oregon".<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Chinook Jargon reached its height of usage in the 19th century, though remained common in resource and wilderness areas, particularly, but not exclusively, by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Canadian First Nations</a> people, well into the 20th century. Today, its influence is felt mostly in <a href="/wiki/Place_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Place name">place names</a> and a handful of localized <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> terms, particularly the word <a href="/wiki/Skookum" title="Skookum">skookum</a>, which remains hallmark of people raised in the region. French was the <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>' working language of the early continental crossover exploration crews. The ensuing fur trade was dominated by French Canadian (and Métis) workers. The language held on South of the border in a few early settlements such as <a href="/wiki/French_Prairie" title="French Prairie">French Prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frenchtown,_Washington" title="Frenchtown, Washington">Frenchtown (Washington)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frenchtown,_Montana" title="Frenchtown, Montana">Frenchtown (Montana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Prairie" title="Cowlitz Prairie">Cowlitz Prairie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Settlement,_Oregon" title="French Settlement, Oregon">French Settlement</a>. These early settlements got resupplied through waves of new arrivals from the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> attracted by the language and Catholics communities. Much of it ended up assimilating to the melting pot or sometimes folding into <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. New waves of French speaking workers came in later on to work in forestry and wood mills such as <a href="/wiki/Maillardville" title="Maillardville">Maillardville</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">greater Vancouver</a> area. French remains much used in <a href="/wiki/Place_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Place name">place names</a>, in the documentation of products intended for North America (along with Spanish and English), as well as an official language in Canada. French schooling is also popular in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, including British Columbia. Besides English and indigenous languages, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> has been common since the <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> of the mid-19th century, most particularly in British Columbia. Since the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Toishan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yue_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yue dialect">Yue dialect</a> predominant in the area, has been replaced by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> because of large-scale immigration from Asia. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is also common in British Columbia, specifically in Greater Vancouver and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> owing to the large <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> population in the region, first arriving in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-WaltonRobertsThreeReadingsp316-97">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is also spoken in parts of Oregon and Washington as well as British Columbia by <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a> and other Hispanics, both recent immigrants and long-standing communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality_and_religion">Spirituality and religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spirituality and religion">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Religion in the Pacific Northwest </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">British Columbia (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion-98">[92]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Washington (2014 <a href="/wiki/Estimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimate">est</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-pewwashington-99">[93]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Oregon (2014 <a href="/wiki/Estimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimate">est</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-peworegon-100">[94]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Idaho (2014 <a href="/wiki/Estimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimate">est</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-pewidaho-101">[95]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affiliation </th> <th colspan="8">% of population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">34 </td> <td align="left">34<div style="width:68px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">61 </td> <td align="left">61<div style="width:122px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">61 </td> <td align="left">61<div style="width:122px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td align="left">67<div style="width:134px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">40 </td> <td align="left">40<div style="width:80px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">43 </td> <td align="left">43<div style="width:86px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">37 </td> <td align="left">37<div style="width:74px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="left">17<div style="width:34px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="left">3<div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="left">4<div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="left">19<div style="width:38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Christian/Not Specified </td> <td align="right">11 </td> <td align="left">11<div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">Unaffiliated</a> </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="left">52<div style="width:104px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">33 </td> <td align="left">33<div style="width:66px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">32 </td> <td align="left">32<div style="width:64px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="left">28<div style="width:56px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Christian </td> <td align="right">14 </td> <td align="left">14<div style="width:28px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="left">6<div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="left">4<div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="left">6<div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="left">3<div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right"><1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other faith </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="left">3<div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="left">4<div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Pacific Northwest has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> this is most pronounced on the part of the region west of the Cascades.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> A recent study indicates that one quarter of those in Washington and Oregon have no religion.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Similarly, according to the 2011 National Household Survey, 44% of British Columbia residents reported no religion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Religion plays a smaller part in Pacific Northwest politics than in the rest of the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">religious right</a> has considerably less political influence than in other regions. Political conservatives in the Pacific Northwest tend to identify more strongly with free-market <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> values than they do with more religious <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> That said, three of the four major international <a href="/wiki/Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities">charities</a> in the region are religious in nature: <a href="/wiki/World_Concern" title="World Concern">World Concern</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Vision_International" title="World Vision International">World Vision International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a>. This is part of a long tradition of activist religion. The <a href="/wiki/Skid_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Skid Road">Skid Road</a> Group, a shelter offering soup and sermons to the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> and recovering <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholics">alcoholics</a>, was launched in Vancouver, with the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> having deep roots in the <a href="/wiki/Gastown" title="Gastown">Gastown</a> district, dating back to the era of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (1880s) and attained prominence in the same centers during the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a>. The region is also known as a magnet for a wide range of philosophical and spiritual belief systems. Eastern spiritual beliefs have been adopted by an unusually large number of people (by North American standards), and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> in particular has a strong local following.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association, claimed to be the largest organization of its kind in the world, was founded in Portland in 1993. The region is home to many unique Christian communities, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>. The Mennonite Central Committee Supportive Care Services is based in the British Columbia city of Abbotsford.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Central_Committee" title="Mennonite Central Committee">Mennonite Central Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Disaster_Service" title="Mennonite Disaster Service">Mennonite Disaster Service</a> enjoy a heavy rate of enlistment and donations from the strong Mennonite community in British Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a>. The Doukhobors, whose church is the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ, are a Russian <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> sect whose migration to Canada was aided by Count <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, and who are today focused in the <a href="/wiki/West_Kootenay" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kootenay">West Kootenay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Country" title="Boundary Country">Boundary</a> regions of Southeastern British Columbia. Their history in Canada includes resistance to state education and industrial development (see <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Freedom_(political_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Freedom (political group)">Sons of Freedom</a>). Also, within the region, there is a fairly strong representation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> churches (Greek, Russian, Serbian, and others), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>. Oregon's <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a> has a large population of <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Russian Old Believers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Religious sees that are based in the Pacific Northwest include the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Portland_in_Oregon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seattle" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Vancouver" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_8_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon" title="Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon">Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> dioceses that make up those provinces. Yogic teachings, Sufism, tribal and ancient beliefs and other philosophies are widely studied and appreciated in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> of British Columbia has a very large <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> community. Oregon has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends">Society of Friends</a>) population. There has been major growth in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> temples since the increase in immigration from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> in the 1980s, especially in Vancouver. Also in Vancouver, there is a small <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> population, a number of Parsee (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>), and an emerging <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, especially the 11,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> population from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the Middle East, Africa, the Balkans, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. Two of the five <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> Buddhist temples in America are in Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Matsuoka_Yee_Nakasone_2015_p._883-112">[106]</a> Some people in the area also embrace alternative <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spirituality and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Paganism">Neo-Paganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> church called <a href="/wiki/Living_Enrichment_Center" title="Living Enrichment Center">Living Enrichment Center</a> with 4,000 members was in <a href="/wiki/Wilsonville,_Oregon" title="Wilsonville, Oregon">Wilsonville, Oregon</a>, from 1992 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Twelve">Brother Twelve</a> ran a controversial commune in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a> of British Columbia early in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Emissaries_of_Divine_Light" title="Emissaries of Divine Light">Emissaries of Divine Light</a> are a notable presence in the region of <a href="/wiki/100_Mile_House" title="100 Mile House">100 Mile House</a>, British Columbia and also have a large ashram on <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_Lake" title="Kootenay Lake">Kootenay Lake</a>, northeast of <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_British_Columbia" title="Nelson, British Columbia">Nelson, British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a></li> <li>The followers of the Guru <a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sannyasins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasins">sannyasins</a>, established a center for their beliefs and lifestyle near <a href="/wiki/Antelope,_Oregon" title="Antelope, Oregon">Antelope, Oregon</a>, which included an <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> complex as well as, for a while, an attempted takeover of the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a></li> <li>The training school of the immortal (according to the organization) being <a href="/wiki/Ramtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramtha">Ramtha</a> is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Yelm,_Washington" title="Yelm, Washington">Yelm, Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Now" title="The Power of Now">The Power of Now</a>, lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_God" title="Conversations with God">Conversations with God</a>, lives in Ashland, Oregon, where he runs a retreat center.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> A major divide in political opinion separates the region's greatly more populated urban core and rural areas west of the mountains from its less populated rural areas to their east and (in British Columbia and Alaska) north.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> The coastal areas—especially in the cities of Vancouver, Victoria, Bellingham, Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, and Eugene—are some of the most politically liberal parts of North America, regularly supporting left-wing political candidates and causes by significant majorities. The religious right has much less influence throughout the region than elsewhere in the U.S. or in Western Canada. Certain areas of the British Columbia Interior, particularly the <a href="/wiki/West_Kootenay" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kootenay">West Kootenay</a>, and some areas of Vancouver Island and the B.C. Coast, have long histories of <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia#Rise_of_the_labour_movement" title="History of British Columbia">labour</a>, environmental, and social activism. The jurisdictions have relatively liberal <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion</a> laws, gender equality laws, legal <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, and strong <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>, especially British Columbia where these issues are of federal jurisdiction, and where same-sex marriage has been legal since 2003, Washington, where it has been legal since 2012, and Oregon, where same-sex marriage was made legal in May 2014. Oregon was the first U.S. state to legalize <a href="/wiki/Physician-assisted_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician-assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Death with Dignity Act</a> of 1994. Washington State was the second when I-1000 passed in 2008. <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Cesar_Chavez" title="Colegio Cesar Chavez">Colegio Cesar Chavez</a>, the first fully accredited Hispanic college in the U.S., was founded in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Angel,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Angel, Oregon">Mount Angel, Oregon</a>, in 1973. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, Washington</a>, which contains Seattle, voted to change its namesake from <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> These areas, especially around Puget Sound, have a long history of political radicalism. The radical labor organizers called <a href="/wiki/Wobblies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wobblies">Wobblies</a> were particularly strong there in the mines, <a href="/wiki/Lumber_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber camp">lumber camps</a> and shipyards. A number of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> communes sprang up there in the early 20th century (see Charles Pierce LeWarne's Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915 for an overview of this movement). There are also pro gun socialist organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_John_Brown_Gun_Club" title="Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club">Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club</a>. Seattle is one of a handful of major cities in North America in which the populace engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">general strike</a> (in 1919), and was the first major American city to elect a woman mayor, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Knight_Landes" title="Bertha Knight Landes">Bertha Knight Landes</a> (in 1926).<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> beliefs were once widespread (thanks in large part to the area's large numbers of Scandinavian immigrants), and the region has had a number of Socialist elected officials. So great was its influence that the U.S. Postmaster General, James Farley, jokingly toasted the "forty-seven states of the Union, and the Soviet of Washington", at a gala dinner in 1936 (although Farley denied ever saying it).<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> Due to the Pacific Northwest being a generally liberal region, it also has a long history of feminism and people with feminist ideologies. The journey on the Oregon Trail may have been the part of the cause of feminism in the region, many women on the trail had to break gender-normative roles.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[119]</a> Women occasionally were allowed the chance to try new things like cracking the whip for the wagon, given these opportunities women began to question their roles in society.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[119]</a> Early days in the west, no forms of government had been established and this may have been part of the cause of feminist ideologies, new laws were formed to fit the regions needs and women were granted rights to land ownership in the West much earlier than in the East because of high death rates of men in the region.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> While this may be coincidental, this granted women power. Women's suffrage movements were prominent in the Pacific Northwest; Susan B. Anthony did a tour through the region attempting to spread her ideas and made stops in Portland, the Willamette Valley, Columbia River, and Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Not only were women's suffrage movements prominent in the Pacific Northwest, but there was also a fight for women to keep their jobs after men returned from war in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> A group titled the Washington State Women's Council (founded in 1963) fought for women's policies, this group worked towards the states' equal rights amendment, and fought for women's property rights in marriage during the 1972 legislative session.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> The region also has a long history of starting cooperative and communal businesses and organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Group_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Health">Group Health</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/REI" title="REI">REI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">MEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puget_Consumers_Co-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Puget Consumers Co-op">Puget Consumers Co-op</a>, and numerous granges and mutual aid societies. It also has a long history of publicly owned power and utilities, with many of the region's cities owning their own <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utilities</a>. In British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a> are common and popular cooperatively owned financial institutions. East of the Cascades, in Eastern Washington and Eastern Oregon, the population is much more conservative. The eastern portions of Washington and especially Oregon, due to their low populations, do not generally have enough voting power to be competitive at the state level, and thus the governorships and U.S. Senate seats of both Oregon and Washington are usually held by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. Conservatism in the eastern part of the Pacific Northwest tends to be distrustful of federal government interference in the market. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Agriculture (fruit, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tillamook_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillamook cheese">Tillamook cheese</a>, dairy, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascade_hop" title="Cascade hop">Cascade hops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>)</li> <li>Aerospace (<a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing Commercial Airplane</a> unit, <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Air">Alaska Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/CHC_Helicopter" title="CHC Helicopter">CHC Helicopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esterline" title="Esterline">Esterline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasair_Aviation" title="Glasair Aviation">Glasair Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precision_Castparts_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Castparts Corporation">Precision Castparts Corporation</a>)</li> <li>Diversified (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group" title="Jim Pattison Group">Jim Pattison Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finning" title="Finning">Finning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Marine_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Marine Group">Washington Marine Group</a>)</li> <li>Entertainment industry (film and television, <a href="/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions Gate Entertainment">Lions Gate Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Studios" title="Lionsgate Studios">Lionsgate Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Television" title="Lionsgate Television">Lionsgate Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Film_Studios" title="Vancouver Film Studios">Vancouver Film Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge Studios">Bridge Studios</a>)</li> <li>Finance and banking (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">RBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Canada" title="HSBC Bank Canada">HSBC Bank Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Investments" title="Russell Investments">Russell Investments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_Holdings_Corporation" title="Umpqua Holdings Corporation">Umpqua Holdings Corporation</a>)</li> <li>Forestry (<a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser" title="Weyerhaeuser">Weyerhaeuser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canfor" title="Canfor">Canfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolko" title="Tolko">Tolko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boise_Cascade" title="Boise Cascade">Boise Cascade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_Redwood_Company" title="Mendocino Redwood Company">Mendocino Redwood Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Diamond_Resource_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Diamond Resource Company">Green Diamond Resource Company</a>)</li> <li>Fishing and canning (salmon, halibut, herring, geoducks and other clams, crab, sea-urchin, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry" title="Pacific Northwest oyster industry">oyster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">High technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/F5_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="F5 Networks">F5 Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expedia" title="Expedia">Expedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballard_Power_Systems" title="Ballard Power Systems">Ballard Power Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Dettwiler" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald Dettwiler">MacDonald Dettwiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/EA_Vancouver" title="EA Vancouver">EA Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymax_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymax Stores">Cymax Stores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>)</li> <li>Hydroelectric power (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/BC_Hydro" title="BC Hydro">BC Hydro</a>)</li> <li>Mass Retail (<a href="/wiki/London_Drugs" title="London Drugs">London Drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Blenz">Blenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullys" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullys">Tullys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordstrom" title="Nordstrom">Nordstrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zumiez" title="Zumiez">Zumiez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albertsons" title="Albertsons">Albertsons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrew">Microbrewing</a> (<a href="/wiki/BridgePort_Brewing_Company" title="BridgePort Brewing Company">BridgePort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deschutes_Brewery" title="Deschutes Brewery">Deschutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast_Brewery" title="Lost Coast Brewery">Lost Coast Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTarnahan%27s_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTarnahan's Brewing Company">MacTarnahan's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Brewing_Company" title="Nelson Brewing Company">Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninkasi_Brewing_Company" title="Ninkasi Brewing Company">Ninkasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Breweries" title="Pyramid Breweries">Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Widmer_Brothers_Brewery" title="Widmer Brothers Brewery">Widmer Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Brewing_Company" title="Yukon Brewing Company">Yukon</a>)</li> <li>Mining (<a href="/wiki/Goldcorp" title="Goldcorp">Goldcorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teck_Resources" title="Teck Resources">Teck Resources</a>)</li> <li>Outdoor Tourism (<a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a>, rafting, fishing, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">water sports</a>)</li> <li>Shoes and apparel (<a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordstrom" title="Nordstrom">Nordstrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Sports" title="Brooks Sports">Brooks Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear" title="Columbia Sportswear">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/REI" title="REI">REI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon Athletica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bauer" title="Eddie Bauer">Eddie Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">Mountain Equipment Co-op</a>)</li> <li>Real estate marketing and construction (<a href="/wiki/Zillow" title="Zillow">Zillow</a>)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum smelting">Aluminum smelting</a> was once an important part of the region's economy due to the abundance of cheap hydroelectric power. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectric power</a> generated by the <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dams_on_the_Columbia_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River">hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River</a> powered at least ten aluminum smelters during the mid-20th century. By the end of World War II these smelters were producing over a third of the United States' aluminum. Production rose during the 1950s and 1960s, then declined. By the first decade of the 21st century the aluminum industry in the Pacific Northwest was essentially defunct.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alcan" title="Alcan">Alcan</a> smelter at <a href="/wiki/Kitimat,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitimat, British Columbia">Kitimat</a> continues in operation and is fed by the diversion of the <a href="/wiki/Nechako_River" title="Nechako River">Nechako River</a> (a tributary of the Fraser) to a powerhouse on the coast at <a href="/wiki/Kemano" title="Kemano">Kemano</a>, near Kitimat. The region as a whole, but especially several specific areas, are concentrated high-tech areas: Seattle eastern suburbs, the Portland <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Forest" title="Silicon Forest">Silicon Forest</a> area, and Vancouver, British Columbia. These areas are also leading "<a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">creative class</a>" economic drivers, feeding thriving cultural sectors, and include many knowledge workers and numerous international advertising, media, and design firms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Colleges and universities in the Pacific Northwest: <ul><li>British Columbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_British_Columbia" title="List of colleges in British Columbia">List of colleges in British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in British Columbia">List of universities in British Columbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>California (Northwestern area only, which is part of Cascadia) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Redwoods" title="College of the Redwoods">College of the Redwoods</a> – a public two-year <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">community college</a>, main campus in <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka, California</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Siskiyous" title="College of the Siskiyous">College of the Siskiyous</a> – a public two-year <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">community college</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Weed,_California" title="Weed, California">Weed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yreka,_California" title="Yreka, California">Yreka, California</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt State University">Humboldt State University</a> – a <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a> (public), in <a href="/wiki/Arcata,_California" title="Arcata, California">Arcata, California</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Idaho <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Idaho" title="List of colleges and universities in Idaho">List of colleges and universities in Idaho</a></li></ul></li> <li>Montana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana State University System">Montana State University System</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Oregon" title="List of colleges and universities in Oregon">List of colleges and universities in Oregon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Washington_(state)" title="List of colleges and universities in Washington (state)">List of colleges and universities in Washington (state)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_Flag_(7134901861).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg/220px-Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg/330px-Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg/440px-Cascadia_Flag_%287134901861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>A man in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Cascadian flag</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">International Workers' Day</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> Although the dominant culture in the Pacific Northwest today is <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-American</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">Anglo-Canadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian American</a>, there is significant <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> influence. 23% of Vancouver, British Columbia, is Chinese, and 50% of residents of the City of Vancouver do not speak English as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> Parts of Oregon and Washington are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> in both English and Spanish, and Native American culture is strong throughout the Pacific Northwest. The <a href="/wiki/Hippie_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie movement">hippie movement</a> also began in California and the Pacific Northwest. There have been proposals for certain parts of the Pacific Northwest becoming its own country because of the shared <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> and culture,<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> the most well-known being <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(independence_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascadia (independence movement)">Cascadia</a>. However, the region is strongly divided by the international border, and this division grew more rather than less powerful over the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-abbott-135">[129]</a> Carl Abbott argues that, given the twin factors of limited economic integration vis-a-vis NAFTA, and cultural similarities, he views the major cities as "going their separate ways" as east–west gateways of commerce, competing with each other, rather than forming north–south connectors of a tentative "mega-region".<a href="#cite_note-abbott-135">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> use is relatively popular, especially around Vancouver, Victoria, Bellingham, Seattle, Olympia, Portland, and Eugene. Several of these jurisdictions have made arrests for cannabis a low enforcement priority. Medical marijuana is legal in British Columbia,<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Washington,<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> and Oregon,<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> as well as in Alaska, which has legalised cannabis and has many licensed dispensaries,<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> and in Yukon, although less than 50 of the territory's residents are licensed to use medical marijuana, and no legal dispensaries operate within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> As of December 6, 2012, possession of less than an ounce of marijuana for recreational use by persons over 21 years of age became legal in Washington state as a result of state ballot measure <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Initiative 502</a>, which was approved by the state's voters on November 6, 2012, by a ten-point margin. As of July 1, 2015, recreational marijuana use was legalized in Oregon as well.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmentalism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> is prominent throughout the region, especially west of the Cascades. Environmentally conscious services such as <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> are widespread, most notably in the more populous areas. Politically, the Pacific Northwest is actively involved in environmental efforts. The international organization <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> was born in Vancouver in 1970 as part of a large public opposition movement in British Columbia to US nuclear weapons testing on <a href="/wiki/Amchitka_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Amchitka Island">Amchitka Island</a> in the Aleutian Islands. Liberal and conservative Northwesterners, such as former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Slade_Gorton" title="Slade Gorton">Slade Gorton</a> (R-WA) and moderate Democrats like former Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a> (D-WA), have been prominent in the development of conservative approaches to environmental protection. Seattle in particular is also home to a large number of publications and institutions concerned with the environment and sustainability, including both <a href="/wiki/Worldchanging" title="Worldchanging">Worldchanging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grist_(magazine)" title="Grist (magazine)">Grist.org</a>, the U.S.'s two largest online green magazines. The Pacific Northwest is also noted for a large number of gardening clubs, with Victoria having an annual flower count in February. The direct-intervention oceanic protection group known as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Friday_Harbor,_Washington" title="Friday Harbor, Washington">Friday Harbor</a> on <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Island" title="San Juan Island">San Juan Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> In British Columbia, environmentalists fought to protect <a href="/wiki/Clayoquot_Sound" title="Clayoquot Sound">Clayoquot Sound</a> in the 1980s and 1990s. More recently the province has agreed to environmental protections in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bear_Rainforest" title="Great Bear Rainforest">Great Bear Rainforest</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Music of the Pacific Northwest">Music of the Pacific Northwest</a></div> The modern-era Pacific Northwest is known for <a href="/wiki/Indie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie (music)">indie music</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a>; the region also has <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> traditions and has lately gained notice for its <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">hip hop scene</a>. Many acts are associated with the independent label <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a>. <a href="/wiki/KEXP" class="mw-redirect" title="KEXP">KEXP</a>.org is a popular Seattle-based public indie music radio station known across the country. Among the Northwest's largest music festivals are the <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Mountain_Music_Festival" title="Merritt Mountain Music Festival">Merritt Mountain Music Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Vancouver Folk Music Festival">Vancouver Folk Music Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch!_Music_Festival" title="Sasquatch! Music Festival">Sasquatch! Music Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/George,_Washington" title="George, Washington">George, Washington</a>, Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Bumbershoot" title="Bumbershoot">Bumbershoot</a>, Boise's <a href="/wiki/Treefort_Music_Fest" title="Treefort Music Fest">Treefort Music Fest</a>, and Portland's <a href="/wiki/MusicfestNW" title="MusicfestNW">MusicfestNW</a>. Portland's Waterfront Blues Festival is the largest blues-based festival west of the Mississippi River. Among the most notable rock artists originating from the region are <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Decemberists" title="The Decemberists">the Decemberists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleater-Kinney" title="Sleater-Kinney">Sleater-Kinney</a>. The history of Northwest rock, however, finds its roots in the mid-1950s and 1960s with such bands as <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">the Sonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ventures" title="The Ventures">the Ventures</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">the Kingsmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_%26_the_Raiders" title="Paul Revere & the Raiders">Paul Revere and the Raiders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest cuisine</a></div> Foods typical of the Pacific Northwest include <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">wild salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">huckleberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marionberry" title="Marionberry">marionberries</a>, a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisines</a>, and locally produced fruits, vegetables, and cheeses.<a href="#cite_note-jackson-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, Mexican, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisines</a> are prevalent throughout the Northwest, and reflect the historically strong presence of those communities in the restaurant industry there. <a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">Teriyaki</a> restaurants are particularly common in the Seattle area.<a href="#cite_note-edge-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-kauffman-148">[142]</a> Eateries featuring <a href="/wiki/West_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian cuisine">West Asian</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Persian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian cuisine">Persian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">East Asian fusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a>) cuisines are common throughout in Greater Vancouver, as are ethnic specialty restaurants of all kinds. Ethnic staples ranging from frozen <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samosas" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosas">samosas</a> to frozen <a href="/wiki/Spring_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring rolls">spring rolls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a> are common in most supermarkets in these communities. Locally-made craft beers, ciders, and premium wines from various wine-growing areas within the region are popular with drinkers and diners. Northern latitude and coastal breezes create a climate that attracts international recognition for its mostly family-owned and operated vineyards and wineries. Portland is a major microbrewery center in America,<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> and is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oregon_breweries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Oregon breweries">numerous breweries</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg/220px-Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg/330px-Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg/440px-Qwest_seattle_sounders_pregame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Lumen Field, home of Seattle Seahawks and Sounders FC</figcaption></figure> Skiing, snowboarding, cycling, mountaineering, hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, boating, and <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">water sports</a> are popular outdoor activities. Vancouver, Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Boise and Victoria are home to numerous professional sports teams, including the <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_Canucks" title="Abbotsford Canucks">Abbotsford Canucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/BC_Bears" title="BC Bears">BC Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/BC_Lions" title="BC Lions">BC Lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Emeralds" title="Eugene Emeralds">Eugene Emeralds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_AquaSox" title="Everett AquaSox">Everett AquaSox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Silvertips" title="Everett Silvertips">Everett Silvertips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Bandits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Valley Bandits">Fraser Valley Bandits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillsboro_Hops" title="Hillsboro Hops">Hillsboro Hops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Reign_FC" title="Seattle Reign FC">Seattle Reign FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Thorns_FC" title="Portland Thorns FC">Portland Thorns FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Timbers_(MLS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Timbers (MLS)">Portland Timbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers" title="Portland Trail Blazers">Portland Trail Blazers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Winterhawks" title="Portland Winterhawks">Portland Winterhawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem-Keizer_Volcanoes" title="Salem-Keizer Volcanoes">Salem-Keizer Volcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Dragons">Seattle Dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks" title="Seattle Seahawks">Seattle Seahawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Seawolves" title="Seattle Seawolves">Seattle Seawolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC" title="Seattle Sounders FC">Seattle Sounders FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Storm" title="Seattle Storm">Seattle Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Thunderbirds" title="Seattle Thunderbirds">Seattle Thunderbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Kraken" title="Seattle Kraken">Seattle Kraken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_FC" title="Pacific FC">Pacific FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma_Defiance" title="Tacoma Defiance">Tacoma Defiance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers" title="Tacoma Rainiers">Tacoma Rainiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tri_City_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri City Americans">Tri City Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canadians" title="Vancouver Canadians">Vancouver Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Warriors" title="Vancouver Warriors">Vancouver Warriors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Giants" title="Vancouver Giants">Vancouver Giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_FC" title="Vancouver Whitecaps FC">Vancouver Whitecaps FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boise_Hawks" title="Boise Hawks">Boise Hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Steelheads" title="Idaho Steelheads">Idaho Steelheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Horsemen" title="Idaho Horsemen">Idaho Horsemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Falls_Chukars" title="Idaho Falls Chukars">Idaho Falls Chukars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Royals" title="Victoria Royals">Victoria Royals</a>. The region's three USSF Division 1 <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> teams the Whitecaps FC, Sounders FC, and Timbers play to sold-out crowds and compete annually for the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_Cup" title="Cascadia Cup">Cascadia Cup</a>. The USSF Division 4 <a href="/wiki/USL_Premier_Development_League" class="mw-redirect" title="USL Premier Development League">USL Premier Development League</a> also has seven teams in the Northwest Division. In addition to all this, the region has its own representative non-FIFA team which joined the <a href="/wiki/N.F.-Board" title="N.F.-Board">N.F.-Board</a> officially in 2013 to participate in friendlies and the <a href="/wiki/VIVA_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA World Cup">VIVA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_Association_Football_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascadia Association Football Federation">Cascadia Association Football Federation</a> competed in the <a href="/wiki/2018_ConIFA_World_Football_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 ConIFA World Football Cup">2018 ConIFA World Football Cup</a> representing the Pacific Northwest. Vancouver is home to a 4-team league for <a href="/wiki/Australian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian football">Australian football</a>, the British Columbia Australian Football League, one of several <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Canada" title="Australian rules football in Canada">Canadian Australian football leagues</a>. Hockey is the most popular spectator sport in British Columbia, with the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> being the most popular professional team, although the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Giants" title="Vancouver Giants">Vancouver Giants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hockey_League" title="Western Hockey League">Western Hockey League</a> also have a very strong following. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>'s BC Lions are considered Vancouver's second most popular team, although <a href="/wiki/Major_league_soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Major league soccer">major league soccer</a>'s Vancouver Whitecaps FC have been rising in popularity in recent years. Hockey is slowly gaining popularity south of the border too, with the <a href="/wiki/Everett_Silvertips" title="Everett Silvertips">Everett Silvertips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Winterhawks" title="Portland Winterhawks">Portland Winterhawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Thunderbirds" title="Seattle Thunderbirds">Seattle Thunderbirds</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hockey_League" title="Western Hockey League">Western Hockey League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Kraken" title="Seattle Kraken">Seattle Kraken</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a>. Followers of the Portland Trail Blazers basketball team refer to themselves as the Sixth Man and Blazermania refers to the extraordinary dedication fans have shown the team. In Seattle, many fans are still upset over the move of the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics" title="Seattle SuperSonics">Seattle SuperSonics</a> while supporters of the Seattle Seahawks football team are known officially as the 12th Man.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> And the <a href="/wiki/Supporter_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporter groups">supporter groups</a>, (namely the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_City_Supporters" title="Emerald City Supporters">Emerald City Supporters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbers_Army" title="Timbers Army">Timbers Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Southsiders" title="Vancouver Southsiders">Vancouver Southsiders</a>) of the three MLS teams of the region are renowned for their passion and dedication to their teams. The only major track for motorsports in the Pacific Northwest region is <a href="/wiki/Portland_International_Raceway" title="Portland International Raceway">Portland International Raceway</a>. PIR currently hosts the NTT <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Indy" class="mw-redirect" title="Road to Indy">Road to Indy</a> ladder series', as well as the <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series" title="NASCAR Xfinity Series">NASCAR Xfinity Series</a>; the number two stock car series in the country. <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Speedway" title="Evergreen Speedway">Evergreen Speedway</a>, north and east of Seattle, is the largest short track west of the Mississippi River and has hosted many of the marquee drivers of NASCAR. With three oval tracks, a figure eight track and various road course variants, Evergreen Speedway operates year-round events. Evergreen Speedway hosts the NASCAR Whelen All American Series, the ARCA Menards Series West, National Figure Eight Events, USAC, SCCA, plus Touring Groups and Formula Drift. The Northwest's most successful racers on a national platform include <a href="/wiki/1983_Indianapolis_500" title="1983 Indianapolis 500">1983 Indianapolis 500</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sneva" title="Tom Sneva">Tom Sneva</a> (Spokane), <a href="/wiki/Greg_Moore_(racing_driver)" title="Greg Moore (racing driver)">Greg Moore</a> (Maple Ridge, BC), <a href="/wiki/Greg_Biffle" title="Greg Biffle">Greg Biffle</a>, (Vancouver, WA), <a href="/wiki/Kasey_Kahne" title="Kasey Kahne">Kasey Kahne</a> (Enumclaw, WA), and <a href="/wiki/1990_Daytona_500" title="1990 Daytona 500">1990 Daytona 500</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Derrike_Cope" title="Derrike Cope">Derrike Cope</a> (Spanaway, WA). Also, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bliss" title="Mike Bliss">Mike Bliss</a> (Milwaukee, OR), <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bown" title="Chuck Bown">Chuck Bown</a> (Portland), and <a href="/wiki/Chad_Little" title="Chad Little">Chad Little</a> (Spokane) have won NASCAR-sanctioned championships, and had lengthy careers in NASCAR's 3 national series. In Idaho, Washington and Oregon, many residents passionately follow <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">college athletics</a>. In Washington, the major <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> college athletic programs are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Huskies" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Washington Huskies">University of Washington Huskies</a>. In Oregon, the major programs are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon_Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oregon Ducks">University of Oregon Ducks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers" title="Oregon State Beavers">Oregon State Beavers</a>. All four of these programs are members of the <a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> and compete with each other in a variety of sports. These universities are all considered rivals of one another, particularly in <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>. The most significant of these rivalries are the <a href="/wiki/Oregon%E2%80%93Washington_football_rivalry" title="Oregon–Washington football rivalry">Oregon–Washington football rivalry</a> game, the Washington-Washington State game known as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Cup" title="Apple Cup">Apple Cup</a> due to Washington's notoriety for apple production and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon%E2%80%93Oregon_State_football_rivalry" title="Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry">Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry</a>. As in professional sports, college fans in the Pacific Northwest are known for being particularly passionate about their teams. Both <a href="/wiki/Husky_Stadium" title="Husky Stadium">Husky Stadium</a> (where the Washington Huskies play football) and <a href="/wiki/Autzen_Stadium" title="Autzen Stadium">Autzen Stadium</a> (where the Oregon Ducks play football) have gained reputations for deafening noise, despite not being the largest of college football venues. Husky Stadium currently holds the record for the loudest crowd noise in NCAA history at 130 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> while Autzen Stadium currently holds the record for the 4th at 127 decibels.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> In Idaho, the major <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> college athletic programs are the <a href="/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos" title="Boise State Broncos">Boise State Broncos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Vandals" title="Idaho Vandals">Idaho Vandals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_Bengals" title="Idaho State Bengals">Idaho State Bengals</a>, the latter two being members of the <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">Football Championship Subdivision</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference" title="Big Sky Conference">Big Sky Conference</a> while Boise State competes in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a>. Boise State and Idaho enjoyed a healthy rivalry from the 1970s through the late 2000s with each team having significant win streaks in the series over the other, Boise State had the most recent streak with 12 consecutive wins starting in 1999 which was preceded by Idaho's most recent win streak of 12 consecutive wins from 1982 to 1993. In 2018, Idaho rekindled an old rivalry with Idaho State that had been dormant since 1996 when Idaho moved up to FBS. Idaho currently has the lead in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Domes" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Domes">Battle of the Domes</a> series 29–13. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> Seattle is considered by Digital Trends magazine to be the top gaming city in America, a possible indicator of markedly higher rates of video game usage throughout the Pacific Northwest in general.<a href="#cite_note-vg-154">[148]</a> A number of major companies are headquartered in the Seattle metropolitan area, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of America">Nintendo of America</a> (a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony Computer Entertainment</a>'s subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Sucker_Punch_Productions" title="Sucker Punch Productions">Sucker Punch Productions</a>. Microsoft and Nintendo of America also have Canadian branches headquartered in Vancouver—Microsoft Canada and Nintendo of Canada—respectively, while <a href="/wiki/EA_Vancouver" title="EA Vancouver">EA Vancouver</a> (a subsidiary division of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>) is in the same city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-determination_movements">Self-determination movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Self-determination movements">edit</a>]</div> Among the fiercely independent and frontier nature of the former Oregon Country and now western part of the United States, is the desire of some Pacific Northwesterners to improve upon their form of democracy by further subdividing the region into <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregion</a> defined <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>. Some desires are <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnational</a> and autonomous of the United States while others are in the hope of gaining additional representational control in particular regions of the Northwest. Among these fluidly changing geographical boundaries and areas sought by a segment of the population of the Northwest are the following Pacific Northwest proposed states and <a href="/wiki/Separatist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist movement">separatist movements</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(independence_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascadia (independence movement)">Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)" title="Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(proposed_Northwestern_state)" title="Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast_Starlight" title="Coast Starlight">Coast Starlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">Interstate 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">Interstate 90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Seattle" title="Transportation in Seattle">Transportation in Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Portland">Transportation in Portland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Vancouver" title="Transportation in Vancouver">Transportation in Vancouver</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29th_Avenue_platform_level_(20190626_123343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg/220px-29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg/330px-29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg/440px-29th_Avenue_platform_level_%2820190626_123343%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Public transportation is used in the Pacific Northwest region. Vancouver's <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> rapid transit system achieves daily ridership of over 500,000 passengers per day on weekdays and the overall transit ridership levels in the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Vancouver">Metro Vancouver</a> area rank third in North America per capita.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2007 statistical analysis ranked the 50 Greenest Cities in the United States, placing Portland, Oregon first, Eugene, Oregon, fifth, and Seattle, Washington, eighth.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> The region as a whole is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_culture" title="Bicycle culture">bicycle culture</a> as an alternative form of transportation; Portland is considered by Forbes Traveler to be the second most <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicycle-friendly</a> city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-157">[151]</a> Portland is also the hub of American bicycle manufacturing; as a whole it generated over $68 million in revenue in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-157">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transit">edit</a>]</div> Seattle, Washington has also garnered a reputation for its contributions to public transportation with the <a href="/wiki/Sound_Transit" title="Sound Transit">Puget Sound Transit system</a>, including an underground light rail system and a 38.9% worker commute rate as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Mass transit in Portland Metropolitan area is provided by <a href="/wiki/TriMet" title="TriMet">TriMet</a> and in Vancouver by <a href="/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)" title="TransLink (British Columbia)">TransLink (British Columbia)</a>. Some tribal governments offer <a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">free bus service</a> on their respective reservations, including on the <a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckleshoot Indian Reservation">Muckleshoot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spokane_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane Indian Reservation">Spokane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_Indian_Reservation" title="Umatilla Indian Reservation">Umatilla</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama Indian Reservations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a>, another region shared between Canada and the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">Climate change in Washington (state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cascade_Range_topics" title="List of Cascade Range topics">List of Cascade Range topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Megaregions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Northwest Coast art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VancouverMetro-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VancouverMetro_72-17">r</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeattleMSA-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeattleMSA_76-15">p</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Seattle metropolitan area</a> (Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA) </li> <li id="cite_note-PortlandMSA-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PortlandMSA_77-7">h</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area" title="Portland metropolitan area">Portland metropolitan area</a> (Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA MSA) </li> <li id="cite_note-GV-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GV_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GV_80-1">b</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Greater Victoria</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoiseMSA-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoiseMSA_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoiseMSA_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoiseMSA_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoiseMSA_82-3">d</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Boise_metropolitan_area" title="Boise metropolitan area">Boise metropolitan area</a> (Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)) </li> <li id="cite_note-SpokaneMSA-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpokaneMSA_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpokaneMSA_83-1">b</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Spokane_metropolitan_area" title="Spokane metropolitan area">Spokane metropolitan area</a> (Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA MSA) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812033526/http://www.interiorsavingscentre.com/index.shtml">"Interior Savings Centre in Kamloops, British Columbia"</a>. 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Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies. University of Washington Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98252-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98252-6</bdi></a>. 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University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9228-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-9228-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Northwest%3A+an+interpretive+history&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9228-4&rft.aulast=Schwantes&rft.aufirst=Carlos+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJImlIbueaXcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1981" class="citation cs2">Richards, Kent D. 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Sasquatch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2"><bdi>978-1-57061-215-2</bdi></a>. 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Island Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-078-8"><bdi>978-1-55963-078-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+the+art+and+science+of+ecological+restoration+in+Cascadia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-078-8&rft.aulast=Apostol&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Marcia&rft.au=Society+for+Ecological+Restoration+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCsGyhzFBjyAC%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-surovell2003-11"><a href="#cite_ref-surovell2003_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurovell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Surovell, Todd A. (2003). "Simulating Coastal Migration in New World Colonization". <a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a>. 44 (4). <a href="/wiki/Wenner-Gren_Foundation_for_Anthropological_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research">Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research</a>: 580–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F377651">10.1086/377651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5382">1537-5382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/377651">10.1086/377651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144347880">144347880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Simulating+Coastal+Migration+in+New+World+Colonization&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=580-91&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1537-5382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144347880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F377651%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F377651&rft.aulast=Surovell&rft.aufirst=Todd+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfu2005-12"><a href="#cite_ref-sfu2005_12-0">^</a> Ward, Brent (2005). Port Eliza Cave. SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 2005. Retrieved on July 4, 2018 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/port_eliza">http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/port_eliza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618090649/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/port_eliza">Archived</a> June 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-alsuwaidi2006-13"><a href="#cite_ref-alsuwaidi2006_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajid_Al-Suwaidi2006" class="citation cs2">Majid Al-Suwaidi (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229002143/https://books.google.com/books?id=Az-9AQAACAAJ">A Multi-disciplinary Study of Port Eliza Cave Sediments and Their Implications for Human Coastal Migration</a>, Library and Archives Canada (Bibliothèque et Archives Canada), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0494032995" title="Special:BookSources/0494032995"><bdi>0494032995</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Az-9AQAACAAJ">the original</a> on February 29, 2020, <q>... A multi-disciplinary study at Port Eliza cave on Vancouver Island has refined the timing and character of late Wisconsinan environments and has significant implications for the human Coastal Migration Hypothesis ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Multi-disciplinary+Study+of+Port+Eliza+Cave+Sediments+and+Their+Implications+for+Human+Coastal+Migration&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada+%28Biblioth%C3%A8que+et+Archives+Canada%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0494032995&rft.au=Majid+Al-Suwaidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAz-9AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208083243/http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2002/nov/ancient-site-human-activity-found-oregon-coast">"Ancient site of human activity found on Oregon coast"</a>. Oregon State University. November 6, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2002/nov/ancient-site-human-activity-found-oregon-coast">the original</a> on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+site+of+human+activity+found+on+Oregon+coast&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Fua%2Fncs%2Farchives%2F2002%2Fnov%2Fancient-site-human-activity-found-oregon-coast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_G._Davis2008" class="citation cs2">Loren G. Davis (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsl.orst.edu/wpg/events/W09/Davis%20CRP%202008.pdf">"New Support for a Late-Pleistocene Coastal Occupation at the Indian Sands Site, Oregon"</a> (PDF), Archaeology: North America, vol. 25, pp. 74–76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%3A+North+America&rft.atitle=New+Support+for+a+Late-Pleistocene+Coastal+Occupation+at+the+Indian+Sands+Site%2C+Oregon&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=74-76&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Loren+G.+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsl.orst.edu%2Fwpg%2Fevents%2FW09%2FDavis%2520CRP%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jablonski2002-16"><a href="#cite_ref-jablonski2002_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNina_G._Jablonski2002" class="citation cs2">Nina G. Jablonski (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC">The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0940228505" title="Special:BookSources/0940228505"><bdi>0940228505</bdi></a>, <q>... Recent discoveries and events have breathed new life into the coastal migration theory, which suggests just the opposite of the ice-free corridor hypothesis—that maritime peoples first traveled around the North Pacific Coast then followed river valleys leading inland from the sea. Having a coastal route available, however, does not prove that such a maritime migration took place. Archaeological evidence for early boat use from islands along the western margin of the Pacific may support the idea that such a journey was technologically feasible, but archaeological data from the Pacific coast of North and South America are presently ambiguous about the origins of the earliest coastal occupants. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Americans%3A+The+Pleistocene+Colonization+of+the+New+World&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0940228505&rft.au=Nina+G.+Jablonski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRI32r548fUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turner2003-17"><a href="#cite_ref-turner2003_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristy_G._Turner2003" class="citation cs2">Christy G. 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W. W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa00diam/page/90">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06922-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06922-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06922-8</bdi></a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 160–162, 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538011-8"><bdi>978-0-19-538011-8</bdi></a>. 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Rowman Altamira. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0135-7"><bdi>978-0-7591-0135-7</bdi></a>. 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Chapter 7 and Part 3: Beyond the fur economy </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2006-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2006_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnP7tWU7hwC&pg=PA133">Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99011-4"><bdi>978-0-275-99011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+America%2C+Discovered+and+Conquered%3A+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Lewis+%26+Clark%2C+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99011-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccnP7tWU7hwC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Northwest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125618/http://geography.about.com/od/politicalgeography/a/5440orfight.htm">"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"</a>. 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Public Land and Resources Law Review 17.1 (2013): 2+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1188&context=plrlr">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217050754/http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1188&context=plrlr">Archived</a> December 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gastil, Raymond D., and Barnett Singer. The Pacific Northwest: Growth of a Regional Identity (McFarland, 2010) 221 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4540-0">978-0-7864-4540-0</a></li> <li>Inglis, Robin. Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Coast of America (Scarecrow, 2008) lxxvi+429 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5551-9">978-0-8108-5551-9</a></li> <li>Lavender, David. Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750–1950 (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/646154/land-of-giants-the-drive-to-the-pacific-northwest">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072141/https://www.questia.com/library/646154/land-of-giants-the-drive-to-the-pacific-northwest">Archived</a> October 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_S._Pomeroy" title="Earl S. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Earl</a>. The Pacific Slope: A History Of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, And Nevada (2nd ed. 2003)</li> <li>Schwantes, Carlos. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History (2nd ed. 1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/6921364/the-pacific-northwest-an-interpretive-history">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072320/https://www.questia.com/library/6921364/the-pacific-northwest-an-interpretive-history">Archived</a> October 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vogel, Eve. "Defining one Pacific Northwest among many possibilities: The political construction of a region and its river during the New Deal". Western Historical Quarterly 42.1 (2011): 28–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/westhistquar.42.1.0028">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Warren, Sidney. Farthest Frontier: The Pacific Northwest (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/2863304/farthest-frontier-the-pacific-northwest">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072338/https://www.questia.com/library/2863304/farthest-frontier-the-pacific-northwest">Archived</a> October 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>White, Richard. The organic machine: The remaking of the Columbia River (Macmillan, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/people/dustin.mulvaney/courses/envs119/s1/white95.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (PDF)</li> <li>Winther, Oscar Osburn. The great northwest: a history (Greenwood Press, 1981)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest#Q12603" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_North_America" title="Template:Regions of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Regions of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#North_America" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Upper Northern</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (US))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Arc" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian Arc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Range" title="Aleutian Range">Aleutian Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_de_Verde_Peninsula" title="Bay de Verde Peninsula">Bay de Verde Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula_(Nunavut)" title="Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)">Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodeur_Peninsula" title="Brodeur Peninsula">Brodeur Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Peninsula" title="Cook Peninsula">Cook Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Peninsula" title="Melville Peninsula">Melville Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle" title="Palliser's Triangle">Palliser's Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Lower Northern</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">Tallgrass prairie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rocky Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest" title="Inland Northwest">Inland Northwest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_Region" title="Calumet Region">Calumet Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcountry_(historical_region)" title="Backcountry (historical region)">Backcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Woods" title="Great North Woods">Great North Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Tiers" title="Twin Tiers">Twin Tiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Lands" title="Outer Lands">Outer Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">The Dakotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Hills" title="Shawnee Hills">Shawnee Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay" title="East Bay">East Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Kuskokwim_Delta" title="Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta">Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_Delta" title="Colville Delta">Colville Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Arkansas Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta" title="Mobile–Tensaw River Delta">Mobile–Tensaw River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Peninsula" title="Monterey Peninsula">Monterey Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_belt_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of belt regions of the United States">"Belt" regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">Snow Belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huasteca" title="Huasteca">Huasteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islas_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Islas Marías">Islas Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">La Mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Gorda" title="Sierra Gorda">Sierra Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)" title="Tierra Caliente (Mexico)">Tierra Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt_pine%E2%80%93oak_forests" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera" title="Comarca Lagunera">Comarca Lagunera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Llave" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Llave">Isla Llave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdo_Landing" title="Lerdo Landing">Lerdo Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimer%C3%ADa_Alta" title="Pimería Alta">Pimería Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Trough" title="Salton Trough">Salton Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Highlands" title="Chiapas Highlands">Chiapas Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku-Maloob-Zaap" title="Ku-Maloob-Zaap">Ku-Maloob-Zaap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre de Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Oaxaca" title="Sierra Madre de Oaxaca">Sierra Madre de Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur" title="Sierra Madre del Sur">Sierra Madre del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soconusco" title="Soconusco">Soconusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_the_Sun" title="Triangle of the Sun">Triangle of the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_zone" title="Western Caribbean zone">Western Caribbean zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Caribbean" title="Southern Caribbean">Southern Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago" title="Lucayan Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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